I!!!I .

II

. CONTENTS
PAGE NO.

1. Simple Equations 1

."1Q 2. Ratio -Proporti~n - Variation 14

"3. Percentages -,Profit, & Loss - Partnerships 27

~ 4. Numbers 49
...

5. Indices - Surds 88

6. Logarithms 100
I

/;
7. Averages - Mixtures - Alligations 110 Ii

8. Quadratic Equations 127

~ 9. Progressions 138

1-10. Simple Interest - Compound Interest - Annuities 151 I

II
II
. 11. Time and Work 165
.11
I

.. 12. Time an<J Distance 182 ti

13. Geometry and Mensuration 202

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Chapter-l
SIMp.LE EQUATIONS
--e-e will be linear equations of one or two
..n""OWnSinvariably in every problem. A linear
!!O.a~n is one where each variable occurs only
.. ~ first power and not in any higher powers.
:o-e times we' get three equations in three
..l""-o'NnS. In general, we need as many
.-, e:ions as the variables we will have to solve
"C'"So, for solving for the values of two unknowns.
.e ""eedtwo equations (or two conditions given in
!"e =-oblem)and for solving for the vall!es of three
cwns. we need three equations (and hence
~ :roblem should give three conditions from
""c:- we can frame three equations). Solving the
~-::ons by itself is not a difficult task. The most
-CO'1ant part of the problem is framing the
~equations. Once the equations are
~. solving them is very easy. In this chapter.
-= ,,""1deal with problems involving as many
~-::ons (of first degree) as the number of
""--owns. Later on. we will look at equations of
e:::rd degree (Quadratic Equations) and linear
~ where the number of equations will be
ess ;."1anthat of the number of variables (under
~ =apter Special Equations).
OI'I EQUATION IN ONE UNKNOWN
-- ~tion like2x + 4 = 26 is an equationin one
AI'!I':'"'OWI1.
We have only one variable x whose
e fie haveto find out. The stepsin solvingthis.
-=
Take all quantities added to (or
subtracted from) the x term (term with the
unknown) to the right side with a change
of sign.
Le., 2x = 26:""4 = 22.
~ II: Take the co-efficient of x from left hand
side and divide right hand side with this
term to get the value of x.
i.e.. x = 22/2 = 11. Therefore, x = 11.
1" 0 EQUATIONS IN TWO UNKNOWNS
4 ie" :-: equations like
;;.: - 3y = 8 (1)
:.: - 4y = 13 (2)
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1
is called a system of. simultaneous equations in
two unknowns. Here. we have two variables (or
unknowns) x and y whose values we have to find
out. This can be done using the two given
equations. The steps for this are as follows:
Step.!: Using both the equations we first
eliminate one variable (so that we can
then have one equation in pne unknown).
Far this purpose, we multiple equation
(1) with 5 (the co-efficient of x in the
second equation) and multiply equation
(2) with 2 (the co-efficient of x in the first
equation) to eliminate x. Thus we have
(1) x 5 => 10x+ 15y = 40 (3)
(2) x 2 => 10x + 8y = 26 (4)
Now. subtracting equation (4) from
equation (3) we have 7y = 14 (5)
This is one equation in one unknown.
Step II: Solve for the value of one variable from
. the equation(in one unknown)obtained
from Step I above. Therefore. y = 2.
Step III: Substitute this value of the variable found
in one of the two equations to get the
value of the second variable.
Substituting the value of'i in equation (1)
or equation (2). we get x = 1. Therefore
the values of x and y that satisfy the
given set of equations are x = 1 and y = 2.
THREE EQUA TION-8 IN THREE
UNKNOWNS
A set of equations like
x + 2y + 3z = 14 (1)
2x + y + 2z = 10 (2)
3x + 3y + 4z = 21 (3).
is a system of three equations in three unknowns.
Here we have three unknowns x, y and z which
we have to solve for from the three given
equations. The procedure for the same is as
follows:
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Step I: Take two out of the three equations [say,
eqn. (1) and (2)] and eliminate one
variable (say x) so that we get an
equation in two unknowns (y and z in this
case).
For this purpose, take equations (1) and
(2). .Multiply equation (1) by 2 and
subtract equation (2) from it.
Equation.(1) x 2 => 2x + 4y + 6z = 28
2x + y + 2z = 10
--------------------
3y + 4z = 18
Step II: Repeat Step I for two other equations
[say equations (2) and (3)] and eliminate'
the same variable (x in this case) so that
we get one more equation in two
unknowns'
(y and z).
For this purpose, take equations (2) and
(3). Multiply equation (2) by 3, and from
. that subtract equation (3) multiplied by 2.
Equation (2) x 3 =>6x + 3y + 6z = 30
Equation (3) x 2 => 6x + 6y + 8z = 42
--------------------
-3y - 2z = -12
Step III: Now the equations in two unknowns that
have been obtained from the above two
steps have to be solved as discussed
previously (in TWO EQUATIONS IN
TWO UNKNOWNS) to get the values of
two of the three variables (y and z in this
case).
In this case, solving equations (4) and
(5), we get y = 2 and z = 3.
Step IV: Substitute these values of the two
variables in'one of the three equations to
