HVAC Simplified Solution Manual

Copyright ASHRAE Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Licensee=Kellogg Brown & Root Jakarta /3262700002, User=Rohana, Mumuh Not for Resale, 09/09/2009 18:54:17 MDT
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HVAC Simplified
Solutions Manual
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2006, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
About the Author

Stephen P. Kavanaugh, PhD, Fellow ASHRAE, has been a professor of mechanical engineering at The University of Alabama since 1985, where he teaches HVAC and is faculty advisor for the ASHRAE Student Chapter as well as a Habitat for Humanity Student Affiliate. Kavanaugh is co-author of Ground-Source Heat PumpsDesign of Geothermal Systems for Commercial and Institutional Buildings, published by ASHRAE in 1997. He has presented over 100 engineering seminars for more than 2,500 designers on the topics of energy efficiency, ground-source heat pumps, and HVAC. He maintains the Web site www.geokiss.com, where there is more information about HVAC and ground-source heat pump design tools. He is past chair and current handbook subcommittee chair of ASHRAE Technical Committee 6.8, Geothermal Energy, as well as past chair of ASHRAE Technical Committee 9.4, Applied Heat Pumps and Heat Recovery. Kavanaugh is also a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and a board member and past president of Habitat for HumanityTuscaloosa.
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Any updates/errata to this publication will be posted on the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.
HVAC Simplified
Solutions Manual
Stephen P. Kavanaugh
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
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ISBN 978-1-933742-09-0 2006 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 Tullie Circle, NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America
ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user. No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE.
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ASHRAE STAFF
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Mildred Geshwiler Editor Christina Helms Associate Editor Cindy Sheffield Michaels Assistant Editor Michshell Phillips Administrative Assistant PUBLISHING SERVICES David Soltis Manager Tracy Becker Graphic Applications Specialist Jayne Jackson Publication Traffic Administrator PUBLISHER W. Stephen Comstock
Contents
Authors Note to Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii NomenclatureHVAC Terms, Abbreviations, and Subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Solutions to Chapter 2HVAC Fundamentals: Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Solutions to Chapter 3HVAC Fundamentals: Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Solutions to Chapter 4HVAC Fundamentals: Psychrometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Solutions to Chapter 5HVAC Equipment, Systems, and Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Solutions to Chapter 6Comfort, Air Quality, and Climatic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Solutions to Chapter 7Heat and Moisture Flow in Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Solutions to Chapter 8Cooling Load and Heating Loss Calculations and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Solutions to Chapter 9Air Distribution System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Solutions to Chapter 10Water Distribution System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Solutions to Chapter 11Motors, Lighting, and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Solutions to Chapter 12Energy, Costs, and Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
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v
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Authors Note to Users

Several of the solutions in this manual incorporate the use of the spreadsheet programs that are provided with HVAC Simplified, such as E-Pipelator.xls, E-Ductulator.xls, HVACSysEff.xls, PsychProcess.xls, or TideLoad.xls. These programs are updated periodically; the most current version can be obtained for free from the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates. The solutions in this text correspond to the 2006 versions of these programs.
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vii
Copyright ASHRAE Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Licensee=Kellogg Brown & Root Jakarta /3262700002, User=Rohana, Mumuh Not for Resale, 09/09/2009 18:54:17 MDT
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NomenclatureHVAC Terms, Abbreviations, and Subscripts

AC adp ADPI ASD bhp, BHP Btu/h c C Cv CF CFC cfm CLF CLTD COP h, H p, P D dB db, DB dp E EER ESP f FCU FPVAV ft alternating current, air cooled, or air-conditioning apparatus dew point Air Diffusion Performance Index adjustable-speed drive (a.k.a. variablespeed drive, VSD) brake horsepower heat rate unit (British thermal units per hour) cooling loss coefficient (duct fittings) flow coefficient (flow in gpm that results in p = 1.0 psi) correction factor chlorofluorocarbon (refrigerants) cubic feet per minute (airflow rate) cooling load factor cooling load temperature difference (F) coefficient of performance (watts/watt) delta (difference) differential head differential pressure diameter decibel (sound power or pressure) or dry bulb (temperature) dry bulb (temperature) dew point or differential pressure energy (electrical kWh or thermal Btu) energy efficiency ratio (Btu/Wh or MBtu/kWh) external static pressure (in. of water) frequency (Hz, cycles per second) fan-coil unit fan-powered variable air volume feet (distance or unit of head [ft of water]) gpm h gallons per minute efficiency heating (Btu/h, kW), head of liquid (ft), specific enthalpy (Btu/lb), heat transfer coefficient (Btu/hft2F) heat (Btu, J); enthalpy (Btu) high-density polyethylene (piping material) heat recovery unit unit of power (horsepower = 0.746 kW) or heat pump heating, ventilating, air-conditioning frequency unit (cycles per second) indoor air temperature turbine flow meter constant (cycles per gallon) kilowatt (unit of power or heat rate) kilowatt-hour (unit of electrical energy) electrical demand per unit cooling capacity (kWrefrig./kWelect.) latent heat or liter sound pressure level (dB) sound power level (dB) log-mean temperature difference (F) heat rate unit (British thermal units per hour 1000) minimum efficiency reporting values (for air filters) fluid viscosity (lb/fts) noise criteria outside air (a.k.a. ventilation air) outdoor air temperature ozone depletion potential pounds per square inch (unit of pressure) pounds per square inch, absolute pounds per square inch, gage
H HDPE HRU, hru hp, HP HVAC Hz IAT (ti) K kW kWh kW/ton L, l Lp Lw LMTD MBtu/h MERV NC OA OAT (to) ODP psi psia psig
ix
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual
q Q R Ra Re RH RTU rpm, RPM s S SC SCL SHR t, T TC
heat rate (Btu/h or kW) volumetric flow rate (gpm, cfm, Lps, m3/s) thermal resistance (a.k.a. R-value hFft2/Btu, Cm2/W) gas constant for air (ftlbf/lbmF) Reynolds number (Re = DV/) relative humidity (%) rooftop unit revolutions per minute density (lb/ft3) specific entropy (Btu/lbF) entropy (Btu/F) shade coefficient solar cooling load factor (Btu/hft2) sensible heat ratio temperature (F, C) total cooling (capacity)
TH ton
TP TSP u U V
VAV VSD w, W wb, WB w.c. x
total heating (capacity) cooling capacity (12,000 Btu/h, rate required to freeze 2000 lb of water (32F) in 24 hours) total pressure (also p) total static pressure (also ps) specific internal energy (Btu/lb) internal energy (Btu) velocity (fps, fpm, m/s) and in some cases volumetric airflow (ASHRAE Standard 62.1) variable air volume (airflow rate) variable-speed drive (a.k.a. ASD) power (kW) wet bulb (temperature) water column (inches of water head) mole fraction
x
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Solutions to Chapter 2 HVAC Fundamentals: Refrigeration

Problem 2.1 Find the Carnot COP and the ideal COP for a system that uses R-134a refrigerant at an evaporating temperature of 45F and a condensing temperature of 120F. Find the suction pressure and discharge pressures in psia and psig and the temperature of the refrigerant leaving the compressor (assuming the ideal cycle conditions).
( 460 + 45F )R 500 Carnot COP c = ----------------------------------------- = -------- = 6.73 120F 45F 75
Solution
Ideal COP (Using Figure B.1 in Appendix) Point 1: Saturated vapor @ 45F, h1 = 110 Btu/lb (s1 = 0.222 Btu/lbF) Point 2: Superheated vapor @ ~190 psia (the saturation pressure for 120F) and s2 = s1 = 0.222 Btu/lbF, h2 = 121 Btu/lb Point 3: Saturated liquid @ 120F, h3 = 52.5 Btu/lb Point 4: Mixture @ t = 45F and h4 = h3 = 52.5 Btu/lb
h2 h1 121 110
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h1 h4 110 52.5 Ideal COP c = ---------------- = ------------------------ = 5.2
Problem 2.2
A scroll compressor (Table 2.3) with R-134a refrigerant operates with a 45F evaporating temperature and a 120F discharge temperature. Find the cooling capacity (20F suction superheat and 15F liquid subcooling), compressor input power, EER, suction pressure, and discharge pressure (psig).
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Solution
@ te = 45F, tc = 120F, SH = 20F, and SC = 15F qr = 28.9 MBtu/h (25,900 Btu/h), wc = 2.25 kW (2,250 W) EER = qc/wc = 28.9/2.25 = 12.8 MBtu/kWh (= 28,900/2250 = 12.8 Btu/Wh) Interpolating between P = 50 psia @ 40.3F and P = 75 psia @ 62.2F to P @ 45F P (suction) 55.4 psia = 40.7 psig Interpolating between P = 175 psia @ 115.8F and P = 200 psia @ 125.3F to P @ 120F P (discharge) 186 psia = 171.3 psig What increase in capacity and EER can be expected if the superheat is lowered to 10F and the condensing temperature is lowered to 100F? What is the disadvantage of doing this? @ te = 45F, tc = 100F, SH = 20F, and SC = 15F qr = 32.3 MBtu/h, wc = 1.77 kW (@ SH = 20F) qr (@ SH = 10F) = 32.3 MBtu/h ( @ SH = 10F/ @ SH = 20F) = 32.3 MBtu/h ( @ p 55 psia and t = 55F/ @ p 55 psia and t = 65F) = 32.3 MBtu/h (1.11 lb/ft3 1.09 lb/ft3) = 32.8 MBtu/h EER = 32.8 1.77 = 18.5 Btu/Wh This represents a 13% increase in capacity and a 45% increase in efficiency. The disadvantage of doing this is that the condenser will most likely have to be cooled with water to lower the temperature to 100F, and the 10F lower superheat provides a smaller margin of error to prevent liquid refrigerant from entering the compressor.
Problem 2.3
Solution
Problem 2.4 Solution
Sketch the atomic makeup of R-22, R-12, and R-123. Refrigerant numbering system = R[Carbons1] [Hydrogens+1][Fluorine] For R-22 (which is really 022) Number of carbon atoms 1 = 0, thus number of carbon atoms = 1 Number of hydrogen atoms + 1 = 2, thus number of hydrogen atoms = 1 Number of fluorine atoms = 2 Since the structure of the single carbon atom permits four atoms and there are two fluorine atoms and only one hydrogen, the remaining bond is filled with a chlorine atom. For R-12: Carbon = 1, Hydrogen = 0, Fluorine = 2, Chlorine = 4 0 2 = 2 For R-123: Carbon = 2 (6 bonds now available), Hydrogen = 1, Fluorine = 3, Chlorine = 6 1 3 = 2
2
Chapter 2HVAC Fundamentals: Refrigeration
How can you determine if a refrigerant has chlorine in its structure from the R-xxx designation? If the R number of the refrigerant has only two digits (which means the first digit of the three-digit designation is 0), the sum of the remaining two numbers [(H + 1) and (F)] must be 5 to ensure chlorine is not present. If the first digit of the three-digit designation is 1, the sum of the remaining two numbers [(H + 1) and (F)] must be 7 to ensure chlorine is not present. Compare the ideal COP of R-134a and R-22 at an evaporating temperature of 40F with 20F superheat and a condensing temperature of 120F with 15F subcooling with the actual compressor COPs calculated from the manufacturers performance tables. For R-134a using the P-h diagram (Figure B.1): @ te = 40F (~50 psia) and SH = 20F, t1 = 60F and h1 = 113 Btu/lb To find point 2, follow a line of constant entropy (s) to p =190 psia (saturated pressure for tc = 120F), h2 = 126 Btu/lb. To find point 3, follow a line of constant pressure (p = 190 psia) to the left, cross the saturated liquid line, and go to a point 15F below the saturated temperature (120F), or t3 = 105F, h3 = 47 Btu/lb. To find point 4, follow a line of constant enthalpy (h) downward to te = 40F (~50 psia), h4 = h3 = 47 Btu/lb.
h1 h4 113 47 Ideal COP c = ---------------- = ----------------------- = 5.1 h2 h1 126 113
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Problem 2.6
Solution
From Table 2.3 @ te = 40F and tc = 120F, qr = 25.9 MBtu/h and wc = 2.27 kW. Thus, EER = 25.9 2.27 = 11.4 MBtu/kWh = 11.4 Btu/Wh and COP = EER 3.412 Btu/Wh = 11.4 Btu/Wh 3.412 Btu/Wh = 3.34. For R-22, using the P-h diagram (Figure B.2): Point 1: (te = 40F), p1 83 psia, t1 = 60F, and h1 = 111 Btu/lb. Point 2: (tc = 120F), p2 275 psia, t2 160F, and h2 = 124 Btu/lb. Point 3: (tc = 120F), p3 275 psia, t3 = 105F, and h3 = 42 Btu/lb. Point 4: t4 = te = 40F, p4 = p1 83 psia, h4 = h3 = 42 Btu/lb
h1 h4 111 42 Ideal COP c = ---------------- = ----------------------- = 5.3 h2 h1 124 111
From Table 2.4 @ te = 40F and tc = 120F, qr = 32.4 MBtu/h and wc = 2.74 kW. Thus, EER = 32.4 2.74 = 11.8 MBtu/kWh = 11.8 /Wh and COP = EER 3.412 Btu/Wh = 11.8 Btu/Wh 3.412 Btu/Wh = 3.47. Problem 2.7 A set of pressure gauges on a manifold (see figure in Refrigerant Charging insert above) read 35 psig and a thermometer placed in close contact with the compressor inlet reads 67F. The discharge pressure is 200 psig with an outdoor temperature of 95F, and the refrigerant is R-134a. Is this system properly charged? If not, what range of temperature should be expected for these pressures? @ 35 psig, te = 40F for R-134a Check @ p = 14.7 + 35 = 49.7 psia, te 40F (as shown in Table 2.1) Superheat = t1 te = 67F 40F = 27F The unit appears to be undercharged since proper operation typically dictates that the superheat be in the 10F to 20F range when nearly fully loaded, as indicated with the 95F outdoor air temperature.
Solution
3
Problem 2.8
A manufacturer recommends that their R-22 equipment operate with a suction pressure of 72 psig and a return gas temperature of 53F with a specified air temperature (75F) and flow rate (400 cfm/ton). What are the corresponding evaporating temperature and superheat? P1 = 72 psig = 84.7 psia The pressure gauge shown in Figure 2.12 indicates te @ 72 psig 43F. Thus, SH = t1 te = 53F 43F = 10F. With regard to the use of refrigerant mixtures as substitutes for CFCs, explain the difference between azeotropes and zeotropes. What is glide? Azeotropes are refrigerant mixtures that behave as pure substances. When the refrigerant exists in a mixture of vapor and liquid, the lines of constant temperature are parallel with the lines of constant pressure with changing vapor-liquid fraction on a P-h diagram. Both lines are horizontal in the dome-shaped region of the chart bounded by the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines. Zeotropes are refrigerant mixtures whose components evaporate and condense at a gliding temperature that depends on both the pressure and vapor-liquid fractions. The lines of constant temperature within the vapor dome region of a P-h diagram are not perfectly horizontal. A refrigerant has an ASHRAE Standard 34 designation of A2 and B2. What does this mean? It also has an ODP of 0.75. Is this good, acceptable, or unacceptable? The A2 designation indicates a low level of toxicity (A being nontoxic and B being toxic). The value of 2 indicates a low lower flammability limit (LFL) with 1 being no propagation in air and 3 having a high LFL. An ODP (ozone depletion potential) of 0.75 is unacceptable since many of the CFCs that have been banned have ODPs around 1.0.
Solution
Problem 2.10
Solution
4
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Solutions to Chapter 3 HVAC Fundamentals: Heat Transfer

Problem 3.1 A stream of water flowing at 25 gpm must be cooled from 80F to 70F with chilled water at 50F flowing at 20 gpm in a coaxial counterflow heat exchanger with an overall U-factor of 450 Btu/hft2F and 1.25 in. diameter inner tube. Calculate the required length of heat exchanger tubing.
Solution
Note the sign of q is changed from to + since the energy balance convention has changed to the cold side and the addition of heat to the cold stream will result in an increase in temperature.
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q = mcp (two twi) = Qcp (two twi) For hot fluid side, water at 75F, = 62.3 lb/ft3, cp = 1.0 Btu/lbF: q (Btu/h) = (62.3 lb/ft3 1.0 Btu/lbF 60 min/h 7.48 gal/ft3) Q (gal/min) (thwo thwi)F = 500 Q (gal/min) (thwo thwi)F = 500 25 (gal/min) (70 80)F = 125,000 Btu/h Rearrange the equation to find the cold fluid out temperature: tcwo = tcwi + q [500 Q (gpm)] = 50F + {125,000* [500 20 (gpm)]} = 62.5F, t2 = 80 62.5 = 17.5F
Rearrange Equation 3.18:

2 q 125,000 Btu/h q 125, 000 A o = ------------------------- = -------------------------------------- = -------------------------------------------------------------------- = ------------------------- = 14.8 ft Btu ( 20 17.5 )F t 1 t 2 450 18.7 U o LMTD ------------------ --------------------------------450 U o ----------------------------- 2 hft F ln ( 20 17.5 ) ln ( t 1 t 2 )
Ao = DoL, thus: L = Ao Do = 14.8 ft2 (1.25 in. 12 in./ft) = 45.2 ft Problem 3.2 Find the overall heat transfer coefficient for a schedule 40 steel pipe (do = 1.9 in., di = 1.61 in., k = 41 Btu/hftF) with an internal heat transfer coefficient of 48 Btu/hft2F and an external coefficient of 20 Btu/hft2F.
1.61 /2 in. 1.9 /2 in. 1 U o = --------------------------------------------- : r o = -------------------- = 0.0792 ft : r i = ----------------------- = 0.0671 ft ro 12 in./ft 12 in./ft r o ln ---ro ri 1-------- + ---------------- + ----ri hi k ho
Solution
1 U o = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.0792 ft --------------------0.0792 ft ln 0.0671 ft 1 0.0792 ft ---------------------------------------------------------------- + ------------------------------------------------------- + -----------------------------------2 2 41 Btu/hftF 20 Btu/hft F 0.0671 ft 48 Btu/hft F U o = 13.3 Btu/hft F
2
Problem 3.3
A wall is made of a 4 in. thick layer of masonry (0.9 Btu/hftF) and a 1 in. layer of insulation (k = 0.03 Btu/hftF). Find the overall thermal resistance if the inner and outer surfaces have heat transfer coefficients of 5.0 Btu/hft2F.
1 x mas'ry x ins 1R ov = R i + R mas'ry + R ins + R o = --- + ---------------------- + ------------- + ----k ins h o h i k mas'ry 1 in. 4 in. ----------------------------------1 12 in./ft 12 in./ft 1 = --------------------------------- + ----------------------------------- + -------------------------------------- + --------------------------------2 0.9 Btu/hftF 0.03 Btu/hftF 5 Btu/hft 2 F 5 Btu/hft F
2
Solution
R ov
R ov = 0.2 + 0.37 + 2.78 + 0.2 = 3.55 hft F/Btu
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Chapter 3HVAC Fundamentals: Heat Transfer
Problem 3.4
Repeat problem 3.3 if an added layer of in. plywood (0.2 Btu/hftF) covers 50% of the wall and the remaining 50% is covered by in. thick additional insulation. Based on 1 ft2 (Awall = 1.0 ft2) and rearranging Equation 3.16 to solve for Rov :
x mas'ry x ins x ply&ins 1 1 R ov = A wall ----------------- + -------------------------------- + ----------------------- + ------------------------------------------------------------------ + ------------------ h i A wall k mas'ry A wall k ins A wall 0.5k ply A wall + 0.5k ins A wall h o A wall
Solution
R ov
4 in. 1 in. ---------------------------------- 12 in./ft 12 in./ft 1 -------------------------------------------------- + ---------------------------------------------------- + ------------------------------------------------------= 1 ft 2 2 2 2 5 Btu/hft F 1 ft 0.9 Btu/hftF 1 ft 0.03 Btu/hftF 1 ft
2
0.5 in. ----------------- 1 12 in./ft + ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + -------------------------------------------------- 2 2 2 2 5 Btu/hft F 1 ft 0.5 0.2 Btu/hftF1 ft + 0.5 0.03 Btu/hftF1 ft R ov = 0.2 + 0.37 + 2.78 + 0.36 + 0.2 = 3.91 hft F/Btu
2
Problem 3.5
A condenser is to be fabricated from the heat exchanger tubing described in Problem 3.1 for a compressor that flows 950 lb/h of R-134a refrigerant. Find the total required heat transfer rate, the heat required to desuperheat the gas, and the required length of tubing if the overall U-factor is 500 Btu/hft2F, the temperature leaving the compressor is 200F, and the pressure is 185 psig. The condenser exit is saturated liquid at 185 psig and the water temperatures entering and leaving the condenser are 70F and 80F, respectively. Find refrigerant enthalpy at inlet (h2), saturated vapor (hsat), and outlet (h3). h2 is a superheated vapor @ 185 psig (~200 psia), h2 = 139 Btu/lb. For a saturated vapor @ 200 psia (125F), hsat = 119 Btu/lb. For a saturated liquid @ 200 psia, hsat = h3 = 54 Btu/lb. qr = mr(h2 h3) = 950 lb/h (139 54) Btu/lb = 80,750 Btu/h Heat required to desuperheat: qr(ds) = mr(h2 hsat) = 950 lb/h (139 119) Btu/lb = 19,000 Btu/h Heat required to condense from saturated vapor to saturated liquid: qr(cond) = mr(hsat h3) = 950 lb/h (119 54) Btu/lb = 61,750 Btu/h
Solution
To size condenser, break into two sections so that LMTD can be calculated for both sections.
7
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Condensing section: qr(cond) = 61,750 Btu/h Recall that for water q (Btu/h) = mcp(two twi) 500 Q (gpm) (two twi) (F) Thus: two = twi + qr(cond) 500 gpm = 70F + 61,750 (500 16 gpm) = 77.7F
t 1 t 2 ( 125 70 ) ( 125 77.7 ) LMTD cond = --------------------- = ------------------------------------------------------------- = 51.1F t 1 ( 125 70 ) ln ----------------------------ln ------( 125 77.7 ) t 2 q cond 2 61,750 Btu/h A cond = ----------------------- = -------------------------------------------------------------- = 2.42 ft 2 U o LMTD 500 Btu/hft F 51.1F
For desuperheating section:

t 2 t 3 ( 125 77.7 ) ( 200 80 ) LMTD DS = ------------------------ = ------------------------------------------------------------- = 78.1F ln t 2 t 3 ( 125 77.7 ) ln ----------------------------( 200 80 ) q r ( ds ) 19, 000 Btu/h 2 A DS = ----------------------- = -------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.49 ft 2 U o LMTD 500 Btu/hft F 78.1F
L = Ao Do = Acond + ADS Do = (2.42 + 0.49) ft2 (1.25 in. 12in./ft) = 8.9 ft
Problem 3.6
Hot waste water flowing at 20 gpm at 200F is used to heat 15 gpm of incoming water at 85F to 125F in a coaxial-counterflow heat exchanger. The copper (k = 220 Btu/hftF) inside tube has an outer diameter of 1.125 in. and inside diameter of 1.00 in. Compute the required length of tube for an internal heat transfer coefficient of 750 Btu/hft2F and an outer heat transfer coefficient of 900 Btu/hft2F. q = mcp (two twi) = Qcp(two twi) For cold fluid side, 15 gpm water at 85F heated to 125F: q (Btu/h) 500 Q (gal/min) (thwo thwi)F = 500 15 (gal/min) (125 85)F = 300,000 Btu/h Rearrange the equation to find the hot fluid outlet temperature: tcwo = tcwi + q [500 Q (gpm)] = 200F {300,000* [500 20 (gpm)]} = 170F, for counterflow: t1 = 200 125 = 75F and t2 = 170 85 = 85F Find Uo:
1.125 in. 1.0 in. ---------------- 2 2 1 U o = ------------------------------------------ : r o = -------------------------- = 0.0469 ft : r i = -------------------- = 0.0417 ft ro 12 in./ft 12 in./ft r o ln ---ro ri 1 ------- + -------------- + ---ri hi k ho 1 U o = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.0469 ft 0.0469 ft ln --------------------- 0.0417 ft 1 0.0469 ft ------------------------------------------------------------------- + ------------------------------------------------------- + --------------------------------------2 2 220 Btu/hftF 900 Btu/hft F 0.0417 ft 750 Btu/hft F U o = 379 Btu/hft F
2
Solution
8
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Chapter 3HVAC Fundamentals: Heat Transfer
Rearrange Equation 3.18:

300, 000 q q 2 300, 000 Btu/h A o = ----------------------- = ---------------------------- = --------------------------------------------------------------------- = ------------------------- = 9.96 ft 377 79.9 U o LMTD ( 75 85 )F t 1 t 2 2 377 Btu/hft F ---------------------------U o --------------------75 ln ----- t 1 ln ------ 85 t 2
Ao = DoL, thus: L = Ao Do = 9.96 ft2 (1.125 in. 12 in./ft) = 33.8 ft
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9
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Solutions to Chapter 4 HVAC Fundamentals: Psychrometrics

Problem 4.1 A sling psychrometer measures the air temperatures to be 85F dry bulb and 72F wet bulb. Find: relative humidity, dew-point temperature, humidity ratio (in lbmv/lbma and grains), specific volume, and enthalpy. Show results on a chart and verify with the program PsychProcess.xls (on the accompanying CD). Assume sea level elevation.
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Solution
Tdb1 Twb1 Elevation AtmPress APinHg HRatio1 RelHum1 SpHt1 Enal1 SpVol1 DewPt1 lbpCuFt
85 72 0 14.70 29.92 0.0139 97.0 53.7 0.246 35.6 14.04 66.4 0.000988
F F ft. psia in Hg lbw/lba Grains % Btu/lb-F Btu/lb cu.ft./lb F lbw/ft3
Problem 4.2
Air flowing at 4000 cfm is heated from 70F (RH = 40%) at rate of 95,000 Btu/h. Find the outlet air conditions (db, RH, wb, ). Sketch the process on a psychrometric chart.
Q 60 (min/h) q = ----------------------------------- c p ( t 2 t 1 ) Thus, t 2 = t 1 + --------------- = 70 + --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 92.2F 3 60 (min/h) 4000 (ft /min) 0.24 (Btu/lbF) q 60Qc p 95, 000 (Btu/h) 13.47 (ft /lb)
2
Solution
Problem 4.3
Outside air (100F/75F) flowing at 1000 cfm is mixed with return air (75F/ 63F) at 5000 cfm. Find the mixed air conditions (db, RH, wb, , and h). Sketch on the psychrometric chart.
Qair1 QSair1 5000 cfm 4871 scfm Stream 1 21921 lb/hr Stream 3 mflow3 26087 Qair3 6000 Tdb3 79.0 HRatio3 0.0101 70.5 Twb3 65.2 RelHum3 47.9 SpHt3 0.244 Enal3 30.0 SpVol3 13.80 DewPt3 57.5 Qair2 QSair2 1000 cfm 926 scfm Stream 2 4166 lb/hr
minute. For additional information purposes, these values are corrected to air at standard conditions of =0.075 lb/cu.ft. (QSair1 and QSair2).
Solution
mflow1
mflow2 (mixed) lb/hr cfm F lbw/lba Grains F % Btu/lb-F Btu/lb cu.ft./lb F
Stream 1 @ Qair1(cfm), Tdb1(F), & Twb1(F) Stream 2 @ Qair2(cfm), Tdb2(F), & Twb2(F) 2 1 3
Stream 3 @ Qair3(cfm), Tdb3(F), & Twb3(F)
Problem 4.4
Solution
60, 000 (Btu/h) 13.3 (ft /lb) q t 2 = t 1 + --------------- = 65 + --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 104.6F 3 60Qc p 60 (min/h) 1400 (ft /min) 0.24 (Btu/lbF)
From psychrometric chart, RH2 = 13%, t2wb =67.5F, 2 = 14.3 ft3/lb.
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A gas furnace produces 60,000 Btu/h with an airflow of 1400 cfm heated air with an inlet condition of 65F (RH = 45%). Find the outlet air conditions (db, RH, wb, ). Sketch the process on a psychrometric chart.
Chapter 4HVAC Fundamentals: Psychrometrics
Problem 4.5
Outside air (95F/75F) flowing at 2500 cfm is mixed with return air (75F/63F) at 7500 cfm. Find the mixed air conditions (db, RH, wb, , and h). Sketch on the psychrometric chart.
Q2 2500 cfm 1 3 = 1 2 ------------------- = 2.05 in. ---------------------------------------------------- = 0.51 in. 7500 cfm + 2500 cfm Q1 + Q2
Solution
Point 3 is on a line drawn from point 1 to point 2 at a distance of 0.51 in. from point 1. Note that point 3 will be closer to the condition (point 1) with the larger flow rate. From psychrometric chart, t3 = 79.8F, t3wb = 66.5F, RH3 = 49%, 3 = 13.8 ft3/lb, h3 = 30.9 Btu/lb
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Problem 4.6
A quantity of 1600 cfm of air at 80F/67F enters an evaporator coil with a 0.12 bypass factor and a 45F apparatus dew point. Find the outlet air conditions (db, wb, RH, h), the sensible cooling capacity, the latent cooling capacity, total cooling capacity, and the SHR of the coil. Sketch on the psychrometric chart. Q = 1600 cfm, t1 = 80F, t1wb = 67F, tadp = 45F, BF = 0.12 t2 = BF(t1 tadp) + tadp = 0.12(80 45) + 45 = 49.2F A line is drawn on the psychrometric chart from point 1 [80F (db)/67F (wb)] to tadp = 45F, which is located on the saturation (RH = 100%) line. Point 2 is located on the intersection of this line and the line for t2 = 49.2F. From psychrometric chart, t2wb = 48F, RH2 = 92%, h2 = 19.3 Btu/lb. qs (Btu/h) 1.08 Q (cfm) (t2 t1)F = 1.08 1600 cfm (80 49.2) = 53,200 Btu/h qL (Btu/h) 4680 Q (cfm) (W2 W1) lbw/lba = 1.08 1600 cfm (0.0110 0.007) 30,200 Btu/h q = qs + qL = 53,200 + 30,000 = 83,200 Btu/h SHRcoil = qs q = 53,200 83,200 = 0.64
Solution
13
Problem 4.7
A 500 cfm outdoor air heat recovery unit (HRU) has a total effectiveness of 75% (both sensible and latent are equal). If the exhaust and makeup airflow rates are equal, find the conditions of the air (db, wb, h) leaving the HRU and entering the room when outdoor conditions are 94F/77F and the room air entering the HRU is 75F/63F. What is the capacity of this unit? Since s = L, T = s = L = 0.75 Since exhaust and inlet flows are equal, mmin/ms = 1.0 hhru = ho T (mmin/ms) (ho hr) @ to = 94F (db) and 77F wet bulb, ho = 40.3 Btu/lb @ tr = 75F (db) and 63F wet bulb, hr = 28.4 Btu/lb hhru = ho T (mmin/ms) (ho hr) = 40.3 0.75 1.0 (40.3 28.4) = 31.4 Btu/lb thru = to T (mmin/ms) (to tr) = 94 0.75 1.0 (94 75) = 79.8F thru-wb = 67F from psychrometric chart
500 (ft /min) 60 (min/h) Q 60 (min/h) q hru = ----------------------------------- ( h o h hru ) = --------------------------------------------------------------- ( 40.3 31.4 ) Btu/lb 3 14.3 (ft /lb)
3
Solution
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qhru = 18,700 Btu/h or qhru (Btu/h) 4.4 Q (cfm) (ho hhru) (Btu/lb) = 4.4 500 (40.3 31.4) 19,600 Btu/h (Discrepancy results since 4.4 in the above equation assumes room air conditions) Results using PsychProcess06.xls
HRU Effectiveness 75 % 75 % Outdoor QairOut 500 cfm QSairOut 465 scfm mflowOut 2094 lb/hr SupFankW 0 kW ExFankW 0 kW Exhaust (not req'd) QairEx 500 cfm QSairEx 463 scfm Room Air HRatioRm 0.0095 lbw/lba 66.8 Grains RelHumRm 51.6 % SpHtRm 0.244 Btu/lb-F EnalRm 28.4 Btu/lb SpVolRm 13.69 cu.ft./lb DewPtRm 56.0 F SenEff LatEff Room Air TdbRm TwbRm Outdoor Air TdbOut TwbOut Elev. Capacities 18.7 7.4 0.40 Outdoor Air HRatioOut 0.0161 112.6 RelHumOut 46.8 SpHtOut 0.247 EnalOut 40.3 SpVolOut 14.32 DewPtOut 70.6 qTotalHru qSenHru SHRHru 75 63 F F 94 77 F 0 ft. HRU Outlet MBtu/h MBtu/h TdbHru TwbHru Exhaust Air
Outdoor Air
Temps. 79.8 F 67.0 F
lbw/lba Grains % Btu/lb-F Btu/lb cu.ft./lb F
HRU Outlet 0.0112 78.2 RelHumHru 51.6 SpHtHru 0.245 EnalHru 31.4 SpVolHru 13.85 DewPtHru 60.4 HRatioHru
lbw/lba Grains % Btu/lb-F Btu/lb cu.ft./lb F
Problem 4.8
A sensible heat recovery unit (HRU) with 80% efficiency draws in 1000 cfm of outside air at 10F and exhausts an equal amount of room air at 70F. Calculate the air temperature leaving the HRU and entering the room. What is the capacity of this unit? What is the capacity for 40F outside air? Calculate the EER (= capacity in Btu/h power input in W) for both conditions if two fans that draw 700 W each are used. @ to = 10F thru = to T (mmin/ms) (to tr) = 10 0.80 1.0 (10 70) = 54F @ to = 40F thru = to T (mmin/ms) (to tr) = 40 0.80 1.0 (40 70) = 64F @ to = 10F, qs qhru 1.08 Q (cfm) (to tr)F = 1.08 1000 (10 54) = 69,100 Btu/h EER = q W = 69,100 Btu/h (2 700 W) = 49.4 Btu/Wh @ to = 40F qhru 1.08 1000 (40 64) = 25,900 Btu/h EER = q W = 25,900 Btu/h (2 700 W) = 18.5 Btu/Wh
Solution
14
Chapter 4HVAC Fundamentals: Psychrometrics
Problem 4.9
A quantity of 2500 cfm of air at 82F/70F enters an evaporator coil with a 0.08 bypass factor and a 45F apparatus dew point. Find the outlet air conditions (db, wb, RH, h), the sensible cooling capacity, the latent cooling capacity, total cooling capacity, and the SHR of the coil. Sketch on the psychrometric chart. Q = 2500 cfm, t1 = 82F, t1wb = 70F, tadp = 45F, BF = 0.08 t2 = BF(t1 tadp) + tadp = 0.08(82 45) + 45 = 48F A line is drawn on the psychrometric chart from point 1 [82F (db)/70F (wb)] to tadp = 45F, which is located on the saturation (RH = 100%) line. Point 2 is located on the intersection of this line and the line for t2 = 48F. From psychrometric chart, t2wb = 48F, RH2 = 98%, h2 = 19.2 Btu/lb qs (Btu/h) 1.08 Q (cfm) (t2 t1)F = 1.08 2500 cfm (82 48) = 91,800 Btu/h qL (Btu/h) 4680 Q (cfm) (W2 W1) lbw/lba = 1.08 2500 cfm (0.013 0.007) 69,600 Btu/h q = qs + qL = 91,800 + 69,600 = 161,400 Btu/h SHRcoil = qs q = 91,800 161,400 = 0.57
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Solution
Problem 4.10
A room at 75F/63F has a 36,000 Btu/h total capacity with a room SHR of 0.90 and an outdoor air (95F/75F) requirement of 400 cfm. Find the required sensible capacity and total cooling capacity of a unit to handle the building and outdoor air loads. t1 = 75F (db) and 63F (wb), h1 = 28.4 Btu/lb qroom = 36,000 Btu/h, SHRroom = 0.9 qs(room) = SHRroom qroom = 0.9 36,000 = 32,400 Btu/h qL(room) = qroom qs(room) = 36,000 32,400 = 3,600 Btu/h qs(OA) 1.08 QOA (cfm) (to ti)F = 1.08 400 cfm (95 75) = 8,600 Btu/h qL(OA) 4680 QOA (cfm) (Wo Wi) Btu/lb = 4680 400 cfm (0.0142 0.0096) 8,600 Btu/h Required equipment size to handle the room load and the outdoor air load: qs = qs(room) + qs(OA) = 32,400 + 8,600 = 41,000 Btu/h qL = qL(room) + qL(OA) = 3,600 + 8,600 = 12,200 Btu/h q = q(room) + q(OA) = 41,000 + 12,200 = 53,200 Btu/h
Solution
15
Problem 4.11
Air flowing at 1500 cfm is heated from 65F (RH = 35%) at a rate of 50,000 Btu/h. Find the outlet air conditions (db, RH, wb, ). Sketch the process on a psychrometric chart.
Q 60 (min/h) q = ----------------------------------- c p ( t 2 t 1 ) Thus, t 2 = t 1 + --------------- = 65 + --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 95.8F 3 60 (min/h) 1500 (ft /min) 0.24 (Btu/lbF) q 60Qc p 50, 000 (Btu/h) 13.3 (ft /lb)
3
Solution
Problem 4.12
Air flowing at a rate of 2000 cfm at 78F/65F enters a cooling unit with a total capacity (TC) of 60,000 Btu/h and a sensible heat ratio (SHR) of 0.75. Calculate the dry bulb, wet bulb, and relative humidity of the air leaving the coil. Determine the apparatus dew point and the bypass factor. Q = 2000 cfm, t1 = 78F, t1wb = 65F, qcoil = 60,000 Btu/h h1 = 30.0 Btu/lb, W1 = 0.0103 lbw/lba qs-coil = SHRcoil qcoil = 0.75 60,000 = 45,000 Btu/h
q s-coil (Btu/h) 45, 000 Btu/h t 2 ( F ) t 1 ----------------------------------- = 78F --------------------------------------- = 57.1F 1.08 2000 cfm 1.08 Q (cfm) q coil (Btu/h) 60, 000 Btu/h h 2 (Btu/lb) h 1 -------------------------------- = 30.0 Btu/lb ------------------------------------ = 23.2 Btu/lb 4.4 2000 cfm 4.4 Q (cfm)
Solution
Find point 2 on the psychrometric chart using t2 = 57.1F and h2 = 23.2 Btu/lb
Then read properties at point 2 from chart:
t 2 t adp 57.1 51 t2wb = 55F, RH2 = 85%, tadp = 51F, BF = ------------------- = --------------------- = 0.23 t 1 t adp 78 51
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Solutions to Chapter 5 HVAC Equipment, Systems, and Selection

