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ROLLING ON AN INCLINED PLANE

(Combined Linear and Angular Motion)

Inclined plane
It is a simple machine consisting of a sloping surface, used for raising heavy bodies. The force required to move an object up the incline is less than the weight being raised, discounting friction. The steeper the slope, or incline, the more nearly the required force approaches the actual weight. Expressed mathematically, the force F required to move a block D up an inclined plane without friction is equal to its weight W times the sine of the angle the inclined plane makes with the horizontal. The principle of the inclined plane is used widelyfor example, in screws and bolts, where small force acting along a slope can produce a much larger force.

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the moment of inertia of a cylindrical body by allowing it to roll down an inclined plane.

APPARATUS:
Adjustable inclined plane consisting of two parallel rails Spirit level Meter rule Stop watch Three cylindrical bodies

THEORY:
When a body has combined linear and angular motion with no fixed axis it can be shown from Newtons 2nd law:-

a) That the angular acceleration can be calculated assuming that the body rotates about its centre of mass with a torque equal to the moment of the external forces about the centre of mass. b) That the acceleration of the centre of the mass is equal to that which would be obtained if all the external forces were acting on a particle of mass equal to that of the body concentrated at the centre of mass. For a body of mass, m and moment of inertia, mk2 (about its centre of mass) with linear acceleration a and angular acceleration , we can write F= ma (1) T= mk2 (2) Where F is the resultant force acting in the direction of a and T the resultant torque about two centre of mass In the experiment there was a cylindrical body rolling on an axle of radius r without slip, so that from the diagram below

Free body diagram

F f

0
a

mg

And

= a/r... (3) F = mg sin-Ff. (4) T = Ff r (5)

Where Ff is the backward friction force preventing slip Hence, equations (1) and (2) become mg sin-Ff = ma (6) And Ff = mk2a/r (7) hence; mgsin - mk2a/r = ma Giving a = r2gSin .. (8) (r2 + k2) Now, the time to descend a known length S from rest is given by t2 = 2S a given a = 2S (9) t2 Substituting into (8) we have; 2S= r2gSin t2 (r2 + k2) t2 = 2S (r2 + k2) r2gSin 1 should give a straight line through the origin with a Sin

Or Therefore a graph of t2 against

Slope equal to

2S (r2 + k2) r2g

PROCEDURE:
The adjustable inclined plane was leveled at both sides with a spirit level. One end was then raised to a known height h corresponding angle of inclination was calculated for this height. A known distance (test length) of 88 cm was then measured along the rails. A cylindrical body of known mass was allowed to roll freely over from rest. The inclined plane was raised to other heights with each corresponding angle and time taken for each. The procedure was repeated for two other cylindrical bodies. 3

RESULTS:
The angle, made by the respective inclinations is given by sin-1 (h / 88 cm) Where h = the respective heights traveled by the inclined plane That is; = sin-1 (h / 88 cm) Test length, l = 88 cm =0.88 m Radius of the cylindrical axle, r = 0.77 cm = 7.7 x 10-03 m

Weight, W1 = 3lb = 1.36kg Height (h) (cm) 5.1 7.9 10.3 12.7 15.3 Angle 3.32 5.15 6.72 8.3 10.01 T/ s(average) 15.60 10.60 8.57 7.15 6.56

Weight, W2 =217/16 lb = 9.72 kg Height (cm) 5.1 7.9 10.3 12.8 15.3 Angle 3.32 5.15 6.72 8.3 10.01 T (average) 30.96 21.63. 17.44 14.68 13.20

Weight, W3 = 24lb =10.89 kg Height Angle (cm) 5.1 3.32 7.8 5.15 10.3 6.72 12.8 8.3 15.3 10.01 T (average)/ s 31.41 21.68 17.67 15.40 14.00

CALCULATIONS:
W1 T2 /s 243.36 112.36 73.44 51.12 43.03 1/Sin 17.27 11.14 8.55 6.93 5.75 W2 T2 /s 958.52 467.87 304.15 215.50 174.24 1/Sin 17.27 11.14 8.55 6.93 5.75 T2 /s 986.59 470.02 312.23 237.16 196.00 W3 1/Sin 17.27 11.14 8.55 6.93 5.75

W1

T2 against 1/sin

W2 T2 against 1/sin

W3

T2 against 1/sin

Let M denote the slope obtained from the graph, Therefore the radius of gyration can be deduced as follows; M = 2S (r2 + k2) (r2g) Mr2g = 2S (r2 + k2) Mr2g = r2+k2 2S k2 = Mr2g r2 2S Simplifying, the radius of gyration is given by; ________________ k = [(Mr2g r2)/2S] Where k = radius of gyration, S = the test length M= the slope g = gravity

r = radius of the cylindrical axle

For W1, M = 17.676 ______________________________________________________ k= [(17.676x (7.7 x 10-03 m) 2 x 9.81 m/s2 (7.7 x 10-03 m) 2)]/ 2 x 0.88 m] k = 0.10119m

For W2, M = 67.61 k= [(67.61x (7.7 x 10-03 m) 2 x 9.81 m/s2 (7.7 x 10-03 m) 2)]/ 2 x 0.88 m] k = 0.19212m

For W3, M = 76.357 ______________________________________________________ k = [(76.357x (7.7 x 10-03 m) 2 x 9.81 m/s2 (7.7 x 10-03 m) 2)]/ 2 x 0.88 m] k = 0.21066m

Radius of gyration from geometry Moment of inertia for W1 = mR2 + mr2 2 2 2 = m (R + r2) 2 But if k is the radius of gyration, then mk2= m (R2 + r2) 2 ; d1= 0.101 R= 0.0505

k= (R2 + r2) 2 = (0.0505)2 + (0.0064)2 2 2 = 0.0359 For body W2, k = (0.101)2 + (0.0064)2 2 2 = 0.07156 ; d2= 0.20 R= 0.101

COMMENTS AND CONCLUSION PRECAUTIONS: 1. It was ensured that contact was avoided between the cylindrical bodies and the rolling rods. 2. The experiment was conducted in an enclosed area to avoid air resistance which could have possibly affected the results. 3. Sloping of the whole experimental setup was avoided by performing the experiment on a leveled surface. 4. Timing was taken right at the beginning of the marked point on the rolling rods to its marked end. 5. The loads were released freely from rest without the application of any external force.

COMMENTS: Generally, for each particular cylinder, the greater the angle of inclination, the shorter the time it took to travel the measured length. Also for particular angle of inclination and height, the smaller the weight the shorter the time it took to travel the distance. Comparing the experimental values to that of the theoretical values, it could be inferred that there are differences which could be attributed to experimental errors (notably the taking of the time and the measurement of the angle).

REFERENCES [1] J. Antonio, Basic Engineering Mechanics, 1994 [2] Microsoft Corporation, Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 2009

Richard Puni Bsc. Mechanical Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology 19th April 2011

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