get the value of the third variable.
Substitute the value of y and z in
equation (1) to get the value of x = 1.
Thus the values of the three variables x,
y and z that satisfy the three given
equations are x = 1; y'= 2 and z = 3
Examples
1.01 If 2 tables and 3 chairs together cost
Rs.1800 and 3 tables and 4 chairs together
cost Rs.2600, then find the cost of each
table and chair separately.
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Sol: Let cost of each table be x and cost of each
chair be y. Then we have the. following
equations from the given data.
2x + 3y = 1800 (1) '
3x + 4y = 2600 (2)
To solve these two equations, multiply the
first equation by 3 and the second by 2 and
then subtract one froni the other.
We get, y = 200
Substituting y in (1) we get
2x +'600 = 1800
:. x = 600
(4)
:. The cost of each "table.is Rs.600 and the
cost of each chair is RS.200.
1.02 Siva bought 6 pencils,. 2 sharpeners and
4 erasers for Rs.16. Satyam bought 5 pencils,
3 sharpeners and 1 eraser for Rs.13.5.
Sundaram bought 4 pencils, 3 sharpeners
and 3 erasers for RS.12.5. Find the cost of
4 pencils, 4 sh~rpeners and 2 erasers..
Sol: Let price of each pencil, sharpener and
eraser be p, sand e respectively. From the
data given we get
(5) 6p + 2s + 4e:= 16 (1)
5p + 3s + 1e = 13.5 (2)
4p + 3s + 3e = 12.5 . (3)
Let us take equations (2) and (3) and
eliminate the variable/s, by subtraction (3)
from (2)
-
p 2e = 1 (4)
Then take equation (1) and (2)
Multiply (1) by 3 and (2) by 2. and sub~ract
one from the other. We get
8p + 10e= 21 (5)
[(4) x 5] + (5) gives 13p = 26, P = Rs.2.
Substituting the value of P in (4), e = Rs.0~5
Substitute these values in (1) to get s = 1.0
Using these values we find that 4 pencils,
4 sharpeners and 2 erasers cost Rs.13.
1.03 The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is
7. If the digits are interchanged, the resulting
number is 27 more than the original number.
.Find the original number.
Sol: Let us take the two digits as x and y. x is
ten's digit and y is the unit's digit, hence the
number itself is equal to (10x + y).
- 500 003.
 since sum of the digits is 7, increased by ~, then the fraction becomes
x+y=7 (1) 1/2. Find the fraction.
When the digits are interchanged, y
becomes the 10x + y ten's digit and x the Sol: Let the fraction be ~.
units digit. The number then becomes (10y + y
x), since this r:t~mber is 27 more than the When both the numerator and the denominator
original number, we get (10y ...x) - (10x + y) are increasedby 2 each, we have
= 27 ~ 9y - 9x = 27 x +2 3
~ Y- x = 3 (2) -=-~ 5(x+ 2) = 3(y+2)
y+2 5'
On adding (1) and (2) we get y = 10/2 = 5.
By substituting the value of y, we get x = 2. ~5x-3y=-4 .-(1).
When bOththe numeratorand the denominator
Thus the number is 25.
are increasedby 1 each, we have
.~ Four years from now, Prakash's age will be
x+1 1
-=-
y+1 2
~ 2(x + 1) = Y+ 1
4 times his son's age. Twelve years from
now he will be 2Y2times his son's age. Find ~2x-y=-1 -(2).
their present ages. [(1) - (2) x (3)] gives -x = -4 + 3 ~ x = 1.
Substituting this value. in (2), y = 3 is
Sol: Let Prakash and his son's present ages be obtained.
Hence the fraction is 1/3.
x years and y years respectively.
Four years from now, Prakash will be (x + 4)
1.07 Find the I(alues of x and y from the following
years and sorfwill be (y + 4) years.
equations.
:. x + 4 = 4(y + 4) ~ x - 4y = 12--- (1)
7 6 4 14
Twelve years from now, Prakash will be -+-=7' - - -=2
x + 12 and his son y + 12. x+y x-y 'x-y x+y
5
:. x + 12 = -(y+12)
12 . p =~
Sol: Substitute and q =~, we get
~ 2x - 5y = 36 -- (2) x+y x-y
[(1) x 2] - (2) gives -3y = -12, Y = 4 7p + 6q = 7 (1) and
By substituting y = 4 in (1), we get x = 28. 4q - 14p= 2 (2)
[(1) x 2] + 2 gives 16q = 16; q = 1.
..05 The present age of a father is 10 times his On substitution, we get p = 117.
son's age. In 6 years time his age will be four 1 1
p= -=- ~x+y=7 (1)
times his son's age. In how many years. will x+y 7
the father's be twice as old as his son? .
1
Sol: Let the present ages of the father and son be
q=-=1; x-y=1 --- (2)
x-y
x years and y years respectively.
Solving (1) and (2), we get X? 4 and y = 3
I
We now have,
x= 10y .- (1) ADDITIONAL CASES IN LINEAR
x + 6 = 4(y + 6) = x - 4y = 18 EQUA TIONS
Solving (1) and (2) we get x = 30 and y = 3
Let father's age be twice the son's age in 'p' 1) If the number of equations is less than the j
I
years. number of unknowns, then we say the
Then we have 30 + p= 2(p + 3)~ p = 24 variables are 'indeterminate' or we have an
So, in 24 years the father will be twice as old as "indeterminate" system of equations. Here, we
his son. cannot uniquely determine the values of all
the variables. There will be infinite sets of
~ .06 If the numerator and the denominator of a solutions that satisfy the equations.
certain fraction are each increased by 2,
then the fraction becomes 3/5. If. the For example, if we take the following two
numerator and denominator are each equations in three unknowns,