Problem 5.1 Find the total cooling capacity (gross), sensible cooling capacity (gross), and input kW for a Model 150 rooftop unit when the outdoor temperature is 95F, indoor temperature is 80F/67F, and airflow is 5000 cfm. For a Model 150 RTU with return air at 80F (db)/67F (wb), outdoor air of 95F, and an indoor airflow of 5000 cfm from Table 5.2, TC = 138 MBtu/h (138,000 Btu/h), SC = 99 MBtu/h (99,000 Btu/h), and kW = 10.2 kW Find the required fan power to deliver 5000 cfm at an ESP of 1.2 in. w.g. for the unit selected in Problem 5.1. For a Model 150 RTU with an air flow of 5000 cfm requiring an ESP of 1.2 in. of water, Interpolate between values for ESP = 1.0 and 1.5 in BHP1.0 = 2.95 hp and BHP1.5 = 3.67 hp BHP1.2 = 3.24 hp kW1.0 = 2.57 and kW1.5 = 3.19 kW1.2 = 2.82 RPM1.0 = 1234 and RPM1.5 = 1420 RPM1.2 = 1308 Repeat Problem 5.1 for an indoor temperature of 74F/62F. For a Model 150 RTU with return air at 74F (db)/62F (wb), outdoor air of 95F, and an indoor airflow of 5000 cfm from Table 5.2, TC = 131 MBtu/h @ wb = 62F, SC = 122 MBtu/h @ db = 80F and wb = 62F SC74/62 = SC80/62 + 1.1 (1 BF) (cfm/1000) (EAT 80) = 122 + 1.1 (1 0.5) (5000/1000) (74 80) = 90.7 MBtu/h kW62 = 10.1 kW Correct the results of Problem 5.3 for fan heat to obtain total capacity (net), sensible cooling capacity (net), and resulting sensible heat ratio (SHR). TC62 (net) = TC62 (gross) 3.41 kWfan From Problem 5.2, kWfan = 2.82 TC62 (net) = 131 MBtu/h 3.41 MBtu/kWh 2.82 kW = 121.4 MBtu/h SC74/62 (net) = 90.7 MBtu/h 3.41 MBtu/kWh 2.82 kW = 81.1 MBtu/h SHR = SC74/62 (net) TC62 (net) = 81.1 121.4 = 0.67
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Solution
Problem 5.5
A building in St. Louis, Missouri, has a sensible heat gain of 23,000 Btu/h and a total load of 33,000 when outdoor conditions are 97F/76F and mixed indoor air conditions entering the cooling coil are 80F/67F. Select a cooling unit from Table 5.3 to meet the load and SHR requirement. Specify the required cfm and resulting EER. qs = 23,000 Btu/h (23 MBtu/h), q = 33,000 Btu/h (33 MBtu/h) @ to = 97F/76F and ti = 80F/67F, Q = 1200 cfm SHRLoad = qs q = 23 MBtu/h / 33 MBtu/h = 0.70 For a Model 036, interpolate between values for OAT (aka to) = 95F and 105F @ 95F OAT and EAT (aka ti) 80F/67F, TC = 35.8 MBtu/h, SC = 26.4 MBtu/h, and kW = 2.97 @ 105F OAT and EAT = 80F/67F, TC = 34.5 MBtu/h, SC = 25.9 MBtu/h, and kW = 3.31 Via interpolation, TC97 = 35.5 MBtu/h, SC97 = 26.3 MBtu/h, and kW97 = 3.04 Since this manufacturer reports net capacity values, no fan heat deduction is required. SHRUnit = SC97 TC97 = 26.3 35.3 = 0.74 Since SHRUnit SHRLoad, the unit will not meet the SHR (dehumidification) requirement at the rated 1200 cfm airflow. Lower cfm to reduce SHR and improve dehumidification. Try lowering flow to 80% of rated flow = 0.80 1200 cfm = 960 cfm CFTC = 0.97, TC97/960 = 0.97 35.5 = 34.4 CFSC = 0.90, SC97/960 = 0.90 26.3 = 23.7, SHRUnit = 23.7 34.4 = 0.69 OK CFkWc = 0.975, kW97/960 = 0.975 3.04 = 3.04 EER = TC (net) kW (total) = 34.4 MBtu/h 3.04 kW = 11.3 MBtu/kWh (Btu/Wh)
Solution
Repeat Problem 5.5 for an indoor condition of 75F/63F. qs = 23,000 Btu/h (23 MBtu/h), q = 33,000 Btu/h (33 MBtu/h) @ to = 97F/76F and ti = 75F/63F SHRLoad = qs q = 23 MBtu/h / 33 MBtu/h = 0.70 For a Model 036, interpolate between values for OAT (aka to) = 95F and 105F @ 95F OAT and EAT (aka ti) 75F/63F, TC = 33.4 MBtu/h, SC = 25.7 MBtu/h, and kW =2.94 @ 105F OAT and EAT = 75F/63F, TC = 32.2 MBtu/h, SC = 25.3 MBtu/h, and kW = 3.28 Via interpolation, TC97 = 33.2 MBtu/h, SC97 = 25.6 MBtu/h, and kW97 = 3.01 Since this manufacturer reports net capacity values, no fan heat deduction is required. SHRUnit = SC97 TC97 = 25.6 33.2 = 0.77 too high Reduce airflow and correct performance to see if the unit can meet requirements. Try lowering flow to 80% of rated value = 0.80 1200 cfm = 960 cfm CFTC = 0.97, TC97/960 = 0.97 33.2 = 32.2 TC too low CFSC = 0.90, SC97/1080 = 0.90 25.6 = 23.0, SHRUnit = 23.0 32.2 = 0.72 too high Unit will not meet requirements since increasing flow to meet TC requirement will raise SHR, which is already too high. Try a larger unit at the lowest possible airflow rate (this may create more problems since oversized units cycle more frequently and exacerbate humidity problems).
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Chapter 5HVAC Equipment, Systems, and Selection
For a Model 042 @ 1300 cfm, interpolate between OAT (aka to) = 95F and 105F @ 95F OAT and EAT (aka ti) 75F/63F, TC = 40.7 MBtu/h, SC = 31.1 MBtu/h, and kW = 3.47 @ 105F OAT and EAT = 75F/63F, TC = 39.1 MBtu/h, SC = 30.4 MBtu/h, and kW = 3.88 Via interpolation, TC97 = 40.4 MBtu/h, SC97 = 31.0 MBtu/h, and kW97 = 3.55 @ 80% airflow = 1040 cfm CFTC = 0.97, TC97/1040 = 0.97 40.4 = 39.2 OK CFSC = 0.90, SC97/1040 = 0.90 31.0 = 27.9 SHRUnit = 27.9 39.2 = 0.71 still too high This result is typical for high-efficiency equipment that frequently cannot meet latent requirements. Either use a smaller indoor coil with lower airflow and lower efficiency to meet latent requirements or use the Model 036 since it is not oversized. EER = TC (net) kW (total) = 40.4 MBtu/h 3.55 kW = 11.4 MBtu/kWh (Btu/Wh) Problem 5.7 Determine if the unit selected in Problem 5.6 can meet an SHR of 0.68 for an outdoor condition of 85F and indoor condition of 75F/63F at the design cfm. Can it meet the SHR at a lower cfm? SHRLoad = 0.68 @ to = 85F and ti = 75F/63F SHRLoad = qs q = 23 MBtu/h / 33 MBtu/h = 0.70 For Model 036 at 1200 cfm @ 85F OAT and EAT 75F/63F TC = 34.6 MBtu/h, SC = 26.3 MBtu/h, and kW =2.66 SHRUnit = 26.3 34.6 = 0.76 too high Correct to 80% airflow (960 cfm) SHRUnit = 23.7 33.6 = 0.71 too high The building heat loss is 37,000 Btu/h when the indoor temperature is 70F and the outdoor temperature is 20F. Use the heating data of the Problem 5.6 heat pump to determine the units capacity (with a 10% defrost cycle deduct) and size the electric resistance supplementary backup if necessary. Find the system COP. qh = 37 MBtu/h @ 20F OAT @ 27F OAT and EAT 70F, TH = 24.3 MBtu/h, kW = 2.80 @ 17F OAT and EAT 70F, TH = 22.6 MBtu/h, kW = 2.76 Interpolated to 20F OAT and EAT 70F, TH = 23.1 MBtu/h, kW = 2.77 @ 80% rated flow (960 cfm) CFTH = 0.98, TH20/960 = 0.98 23.1 = 22.6 MBtu/h CFkW = 1.05, kW20/960 = 1.05 2.77 = 2.91 Deduct 10% for defrost: TH20/960 (with defrost penalty) = 0.9 22.6 = 20.4 MBtu/h Auxiliary heating requirement: qAux = qh TH = 37 20.4 = 16.6 MBtu/h kWAux = qAux 3.41 = 16.6 3.41 = 4.9 kW
( TH + q Aux ) 3.41 ( 20.4 + 16.6 ) 3.41 COP = -------------------------------------------- = --------------------------------------------- = 1.39 2.91 + 4.9 kW + kW Aux
Solution
Problem 5.8
Solution
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Meet the requirements of Problem 5.8 by selecting a natural gas furnace for an indoor temperature of 70F. qh = 37 MBtu/h @ 20F OAT Find a furnace with TH > 37 MBtu/h and Q 960 cfm (the cooling mode airflow from previous problems). Option 1 for noncondensing furnace, use Model 060 (Table 5.4) that has a TH of 47 MBtu/h and set the fan speed tap on low (if ESP 0.4 in. for air distribution system) or med/low (if ESP 0.8 in.). Option 2 for noncondensing furnace, use Model 060 (Table 5.5) that has a TH of 47 MBtu/h and set the fan speed tap on low (if ESP 0.4 in. for air distribution system) or med/low (if ESP 0.8 in.). Option 3 (with very little cushion for extremely cold days), use Model 040 (Table 5.5) that has a TH of 38 MBtu/h and set the fan speed on high and specify that the air distribution system required ESP does not exceed 0.4 in.
Problem 5.10
Repeat Problems 5.6 and 5.8 using a water-to-air heat pump with a 90F entering water temperature in cooling and a 45F entering water temperature in heating. Assume a pump power requirement of 160 W (this replaces the outdoor fan of an air unit) and indoor fan is included in the total kW. qs = 23,000 Btu/h (23 MBtu/h), q = 33,000 Btu/h (33 MBtu/h) @ EWT = 90F and ti = 75F/63F, wpump = 160 W = 0.16 kW SHRLoad = qs q = 23 MBtu/h / 33 MBtu/h = 0.70 From Table 5.6, try a Model 036 using Qwater = 9 gpm (analysis could also use 7 gpm as starting point) and 80F/67F EAT and EWT = 90F, TC67 = 34.5 MBtu/h Correct TC to twb =63F, TC63 = CF63 TC67 = 0.93 34.5 = 32.1 MBtu/h too small Try a Model 042 using 8 gpm (analysis could also use 11 gpm as starting point) and 80F/67F EAT, and EWT = 90F, TC67 = 42.2 MBtu/h, SC = 30.8 MBtu/h, and kWc = 3.22 Correct TC to twb =63F, TC63 = CF63 TC67 = 0.93 42.2 = 39.2 MBtu/h OK Correct SC to tdb =75F, twb = 63F, SC75/63 = CF75/63 SC80 = 0.96 30.8 = 29.6 MBtu/h SHRUnit = SC75/63 TC63 = 29.6 39.2 = 0.75 too high, since SHRLoad = 0.70 Lower cfm to 80% of rated Qair = 0.80 1400 = 1120 cfm TC80% = CF80% TC100% = 0.97 39.2 = 38.0 MBtu/h SC80% = CF80% SC100% = 0.90 29.6 = 26.6 MBtu/h SHRUnit = SC80% TC80% = 26.6 38.0 = 0.70 OK Correct kW to tdb = 75F, twb = 63F, and Qair = 1120 cfm kWc = CF63 CF80% kWc @ 67 wb,1400 cfm = 0.98 0.975 3.22 = 3.08 kW For Model 042 @ 1120 cfm, 8 gpm: EER = TC (kWc + kWpump) = 38.0 MBtu/h (3.08 + 0.16) = 11.7 MBtu/kWh Heating @ EAT = 70F, EWT = 45F, Qair = 1120 cfm, Qwater = 8 gpm @ EWT = 50, TH = 38.1 MBtu/h, @ EWT = 40F, TH = 33.1 MBtu/h Via interpolation, TH = 35.6 MBtu/h TH = CF80% TH100% = 0.98 35.6 = 34.9 MBtu/h kWh = 2.64 @ 45F, kWh@80% = CF80% kWh@100% = 1.05 2.64 = 2.77 kW qAux = qh TH = 37 34.9 = 2.1 MBtu/h, kWaux = 2.1 3.412 = 0.62
TH + q aux 34.9 + 2.1 COP = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = ------------------------------------------------------------------ = 3.05 3.412 ( 2.77 + 0.62 + 0.16 ) 3.412 ( kW h + kW aux + kW pump )
Solution
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Problem 5.11
A building has a sensible heat gain of 140 MBtu/h and a total load of 190 MBtu/h when outdoor conditions are 95F/75F and mixed indoor air conditions entering the cooling coil are 78F/64.5F. Select a rooftop cooling unit from Table 5.2 to meet the load. Specify the required cfm, SHRunit, and fan motor size to deliver 1.2 in. of water external static pressure (ESP) and the resulting EER. q = 190 MBtu/h, qs = 140 MBtu/h @ 95F OAT SHRLoad = 140 190 = 0.74 Try Model 240 @ mid-range flow rate (8000 cfm) from Table 5.2 since SHR is normal @ 95F OAT, twb = 67F, TC* = 252 MBtu/h, SC* = 183 MBtu/h, kW = 19.3 @ 95F OAT, twb = 62F, TC* = 232 MBtu/h, SC* = 218 MBtu/h, kW = 18.7 Via interpolation, @ 95F OAT, twb = 64.5F, TC* = 242 MBtu/h, SC* = 201 MBtu/h, and kW = 19.0
* gross capacities, must be corrected for fan heat
Solution
TCnet = TCgross 3.41 kWfan and SCnet = SCgross 3.41 kWfan @ 8000 cfm and 1.2 in. ESP, kWfan = 5.72 kW (via interpolation between ESP = 1.0 and 1.5) Note fan BHP = 6.8 hp and increased to next standard size = 7.5 hp (see Chapter 11) TCnet = 242 3.41 5.72 = 222 MBtu/h OK since requirement is 190 MBtu/h SCnet @ 80 EAT = SCgross @ 80 EAT 3.41 kWfan = 201 3.412 5.72 = 181.5 Correct for EAT = 78F SCnet @ 78 EAT = SCnet @ 80 EAT + 1.1 (1 BF) (cfm/1000) (EAT 80) SCnet @ 78 EAT = 181.5 + 1.1 (1 0.06) (8000/1000) (78 80) = 165 SHRUnit = SCnet @ 78 EAT TCnet = 165 222 = 0.74 OK since SHRLoad = 0.74 However, consider running a slightly lower airflow since extra capacity is available and SHRUnit is so close to SHRLoad
222 TC EER = --------------------------------- = ------------------------------- = 9.0 ( 19.0 + 5.72 ) ( kW + kW fan )
Summary: Use Model 240, Qair = 8000 cfm, BHPfan = 7.5 hp (6.8 hp), and SHRUnit = 0.74. Problem 5.12 A building zone has a total sensible heat gain of 105,000 Btu/h (walls, roof, windows, internal, people) and a latent gain of 20,000 Btu/h. The required outdoor air ventilation rate is 800 cfm. Indoor conditions are 75F/63F and outdoor conditions are 95F/75F, and outside air is mixed with the return air before entering the unit. Select a rooftop unit to cool this zone. The fan must deliver 1.0 in. water of external static pressure (ESP). Recall the capacities given are gross. You must convert them to total net capacities by deducting the fan heat. Loads Room: qRS = 105 MBtu/h, qRL = 20 MBtu/h, qR = qRS + qRL = 105 + 20 = 125 MBtu/h Outdoor air: @ to = 95F/75F, ho = 38.3 Btu/lb, @ ti = 75F/63F, hi = 28.4 Btu/lb qOAS 1.08 Qo (to ti) 1.08 800 cfm (95 75) 17,300 Btu/h 17.3 MBtu/h qOA 4.44 Qo (ho hi) 4.44 800 cfm (38.3 28.4) 35,200 Btu/h 35.2 MBtu/h Totals: qs = qRS + qOAS = 105 + 17.3 = 122 MBtu/h q = qR + qOA = 125 + 35.2 = 160 MBtu/h SHRLoad = 122 160 = 0.76 Must now find mixed air conditions, which means the supply air or recirculated air quantity must be known (or assumed) to compute the mixed air conditions when mixed with the 800 cfm outdoor air. Note the Model 180 rooftop unit is rated at
Solution
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21
6000 cfm for the mid-range value. Since the SHRLoad is also a mid-range value, use this flow rate for first computation; 5200 cfm of recirculated air at is mixed with 800 cfm of outside air 95F/75F to provide 6000 cfm of supply air. Using PsychProcess.xls (mixing) provides a mixed air condition 78F/65F entering the rooftop unit.
Qair1 QSair1 5200 cfm 5064 scfm Stream 1 22789 lb/hr Stream 3 mflow3 26120 Qair3 6000 Tdb3 78.2 HRatio3 0.0100 69.8 Twb3 64.8 RelHum3 48.7 SpHt3 0.244 Enal3 29.7 SpVol3 13.78 DewPt3 57.2 Qair2 QSair2 800 cfm 740 scfm Stream 2 3332 lb/hr
Note: Input values (Qair1 and Qair2) are in cubic feet per minute. For additional information purposes, these values are corrected to air at standard conditions of =0.075 lb/cu.ft. (QSair1 and QSair2).
mflow1
mflow2 (mixed) lb/hr cfm F lbw/lba Grains F % Btu/lb-F Btu/lb cu.ft./lb F
Stream 1 @ Qair1(cfm), Tdb1(F), & Twb1(F) Stream 2 @ Qair2(cfm), Tdb2(F), & Twb2(F) 2 1 3
Stream 3 @ Qair3(cfm), Tdb3(F), & Twb3(F)
Via interpolation, @ 95F OAT, twb = 65F for a Model 180 rooftop unit TC = 184 MBtu/h, SC = 147 MBtu/h, kW = 14.0 (gross capacities) To correct for fan heat, go to fan data at 6000 cfm and 1.0 in. ESP: kWfan = 3.32, BHP = 3.89 hp (need 5 hp motor) TCnet = TCgross 3.41 kWfan and SCnet = SCgross 3.41 kWfan TCnet = 184 3.41 3.32 = 173 MBtu/h OK since requirement is 160 MBtu/h SCnet @ 80 EAT = SCgross @ 80 EAT 3.41 kWfan = 147 3.412 3.32 = 136 Correct for EAT = 78F SCnet @ 78 EAT = SCnet @ 80 EAT + 1.1 (1 BF) (cfm/1000) (EAT 80) SCnet @ 78 EAT = 136 + 1.1 (1 0.04) (6000/1000) (78 80) = 123 SHRUnit = SCnet @ 78 EAT TCnet = 123 173 = 0.71 Excellent, since SHRLoad = 0.76 (flow can be increased since SHRUnit is lower, but this is not necessary since unit is slightly oversized).
TC 173 EER = --------------------------------- = ------------------------------- = 10.0 ( kW + kW fan ) ( 14.0 + 3.32 )
Model 180 operating at 6000 cfm with 5 hp fan motor is suitable.
Problem 5.13
A water-cooled chiller must provide water at 45F to ten fan coil units that require 45 MBtu/h (net) each with fans that draw 600 W each. The condenser water is cooled with a cooling tower that can provide 85F. a. Select a chiller to meet this load. b. Calculate the required chilled water flow in gpm for a 55F chiller entering temperature (base answer on chiller capacity). c. Calculate the required condenser water flow based on 3.0 gpm per ton of chiller capacity. d. Determine the head loss in feet of water across the evaporator and condenser. e. Determine the chiller gross kW/ton (gross) and EER (Btu/Wh). f. Determine system net kW/ton and EER if two pumps (chilled water and condenser water) draw 2.0 kW and 2.25 kW, respectively. qLoad = 10 FCUs (45,000 Btu/h + 3.41 600 W) = 470,500 Btu/h = 39.2 tons a. A Model 040 (Table 5.10 ) water-cooled scroll compressor chiller will deliver:
Solution
22
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b. c. d. e. f.
TC = 40.1 tons = 40.1 12,000 Btu/ton-h = 481,200 Btu/h @ 45F LWT and 85F Condenser EWT Compressor demand will be 30.4 kW (30,400 W) gpm(Evap.) = 481,200 Btu/h [500 (55F 45F)] = 96 gpm gpm(Cond.) = 3 gpm/ton 40.1 tons = 120 gpm From Figure 5.13 for 040 Chiller @ 96 gpm: hEvap = 13 ft of water From Figure 5.14 for 040 Chiller @ 120 gpm: hCond = 15.3 ft of water kW/ton (gross) = 30.4 kW 40.1 tons = 0.76 kW/ton EER (gross) = 481,200 Btu/h 30,400 W = 15.8 Btu/Wh
q Gross q Fan EER Net = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------W Chiller + W FcuFans + W CWPump + W CHWPump 481, 200 Btu/h 10 ( 3.412 600 W ) = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30, 400 W + 10 600 W + 2250 W + 2000 W = 11.3 Btu/Wh
Problem 5.14.
A four-zone building has the loads shown below. The room air entering the coils is 80F/67F and chilled water at 45F is supplied. Select fan coil units (assuming a 10% deduction for fan heat) and specify airflow and water flow while attempting to maintain a coil outlet temperature of 55F 2.0F.
10 a.m. Cooling Loads (MBtu/h) Sensible Total 30 40 45 60 25 35 30 38 3 p.m. Cooling Loads (MBtu/h) Sensible Total 42 60 35 45 38 54 40 55
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Total
Solution
Increase loads given in table by 10% to account for fan heat (this will be added to both the sensible and totals loads).
10 a.m. Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Totals Sensible 34 51 28.5 33.8 147.3 Total 44 66 38.5 41.8 190.3 Sensible 48 39.5 43.4 45.5 176.4 3 p.m. Total 66 49.5 59.4 60.5 235.4
Zone 1: Peak load occurs at 3 p.m.: q1-Load = 66 MBtu/h and SHR1-Load = 48 66 = 0.73 A model 60-HW-4 coil at 2000 cfm, 80F/67F air and 13 gpm: TC = 65 MBtu/h (Too low) at 21 gpm: TC = 75.2 MBtu/h (High) Reduce flow to 17 gpm and by interpolation: TC = 70.1 MBtu/h, SC = 46.7 MBtu/h Check SHRFCU = 46.7 70.1 = 0.67 (OK) Check outlet water temperature:
70, 100 Btu/h TC ( Btu/h ) t o = t i ( F ) + ---------------------------------- = 45F + --------------------------------- = 53.2F 500 17 gpm 500 Q ( gpm )
Flow of 17 gpm is acceptable, but try a lower flow. Reduce flow to 15 gpm and by interpolation: TC = 67.6 MBtu/h, SC = 45.8 MBtu/h Check SHRFCU = 45.8 67.6 = 0.68 (OK)
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23
Check outlet water temperature:

Zone 2: Use same coil and water flow as zone 1 to meet 10 a.m. load, which is also 66 MBtu/h with slightly higher SHR. So Model 60-HW-4 coil at 2000 cfm and 15 gpm will work. Zone 3: Use same coil as zones 1 and 2, but water flow can be lowered to 13 gpm: TC = 65 MBtu/h, SC = 44.9, SHRLoad = 43.4 59.4 = 0.73; SHRFCU = 44.9 65.0 = 0.69 (OK) Check outlet water temperature:
So Model 60-HW-4 coil at 2000 cfm and 13 gpm will work. Zone 4: Use same coil and water flow as zone 3 to meet 3 p.m. load, which is 60.5 MBtu/h. TC = 65 MBtu/h, SC = 44.9, SHRLoad = 45.5 60.5 = 0.75; SHRFCU = 44.9 65.0 = 0.69 (OK) So Model 60-HW-4 coil at 2000 cfm and 13 gpm will work. Problem 5.15 Select a chiller (or chillers) to meet the combined loads of the coils in Problem 5.14. Specify unit model number, required water flow, and gross kW/ ton and EER. The peak block load occurs at 3 p.m. (although load in zone 2 peaks at 10 a.m.). At 3 p.m., qLoads = 235.4 MBtu/h = 19.6 tons A Model 020 (Table 5.10) water-cooled scroll compressor chiller will deliver: TC = 20.4 tons = 20.4 12,000 Btu/ton-h = 244,800 Btu/h @ 45F LWT and 85F Cond. EWT Compressor demand will be 15.4 kW (15,400 W). gpm(Evap.) = 244,800 Btu/h [500 (55F 45F)] = 49 gpm kW/ton (gross) = 15.4 kW 20.4 tons = 0.75 kW/ton EER (gross) = 244,800 Btu/h 15,400 W = 15.9 Btu/Wh
Solution
24
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Solutions to Chapter 6 Comfort, Air Quality, and Climatic Data

Problem 6.1 Solution Compute the heat rate of a 5 ft, 10 in., 160 lb male machinist at work. AD = 0.108 m0.425 l 0.725 = 0.108 160 lb.0.425 70 in.0.725 = 20.3 ft2 Doing light machine work generates 37 to 44 Btu/hft2 (mid-range = 40.5 Btu/hft2) Thus, Qmachinist = 40.5 Btu/hft2 20.3 ft2 = 820 Btu/h Repeat Problem 6.1 for a 5 ft, 6 in., 120 lb performing ballerina. AD = 0.108 m0.425 l 0.725 = 0.108 120 lb.0.425 66 in.0.725 = 19.1 ft2 A ballerina generates 44 to 81 Btu/hft2 (mid-range = 62.5 Btu/hft2) Thus, qballerina = 62.5 Btu/hft2 19.1 ft2 = 1190 Btu/h What range of indoor temperature and humidity is best to satisfy occupants in the summer? In the winter? Why is there a difference? At the upper relative humidity level of 60%, the indoor temperature should be in the 73F to 79F range to satisfy the most individuals in the summer. At the lower relative humidity level of 30%, the indoor temperature should be in the 74F to 81F range to satisfy the most individuals in the summer. At the upper relative humidity level of 60%, the indoor temperature should be in the 68F to 74F range to satisfy the most individuals in the winter (this condition is difficult to maintain in the winter because the outside air is drier). At the lower relative humidity level of 30%, the indoor temperature should be in the 69F to 76F range to satisfy the most individuals in the winter. The temperatures are lower in the winter because occupants are typically dressed with heavier clothing in the winter because of the lower outdoor temperature. Problem 6.4 Solution Why are people more comfortable in the winter with a lower thermostat setting? Occupants are comfortable with a lower setting in the winter because they are typically dressed with heavier clothing because of the lower outdoor temperature.
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HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual Find the required ventilation air for a 1500 ft2 college classroom with 40 students. The ventilation air is delivered through ceiling vents and returned though a grille near the floor. Vbz = RPPZ + RaAZ = 10 cfm/person 40 people + 0.12 cfm/ft2 1500 ft2 = 400 + 180 = 580 cfm Since the ventilation air is delivered at the ceiling and exhausted near the floor, the air will be delivered to the breathing zone and the zone air distribution effectiveness (EZ) is 1.0. Thus, Voz = Vbz EZ = 580 1.0 = 580 cfm Problem 6.6 Solution Repeat Problem 6.5 if the return is in the ceiling and the HVAC unit is in cooling. Vbz = RPPZ + RaAZ = 10 cfm/person 40 people + 0.12 cfm/ft2 1500 ft2 = 400 + 180 = 580 cfm When cold air is delivered at the ceiling, it will tend to fall into the breathing zone since it is more dense than the room air. It will mix with the room air and fulfill its intended effect before it is exhausted. The zone air distribution effectiveness (EZ) is 1.0. Thus, Voz = Vbz EZ = 580 1.0 = 580 cfm Problem 6.7 Solution Repeat Problem 6.6 if the unit is in heating and the delivery temperature is 100F. Vbz = RPPZ + RaAZ = 10 cfm/person 40 people + 0.12 cfm/ft2 1500 ft2 = 400 + 180 = 580 cfm Since the warm ventilation air is delivered at the ceiling, it will tend to stay near the ceiling and not completely mix with the room air before it is exhausted near the ceiling. The zone air distribution effectiveness (EZ) is 0.8. Thus, Voz = Vbz EZ = 580 0.8 = 725 cfm Problem 6.8 You are required to design a ventilation air system for a 3000 ft2 library with supply and return in the ceiling, but no occupancy is provided. Specify the required ventilation airflow rate. If the building owner or building owners representative does not provide occupancy, use the default values in Table 6.2. In the case of the library, the value is 10 people per 1000 ft2. It is advisable that this be noted in the design documentation or provided directly to the owner or owners representative in writing. Thus, PZ = (10 people/1000 ft2) 3000 ft2 = 30 people Vbz = RPPZ + RaAZ = 5 cfm/person 30 people + 0.12 cfm/ft2 3000 ft2 = 150 + 360 = 510 cfm In cooling EZ = 1.0 (cold air supply in ceiling, return in ceiling) Voz = Vbz EZ = 510 1.0 = 510 cfm In heating EZ = 0.8 (warm air supply in ceiling, return in ceiling) Voz = Vbz EZ = 510 0.8 = 640 cfm Problem 6.9 Solution Determine the required ventilation air rate for a 3000 ft2, five-bedroom, threebathroom home. Qfan = 0.01 A (ft2) + 7.5 (Nbedrooms + 1) = 0.01 3000 ft2 + 7.5 (5 +1) = 75 cfm
Problem 6.5
Solution
Solution
26
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Chapter 6Comfort, Air Quality, and Climatic Data
Problem 6.10
A building with four zones has the airflow requirements below. Determine the required ventilation air rate for a multi-zone ventilation air system. Supply air: Zone 1 = 800 cfm, Zone 2 = 1200 cfm, Zone 3 = 700 cfm, Zone 4 = 1500 cfm Ventilation air: Zone 1 = 200 cfm, Zone 2 = 275 cfm, Zone 3 = 150 cfm, Zone 4 = 500 cfm
Zone 1 2 3 4 Vz 200 275 150 500 Vp 800 1200 700 1500 Zp (Vz/Vp) 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.33 Zpmax
Solution
Assume EZ = 1.0, Vou = Vbz EZ = (200 + 275 + 150 + 500) 1.0 = 1125 cfm Ev = 0.8 since Zp (max) 0.35 Vot = Vou EV = 1125 0.8 = 1406 cfm Problem 6.11 An office with six zones is served with a single rooftop unit that provides 1.0 cfm/ft2 of supply air through the ceiling. The return is also in the ceiling. Ventilation air is supplied at the rooftop unit return. Compute the required ventilation air rate in the summer and winter given the following table.
Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Use Reception Office Office Office Conference Office People 5 2 8 4 10 1 Area (ft2) 700 400 800 700 500 400
Solution
For summer [EZ = 1.0 (cold air supply in ceiling, return in ceiling)] and assuming that occupants move from their office to occupy the conference room so that the normal number of people in the building is 20 (not 30).
Zone Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rp 5 5 5 5 5 5 No. of People 5 2 8 4 10 1 Rp*people 25 10 40 20 50 5 0 Ra 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 A (ft ) 200 300 300 400 250 300
2
Multi-Zone Systems Only Zone Description Reception Office Office Office Conference Office
Ra*Area 12 18 18 24 15 18 0
Vbz 37 28 58 44 65 23 0 0 0 0
Vp 200 300 300 400 250 300 0
Vp
Totals Max Building occupants Diversity Ez Vou Estimated Vp/A Ev Vo 20 0.67 1.00 205 1.00 0.8 256 people
30
150
1750
105
Zpmax
Zp 0.19 0.09 0.19 0.11 0.26 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26
cfm
For winter, EZ = 0.8 (warm air supply in ceiling, return in ceiling)

Zone Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rp 5 5 5 5 5 5 No. of People 5 2 8 4 10 1 Rp*people 25 10 40 20 50 5 0 Ra 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 A (ft ) 200 300 300 400 250 300
2
Multi-Zone Systems Only Zone Description Reception Office Office Office Conference Office
Totals Max Building occupants Diversity Ez Vou Estimated Vp/A Ev Vo

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cfm
20 0.67 0.80 256 1.00 0.8 320
people
cfm cfm/ft
cfm cfm/ft
Ra*Area 12 18 18 24 15 18 0
Vbz 37 28 58 44 65 23 0 0 0 0
Vp 200 300 300 400 250 300 0
Vp
30
150
1750
105
Zpmax
Zp 0.19 0.09 0.19 0.11 0.26 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26
27
Problem 6.12
Find the following for Chicago: Elevation Dry-bulb temperature at 0.4% cooling design Mean wet-bulb temperature at 0.4% cooling design Temperature at 99.6% heating design condition 0.4% design wet-bulb Dry-bulb temperature at 0.4% WB condition Daily range on cooling design day For Chicago from Table 6.5: Elevation = 673 ft above sea level tdb @ 0.4% = 91F tMWB @ 0.4% tdb = 74F tdb @ 99.6% = 6F twb @ 0.4% = 77F tMDB @ 0.4% twb = 88F DR = 20F Repeat Problem 6.12 for Tuscaloosa, Alabama. For Tuscaloosa from Table 6.5: Elevation = 171 ft above sea level tdb @ 0.4% = 95F tMWB @ 0.4% tdb = 77F tdb @ 99.6% = 20F twb @ 0.4% = 80F tMDB @ 0.4% twb = 90F DR = 20F Explain the meaning of 99.6% and 0.4% design conditions in Table 6.3. This notation means that the value of the temperature in the table is exceeded during 99.6% of the hours during a normal year. Likewise, the 0.4% temperature is exceeded during only 0.4% of the hours during a normal year.
Solution
28
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Solutions to Chapter 7 Heat and Moisture Flow in Buildings

