To Integrate

sinmx cosnx dx when m is odd:

Let m equal 2k + 1, let u = cos x, and let du = sin xdx. sin2k+1x cosnx dx = = = = sin2k x cosnx sin x dx sin x
2 k

cosnx sin x dx
k

1 cos x 1 u2
k

cosnx

cos x

dx

un du

........................

sin4x cos5x dx = = = = = = = sin4x cos4x cos x dx sin x

4 4

cos x

cos x dx
2

sin x 1 sin x u
4

sin x

dx

1u

2 2

du,

with u = sin x

u4 2u6 + u8 du u5 5 7 9 1 2 1 5 7 sin x sin x + sin9x + C 5 7 9 2 u7 + u9 +C

Same integration, slightly dierent notation, for substitution: sin4x cos5x dx = = = = = = = sin4x cos4x cos x dx sin4x cos2x
2

cos x dx
2 2

sin4x 1 sin2x sin x 1 sin x

4 2

sin x d sin x

dx

sin4x 2 sin6x + sin8x d sin x sin5x 5 1 5

5

sin7x 7 2 7

sin9x 9 1 9

+C

sin x

sin7x +

sin9x + C

To Integrate

sinmx cosnx dx when m and n are both even

Reduce the powers with these identities : 1 cos 2x 2 2 cos 2x = 1 2 sin x sin x = 2 1 + cos 2x 2 2 cos x = cos 2x = 2 cos x 1 2 sin 2x sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x sin x cos x = 2 sin2K x cos2Lx dx = = = 1 2K+L sin2x 2 1 cos 2x
K K

cos2x
K

dx
L

1 cos 2x

1 + cos 2x 2

dx
L

1 + cos 2x

dx

sin4x dx =
0

sin2x dx =
0

1 cos 2x 2

dx

= = = =

1 4 1 4 1 8 1 8
0 0 0

1 cos 2x

dx =

1 4 2
0

1 2 cos 2x + cos22x dx dx

1 2 cos 2x +

1 + cos 4x

2 4 cos 2x + 1 + cos 4x dx sin 2x 2 + sin 4x 4

2

3x 4

=
0

1 8

3 16

3 3 1 = . To check, the Wallis Product I4 equals 4 2 2 16

tan3x dx = = = = = sec43x dx = = = 3

tan x tan x tan x

tan2x dx sec2x 1 dx sec2x dx tan x dx tan x dx

tan x d tan x) tan2x 2 + ln | cos x| + C sec23x dx tan 3x 3

sec23x
2

tan 3x + 1 d 1 tan33x 3

+ tan 3x + C

sec3x dx =

sec x

sec2x dx =

sec x d(tan x)

= sec x tan x = sec x tan x = sec x tan x = sec x tan x sec3x dx = sec x tan x 2

tan x d(sec x) tan x sec x tan x dx tan2x sec x dx sec2x 1 sec3x dx + sec x dx sec x dx

sec3x dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| sec x dx =

3

1 2

sec x tan x +

1 2

ln | sec x + tan x| + C

Addition, Subtraction Formulas cos (mx + nx) = cos mx cos nx sin mx sin nx cos (mx nx) = cos mx cos nx + sin mx sin nx yield the product rules cos mx cos nx = sin mx sin nx = cos (m + n)x + cos (m n)x 2 cos (m n)x cos (m + n)x 2

sin (mx + nx) = sin mx cos nx + cos mx sin nx sin (mx nx) = sin mx cos nx cos mx sin nx yield the product rule sin mx cos nx = sin (m + n)x + sin (m n)x 2