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 Concept Revisited Questions
i \ 1 1. Twice a number is 12 more than half the
number. What is the number.
2.. Three years ago, Anurag's age was thrice that
of Bharagav. Two years hence Anurag's age
will be twice that of Bhargav. What is the
present age of Anurag?
3. Goutam is four times as old as Girija. Four
years hence, the age of Goutam will be thrice
that of Girija. What is the present age of
Goutam?
10. If a number is divided into two unequal parts,
then the difference of the squares of the two
unequal parts is 48 times the difference of the
two unequal parts. What is the number?
11. Three sharpeners and four. erasers cost
Rs.25. Four sharpeners and three erasers
cost RS.24. What is the cost of each
sharpener and eraser.
(1) Rs.4, RS.3 (2) Rs.3, Rs.4
(3) Rs.3, Rs,3 (4) Rs.4, Rs.4

4. 2 pencils and 3 pens cost Rs.8. 2 pens and 12. How many pairs of x and y satisfy the
3 pencils cost RS.7. What is the cost of equations 2x + 4y = 8 and 3x + 6y = 10?
5 pencils and 5 pens? (1) 0 (2) 1
(3) 00 (4) Noneof these
5. Rajani'sage is 9 years more than half of her
age. What is Rajani's age? 13. How many pairs of x and y satisfy the
equations 2x + 6y = 12 and 3x + 9y = 18?
6. One samasa and two puffs cost Rs.14. Three (1) 0 . (2) 1
samosas and one puff cost Rs.17. What is
(3) 00 (4) Noneof these
the cost of 5 samosas and 5 puffs?

7. Given that the two digits of a two-digit number 14. How many pairs of x and y satisfy the'
differ by 4, what is the difference between the equations 4x + 5y = 22 and 3x + 4y = 17?
number and the number formed by reversing (1) 0 (2) 1
its digits? (3) 00 (4) Noneof these

8. The differencebetweena three-digitnumber 15. 2 chocolates, 4 cakes and 3 milk shakes co~t
and the number formed by reversing its digits, RS.17. One chocolate and 2 cakes cost Rs.4.
always divisible by What is the cost of milk shake?
(1) 9' (2) 11 (3) 101 (4) 99 (1) Rs.1
(2) RS.2
9. Given that the first and the last digit of a three- (3) Rs.3
digit number differ by 3, what is the difference (4) Cannot be determined
between the three-digit number and the
number formed by reversing its digits?

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 ~
,

Exercise-lea)
~"'ections for questions 1 to 23: Select the 8. The cost of three pens, five pencils and two
:::rrectalternativefrom the given choices. books is Rs.68. The cost of six pens, seven
pencils and four books is RS.121. The cost of
Solve: 5(x + 5) + 6 (y - 3) =- 4 nine pens, fifteen pencils and six books is
9 (x - 1) +4 (y - 2) =4 RS.204.Findthe cost ofeach book. . .