Problem 7.1
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Find the overall U-factor and R-value for a 2 4 in. wall with R-13 fiberglass batts (approximately 20% of the wall is framing). The exterior wall is 5/8 in. hardboard (standard tempered) over 1/2 in. vegetable fiberboard with no air gap. The interior finish is 1/2 in. gypsum board.
R-Insul. Path = R-Wood Path = U (Overall)= R(Total)= % Total Area Out. Surface Out. Finish 80 0.25 0.85 20 0.25 0.85
2
Solution
Insulation 13
Wood 4.375
=0.20*7.925+0.8*16.55 =1/0.074
Sheath 1.32 1.32
Other
Int. Finish In. Surface 0.45 0.68 0.45 0.68
R-Path Total 16.55 7.925
Repeat Problem 7.1 if the exterior finish is 110 lb/ft3 4 in. face brick.
R-Insul. Path = R-Wood Path = U (Overall)= R(Total)= % Total Area Out. Surface Out. Finish 80 0.25 0.45 20 0.25 0.45
2
Find the overall U-factors (Btu/hFft2) and R-values (hFft2/Btu) of a 2.25 in. thick solid wood door with and without a metal storm door. From Table 7.1 for 2.25 in. solid wood door U = 0.27 Btu/hFft2, R = 3.7 hFft2/Btu With storm door U = 0.20 Btu/hFft2, R = 5.0 hFft2/Btu
Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of the wall in the building shown below. Assuming the 1 in. insulation is expanded polystyrene (aka beadboard):
R(Total)= R(Total)= U (Overall)= Out. Surface FaceBrick 0.25 0.45 7.28 hr-ft2-F/Btu 0.137 Btu/hr-ft2-F Insulation 3.5 Other Other 8"LW block In. Surf. 2.4 0.68 7.28
Assuming the 1 in. insulation is extruded polystyrene (aka pink or blue board):
R(Total)= R(Total)= U (Overall)= Out. Surface FaceBrick Insulation Other 0.25 0.45 5 8.78 hr-ft2-F/Btu =1/8.78 0.114 Btu/hr-ft2-F Other 8"LW block In. Surf. 2.4 0.68 8.78
0.076 13.14
Btu/hr-ft -F hr-ft -F/Btu
0.074 13.59
Insulation 13
Wood 4.375
=0.20*7.525+0.8*16.15 =1/0.076
Sheath 1.32 1.32
Other
Int. Finish In. Surface 0.45 0.68 0.45 0.68
=1/7.28
HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of the roof/ ceiling in the building shown below if the insulation is polyisocyanuarate.
Problem 7.5
Solution
R(Total)= R(Total)= U (Overall)=
Out. Surface 0.25 17.25 0.058
1/2"slag 0.05
hr-ft -F/Btu Btu/hr-ft2-F
2
2" Polyiso 12
2" concrete Air gap 0.28 2.2
Acos.tile 1.79
In. Surf. 0.68
R 17.25
=1/17.25
Problem 7.6
A roof-ceiling system consists of a metal roof, 6 in. fiberglass insulation, 24 in. attic space, and in. acoustical ceiling tile. Find the R-value and the most appropriate roof number. Assuming the attic is not ventilated, with no reflective barrier, 100F ventilation air temperature (see Table 7.2):
R(Total)= R(Total)= U (Overall)= Out. Surface 0.25 25.62 0.039 Metal 0
hr-ft -F/Btu Btu/hr-ft2-F
2
Solution
NoVentAttic 6" fiber ins Air gap 1.9 21
Acos.tile 1.79
In. Surf. 0.68
R 25.62
=1/25.62
If attic is naturally ventilated, with no reflective barrier, 100F ventilation air temperature (see Table 7.2):
R(Total)= R(Total)= U (Overall)= Out. Surface 0.25 26.42 0.038 Metal 0
hr-ft -F/Btu Btu/hr-ft -F
2 2
NatVentAttic 6" Fiber.ins. AcosTile 2.7 21 1.79
other
In. Surf. 0.68
R 26.42
=1/26.42
In both cases, the most appropriate roof is #4 since the insulation is greater than 20 hFft2/Btu. Problem 7.7 Find the overall U-factor and R-value for a wall with 2 4 in. fir studs on 16 in. O.C. with R13 fiberglass batt insulation (approximately 15% of the wall is framing). The wall exterior is 4 in. face brick (110 lb/ft3) and 1/2 in. extruded polystyrene with a 1/2 in. air gap (no reflective foil). The interior finish is 1/2 in. gypsum board.
R-Insul. Path = R-Wood Path = U (Overall)= R(Total)= % Total Area Out. Surface Face Brick 85 0.25 0.45 15 0.25 0.45
2
Solution
Repeat problem 7.7 for wall with 2 6 in. studs on 24 in. O.C. with R19 batts.
R-Insul. Path = R-Wood Path = U (Overall)= R(Total)= % Total Area Out. Surface Face Brick 90 0.25 0.45 10 0.25 0.45
2
30
0.045 22.35
0.061 16.39
=0.15*9.905+0.85*18.53 =1/0.061
Insulation 3"wood" extr,poly Air gap 13 2.5 1.2 4.375 2.5 1.2
1/2" Gyp. In. Surface 0.45 0.68 0.45 0.68
=0.10*12.405+0.80*24.53 =1/0.045
Insulation 5"wood" extr,poly Air gap 19 2.5 1.2 6.875 2.5 1.2
1/2" Gyp. In. Surface 0.45 0.68 0.45 0.68
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Chapter 7Heat and Moisture Flow in Buildings Find the overall U-factors (Btu/hFft2) and R-values (hFft2/Btu) of 1.75 in. thick steel door with a urethane core (no thermal break) with and without a metal storm door. From Table 7.1 for 1.75 in. steel door with a urethane core and no thermal break: U = 0.40 Btu/hFft2, R = 2.5 hFft2/Btu With storm door: U = 0.26 Btu/hFft2, R = 3.8 hFft2/Btu Problem 7.10 Solution Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of a vinyl frame, double-glass window with a in. air gap and no thermal break. From Table 7.3 (assuming resistance of a in. air gap resistance of a in. air gap): U = 0.55 Btu/hFft2, R = 1/U = 1.82 hFft2/Btu Find the R-value of a wall that is 4 in. face brick, 2 in. insulation, and 8 in. heavyweight concrete walls. What wall number most closely matches this wall?
R(Total)= R(Total)= U (Overall)= Out. Surface Face brick 0.25 0.45 12.12 hr-ft2-F/Btu 0.083 Btu/hr-ft2-F 2" extr,poly 8" HWblock other 10 0.74 other In. Surf. 0.68 R 12.12
Problem 7.9
Solution
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=1/12.12
Wall #16 Problem 7.12 Solution Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of an aluminum frame, double-glass window with a in. air gap and no thermal break. From Table 7.3 (assuming resistance of a in. air gap resistance of a in. air gap): U = 0.87 Btu/hFft2, R = 1/U = 1.15 hFft2/Btu Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of a 1.75 in. thick wood door with and without a metal storm door. From Table 7.1 for 1.75 in. solid wood door: U = 0.40 Btu/hFft2, R = 2.5 hFft2/Btu With storm door: U = 0.26 Btu/hFft2, R = 3.8 hFft2/Btu Problem 7.14 Solution Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of a vinyl frame, double-glass window with a in. argon gap. From Table 7.3: U = 0.49 Btu/hFft2, R = 2.04 hFft2/Btu Find the CLF and SCL zone type letters for the top floor of a building made with walls like the room of Problems 7.4 and 7.5. Heavy walls with lightweight (LW) block, top floor Thus: CLF zone type = C SCL zone type = B
31
Problem 7.16
Find the shade coefficient for the window of Problem 7.12 with (a) no interior shade, (b) closed, medium-colored blinds, and (c) dark-colored drapes with a closed weave fabric. Aluminum frame, double pane (from Tables 7.3 and 7.4): (a) no shade, SC = 0.76 (b) medium blind, closed, SC = 0.63 (c) dark drapes, closed weave, SC = 0.35
Solution
Problem 7.17
Find the shade coefficient for the window of Problem 7.10 with (a) no interior shade, (b) dark roller shades, and (c) light-colored drapes with an open weave fabric. Vinyl frame, double pane (from Tables 7.3 and 7.4): (a) no shade, SC = 0.63 (b) medium blind (closed), SC SCTable7.4 (SCVinyl-NoShade SCAL-NoShade) 0.63 (0.63 0.76) 0.52 (c) dark drapes, closed weave, SC = 0.35 SC SCTable7.4 (SCVinyl-NoShade SCAL-NoShade) 0.35 (0.63 0.76) 0.29 Ductwork is to be located in an attic of a 5000 ft2 building with a roof of R = 3 hft2F/Btu and an R = 20 hft2F/Btu ceiling. The ductwork consists of a 100 ft main rectangular metal duct (20 28 in.) and 150 linear ft of 10 in. round metal duct. The duct is not sealed but is wrapped with insulation to provide R = 6 (hftF/Btu). The average main duct ESP is 1.3 in. of water and the round duct is at 0.75 in. of water. The outdoor temperature is 5F, the indoor temperature is 68F, and the indoor fan of a 200 MBtu/h output furnace delivers 5200 cfm. The attic is ventilated naturally at 0.1 cfm/ft2. Compute the duct losses. AFloor = 5000 ft2 Duct: 100 ft 20 in. 28 in. rectangular: AMainDuct = 2 (20 + 28) 12 in./ft 100 ft = 800 ft2 150 ft 10 in. round: ATakeOff = (10 12 in./ft) 150 ft = 393 ft2 AD = 800 + 393 = 1193 ft2 Leakage: (Leakage class (CL) values from Table 7.7) QDL-Main = [(CL ps0.65) 100] AD = [(48 1.30.65 100] 800 = 455 cfm QDL-Round = [(30 0.750.65) 100] 393 = 98 cfm 455 + 98 = 553 cfm Attic ventilation: QAV = 0.1 cfm/ft2 5000 ft2 = 500 cfm Supply air temperature: ts = ti + HC (1.08 Qs) = 68F + 200,000 Btu/h (1.08 5000 cfm) = 103.6F Energy balance to find attic temperature:
AD AC AR ------ t i + ----- + 1.08 Q AV t o + ------ + 1.08 Q DL t s RR RD RC = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A Floor A R A Duct --------------- + ----- + ------------- + 1.08 ( Q CSV + Q DL ) R Floor R R R Duct
Solution
Problem 7.18
Solution
tA
32
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Chapter 7Heat and Moisture Flow in Buildings
tA
5000 5000 1193 ----------- 68F + ----------- + 1.08 500 5 + ----------- + 1.08 553 103.6 3 6 20 = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 27.2F 5000 5000 1193 ----------- + ----------- + ----------- + 1.08 ( 500 + 553 ) 6 3 20
Compute the losses through the roof and the attic ventilation air in Problem 7.18. qR = (AR RR) (tA to) and qAV = 1.08 QAV (tA to) from Problem 7.18 qR = (5000 ft2 3 hFft2/Btu) [27.2F (5F)] = 53,700 Btu/h and qAV = 1.08 533 cfm [27.2F (5F)] = 18,500 Btu/h
Problem 7.20
Repeat Problem 7.18 if the duct is located in a 5 ft high crawlspace that has a 1 ft exterior exposure with no insulation. The building is 50 100 ft and has an R = 5 hft2F/Btu floor. Crawlspace ventilation is 0.05 cfm/ft2. AFloor = 5000 ft2, PBldg = 2 50 + 2 100 = 300 ft Duct: 100 ft 20 in. 28 in. rectangular: AMainDuct = 2 (20 + 28) 12 in./ft 100 ft = 800 ft2 150 ft 10 in. round: ATakeOff = (10 12 in./ft) 150 ft = 393 ft2 Duct leakage: QDL-Main = [(CL ps0.65) 100] AD = [(48 1.30.65 100] 800 = 455 cfm QDL-Round = [(30 0.750.65) 100] 393 = 98 cfm 455 + 98 = 553 cfm Crawlspace ventilation: QCS = 0.05 cfm/ft2 5000 ft2 = 250 cfm Crawlspace wall HT coefficient (Table 7.6): For Lag = 1 ft and Lcsb = 5 ft and no insulation: Fscb = 4.42 Btu/hft2F Supply air temperature: ts = ti + HC (1.08 Qs) = 68F + 200,000 Btu/h (1.08 5000 cfm) = 103.6F Energy balance to find crawlspace temperature:
A Floor AD --------------- t i + ( F csb P Bldg + 1.08 Q CSV ) t o + ------ + 1.08 Q DL t s RD R Floor = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A Floor AD --------------- + P Bldg Q CSV + ------ + 1.08 ( Q CSV + Q DL ) R Floor RD
Solution
t CS
5000 68F + ( 4.42 300 + 1.08 250 ) ( 5 ) + 1193 + 1.08 553 103.6 -------------------- 5 6 t CS = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ = 42F 5000 1193 ----------- + 4.42 300 + ----------- + 1.08 ( 250 + 553 ) 5 6
Compute duct heat loss: qDuct = qDuctCond + qDuctLeak = (AD RD) (ts tcs) + 1.08 QDL (ts tcs) = (1193 6) (103.6 42) + 1.08 553 (103.6 42) = 12,250 + 36,800 = 49,050 Btu/h
33
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Compute duct heat loss: qDuct = qDuctCond + qDuctLeak = (AD RD) (ts tA) + 1.08 QDL (ts tA) = (1193 6) (103.6 27.2) + 1.08 553 (103.6 27.2) = 15,190 + 45,630 = 60,800 Btu/h
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Solutions to Chapter 8 Cooling Load and Heating Loss Calculations and Analysis
Problem 8.2 Compute the 3 p.m. heat gain of the roof/ceiling of the single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis, Missouri, and room conditions are 75F/63F (db/wb). For St. Louis, to = 95F, DR = 18F, lat = 39N (Table 6.5 or 8.2) From problem statement, ti = 75F Use roof #4 (see Figure 7.5 or 7.6)metal roof, Rins > 20, vented attic From Table 8.4: CLTDTable = 66F (lat = 36N), CLTDTable = 64F (lat = 42N), via interpolation CLTDTable = 65F (lat = 39N) CLTDCor = CLTDTable + (78 ti) + [(to DR/2) 85] = 65 + (78 75) + [(95 18/2)85] = 69F
R(Total)= R(Total)= U (Overall)= Out. Surface 0.25 30.62 0.033 metal 0 Attic Space 2.9 Insulation Asc tile 25 1.79 other In. Surf. 0.68 R 30.62
Solution
hr-ft2-F/Btu Btu/hr-ft2-F
=1/30.62
qRoof = U A CLTDCor = 0.033 Btu/hft2F (42 ft 24 ft) 69F = 2270 Btu/h Problem 8.2 Compute the 3 p.m. heat gain of the walls of the single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis. For St. Louis, to = 95F, DR = 18F, lat = 39N (Table 6.5 or 8.2) From problem statement, ti = 75F Use wall #16 (see Figure 7.4)
R(Total)= R(Total)= U (Overall)= Out. Surface Face brick 0.25 0.45 13.38 hr-ft2-F/Btu 0.075 Btu/hr-ft2-F 2" extr,poly 8" LWblock 10 2 other other In. Surf. 0.68 R 13.38
Solution
=1/13.38
From Table 8.3 for east wall: CLTDTable = 28F (lat = 36N), CLTDTable = 29F (lat = 42N) CLTDTable = 28.5F (lat = 39N) CLTDCor = CLTDTable + (78 ti + [(to DR/2) 85] = 28.5 + (78 75) + [(95 18/2) 85] = 32.5F qEWall = U A CLTDCor = 0.075 [10 ft 42 ft (3 ft 6 ft 5 windows)] 32.5F = 800 Btu/h
*See errata for HVAC Simplified posted to www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates for corrected Figure C.4.
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From Table 8.3 for south wall: CLTDTable = 12F (lat = 36N), CLTDTable = 15F (lat = 42N) CLTDTable = 13.5F (lat = 39N) CLTDCor = CLTDTable + (78 ti + [(to DR/2) 85] = 13.5 + (78 75) + [(95 18/2) 85] = 17.5F qSWall = U A CLTDCor = 0.075 [10 ft 24 ft (3 ft 6 ft 4 windows)] 17.5F = 220 Btu/h qNWall = qWWall = 0 (walls face conditioned space, t = 0) Problem 8.3 Solution Compute the 3 p.m. heat gain of the windows of the single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis. Double-pane, aluminum frame windows: U = 0.87 Btu/hft2F (Table 7.3) Light blinds: SC = 0.58 (assuming a 45 positionTable 7.4) For conduction see Table 8.4; all walls, h = 15 CLTDTable = 14F, CLTDCor = 14 + (78 75) + [(95 18/2) 85] = 18F To compute solar, SCL zone types based on wall types, see Figure 7.4 Heavy wall, top floor SCL zone type = B From Table 8.6, east wall, h = 15 SCLE = 48 @ lat = 36N, CLTDTable = 48 @ lat = 42N, thus SCLE = 48 Btu/hft2 @ lat = 39N From Table 8.6, south wall, h = 15 SCLS = 52 @ lat = 36N, CLTDTable = 81 @ lat = 42N, thus SCLS = 67 Btu/hft2 @ lat = 39N qEWin = qcond + qsolar = U A CLTDCor + SC A SCL = 0.87 (3 ft 6 ft 5 windows) 18F + 0.58 (3 ft 6 ft 5 windows) 48 Btu/hft2 = 1410 + 2510 = 3920 Btu/h qSWin = qcond + qsolar = U A CLTDCor + SC A SCL = 0.87 (3 ft 6 ft 4 windows) 18F + 0.58 (3 ft 6 ft 4 windows) 48 Btu/hft2 = 1130 + 2800 = 3930 Btu/h
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Problem 8.4
Compute the 3 p.m. internal heat gain due to lighting and office equipment of the single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis and is occupied for 12 hours per day. Lights: qSLights = 3.412 Btu/Wh CLF15 wS/bulb Nbulbs For a heavy wall, LW block, CLF zone type = C (Figure 7.4), CLF15 = 0.92 (12 h dayTable 8.13) qSLights = 3.412 Btu/Wh 0.92 31 wS/bulb (E-ballast) 20 2 bulbs = 3890 Btu/h Unhooded equipment: qSEquip = 3.412 Btu/Wh CLF15 wS = 3.412 Btu/Wh CLF15 wSComp + wSPrinters For a heavy wall, LW block, CLF zone type = C (Figure 7.4), CLF15 = 0.89 (12 h dayTable 8.8) qSEquip= 3.412 Btu/Wh 0.89 (15 125 + 4 160) = 7640 Btu/h
Solution
Problem 8.5
Compute the 3 p.m. heat gain (sensible and latent) due to ventilation air of the single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis. Assume it is a single zone. Find outdoor ventilation rate for 15 people in a 1008 ft2 office (single zone). Vbz = RP P + Ra A = 5 cfm/person 15 people + 0.06 cfm/ft2 1008 ft2 = 135 cfm
Solution
36
Chapter 8Cooling Load and Heating Loss Calculations and Analysis
For cool air delivered through ceiling, EZ = 1.0, for single zone EV = 1.0 Thus, Vot = Vbz (EZ EV) = 135 cfm (1.0 1.0) =135 cfm For St. Louis: = 95F MWB = 76F, Wo = 0.0142 lb/lb and for building ti = 75F, twb = 63F, Wi = 0.0094 lb/lb qSOA 1.08 Q (cfm) (to ti) = 1.08 135 cfm (95F 75F) = 2920 Btu/h qLOA 4680 Q (cfm) (Wo Wi) = 4680 135 cfm (0.0142 0.0094) = 3030 Btu/h Problem 8.6 Compute the total cooling load, sensible cooling load, latent cooling load, and sensible heat ratio of the single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis. Provide results for all three design conditions and compare with estimates given in Table 8.15. Use TideLoad06b.xls or later and enter values as shown below. The main screen input for the maximum dry-bulb (95F) mean wet-bulb (76F) condition is shown below.
Solution
The main screen input for the maximum wet-bulb (79F) mean dry-bulb (90F) condition is shown below.
The main screen input for the maximum humidity ratio (dry bulb = 85F, wet bulb = 78F) condition is shown below.
Compute the heat loss of the single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis and room temperature is 70F (db). qh = 30.6 MBtu/h (total loss) qh = 18.0 MBtu/h (net loss = total loss internal heat gain) Note: Problem 8.7 results are also shown in the tables that follow.
37
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Zone input values and output results for design dry-bulb and MWB conditions.
For Printout of 8 zones - Use Legal Paper
See other sheets for CLTD, CLF, SCL & U-values.
Solar Windows (N) Windows (E) Windows (S) Windows (W) Other Conduction Windows (N) Windows (E) Windows (S) Windows (W) Other Other Conduction Walls (N) Walls (E) Walls (S) Walls (W) Other Other Conduction Doors (N) Doors (E) Doors (S) Doors (W) Other Other Roof/Ceiling Type A Type B Floor Slab/Basemt
Shade Coeff. SCL (am) SCL (pm) 35 35 143 48 0.58 55 67 0.58 32 140
Zone 1 Morning Afternoon Morning Area 1008 Cooling Cooling Heating 2 Area-ft qc (am) qc(pm) qh 0.00 0.00 90 7.46 2.51 72 2.30 2.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T 68 68 68 68 Area-ft
2
Enter CLTDs directly from Tables. Program will correct for temperatures.
U (Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am) 0.87 0.87 4 4 4 4
CLTD(pm) 14 14 14 14
90 72
0.00 0.55 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 1.33 1.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.77 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.26 0.00
0.00 5.32 4.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.68 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.26 0.00
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) 0.075 0.075
CLTD(am) 7 12 8 13
CLTD(pm) 10 28 13 12
T 68 68 68 68
Area-ft
330 168
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
CLTD(am)
CLTD(pm)
T 68 68 68 68
Area-ft2
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am) CLTD(pm) 7 65 0.033
T 68 68 T(flr)
Area-ft 1008
0.33 0.00
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
Area-ft
Ins. Position Insulation UP Vertical R5 x 24 in 0.58 Ventilation T(am) T(pm) Sensible 1.1 16.3 19 W W HRU Eff. (sen.) = Latent 4840 0.0049 0.0049 HRU Eff. (lat.) = Vent Air Fan People Sensible Latent Internal Sensible Latent Lighting Net Sen.w/o duct Ductwork Sensible Latent Total Vent Air Total Sensible Total Latent Total Gain Total Loss TSP = 1 in. wtr.
68 T(slab) Perim.-ft 68 66 T cfm 68 135 135
0.00 2.60 2.42 3.20 2.82 3.20 10.10
29 People 15 15 Watts 2515 Btu/h Watts 1 1240 Location S-Ext
0.10
0.10
Btu/person CLF(am) CLF(pm) 0.73 0.89 250 200 1 1 CLF(am) CLF(pm) 0.73 0.89 3.412 1 1 CLF(am) CLF(pm) F(ballast) 0.84 0.92 3.412 Insulation Leakage R4 Wrap-Unsealed
2.74 3.00 6.26 0.00 3.55 26.66 3.46 0.85
3.34 3.00 7.64 0.00 3.89 28.72 3.73 0.78
27.09 3.52
(MBtu/h) (MBtu/h) (MBtu/h) SHR (MBtu/h)
Entire Building Totals 135 cfm 10% 30.1 32.4 Sens. 7.0 7.0 Lat. 37.2 39.4 TotGain 0.81 0.82 SHR 30.6 NetLoss 18.0 TotLoss
135 cfm 30.1 32.4 7.0 7.0 37.2 39.4 0.81 0.82 30.6 NetLoss
10%
18.0
38
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Chapter 8Cooling Load and Heating Loss Calculations and Analysis
Zone input values and output results for maximum wet-bulb and MDB conditions.
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2
CLTD(pm) 14 14 14 14
90 72
0.00 -0.08 -0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.70 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00
0.00 5.32 4.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.68 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.26 0.00
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) 0.075 0.075
CLTD(am) 7 12 8 13
CLTD(pm) 10 28 13 12
T 68 68 68 68
Area-ft
330 168
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
CLTD(am)
CLTD(pm)
T 68 68 68 68
Area-ft2
T 68 68 T(flr)
Area-ft 1008
0.07 0.00
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
Area-ft
Ins. Position Insulation UP Vertical R5 x 24 in 0.58 Ventilation T(pm) T(am) Sensible 1.1 8.3 11 HRU Eff. (sen.) = W W Latent 4840 0.0068 0.0068 HRU Eff. (lat.) = Vent Air Fan People Sensible Latent Internal Sensible Latent Lighting Net Sen.w/o duct Ductwork Sensible Latent Total Vent Air Total Sensible Total Latent Total Gain Total Loss TSP = 1 in. wtr.
0.00 2.60 1.23 4.41 1.63 4.41 10.10
0.10
0.10
2.74 3.00 6.26 0.00 3.55 23.78 3.09 2.04
3.34 3.00 7.64 0.00 3.89 25.84 3.36 1.67
27.09 3.52
135 cfm 26.9 29.2 9.5 9.1 36.3 38.3 0.74 0.76 30.6 NetLoss
11%
18.0
39
Zone input values and output results for maximum humidity ratio conditions.
2
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CLTD(pm) 14 14 14 14
90 72
0.00 -0.39 -0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.39 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.86 0.00
0.00 5.32 4.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.68 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.26 0.00
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F) 0.075 0.075
CLTD(am) 7 12 8 13
CLTD(pm) 10 28 13 12
T 68 68 68 68
Area-ft
330 168
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
CLTD(am)
CLTD(pm)
T 68 68 68 68
Area-ft2
T 68 68 T(flr)
Area-ft 1008
-0.07 0.00
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
Area-ft
Ins. Position Insulation UP Vertical R5 x 24 in 0.58 Ventilation T(am) T(pm) Sensible 1.1 4.3 7 W W HRU Eff. (sen.) = Latent 4840 0.0077 0.0077 HRU Eff. (lat.) = Vent Air Fan People Sensible Latent Internal Sensible Latent Lighting Net Sen.w/o duct Ductwork Sensible Latent Total Vent Air Total Sensible Total Latent Total Gain Total Loss TSP = 1 in. wtr.
0.00 2.60 0.64 5.03 1.04 5.03 10.10
0.10
0.10
2.74 3.00 6.26 0.00 3.55 22.34 2.90 4.22
3.34 3.00 7.64 0.00 3.89 24.40 3.17 2.83
27.09 3.52
135 cfm 25.2 27.6 12.2 10.9 37.5 38.4 0.67 0.72 30.6 NetLoss
11%
18.0
40
Solutions to Chapter 9 Air Distribution System Design