{i) x =10, Y=-9 (2) x =9, Y=-10 (1) RS.7

~3) x =5, Y =-6 (4) x =6, Y =-5 (2) Rs.11
(3) RS.5
-- 15
Solve: ---
11
=2 (4) Cannot be determined ,-
x+2y 3x+4y
5 22' 5 9. Find the smaller of the two numbers such that
2(x+2Y)+ 3x+4y 2' = their sum is 250 and the difference of their
(1) x=3,y=1 (2) x=1,y=2 ,.' squares is 9000.
(1) 109 (2) 141 (3) 107 (4) 100
(3) x = 2, y = 1 (4) x = 1,Y= 3
: A fraction becomes 2/3 if its numerator is 10. A two-digit number is formed by either
increased by 1 and the denominator by 2. It subtracting 17 from nine times the sum of the
becomes 3/4 if its numerator is increased by 4 digits or by adding 21 to 13 times 'the
and the denominator by 5. Find the fraction. difference ofthe digits. Find the number.
(1) 4/5 (2) 3/5 (3) 5/7 (4) 2/7 (1) 37
.(2)'73
1
Five years ago, a man was five times as old (3) 71
as his son. Two years hence, the man willbe (4) Cannot be determined
three times as old as his son. What is the
11. Durgesh has only RS.2 and RS.5 coins with.
present age of the man? . him. If he has in all 57 coins worth RS.150
(1) 12 years (2) 35 years with him. How many RS.2 coins does he
(3) 42 years (4) 40 years have?
(1) 12 (2) 20 (3) 40 (4) 45
: Venkat takes 2 hours more than Vatsa to
cover a distance of 600 km. If instead Venkat
12. Madhav started playing a card game. In the
doubles his speed he would reach the first round he doubled his amount and he
destin~tion4 hours before Vatsa. FindVatsa's gave away a certain amount p to his friend. In
speed. . the second round he tripled the amount left
(1) 100 km/hr (2) 50 km/hr with him after the first round and gave away
(3) 60 km/hr (4) 120 km/hr an amount 2p to his friends. In the third round
he quadrupled the amount left with him after
£ The cost of three apples, two mangoes and the second round and gave away an amount
four oranges is Rs.43. The cost of five apples, p to his friend and was finally left with no
three mangoes and six oranges is Rs.66. Find money. If he gave away a total of Rs.160 to
the cost of each apple. his friend, then what was the money that he .
~1) Rs.5 started with?
(2) Rs.6 (1) .Rs.21 (2) Rs.40
;3) RS.3 (3) Rs.24 }4) Rs.35
14) Cannot be determined
. 13. There are seven children standing in the line,
Findthevalueofk ifthe equations3x+4y =24, not all of whom have the same number of
and 15x+ 20y =8k are consistent. cakes with them. If the first child distributes
1) 5 (2) 120 (3) 30 (4) 15 his cakes to the 'remaining six children such
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 that he doubles their respective number of 18. Nathasha was asked to calculate 4/7 of the
cakes, then he will be left with four cakes. number. She calculated 4/17 of the number
Instead, if the second child takes away two and got an answer, which was 840 less than
cakes from each of the remaining six children, the correct answer. What is the number to be
then. he will be left with three cakes less than multiplied?
the number of cakes that the first child initially (1) 2600 (2) 2599
had. What is the total number of cakes that (3) 2499 (4) None of these
are there with the third child to the seventh
child? 19. The cost of four apples, six bananas, and
(1) 10 (2) 11 (3) 12 (4) 13 seven oranges is p. The cost of five apples,
seven ban~nas and nine oranges is q. The
14. Five years ago, the age of a person was three cost of two apples, four bananas and three
years more than four times the age of his son. oranges is r. Which of the following is true?
Three years hence, the age of the person will (1) 4p-3q=2r (2) 4p-3q=r
be six years less than thrice the age of his (3) 3p-2q=r (4) 5p-3q=4r
son. After how many years from now will their
combined age be 80 years? 20. P, 0 and R are successive even positive
(1) 22 (2) 20 (3) 16 (4) 18 integers in the ascending order. Four times R
is 4 more than five times P. What is the value
15. The difference between a three-digit number ofO?
and the number formed by reversing its digits (1) 12
is 396. The difference of the hundreds and the (2) 14
units digit, is one less than the sum of the (3) 16 .
units and tens digits. Also, the hundreds digit (4) Cannot be determined
is twice the units digit. Find the number. .
(1) 418 (2)412 (3) 612 (4) 814 21. Sanju and Manju went to a Bakery shop.
Sanju ate 4 puffs, 3 burgers and 2 cakes and
16. The expenses for yoga classes in a colony used up all the money she had. Manju ate
are partly constant and partly varying with the 3 puffs, 6 burgers and 4 cakes and paid 25%
number of members. If there are 50 members, more than that Sanju paid. What percent of
then each of the members has to bear Rs.220 Sanju's money was spent on the puffs she
per month and if there are 10 more members, ate?
then the share of each of the members comes (1) 15%
down by Rs.15 per month. How many (2) 20%
members would be there if the share of each (3) 60%
member is Rs.160? (4) Cannot be determined
(1) 150
(2) 130 22. A test has 175 questions. A candidate gets
(3) 90 4 marks for each correct answer and loses
(4) Cannot be determined 2 marks for each wrong answer and loses
1 mark for leaving the question unattempted.
17. The cost of 3 pencils, 5 rulers and 7 erasers 'is A student scores 405. On analysing his
Rs.49. The cost of 5 pencils, 8 rulers and performance he concludes that he left
11 erasers is Rs.78. Find the cost of 1 pencil, unattempted 35 questions. How many.
1 ruler and 1 eraser. questions did he mark wrong?
(1) RS.8 (1) 30
(2) Rs.9 (2) 25
(3) RS.7 J(8) 20
(4) Cannot be determined (4) Cannot be determined

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 ---=

= Findk if. the given system of equations has 28. A teacher asked a student to add nine two-
;.,finite number of solutions. digit numbers such that each number is ten
4x + ky = 2 + 10y and kx + 24y = 8 more than the previous number. But the
'1) -10 student has added all the numbers,which are'
:2) 16 formed by interchangingthe digits of each of
,3) -16 the given numbers. Surprisingly, the sum he
4) Cannot be determined got was the same as the sum the teacher had
asked for. Which of the following is the
~ons for questions 24 to 26: These difference of the digits in the least of the
:w:stions are based on the data given below: numbers the student was asked to add?
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 5
:~.:d goes to a fruit market to purchase bananas,
£Des and oranges. He purchased more number 29. The age of a woman is presently thrice that of
~ or:angesthan apples and more number of her daughter. When the woman was 29 years
.x, es than bananas. He purchased at least 30 old, her only son, who is three years younger
"":5of each. He purchased eVr.n number of fruits than her only daughter, was born. What is the
": :actI. The total number of fnJltS he purchased is present age of the son?
:c:
(1) 8 years (2) 9 years
(3) 10 years (4) 11 years
~ 'f each apple cost him Rs.5, each orange Rs.4
and each banana Rs.2, find the minimum 30. In an examination 3/Sth of the students that
a..'11ountthat David spent for purchasing the
appeared failed b9 20 marks and 1/5thof the
~its.
students got 20 marks above the pass mark.
<) RS.374 }2-) 'Rs.354 Each of the remaining students got 40 marks
3) RS.372 (4) RS.352
above the pass mark. The maximum marks in
the examination is 100. A total of 120 students
~ ~ the condition, "He purchased more number
appeared for the exam and their average
::: oranges than apples and more number of
mark is 62 marks. The pass mark is
apples than bananas. is deleted, then find the
. (1) 64 (2) 66 (3) 62 (4) 56
-Tiimum amount that David spent for
:urchasing the fruits by using the data given.
31. A man had enough money to purchase
... above question.
. Rs.374 16 apples or 10 mangoes. If the man buys
(2) Rs.354
3 RS.350 (4) Rs.352 4 apples, and five mangoes and is left with
Rs.20, then 'what is the difference in the prices
~ : David purchased less than 38 oranges, then of an apple and a mango?
(1) Rs.2 (2) RS.3 (3) Rs.4 (4) RS.6
-cw many apples did he purchase?
. 32 (2) 34 (3) 36 (4) 30
32. Ninety is divided into three parts such that the
~ons for questions 27 to 35: Select the sum of the first two parts exceeds the sum of
- ;d alternative from the given choices. the second and third parts by 18. If the
smallest part is 18, then the greatest part is
:: ... a four-digit number, the sum of the digits in (1) ,,45 (2) 54
-e .Jnitsplace and the tens place is equal to (3) 63 (4) Cannot be determined
s..r of the digits in the hundreds and the
~o.;sands places. The sum of the digits in the 33. Dheeraj has twice as many sisters as he has
E""Sand hundreds places is twice the sum of brothers. If Deepa, Dheeraj's sister has the
-e other two digits. If the sum of the digits of same number of brothers as she has sisters,
-e "lumber is more than 20, then the digit in then Deepa has how many brothers?
-e .;nits place cannot be (1). 2 (2) 3
2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 5 (3) 4 (4) Cannot be determined

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~ .1
34. A change dispensing machine contains 1
rupee, 2 rupee and 5 rupee coins. Initially it is
filled with the equal number of coins of each
denomination. Then Aashish took. all five
rupee coins and the total amount changed to
. RS.105. Jaspal then took all one rupee coins.
The total amount in the change dispensing
machine at present is
(1) Rs.70
(2) Rs.75
(3) Rs.35
(4) Cannot be determined
35. Once in ten years the government of a
country counts all. the people living in the
country. The following data about two
neighbouring villages of Badasansthan and
Chotasansthan were complied. Badasansthan
has 5114 more males than Chotasansthan.
Chotasansthan has twice as many females as
males. Badasansthan has 3,004 more males
than females. Badasansthan has 9118
females fewer than those of Chotasansthan.
The number offemales in Badasansthan is
(1) 11,228 (2) 16, 342
(3) 13,628 (4) 13,338

Key

1. 3 6. 3 11. 4 16. I 21. 3 26.2 31. 2

2. 2 7. 4 12.4 17.2 22.3 27. 1 32. I
3. 3 8. 4 13.2 18. 3 23.2 28.3 33.2
4. 4 9. 3 14. 3 19. 3 24.3 29. 3 34. I
5. 3 10. 2 15.4 20.2 25. 3 30.3 35. 4

I
I

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.. -- -

Exercise -1 (b)

~r-ections for questions 1 to 13: Select the 9. There is some money with Amit and some
~ alternative from the given choices. money with Sunil. If Amit gives Rs.40 to Sunil,
then the amounts with them would be equal. If
Solve: 5x + 8y =59; 2x + 3y =23 instead, Sunil gives Rs.10 to Amit, then Amit
1) x=10,y=1 (2) x=4,y=5 would have RS.100 more than that with Sunil.
3) x = 7, Y= 3 (4) x = 5, Y= 1 Find the amount with Sunil.
(1) Rs.140
. Solve:9x + 11y =53; 11x + 9y =47 (2) RS.100
1) x=2,y=3 (2) x=3,y=2 (3) Rs.120
'3) x = 4, Y= 1 (4) x = 1, y = 4 (4) Cannot be determined

- Solve: ~ + 4y = 11; 32 -5 10. Varun's present age is thrice that of Tarun's

2 . x + {Y75} - age three years ago. Nine years hence, Varun
1) x=6,y=2 (2) x = 10, Y =-8 would be thrice as old as Tarun today. Find
3) x = 2, Y= 6 (4) x 5, Y 4 = = the sum of their present ages?
(1) 26 years
to. A.two-digit number is such that the sum of its (2) 7 years
digits is five times the difference of its digits. If
(3) 11 years
:.~ number exceeds the number formed by its
(4) Cannot be determined
:.~ digits by 18, then find the number.
1) 96 '(2) 75 (3) 64 (4) 42 11. The cost of 7 pencils, 5 erasers and 6 sharpeners
is Rs.45, while that of 12 sharpners, 8 pencils
:. l1e sum of the ages of two friends Avish and and 10 erasers is Rs.78. Find the cost of
-akhan 14 years ago was one-third of the
5 erasers, 6 sharpeners and 3 pencils.
SlIm of their ages today. If the ratio of the
(1) RS.12 .
:>resentages of Avish and Lakhan is 4 : 3,
(2) Rs.23
:'~n what is the present age of Lakhan?
(3) Rs.37 ,
1) 32years (2) 18 years
(4) Cannot be determined
3) 24 years '(4) 21 years