Problem 9.1 Room 255 (Appendix C, Figure C.7*) has a 9 ft ceiling and an 18 20 ft floor. Select square ceiling diffusers to distribute 1400 cfm of air and provide an ADPI > 90%, an NC < 30, and a TP < 0.1 in. of water. The solution should include a sketch.
Solution
Q = 1400 cfm: The shape of the room lends itself to two diffusers, 700 cfm each, that have to throw air in near equal distance in four directions. A four-way diffuser is appropriate. To achieve an ADPI > 90%, T50/L = 1.4 to 2.7 with louvered ceiling diffusers (Table 9.2) For L = 9 ft: T50 = (T50/L) L = 1.4 9 = 12.6 ft to L = 2.7 9 = 24.3 ft For L = 10 ft: T50 = 1.4 10 = 14.0 ft to L = 2.7 10 = 27.0 ft So the diffuser must have a T50 between 14.0 and 24.3 ft in four directions Try a 16 16 in. (Table 9.4): at 610 cfm T50 = 20 ft and at 765 cfm T50 = 25 ft Via interpolation: at 700 cfm T50 23 ft OK, and NC = 27 OK TP = TPRated (Q/QRated)2 = 0.094 (700/765)2 = 0.079 in. of water OK Problem 9.2 Solution Repeat Problem 9.1 for room 256 (Appendix C, Figure C.7*), which has a 40 40 ft floor with 2200 cfm.
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To achieve an ADPI > 90%, T50/L = 1.4 to 2.7 with louvered ceiling diffusers (Table 9.2) For L = 10 ft: T50 = 1.4 10 = 14.0 ft to L = 2.7 10 = 27.0 ft So the diffuser must have a T50 between 14.0 and 27 ft in four directions Try a 12 12 in. (Table 9.4): at 520 cfm T50 = 26 ft and at 610 cfm T50 = 30 ft Via interpolation: at 550 cfm T50 27 ft and NC = 32 too high, but may be OK for VAV Try a 14 14 in. (Table 9.4): at 500 cfm T50 = 19 ft and at 625 cfm T50 = 24 ft Via interpolation: at 550 cfm T50 21 ft OK, and NC = 25 OK TP = TPRated (Q/QRated)2 = 0.058 (550/500)2 = 0.07 in. of water OK Problem 9.3 Size a MERV 6 filter and a matching filter-grille for room 255 (Appendix C, Figure C.7*) that will limit the final resistance to 0.5 in. of water. One dimension should be a multiple of 24 in. if possible. hFinal 0.5 in. w.c. and recommendation is hFinal 4 hInitial Thus, hinitial = hfinal/4 = 0.5/4 = 0.125 For a MERV 6, 2 in. thick, pleated filter at 300 fpm, hInitial = 0.13 in. w.c. (Table 9.7) V = VRated (hInitial/hRated)0.5 = 300 (0.125/0.13)0.5 = 294 fpm A = Q V = 1400 cfm 294 fpm = 4.76 ft2 W = 24 in. = 2.0 ft: H = 4.76 ft2 2 ft = 2.38 ft = 29 in. Use 24 in. 30 in. grille (Table 9.6): TP = 0.024 in. w.c. @ 1431 cfm TPGrille = TPRated (Q/QRated)2 = 0.024 (1400/1431)2 = 0.023 in. w.c Problem 9.4 Solution Repeat Problem 9.3 for room 256 (Appendix C, Figure C.7*). hFinal 0.5 in. w.c. and recommendation is hFinal 4 hInitial, thus hInitial hFinal 4 0.5 4 0.125 in. w.c. For a MERV 6, 2 in. thick, pleated filter at 300 fpm, hInitial = 0.13 in. w.c. (Table 9.7) V = VRated (hInitial/hRated)0.5 = 300 (0.125/0.13)0.5 = 294 fpm A = Q V = 2200 cfm 294 fpm = 7.5 ft2 W = 24 in. = 2.0 ft: H = 7.5 ft2 2 ft = 3.75 ft = 45 in. Use 24 in. 48 in. grille (Table 9.6): TP = 0.024 in. w.c. @ 2307 cfm TPGrille = TPRated (Q/QRated)2 = 0.024 (2200/2307)2 = 0.022 in. w.c. Problem 9.5 Select a unit to either fit in the hallway outside room 255 (Appendix C, Figure C.7*) or above the ceiling (42 in. vertical space) and route metal supply ductwork with round take-offs and metal return ductwork.
Solution
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Solution
42
Chapter 9Air Distribution System Design
Supply duct: 1400 cfm section use 16 in. duct h/100 ft = 0.096 in. /100 ft h = h/100 ft [L + Leqv] = 0.096/100 ft [5 ft + 12 ft + 32 ft + 21 ft] = 0.07 ft
Straight, plenum, 90L
700 cfm section use 12 in. duct h/100 ft = 0.10 in. /100 ft h = 0.10/100 ft [20 ft + 5 ft + 5 ft + 15 ft + 35 ft] = 0.08 in.
Straight, reducer, 45L, 90L, ceiling box
Return: 1400 cfm through a short 30 24 in. section h is negligible Problem 9.6 Solution Repeat Problem 9.5 for room 256 (Appendix C, Figure C.7*). The solution is demonstrated in the figure below.
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Problem 9.7
Use the E-Ductulator program on the CD accompanying this book to design an air distribution system to deliver 6000 cfm evenly in the building below. Provide a MERV 6 filter and limit total losses to less than 1.2 in. of water. The solution is demonstrated in the figure below and in the spreadsheet sample on the following page.
Solution
43
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Summary of design calculations using E-Ductalator.xls:

E-Ductulator - Equal Friction - Equivalent Length Method - See Eqv. Len. Worksheet for Equivalent Lengths of Common Fittings
Duct Width or Height Supply Air Flow Dia. if round 0 if round cfm Inches Inches 2200 18 1100 550 1 For Sizing 1 For Sizing 1 1 1 1 10 Par. Path 183 183 1.0 Galv Steel (0.00025) 1.0 Galv Steel (0.00025) 14 12 16 Par. Path 2 10.0 Galv Steel (0.00025)
Velocity Hyd. Dia. Roughness fpm Inches Feet 1245 18.0 Galv Steel (0.00025) 1029 700 1 14.0 Galv Steel (0.00025) 12.0 Galv Steel (0.00025) 16.0 Galv Steel (0.00025)
h/100' "Wtr./100' 0.103156
Length Leqv A # As Leqv B # Bs Leqv C # Cs Leqv D # Ds L(total) h ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. (in.wtr.) 17 37 1 24 54 0.056 Notes--> Plenum 90 L 0.098927 12 10 1 22 0.022 Notes--> Red 0.059537 18 13 1 15 1 35 1 81 0.048 Notes--> Wye 90 L topbox 2.11E-07 0 0.000 Notes--> 1.98E-06 0 0.000 Notes--> 0.114782 0 0.000 Notes--> 0.114782 0 0.000 Notes-->
Diffuser cfm Rated cfm 550 500 Duct Width or Height Return cfm Dia. if round 0 if round 2200 28 20 1 Grill cfm 1
Rated h 0.058 h/100' 0.01605 Length Leqv A # As Leqv B # Bs Leqv C # Cs Leqv D # Ds L(total) 15 18 1 24 2 50 1 131 Notes--> Gr,trans Rad. L Plen Ret. 0.114484 0 Notes-->
0.070
566 183
25.8 Galv Steel (0.00025) 1.0 PVC (0.0001)
0.021 0.000
Notes: Rated cfm Rated h 2200 2307 0.024 48" x 24" Rated Vel Face Vel Rated h Notes: h final Filter cfm Area (sq. ft.) fpm fpm in. water 2" MERV 6 Pleated h clean 2200 8 300 275 0.13 0.13" @300 fpm (clean) 3 Total
0.022
0.328 0.566
Problem 9.8
Select a fan with a direct-drive motor to provide 1200 cfm at a TSP of 0.8 in. of water. Specify the required speed tap setting, resulting motor power output, and estimated required power demand. Option 1 (using Table 9.12): A 1/3 hp motor at high speed (1075 room) will deliver 1540 cfm @ 0.7 in. w.c. and 1080 cfm @ 0.9 in. w.c. Via interpolation for TSP = 0.8 in. w.c. Q = 1310 cfm (at medium-high flow rate would be 1070 cfm @ 0.8 in. w.c.) Wfan = 0.33 hp and from Table 11.5, Motor = 63% 63% Thus, WM,In = 0.746 Wreqd (hp) (Motor VSD) = 0.746 kW/hp 0.33 hp (0.63 1.0) = 0.39 kW Option 2 (using Table 9.12): A 1/2 hp motor at medium-low speed will deliver 1240 cfm @ 0.7 in. w.c. and 1080 cfm @ 0.9 in. w.c. Via interpolation for TSP = 0.8 in. w.c. Q = 1205 cfm At medium-low speed Wfan = 0.25 hp; no efficiency data provided but Table 11.3 indicates the part-load factor at 50% load (0.25 hp/0.5 hp) of a small motor is 0.86. From Table 11.5, Motor 70% at full load WM,In = 0.746 Wreqd (hp) (Motor fPL) = 0.746 kW/hp 0.25 hp 0.70 0.86 = 0.31 kW
Solution
44
Chapter 9Air Distribution System Design
Problem 9.9
Select a belt-drive fan and motor to provide 2000 cfm at a TSP of 1.2 in. of water. Specify the required fan pulley diameter for a 1750 rpm motor with a 6 in. diameter drive pulley, resulting motor power output, and estimated required power demand. A 1.5 hp fan will deliver 1930 cfm @ 1.2 in. w.c. (too small) A 2.0 hp fan will deliver 2050 cfm @ 1.2 in. w.c. for: A fan speed of 1150 rpm Required 1.5 BHP (which can be delivered by a 2.0 hp motor @ 75% load) From Table 11.2 Motor = 84% WM,In = 0.746 Wreqd (hp) (Motor fPL) = 0.746 kW/hp 1.5 hp (0.84 1.0) = 1.33 kW DFanPulley = DMotorPulley (rpmM rpmFan) = 6 in. (1750 1150) = 9.13 in. 9 1/8in. Select a belt-drive fan and motor to provide 7500 cfm at a TSP of 3.25 in. of water. Specify the required fan pulley diameter for a 1750 rpm motor with an 8 in. diameter drive pulley, resulting motor power output, and estimated required power demand. Interpolating between 3.0 in. w.c and 3.5 in. w.c. for 7500 cfm for a 17R (24.5 in.) fan rpm = 1955, BHP = 5.9 hp @ 3.25 in. w.c. Use a 7.5 hp motor, Motor = 88% WM,In = 0.746 Wreqd (hp) (Motor fPL) = 0.746 kW/hp 5.9 hp (0.88 1.0) = 5.0 kW DFanPulley = DMotorPulley (rpmM rpmFan) = 8 in. (1750 1955) = 7.16 in. 7-1/8 in. Select a motor and specify the resulting bhp and fan speed to provide 1.2 in. of water external static pressure (ESP) and 6000 cfm for a Model 180 (Table 5.2 of this book) rooftop unit. Provide the fan pulley diameter for a 1750 rpm motor with a 4 in. diameter drive pulley. Interpolation at 6000 cfm for 1.2 in. w.c. M180 6000 cfm ESP = 1.0 in. rpm kW 1100 3.32 bhp 3.89 ESP = 1.5 in. rpm kW 1236 4.09 bhp 4.79
Solution
Problem 9.10
Solution
Problem 9.11
Solution
rpm = 1154, kW = 3.63, bhp = 4.25 need 5 hp motor (4.25 5 = 85% load) From Table 11.2 Motor = 87.5%, from Table 11.3 fPL = 1.0 WM,In = 0.746 Wreqd (hp) (Motor fPL) = 0.746 kW/hp 4.25 hp (0.875 1.0) = 3.63 kW (note: same as value in table) DFanPulley = DMotorPulley (rpmM rpmFan) = 4 in. (1750 1154) = 6.06 in. 6-1/16 in. Problem 9.12 A centrifugal fan has the following characteristics at 1000 rpm: h = 2.96 in. of water at 2400 cfm h = 2.94 in. of water at 4800 cfm h = 2.57 in. of water at 7200 cfm h = 2.09 in. of water at 9600 cfm h = 1.35 in. of water at 12000 cfm Develop a fan curve for 1000 rpm and calculate the required input power (hp) assuming a 75% efficiency at 7200 cfm, 70% at 4800 and 9600 cfm, and 65% at 2400 and 12,000 cfm. Calculate the required motor input (kW) assuming a 93% efficient motor.
Solution
45
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Fan Performance Curve

Total Static pressure (Inches of Water) 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 4000 8000 12000 16000 Air Flow Rate (cfm)
Using the fan laws, develop fan curves for 800 and 600 rpm.
Prob 9.13 1000 rpm Q - cfm 2400 4800 7200 9600 12000 h "wtr. 2.96 2.94 2.57 2.09 1.35 800 rpm
Q=(800/1000)Q1000
Q at 800 rpm - cfm h at 800 rpm - "wtr. Q at 600 rpm - cfm h at 600 rpm - "wtr. 1920 1.89 1440 1.07 3840 1.88 2880 1.06 5760 1.64 4320 0.93 7680 1.34 5760 0.75 9600 0.86 7200 0.49
h=(800/1000)2h1000
600 rpm
Q=(800/1000)Q1000
h=(800/1000)2h1000
Problem 9.14
The fan described in Problem 9.12 is connected to an air distribution system that has a loss of 1.8 in. of water at 9500 cfm when the dampers are open and 3.0 in. of water at 5000 cfm when the dampers are set at a minimum opening. Develop a system curve for both situations (dampers full open and minimum) and find the resulting flow when the fan is turning 1000, 800, and 600 rpm for both situations (dampers full open and minimum). Estimate the required power at all six points. Note: efficiency will remain nearly constant with varying fan speed when the fan law [h2 = h1 (rpm2/rpm1)2] is applied. Fan curve lines represent results of Problem 9.13. System curve for minimum damper found using: h = 3.0 (Q/5000)2 = 3.0 (4000/5000)2 = 1.92 in. and h = 3.0 (3000/5000)2 =1.08 ft System curve for damper open found using: h =1.8 (Q/9500)2 = 1.8 (8000/9500)2 = 1.28 in. and h = 1.8 (6000/9500)2 = 0.72 in.
65% 3.0
h - in. water.
Eff. Curves
Solution
70% 75%
100 0 rp m
800 r pm
System Curves
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70%
Fan Curves
2.0
Da mp er Mi mi mu m
65%
1.0
600 r pm
en Op per Dam
2000
4000
6000 Q - cfm
8000
10000
12000
WOpen, 1000 rpm= (9500 2.2)/(0.69 6350) = 4.77 hp WOpen, 800 rpm= (8200 1.2)/(0.68 6350) = 2.28 hp WOpen, 600 rpm= (6000 0.8)/(0.69 6350) = 1.10 hp WMinimum, 1000 rpm= (5000 2.9)/(0.70 6350) = 3.26 hp WMinimum, 800 rpm= (3900 1.9)/(0.70 6350) = 1.67 hp WMinimum, 600 rpm= (3000 1.1)/(0.70 6350) = 0.74 hp
46
Solutions to Chapter 10 Water Distribution System Design