i. ne ratio of number of chocolates with 12. The cost of 7 pencils, 5 pens and 2 books is
Seoni and Varsha is 7 : 9. If Varsha has Rs.39. The cost of 5 pencils, 3 pens and
<4 chocolates more than Seoni, then find .the 4 books is Rs.39. The cost of 3 pencils,
'otalnumberof chocolateswiththem. . 5 pens and 7 books is RS.56. Find the cost of
1) 42(2) 84 (3) 98 (4) 112 each pen.
(1) RS.2
- ~ere is a total of 500 families residing in a (2) Rs.3
(3) Rs.5
ocality. For Ganesh festival, some families
dOnated Rs.100 each and the remaining (4) Cannot be determined
amilies donated Rs.50 each. If the total
'"I"\Oneycollected is Rs.44450, what is the 13. Katrina wants to buy 6 kg of tomatoes and
"'\.Imberof families, who donated RS.50each? 7 kg of potatoes which together would cost
1) 399 (2) 389 (3) 101 (4) 111 her Rs.190. In the market as tomatoes were
very good, she decided to buy 2 kg more
! Seven burgers and eight pizzas together, cost tomatoes and 6 kg less potatoes and spent
RS.780.While twelve burgers and five pizzas only Rs.170. What is the price of 1 kg of
::ost Rs.945. Find the cost of each pizza. tomatoes?
1 J Rs.60 (2) Rs.40 (1) RS.10 (2) Rs.15
3) Rs.45 (4) Cannot be determined (3) RS.20 (4) None of these
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Directions' for questions 14 to 16: These got the same result. Find the value of N given
questions are based on the data given below. that the sum of the digits of the number is 12.
(1) 84 (2) 72 (3) 48 (4) 36 .
A shopkeeper sold a certain number of toys all at
a certain price. The number of toys that he sold is 20. Kunal has only 25 paise and 50 paise ClJins
a three-digit number in which tens digit and units with him. The total amount in 50 paise
digit are same and are non-zero, and the price of denomination in RS.4 more than the total
each toy is a two-digitnumber when expressed in amount in 25 paise denomination. The
rupees.ay mistake he reversed the digits of both, number of 25 paise coins is 20 more than the
the number of items sold and the price of each number of 50 paise coins. What is the total
item. In doing so, he found that his stock account amount withKunal?
at the end of the day showed 792 items more than (1) Rs.32 (2) Rs.36
what it actuallywas. (3) ~s.40 (4) RS.24

14. What could be the actual number of toys 21. The cost of 6 shirts, 7 ties and 8 pairs of
sold? shoes is RS.7500 while the cost of 3 shirts,
.(1) 800 (2) 119 (3) 199 (4) 911 4 ties and 5 pairs of shoes is RS.4350. Find
the cost of each shirt.
15.. If the faulty calculations show a total sale of (1) Rs.400 (2) RS.100
RS.5117, what was the actual selling price of (3) Rs.550 (4) Cannot be determined
each toy? 22. The amount with Aarthi is RS.80 more than
(1) Rs.43 (2) Rs.37
(3) RS.75 (4) Rs.34 that with Bhargavi. Chandini has RS.50 less
than the amount with Bhargavi. Divyani has
Rs.120 more than the sum of the amounts
16. Using the information in the above question,
what are the actual sales? with Bhargavi and Chandini. The money with
them, when pooledtogether, is in denominations
(1) RS.39173 (2) Rs.30974 .
of Rs.10 and RS.20 only and they together
(3) Rs.4046 (4) Rs.4064 have a total of Rs.500. What is the least
number of RS.10 notes they can have?
Directions for questions 17 to 35: Select the
(1) 1 (2)' 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
correct alternative fromthe given choices
I
17. A two-digitnumber is such that it is three
23. In the above question, if the amount in
denomination of RS.20 is RS.180less than the I
more than six times the sum of the digits.If amount in denomination of Rs.10, how many
the number formed by reversing the digits is RS.20 notes do they have in all?
three less than five times' the sum of the
(1) 8 (2) 6 (3) 12 (4) 14 I
digits,what is the tens digitof the number? !
(1) 2 (2) 5 24. A certain proper fraction when expressed in ;
(3) 7 (4) Cannot be determined the simplest form greater than zero has its i
numerator 14 less than thrice the i
18. Rahul takes 6 hours more than Pathak to denominator. If it is the least of such proper ~
cover a distance of 540 km. If instead, Rahul fractions, what is its denominator?
doubles his speed he would reach the (1) 4 (2) 6 (3) 5 (4) 7
destination one and half hours before Pathak.
Find Pathak's speed. 25. There are a total of 50 vehicles kept in the
(1) 36 kmph (2) 60 kmph parking lot outside of a cinema theatre, of i
(3) 45 kmph (4) 40 kmph which some are cars and the' remaining are:
motorcycles. If the total number of wheels is i
19. Instead of multiplyingN a two-digitnumber, by 160, what is the number of motorcycle that
3/4 and adding 38, a student multiplied the are kept in the parking lot? (Do not consider
number formed by reversing its digits with4/3 the spare tyres)
and subtracted 38 from the product and still (1) 10 (2) 15 (3) 20 (4) 30

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:E -"e present age of a woman is six times that 31. Manish was asked to find 5/6 of a number and
0' her only daugh!er, Anu. Her husband's ~ge he instead multiplied it by 6/5. As a result he
:s two years more than seven times Anu's. got an answer, which was more than the
~e average age of Anu, her parents and her correct answer by 649. What was the number?
only brother (who is the youngest of all the (1) 1870 (2) 1770
'our members) is 15 years. By how many (3) 1860 (4) 1760
jears is Anu elder to her brother?
1) 1 (2).2 32. If the following system of equations has
:3) 3 (4) Cannot be determined infinite solutions, find the value of p.
3x+py=48
=- At a certain stationery store, only four varieties (p + 5)x + 2y = 96
of pens and only four varieties of pencils are (1) 3. (2) 2
sold. The .price of a set of one of each of the (3) 1 (4) Cannot be determined
'our varieties of pens is Rs.45. The price of a
set of one of each of the four varieties of 33. The expenses of a hostel are partly fixed and
pencils is Rs.12. The price of the cheapest partly varying with the number of occupants. If
pencil is Re.1. and the prices of three of the the number of occupants is 60, each of the
~rieties of pens are exactly twice the prices occupants has to bear Rs.1200 per month
of the other 3 varieties of pencils. What is the and if there are 30 more occupants, then the
price of the costliest variety of pen? share of each of the occupants comes down
'1) RS.24 (2) Rs.23 by Rs.200 per occupant. How many
~3) RS.22 (4) None of these occupants should be there if the share of each
occupant is Rs.900?
3. ~ohan has a certain amount of money and (1) 120 (2) 150 (3) 180 (4) 200
Sohan has a greater amount. If Sohan gives
~s.60 to Rohan, then the amounts with Rohan 34. Madhav, Munjal and Melkote bought a bike for
and Sohan are the' same. If Rohan gives Rs.45000. Munjal paid one-third of the total
Rs.30 to Sohan, the amount with Sohan is amount paid by Madhav and Melkote. Madhav
thrice the amount with Rohan. What is the paid half of the total amount paid by Munjal
total amount with Rohan and Sohan together? and Melkote. How much did Melkote pay for
(1) Rs.540 (2) Rs.480 the bike?
(3) Rs.420 (4) Rs.360 (1) RS.12750 (2) Rs.17250
(3) Rs.18750 (4) Rs.19250
:! In an organization, two-thirds of the employees
are software professionals and one-fifth of 35. Which one of the following conditions must a,
them are women. If there are 240 men are band c satisfy so that the following system of
software professionals, then the number of linear equations has at least one solution,
employees in the organization is such that a + b + c,* O?
(1) 450 (2) 540 (3) 750 (4) 360 x + 3y 4z- =a
4x+y- 5z =b
::c..The cost of each pencil is RS.2, the cost of x+y-2z=c
each pen is Rs.5. There are some pencils and (1) 2a + 3b - 5c = 0
pens in a box costing Rs.50. If total number of (2) 3a + 2b - 5c = 0
pens and pencils together in the box is 16. (3) 8a + 2b -11c = 0
What is the number of pencils in the box? (4) 3a+2b-11c=0
(1) 5 (2) 8 (3) 10 (4) 15

Key

- 43
-
6. 4
7. 4
11. 3
12. 2
16.2
17.4
21. 4
22. 2
26. 2 31. 2
32. 3
27. 2
-. I 8. 3 13. 3 18.2 23. 1 28. 4 33. 1
.
- 3
2
9. 4
10.4
14.4
15.4
19.3
20. I
24.3
25.3
29. 1
30.3
34.3
35.4

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 Chapter - 2
RATIO - PROPORTION - VARIATION
RATIO From this we can find that a ratio of greater
inequality is diminished and a ratio of less
If the values of two quantities A and Bare 4 and 6 inequality is increased by adding same quantity to
respectively, then we say that they are in the ratio both terms, Le., in the ratio a : b, when we add the
4 : 6 (read as "four is to six"). Ratio is the relation same quantity x (positive) to both the terms of the
which one quantity bears to another of the same ratio, we have the following results
kind, the comparison being made by considering if a < b then (a + x) : (b + x) > a : b
what multiple, part or parts, one quantity is of the if a > b then (a + x) : (b + x) < a : b
other. The ratio of two quantities "a" and "b" is
represented as a : b and read as "a is to b". Here, if a = b then (fl + x) : (b + x) = a : b
"a" is called antecedent, "b" is the consequent.
Since the ratio expresses the number of times one . This idea can also be helpful in questions on
quantity contains the other, it's an abstract Data Interpretation when we need to .compare
quantity. fractions to find the larger of two given
fractions.
Ratio of any number of quantities is expressed
after removing any common factors that ALL the
terms of the ratio have. For example, if there are If two quantities are in the ratio a : b, then the
two quantities having values of 4 and 6, their ratio first quantity will be ~ times the total of
is 4 : '6, Le:, 2 : 3 after taking the common factor 2 a+b
between them out. Similarly, if there are three the two quantities and the second quantitS'will
quantities 6, 8 and 18, there is a common factor
between all three of them. So, dividing each of the be equal to ~
a+b
times the total of the two
.
three terms by 2, we get the ratio as 3 : 4 : 9,
quantities.
If two quantities whose values are A and B
respectively are in the ratio a : b, since we know Examples
that some common factor k(>O) would have been
removed from A and B to get the ratio a : b, we 2.01 The salaries of David and John are in the
can write the original values of the two quantities ratio of 5 : 9. The sum of their salaries is
(Le., A and B) as ak and bk respectively. For Rs.35,000. Find their individual salaries.
example, if the salaries of two persons are in the
ratio 7 : 5, we can write their individual salaries as Sol: Since the ratio is 5 : 9.
7k and 5k respectively. th .