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Problem 10.1
Size the piping (Schedule 40 steel) and compute the system head loss for the (direct-return) chilled water system shown in Figure 10.1 (and Figure 5.10). The distance between each FCU is 50 ft, and the distance between the last FCU and the headers is 30 ft. The distance between the first FCU and the chiller is 120 ft. The chiller head loss is found using the specifications of a Model 060 scroll compressor design (Table 5.10). The fan-coils units are Model 60-HW-4 (Table 5.12). Use ball valves for all valves 2 in. and smaller and gate valves for larger valves. E-Pipelator.xls results for old steel pipe and 50F water:
Piping Loop Head Loss Calculator - System Designer for HVAC Systems
Liquid Water Temp Den Vis Coils 50 F 62.38 lbm/ft3 8.88E-04 lbm/ft-s FCU Chiller Flow gpm 20 160 0 Rated Flow gpm 21 150 0 Rated h @ 60F ft. water 10 15 0 Inlet Size inches 1.5 4 0 Inlet Vel fps 3.6 4.1 0.0 Input Rated Vel fps 3.8 3.8 0.0 Optional Input Output Re(in) 31892 95677 0 h Ft. Liquid 38381 9.2 102808 17.2 0 0.0 Coil sub-total 26.4 Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv Qty. h ft Ft. Liquid 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0 2 0.0 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0 HDPE sub-total 0.0 Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv Qty. h ft Ft. Liquid 2 T-Straight 6.8 4 5.7 2 90 L 4.5 0 5.0 2 90 L 4.5 0 2.5 2 90 L 2.8 0 4.6 2 90 L 2.1 0 2.7 0 90 L 4.5 0 0.0 Fe/Br sub-total 20.4 Re(rated) 148043 50261 0 Fitting sub-total ? ? Elevation Total Loss h Ft. Liquid 0.3 1.3 0.0 1.6 0 48.4 Re(rated)
Solution
1.32 cps
Flow gpm 0 0 0 0 0 0 Flow gpm 160 120 80 40 20 0
HDPE Piping Nom. Dia. Inches 4 1.5 2 1.5 0.75 0.75 Steel/Brass Nom. Dia. Inches 4 3 3 2 1.5 3
DR I.D. Roughness OD t in. (for HDPE in ft.) 11 3.68 0.00007 11 1.55 0.00007 11 1.94 0.00007 11 1.55 0.00007 11 0.86 0.00007 11 0.86 0.00007 Schedule I.D. 40 or 80 in. 40 4.03 40 3.07 40 3.07 40 2.07 40 1.61 40 3.07 Pipe Mat'l for Rghness in ft. Steel-Old Steel-Old Steel-Old Steel-Old Steel-Old Steel-Old
Vel fps 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Vel fps 4.0 5.2 3.5 3.8 3.2 0.0
Re 0 0 0 0 0 0 Re 95059 93556 62371 46288 29713 0 Other Fittings & Valves ball valve Zone
h(ft) Length Fitting Selector 100 ft. ft. 0.00 160 Butt90 0.00 390 Butt90 0.00 0 Butt90 0.00 0 Butt90 0.00 0 Butt90 0.00 0 Butt90 h(ft) Length Fitting Selector 100 ft. ft. 1.87 240 T-Straight 4.34 100 T-Straight 1.98 100 T-Straight 3.97 100 T-Straight 3.79 60 90 L 0.00 0 T-Straight Cv @ 60F gpm 81 27.5 0
Leqv Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv ft ft 35 2 ButtRed 13 12 2 ButtRed 6 17 2 ButtRed 7 12 2 ButtRed 6 5 2 ButtRed 4 5 2 ButtRed 4 Leqv Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv ft ft 6.8 4 Gate Valve 5.7 5.4 2 Reducer 1.8 5.4 4 Reducer 1.8 3.4 4 Reducer 1.1 2.1 4 Reducer 0.8 5.4 2 Reducer 1.8 Inlet Size inches 1.5 1.5 2 Inlet Vel fps 3.6 3.6 0.0 Rated Vel fps 14.7 5.0 0.0 Only
Flow gpm 20 20 0
Quanity 2 1 0
Re(in) 31892 31892 0 Open Systems
Graph (Figure 10.8) and calculation (Equations 10.4 and 10.7) method for new steel pipe and 60F water (the abbreviations following the equivalent length values correspond to the fittings listed in the drop-down boxes in the spreadsheet): 160 gpm section use 4 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 1.6 ft/100 ft h160 = 1.6 ft/100 ft [2 120 ft + 4 5.7 ft (90Ls) + 2 5.7 (gate v.) + 4 6.8 (T-str.)] = 4.8 120 gpm section use 3 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 3.5 ft/100 ft 4.5 h120 = 3.5 ft/100 ft [2 50 ft + 2 3.5 ft (Red.) + 4 5.2 ft (T-str.)] = 80 gpm section use 3 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 1.8 ft/100 ft h80 = 1.8 ft/100 ft [2 50 ft + 4 5.2 (T-str.)] = 2.2 40 gpm section use 2 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 3.3 ft/100 ft h40 = 3.3 ft/100 ft [2 50 ft + 2 3.5 ft (Red.) + 4 3.4 (T-str.)] = 4.0 20 gpm section use 1 1/2 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 3.0 ft/100 ft h20 = 3.0 ft/100 ft [2 30 ft + 4 3.4 (90Ls)] = 2.1 hvalves = 2 2.31 (20 gpm/81)2 (1 1/2 in. ball) + 2.31 (20 gpm/27.5)2 (1 1/2 in. zone) = 1.5 hFCU = 10 ft (from Table 5.12) (20 gpm/21 gpm)2 = 9.1 16.8 hChiller @ 160 gpm (from Figure 5.12) = hTotal = 45.0
Problem 10.1 with pipe sizes
Problem 10.2
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Select a chilled water pump and corresponding motor for the system described in Problem 10.1. The system requires a pump that will deliver a 160 gpm flow rate and 45 ft of head, assuming the water treatment program will be good to maintain the condition of the pipe. In this case, a Model #2-1/2 AB pump (Figure 10.14) with a 7 in. diameter impeller will provide 46.5 ft of head at 160 gpm. It will require approximately 2.8 bhp, so a 3 hp, 1750 rpm motor will suffice. Note the selected pump will operate near 73% efficiency, which is near the maximum efficiency point (MEP) of 75.5%. If the water treatment program is uncertain, the old steel pipe roughness and head loss (48.4 ft) should be assumed. Although a Model 5x5x9-3/4B pump with a 7-3/4 in, impeller will provide adequate flow and head, it is not a good choice. Note the efficiency at the resulting operating point is only about 45%well below its MEP of 79.5%. A more extensive set of pump curves should be consulted to select a pump that will operate at a more favorable efficiency.
Solution
Problem 10.3
Size the piping, compute the required head, and select a pump and motor for the condenser water loop shown in Figure 10.3. Use the Model 060 chiller from Problem 10.1 with a flow rate of 200 gpm. Use SDR 11 high-density polyethylene to eliminate corrosion in this open loop. The distance between the basin and upper tray in the cooling tower is 12 ft. Graph (Figure 10.9) and calculation (Equation 10.4) method for HDPE pipe: 200 gpm use 4 in., DR11 pipe h = 3.3 ft/100 ft h160 = 3.3 ft/100 ft [2 250 + 12 ft + 6 38 ft (90Ls) + 4 5.7 (gate v.)] = Elevation = hCondenser @ 200 gpm (from Figure 5.15) = hTotal = 25.2 12.0 12.5 49.0 ft.
Solution
The Model 5x5x9-3/4B pump with a 7-3/4 in. impellor will provide 54 ft at 200 gpm but is not a good choice. Note the efficiency at the resulting operating point is only about 56%, well below its MEP of 79.5%. A more extensive set of pump curves should be consulted to select a pump that will operate at a more favorable efficiency. If the pump is used, a 5 hp/1750 rpm motor is acceptable.
48
Chapter 10Water Distribution System Design
Problem 10.4
Design the chilled water piping loop for the system shown using Schedule 40 steel pipe and gate valves on the main piping, with two-ball valves and one motorized zone valve (Cv = 18) on the fan-coil loops. See solution beneath Problem 10.5 solution. Compute the required head loss and select a chilled water pump for Problem 10.5.
Solution Problem 10.5 Solution
Piping Loop Head Loss Calculator - System Designer for HVAC Systems
Liquid Water Temp Den Vis Coils 50 F 62.38 lbm/ft3 8.88E-04 lbm/ft-s 60HW4 Chiller Flow gpm 20 70 0 Rated Flow gpm 21 80 0 Rated h @ 60F ft. water 10 7.5 0 Inlet Size inches 1.5 3 0 Inlet Vel fps 3.6 3.2 0.0
Input Rated Vel fps 3.8 3.6 0.0
Optional Input
Output
Re(in) 31892 55811 0
1.32 cps
Flow gpm 0 0 0 0 0 0 Flow gpm 70 50 35 20 15 0
HDPE Piping Nom. Dia. Inches 1.5 1.5 2 1.5 0.75 0.75 Steel/Brass Nom. Dia. Inches 3 3 2 1.5 1.25 3
DR I.D. Roughness OD t in. (for HDPE in ft.) 11 1.55 0.00007 11 1.55 0.00007 11 1.94 0.00007 11 1.55 0.00007 11 0.86 0.00007 11 0.86 0.00007 Schedule I.D. 40 or 80 in. 40 3.07 40 3.07 40 2.07 40 1.61 40 1.38 40 3.07 Pipe Mat'l for Rghness in ft. Steel-Old Steel-Old Steel-Old Steel-Old PVC PVC
Vel fps 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Vel fps 3.0 2.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 0.0
Re 0 0 0 0 0 0 Re 54574 38982 40502 29713 25999 0 Other Fittings & Valves ball valve Zone valve
h(ft) Length Fitting Selector 100 ft. ft. 0.00 160 Butt90 0.00 390 Butt90 0.00 0 Butt90 0.00 0 Butt90 0.00 0 Butt90 0.00 0 Butt90 h(ft) Length Fitting Selector 100 ft. ft. 1.53 120 90 L 0.81 120 T-Straight 3.07 100 T-Straight 3.79 200 90 L 3.62 0 T-Straight 0.00 0 T-Straight Cv @ 60F gpm 81 27.5 0
Leqv Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv ft ft 12 2 ButtRed 6 12 2 ButtRed 6 17 2 ButtRed 7 12 2 ButtRed 6 5 2 ButtRed 4 5 2 ButtRed 4 Leqv Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv ft ft 4.5 2 Gate Valve 4.5 5.4 2 Reducer 1.8 3.4 2 Reducer 1.1 2.1 2 Reducer 0.8 2.2 0 Reducer 0.7 5.4 2 Reducer 1.8 Inlet Size inches 1.5 1.5 2 Inlet Vel fps 3.6 3.6 0.0 Rated Vel fps 14.7 5.0 0.0 Only
h Ft. Liquid 38381 9.2 73108 5.9 0 0.0 Coil sub-total 15.1 Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv Qty. h ft Ft. Liquid 2 0.0 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0 2 0.0 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 2 0.0 2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30 HDPE sub-total 0.0 Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv Qty. h ft Ft. Liquid 3 T-Straight 5.4 2 2.4 0 90 L 4.5 0 1.1 2 90 L 2.8 0 3.3 2 90 L 2.1 0 7.8 0 90 L 1.8 0 0.0 0 90 L 4.5 0 0.0 Fe/Br sub-total 14.5 Re(rated) 148043 50261 0 Fitting sub-total ? ? Elevation Total Loss h Ft. Liquid 0.3 1.3 0.0 1.6 0 31.2
Re(rated)
For sizing pipe for 15 gpm coils - parallel flow no losses added (L= 0)
Flow gpm 20 20 0
Quanity 2 1 0
Re(in) 31892 31892 0 Open Systems
Pump requirement: 31.2 ft of head and 70 gpm A model 2AC pump with a 6 in. diameter impeller operating at 1750 rpm will provide 34 ft of water at 70 gpm. The pump will require slightly more than 1.0 bhp, so a 1.5 hp, 1750 rpm motor is recommended to avoid overload.
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49
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Solutions to Chapter 11 Motors, Lighting, and Controls

Problem 11.1 An air system design requires 6600 cfm with 3.0 in. of water (static pressure). Find the required motor size, drive pulley diameter (if the blower wheel has a 12 in. diameter pulley and the motor is 4-pole), fan efficiency, and motor demand. A 17R fan (Table 9.13) will deliver: 6000 cfm and 3.0 in. TSP when operating at 1730 rpm and requiring 4.33 bhp 7500 cfm and 3.0 in. TSP when operating at 1920 rpm and requiring 5.68 bhp Via linear interpolation to the operating requirement: 6600 cfm and 3.0 in. TSP when operating at 1810 rpm and requiring 4.9 bhp
6600 (cfm) 3.0 (in. water) Q (cfm) p (in. water) fan = -------------------------------------------------------- = ----------------------------------------------------------------- = 0.636 = 63.6% 6350 4.9 6350 bhp
Solution
Use 5 hp, 1725 rpm motor (Motor = 86.5%) from Table 11.5 Note: rpm 7200 no. of poles 7200 4 1800 rpm
rpm Fan 1810 D Motor = D Fan ---------------------- = 12 in. ----------- = 12.6 in. = 12 5/8 in. 1725 rpm Motor 0.746 kW/hp W Req'd (hp) 0.746 kW/hp 4.9 (hp) W MotorIn = ---------------------------------------------------------------- = ------------------------------------------------------ = 4.2 kW 0.865 1.0 Motor f PL
Problem 11.2
Compute the demand, KVA, and KVAR of a 6-pole, 20 hp motor at 100%, 75%, and 50% load. rpm 7200 no. of poles 7200 6 1200 rpm, 20 hp From Table 11.2, Motor = 91.0% From Table 11.3, fPL-100% = 1.0, fPL-75% = 1.0, fPL-50% = 0.99 From Table 11.4, PF100% = 0.84, PF75% = 0.81, PF50% = 0.74 For 100% load,
W MotorIn 0.746 kW/hp 20 (hp) 16, 400 W W MotorIn = ----------------------------------------------------- = 16.4 kW, I = --------------------------- = ---------------------------------- = 49.0 amps 0.91 1.0 3 E PF 3 230 0.84
Solution
For 75% load,

W MotorIn 0.746 kW/hp 0.75 20 (hp) 12, 300 W W MotorIn = -------------------------------------------------------------------- = 12.3 kW, I = --------------------------- = ---------------------------------- = 38.1 amps 0.91 1.0 3 E PF 3 230 0.81
For 50% load,

W MotorIn 8, 280 W 0.746 kW/hp 0.50 20 (hp) W MotorIn = -------------------------------------------------------------------- = 8.28 kW, I = --------------------------- = ---------------------------------- = 28.1 amps 0.91 0.99 3 E PF 3 230 0.74
Compute the demand, KVA, and KVAR of a 2-pole, 15 hp motor at 100%, 75%, and 50% load. rpm 7200 no. of poles 7200 2 3600 rpm, 15 hp From Table 11.2, Motor = 89.5% From Table 11.3, fPL-100% = 1.0, fPL-75% = 1.0, fPL-50% = 0.99 From Table 11.4, PF100% = 0.89, PF75% = 0.88, PF50% = 0.84 For 100% load,
W MotorIn 12, 500 W 0.746 kW/hp 15 (hp) W MotorIn = ----------------------------------------------------- = 12.5 kW, I = --------------------------- = ---------------------------------- = 17.6 amps 0.895 1.0 3 E PF 3 460 0.89
For 75% load,

W MotorIn 0.746 kW/hp 0.75 15 (hp) 9380 W W MotorIn = -------------------------------------------------------------------- = 9.38 kW, I = --------------------------- = ---------------------------------- = 13.4 amps 0.895 1.0 3 E PF 3 230 0.88
For 50% load,

W MotorIn 0.746 kW/hp 0.50 15 (hp) 8, 280 W W MotorIn = -------------------------------------------------------------------- = 6.31 kW, I = --------------------------- = ---------------------------------- = 9.4 amps 0.895 0.99 3 E PF 3 460 0.84
Problem 11.4
A 30 DE-25 in. fan is operated at 1195 rpm to deliver 10,000 cfm at 3.5 in. of water. Select an 1800 rpm motor to drive this fan and specify resulting demand (kW), KVA, and KVAR at the design point and at 6,000 cfm. 30 DE-25 in. fan at 1195 rpm, 10,000 cfm, and 3.5 in. TSP bhp = 7.84, use 10 hp motor @ 78% load From Table 11.2, Motor = 89.5% From Table 11.3, fPL-78% = 1.0 From Table 11.4, PF78% = 0.83 For 78% load,
W MotorIn 0.746 kW/hp 0.78 10 (hp) 6500 W W MotorIn = -------------------------------------------------------------------- = 6.5 kW, I = --------------------------- = ---------------------------------- = 19.7 amps 0.895 1.0 3 E PF 3 230 0.83
Solution
Repeat Problem 11.4 if a motor one size larger than required is specified. For a 30 DE-25 in. fan at 1195 rpm, 10,000 cfm, and 3.5 in. TSP bhp = 7.84, but use 15 hp motor @ 52% load From Table 11.2, Motor = 91.0% From Table 11.3, fPL-52% = 0.99 From Table 11.4, PF52% = 0.78 For 78% load,
W MotorIn 0.746 kW/hp 0.52 15 (hp) 6500 W W MotorIn = --------------------------------------------------------------------- = 6.5 kW, I = --------------------------- = ---------------------------------- = 20.8 amps 0.91 0.99 3 E PF 3 230 0.78
52
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Chapter 11Motors, Lighting, and Controls
Problem 11.6
Solution
a. For a Model 5x5x9-3/4 pump with a 9-3/4 in. impeller: @ 400 gpm, h = 88 ft, pump = 73% Wreqd = 400 88 ft (3960 0.73) = 12.2 hp For 20 hp motor, %Load = 12.2 hp 20 hp = 61% Motor = 91%, fPL = 1.0 WMotorIn = 0.746 12.2 (0.91 1.0) = 10.0 kW b. For a Model 5x5x9-3/4 pump with an 8-1/4 in. impeller: @ 400 gpm, h = 55 ft, pump = 75% Wreqd = 400 55 ft (3960 0.75) = 7.4 hp For 20 hp motor, %Load = 7.4 hp 20 hp = 37% Motor = 91%, fPL = 0.96 WMotorIn = 0.746 7.4 (0.91 0.96) = 6.3 kW c. For a Model 5x5x9-3/4 pump with an 8-1/4 in. impeller and either 7.5 or 10 hp motor: @ 400 gpm, h = 55 ft, pump = 75% Wreqd = 400 55 ft (3960 0.75) = 7.4 hp For 7.5 hp motor, Motor = 88.5%, fPL = 1.0 WMotorIn = 0.746 7.4 (0.885 1.0) = 6.2 kW d. For a., E = 3000 h 10 kW = 30,000 kWh For b., E = 3000 h 6.3 kW = 18,900 kWh For c., E = 3000 h 6.2 kW = 18,600 kWh
Problem 11.7
Design a lighting system for a 30 40 ft classroom using 2-bulb, 48-in. T-8 fluorescent lighting fixtures with electronic ballasts. Classroom illumination is D or E (Table 11.8). Try higher level first (E, illumination = 750 lumens/m2 or 75 lumens/ft2). A 48-in.-long T-8 lamp, 2710 lumens (mean), 31 W (Table 11.11) Each two-bulb fixture provides 5420 lumens and requires 62 W. Luminaries = 75 lumens/ft2 1200 ft2 5420 lumens/fixture = 16.6 fixtures Use 17 or 18
Solution
53
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A pump that operates 3000 hours per year and requires 400 gpm and 55 ft of head is significantly oversized. The curve of the existing pump is shown in Figure 10.12. The impellor diameter is 9.75 in. and the motor is 20 hp. The required flow rate is attained by throttling the pump discharge valve. a. Estimate the required horsepower and compute the resulting motor efficiency and power demand at the throttled position. b. Estimate the required horsepower and compute the resulting motor efficiency and power demand for the 20 hp motor if the pump impellor was trimmed to a size shown on the curve that provides the needed flow and head. c. Estimate the required horsepower and compute the resulting motor efficiency and power demand for the adequately sized motor if the pump impellor was trimmed. d. Estimate the annual energy consumption for the three above options. For a cost of $500 to trim the impellor and $1000 to purchase and replace the motor, estimate the simple payback for the options in 11.6b and 11.6c.
Compare the demand of the resulting design for problem 11.7 with ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 limits for this application. For 18 bulbs: W = 18 fixtures 62 W/fixture = 1116 W LPD = 1116 W 1200 ft2 = 0.93 W/ ft2 From Table 11.10, LPDClassroom = 1.4 W/ ft2 Design complies with ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 since 0.93 W/ft2 < 1.4 W/ft2. A 1000 ft2 storage area is currently lit with standard 100-W incandescent bulbs to an illumination of 30 footcandles for 80 hours per week. Compare the annual operating cost of using existing bulbs and replacing them with equivalent lighting output compact fluorescent bulbs. Include operating cost (at 8/kWh), cost of bulbs (at $3.00 each), and installation cost (1 hour at $20/hour labor). For 100-W incandescent bulbs that provide 1710 lumens each with an average life of 750 hours: Luminaries = 30 lumens/ft2 1000 ft2 1710 lumens/bulb = 18 bulbs W = 18 100 W = 1800 W
1800 W 18 bulbs $0.30 $20/h Annual Cost = 80 h 52 weeks ----------------------------- 0.08 $/kW + -------------------------------------- + ------------- = $740 yr 1000 W/kW 750 h 750 h
Problem 11.9
Solution
For compact fluorescent bulbs, use 26-W (33-W actual), which provide 1700 lumens each with an average life of 12,000 hours.
33 18 W 18 bulbs $3.00 $20/h Annual Cost = 80 h 52 weeks ----------------------------- 0.08 $/kW + -------------------------------------- + ------------------- = $223 yr 1000 W/kW 12000 h 12000 h
54
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Solutions to Chapter 12 Energy, Costs, and Economics

Problem 12.1 Compute the HVAC system demand (kW/ton) and efficiency (EER, COP) for a split-system heat pump with a medium-efficiency scroll compressor, an indoor fan with a standard AC motor, and an axial condenser fan.
Solution
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Repeat Problem 12.1 using a high-efficiency scroll compressor, an electronically commutated motor (ECM), and an axial condenser fan.
Problem 12.3
Compute the HVAC system demand (kW/ton) and efficiency (EER, COP) for a packaged rooftop unit with a medium-efficiency reciprocating compressor, an axial condenser fan, an indoor fan that delivers 1.5 in. of water, and a return fan that delivers 1.0 in. of water. Fan motors are 85% efficient and fans are 65% efficient.
Solution
56
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Chapter 12Energy, Costs, and Economics
Problem 12.4
Compute the HVAC system demand (kW/ton) and efficiency (EER, COP) for a ground-source heat pump using a high-efficiency scroll compressor, a fan with an ECM, and a 50% efficient pump with a 60% electric motor that delivers 25 ft of water head. Assume the entering water temperature (EWT) to the unit is 85F.
Solution
Problem 12.5
Compute the HVAC system demand (kW/ton) and efficiency (EER, COP) for a chilled water system with a high-efficiency water-cooled centrifugal compressor, 70% efficient chiller pumps with 50 ft of head, 70% efficient loop pumps with 70 ft of head, air-handling units with 75% efficient supply fans that deliver 5.0 in. of water, 75% efficient return air fans that deliver 2.0 in. of water, 70% efficient condenser pumps with 60 ft of head, an axial fan cooling tower, and fan-powered variable air volume (FPVAV) terminals with ECMs. Assume all motors are 92% efficient (except ECMs).
Solution
57
Problem 12.6
Repeat Problem 12.5 but replace the VAV system (supply fan, return fans, FPVAVs) with fan-coil units (FCUs) that have a nominal 10 ton/4000 cfm capacity and circulate air with 3 hp fans driven by 85% efficient motors.
Solution
Problem 12.7
A building in Birmingham, Alabama, is occupied five days per week from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. During the occupied period, it has a cooling load of 120 MBtu/h at 97F outside air temperature and a cooling load of 0 MBtu/h at 57F OAT. During the unoccupied period, it has a cooling load of 40 MBtu/h at 97F outside air temperature and a cooling load of 0 MBtu/h at 57F OAT. In heating, the load is 80 MBtu/h at 17F OAT (occupied), 60 MBtu/h at 17F OAT (unoccupied), and 0 MBtu/h at 47F OAT (occupied and unoccupied). It is cooled by a unit with a 125 MBtu/h capacity and 14 kW demand at 97F and a 141 MBtu/h capacity and 11.4 kW demand at 67F. It is heated by a unit with a 120 MBtu/h heating capacity with an 80% efficiency with a 1.5 hp 82% efficient fan motor. Compute the annual cost of heating and cooling the building based on 8/kWh in the summer and 7/kWh in the winter. Natural gas cost is $1.80 per therm (ccf). See table on following pages. Find the savings for the system described in Problem 12.7 if the efficiency of the cooling unit was improved by 20% (same capacity with 20% lower demand), the efficiency of the furnace is 95%, and the fan is reduced to 1 hp with a 90% efficient motor. See table on following pages. Repeat Problem 12.7 using a heat pump with the same cooling capacity and a heating capacity of 120 MBtu/h with an input of 11.3 kW at 47F and 55 MBtu/h with an input of 9.8 kW at 17F. See table on following pages.
Solution Problem 12.8
Solution Problem 12.9
Solution
58
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Solution
Solution to Problem 12.7:
59
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60
Solution
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Solution
61
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Problem 12.10
Discuss the economic value of installing a $10,000 energy efficiency package on a $225,000, 30-year, 6.25% APR home mortgage that will lower monthly utility bills by $40. The energy inflation rate is expected to be 8%.
Economic Analysis Using 30-Year Fixed Rate Loan with Inflation Added Cost Loan Interest Energy Inflation of ECO Rate (%) Rate (%) 10000 6.25 8 Year One Year One Energy Savings Maint. Cost* 480 0 Year Energy Savings 1 480.00 2 518.40 3 559.87 4 604.66 5 653.03 6 705.28 7 761.70 8 822.64 9 888.45 10 959.52 11 1036.28 12 1119.19 13 1208.72 14 1305.42 15 1409.85 16 1522.64 17 1644.45 18 1776.01 19 1918.09 20 2071.54 21 2237.26 22 2416.24 23 2609.54 24 2818.30 25 3043.77 26 3287.27 27 3550.25 28 3834.27 29 4141.01 30 4472.29 Maint. Cost* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Net Cash Flow -266.03 -227.63 -186.16 -141.37 -92.99 -40.75 15.67 76.61 142.42 213.49 290.26 373.16 462.69 559.39 663.82 776.61 898.42 1029.98 1172.06 1325.51 1491.23 1670.21 1863.51 2072.27 2297.74 2541.24 2804.22 3088.24 3394.98 3726.26 Main. Inflation Rate (%) 5 Added Annual Payment ($) 746.03 Disc. NCF -266.03 -216.79 -168.85 -122.12 -76.51 -31.93 11.69 54.44 96.39 137.62 178.19 218.18 257.64 296.66 335.28 373.56 411.58 449.38 487.02 524.55 562.03 599.51 637.04 674.67 712.45 750.44 788.66 827.18 866.04 905.28 Gen. Inflation Rate -CPI (%) 5 Added Monthly Payment ($) 62.17 Pres. Worth -266.03 -482.82 -651.67 -773.78 -850.29 -882.22 -870.53 -816.08 -719.69 -582.07 -403.88 -185.70 71.95 368.60 703.88 1077.44 1489.02 1938.40 2425.42 2949.96 3511.99 4111.50 4748.54 5423.22 6135.67 6886.11 7674.77 8501.95 9367.99 10273.27
Solution
The added monthly mortgage payment is $62.17, but the savings is only $40 per month. However, the cost of energy is inflating at a higher rate compared to inflation and the monthly note is fixed, so after 12 years the owner begins to receive a positive return if he/she plans on owning the home for this extended period and the life of the energy efficiency package is more than 12 years. Given the frequency of moving to a new home for the typical US family, this would be a marginal investment. Problem 12.11 Solution Repeat Problem 12.10 for an energy inflation rate of 4%. When problem 12.10 is repeated with an energy inflation rate of 4% rather than 8%, the investment will require 27 years to receive a positive return. Even though the mortgage payment is fixed, the energy inflation rate is low compared to inflation, so the payback period is extended.
62
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Repeat Problem 12.10 for a 15-year, 5.75% APR loan.

Economic Analysis Using 15-Year Fixed Rate Loan with Inflation Added Cost Loan Interest Energy Inflation of ECO Rate (%) Rate (%) 10000 5.75 8 Year One Year One Salvage Value Energy Savings Maint. Cost* in Year 15 480 0 0.00 Year Energy Savings 1 480.00 2 518.40 3 559.87 4 604.66 5 653.03 6 705.28 7 761.70 8 822.64 9 888.45 10 959.52 11 1036.28 12 1119.19 13 1208.72 14 1305.42 15 1409.85 Maint. Cost* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Net Cash Flow -532.88 -494.48 -453.00 -408.21 -359.84 -307.60 -251.18 -190.24 -124.43 -53.35 23.41 106.31 195.85 292.54 396.98 Main. Inflation Rate (%) 5 Added Annual Payment ($) 1012.88 Disc. NCF -532.88 -470.93 -410.89 -352.63 -296.04 -241.01 -187.43 -135.20 -84.22 -34.39 14.37 62.16 109.05 155.14 200.50 Gen. Inflation Rate -CPI (%) 5 Added Monthly Payment ($) 84.41 Pres. Worth -532.88 -1003.80 -1414.69 -1767.32 -2063.36 -2304.37 -2491.80 -2627.00 -2711.22 -2745.61 -2731.24 -2669.08 -2560.03 -2404.89 -2204.39
This investment would not be prudent. Problem 12.13 A complete energy retrofit that will cost $200,000 is estimated to provide an annual savings of $30,000. The energy inflation rate is 6%, while the general and maintenance inflation rates are 5%. However, the system will require an additional $3000-per-year service contract. Compute the discounted ten-year present worth of the project.
Discounted 10-Year Economic Analysis with Inflation Added Cost Discount Energy Inflation Main. Inflation Gen. Inflation of ECO Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate -CPI (%) 200000 6 6 5 5 Year One Salvage Value Energy Savings Maint. Cost* in Year 10 30000 3000 0.00 Year Energy Savings Maint. Cost* Net Cash Flow 1 30000.00 3000.00 27000.00 2 31800.00 3150.00 28650.00 3 33708.00 3307.50 30400.50 4 35730.48 3472.88 32257.61 5 37874.31 3646.52 34227.79 6 40146.77 3828.84 36317.92 7 42555.57 4020.29 38535.29 8 45108.91 4221.30 40887.61 9 47815.44 4432.37 43383.08 10 50684.37 4653.98 46030.38 Disc. NCF 27000.00 25741.24 24540.90 23396.27 22304.79 21264.01 20271.58 19325.27 18422.94 17562.57 Pres. Worth -173000.00 -147258.76 -122717.87 -99321.59 -77016.80 -55752.79 -35481.21 -16155.94 2267.00 19829.57
Solution
PW10 = $19,829.57
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63
Calculate the discounted rate of return on the project described in Problem 12.13 for a ten-year evaluation.
Discounted 10-Year Economic Analysis with Inflation Added Cost Discount Energy Inflation Main. Inflation Gen. Inflation of ECO Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate -CPI (%) 200000 8.5276 6 5 5 Year One Salvage Value Energy Savings Maint. Cost* in Year 10 30000 3000 0.00 Year Energy Savings Maint. Cost* Net Cash Flow 1 30000.00 3000.00 27000.00 2 31800.00 3150.00 28650.00 3 33708.00 3307.50 30400.50 4 35730.48 3472.88 32257.61 5 37874.31 3646.52 34227.79 6 40146.77 3828.84 36317.92 7 42555.57 4020.29 38535.29 8 45108.91 4221.30 40887.61 9 47815.44 4432.37 43383.08 10 50684.37 4653.98 46030.38 Disc. NCF 27000.00 25141.73 23411.10 21799.35 20298.36 18900.51 17598.74 16386.46 15257.53 14206.24 Pres. Worth -173000.00 -147858.27 -124447.18 -102647.82 -82349.47 -63448.96 -45850.22 -29463.75 -14206.22 0.02
RR10 = 8.5276% (discount rate that results in PW10 = $0)
64
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Problem 12.15
A ground-source heat pump costs $5000 more than a conventional heating and cooling system. It saves approximately $400 per year in energy costs and $100 per year in maintenance costs. The owner plans to live in this home for 20 years. The energy inflation rate is 7%, the discount rate is 5%, and the general inflation and maintenance rates are 6%. What is the present worth at 20 years and what is the discounted payback?
Discounted 20-Year Economic Analysis with Inflation Added Cost Discount Energy Inflation Main. Inflation Gen. Inflation of ECO Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate -CPI (%) 5000 5 7 6 6 Year One Year One Salvage Value Energy Savings Maint. Cost* in Year 20 400 -100 0.00 Year Energy Savings Maint. Cost* Net Cash Flow 1 400.00 -100.00 500.00 2 428.00 -106.00 534.00 3 457.96 -112.36 570.32 4 490.02 -119.10 609.12 5 524.32 -126.25 650.57 6 561.02 -133.82 694.84 7 600.29 -141.85 742.14 8 642.31 -150.36 792.68 9 687.27 -159.38 846.66 10 735.38 -168.95 904.33 11 786.86 -179.08 965.95 12 841.94 -189.83 1031.77 13 900.88 -201.22 1102.10 14 963.94 -213.29 1177.23 15 1031.41 -226.09 1257.50 16 1103.61 -239.66 1343.27 17 1180.87 -254.04 1434.90 18 1263.53 -269.28 1532.80 19 1351.97 -285.43 1637.41 20 1446.61 -302.56 1749.17 Disc. NCF 500.00 479.78 460.39 441.79 423.95 406.83 390.41 374.65 359.54 345.04 331.13 317.79 304.98 292.70 280.92 269.61 258.76 248.35 238.37 228.78 Pres. Worth -4500.00 -4020.22 -3559.82 -3118.03 -2694.09 -2287.26 -1896.85 -1522.20 -1162.66 -817.62 -486.48 -168.70 136.29 428.99 709.90 979.51 1238.27 1486.63 1724.99 1953.78
Solution
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PW20 = $1953.78 DPB 12.6 years (time at which PW = 0)
65
Repeat Problem 12.15 for ie = 6%, ig = im = 7%, and d = 6% and compare these results with a simple payback analysis.
Discounted 20-Year Economic Analysis with Inflation Added Cost Discount Energy Inflation Main. Inflation Gen. Inflation of ECO Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate -CPI (%) 5000 6 6 7 7 Year One Year One Salvage Value Energy Savings Maint. Cost* in Year 20 400 -100 0.00 Year Energy Savings Maint. Cost* Net Cash Flow 1 400.00 -100.00 500.00 2 424.00 -107.00 531.00 3 449.44 -114.49 563.93 4 476.41 -122.50 598.91 5 504.99 -131.08 636.07 6 535.29 -140.26 675.55 7 567.41 -150.07 717.48 8 601.45 -160.58 762.03 9 637.54 -171.82 809.36 10 675.79 -183.85 859.64 11 716.34 -196.72 913.05 12 759.32 -210.49 969.80 13 804.88 -225.22 1030.10 14 853.17 -240.98 1094.16 15 904.36 -257.85 1162.21 16 958.62 -275.90 1234.53 17 1016.14 -295.22 1311.36 18 1077.11 -315.88 1392.99 19 1141.74 -337.99 1479.73 20 1210.24 -361.65 1571.89 Disc. NCF 500.00 468.17 438.38 410.48 384.37 359.92 337.03 315.61 295.54 276.76 259.18 242.72 227.30 212.87 199.36 186.70 174.86 163.77 153.38 143.65 Pres. Worth -4500.00 -4031.83 -3593.45 -3182.97 -2798.60 -2438.68 -2101.65 -1786.05 -1490.50 -1213.74 -954.56 -711.84 -484.54 -271.67 -72.31 114.39 289.25 453.02 606.40 750.05
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PW20 = $750.05 DPB 16.3 years (time at which PW = 0) SPB = $5000 [$400/yr ($100/yr)] = 10 years
66
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About the Author

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

Authors Note to Users

NomenclatureHVAC Terms, Abbreviations, and Subscripts

HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual

q Q R Ra Re RH RTU rpm, RPM s S SC SCL SHR t, T TC

VAV VSD w, W wb, WB w.c. x

Solutions to Chapter 2 HVAC Fundamentals: Refrigeration

h1 h4 110 52.5 Ideal COP c = ---------------- = ------------------------ = 5.2

HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual

Problem 2.4 Solution

Chapter 2HVAC Fundamentals: Refrigeration

Problem 2.5 Solution

HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual

Problem 2.9 Solution

Solutions to Chapter 3 HVAC Fundamentals: Heat Transfer

HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual

Rearrange Equation 3.18:

R ov = 0.2 + 0.37 + 2.78 + 0.2 = 3.55 hft F/Btu

Chapter 3HVAC Fundamentals: Heat Transfer

HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual

For desuperheating section:

L = Ao Do = Acond + ADS Do = (2.42 + 0.49) ft2 (1.25 in. 12in./ft) = 8.9 ft

Chapter 3HVAC Fundamentals: Heat Transfer

Rearrange Equation 3.18:

Ao = DoL, thus: L = Ao Do = 9.96 ft2 (1.125 in. 12 in./ft) = 33.8 ft

Solutions to Chapter 4 HVAC Fundamentals: Psychrometrics

F F ft. psia in Hg lbw/lba Grains % Btu/lb-F Btu/lb cu.ft./lb F lbw/ft3

HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual

mflow2 (mixed) lb/hr cfm F lbw/lba Grains F % Btu/lb-F Btu/lb cu.ft./lb F

Stream 3 @ Qair3(cfm), Tdb3(F), & Twb3(F)

From psychrometric chart, RH2 = 13%, t2wb =67.5F, 2 = 14.3 ft3/lb.

Chapter 4HVAC Fundamentals: Psychrometrics

HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual

Temps. 79.8 F 67.0 F

lbw/lba Grains % Btu/lb-F Btu/lb cu.ft./lb F

lbw/lba Grains % Btu/lb-F Btu/lb cu.ft./lb F

Chapter 4HVAC Fundamentals: Psychrometrics

HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual

Then read properties at point 2 from chart:

Solutions to Chapter 5 HVAC Equipment, Systems, and Selection

Problem 5.2 Solution

Problem 5.3 Solution

Problem 5.4 Solution

HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual

Problem 5.6 Solution

Chapter 5HVAC Equipment, Systems, and Selection

HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual

Problem 5.9 Solution

Chapter 5HVAC Equipment, Systems, and Selection

HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual

mflow2 (mixed) lb/hr cfm F lbw/lba Grains F % Btu/lb-F Btu/lb cu.ft./lb F

Stream 3 @ Qair3(cfm), Tdb3(F), & Twb3(F)

Model 180 operating at 6000 cfm with 5 hp fan motor is suitable.

Chapter 5HVAC Equipment, Systems, and Selection

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Total

HVAC Simplified Solutions Manual

Check outlet water temperature:

Solutions to Chapter 6 Comfort, Air Quality, and Climatic Data

Problem 6.2 Solution

Problem 6.3 Solution

Chapter 6Comfort, Air Quality, and Climatic Data