David's salary is ~
14
of their total salary and
A ratio a : b can also be expressed as aIb. So if
two items are in the ratio 2 : 3, we can say that III .
their ratio is 2/3. If two terms are in the ratio 2, it John's salary is ~
14
of their total salary.
means that they are in the ratio of 2/1, Le., 2 : 1.
.. 5
:. David'ssalary= - x 35,000 = Rs.12,500
"A ratio is said to be a ratio of greater or less 14
inequality or of equality acCording as antecedent 9
is greater than, less than or equal to consequent". John's salary = -x3S,OOO=Rs.22,SOO
14
In other words,

the ratio a : b where a > b is called a ratio of 2.02 If a: b = 3 : S, then find (2a + 4b) : (3a + 5b).
greater inequality (example 3: 2)
the ratio a.: b where a < b is called a ratio of Sol: a: b = 3: S=> !=~
less inequality (example 3 : 5) b 5
the ratio a : b where a = b is called a ratio of
equality (example 1 : 1) (2a + 4b) : (3a + Sb) = 2a +_4~
. 3a+ Sb

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 Dividing the numerator and denominator by ~ 14d = 784
b, we get :. d = 56
From this we can calculate the values of a, b
- 2(~)+4 and c as Rs.168, RS.224 and Rs.336
re"spectively. .
- 3(~)+5 2.06 Divide Rs.4200 into four parts such that a
Substituting the value of alb as 3/5, fourth of the first part, a sixth of the second
part, an eighth of the third part and a tenth of
13 the fourth part are all equal.
- 2(~)~4
17 Sol: Let a, b, c and d be the four parts.
- 3(~)+5 then a + b + c + d = 4200 (1)
We also have
:.::a The runs scored by Rahul and Ramesh are a bed
-=-=-=-=k(say)
in the ratio of 13 : 7. If Ramesh scored 48 4 6 8 10
runs less than Rahul, then find their So, a = 4k, b = 6k, c = 8k, d = 10k
individual runs. Substituting these values in (1), we get
28k = 4200 ~ k = 150
Scl: Since the ratio of the runs of Rahul and Hence, a = Rs.600, b = Rs.900, c = Rs.1200,
Ramesh is 13 : 7, we can take their d = Rs.1500
individual scores as 13k and 7k respectively.
So the difference between their scores will 2.07 If a : b = 2 : 3 and b : c = 4 : 3, th"enfind the
be 13k - 7k = 6k, which is given to be 48. ratio of a : b : c.
6k = 48 ~ k = 8
:. 13k = 104 and 7k = 56 Sol: b is common to both the ratios. Hence
:. Rahul scored 104 runs and Ramesh rewrite the two ratios such that the b term
scored 56 runs. will be the same in both of them. This can
be done by taking b to be the LCM of the two
:':.4 What number shall be added to or values pertaining to b in the two ratios.
subtracted from each term of the ratio 7 : 16, " Here, these two values are 3 and 4. The
so that it becomes equal to 2 : 3? LCM is 12. So, we rewrite the two ratios
such that b is 12 in both of them.
~ ~ Let x be the number to be added to each a: b = 2: 3 = 8: 12
term of the ratio. Then we have (If b is made 12 by multiplying with 4 then 'a'
7+x 2 is also multiplied by 4 to give 8)
-=- ~21 + 3x=32 +2x
16+x 3 Similarly b: c = 4: 3 = 12 : 9. Hence,
a : b : c = 8 : 12 : 9
:. x = 11. "
So, 11 has to be added to each "term to
make it 2 : 3. 2.08 If ~=~ then find (2x + 3y)
y 5' (3x + 7y) .
:. ~ Divide Rs.784 into four parts such that 4
times the first part, three times the second x 2
Sol: -=-
part, twice the third part are each equal to y 5
twelve times the fourth part.
~ x = 2y
x.. Let a, b, c and d be the four parts, then we 5
!lave " By substituting value of x in
4a = 3b = 2c = 12d (1) 2 2y
a + b + c + d = 784 (2)
Substituting values of a, band c in terms of d (2x+3y) ,we get
() 3
5"" + y = 19y;" ~
.

i., (2) we get (3x+7y)' 3 (2;)+7Y 41y 40

3d + 4d + 6d + d = 784

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r

2.09 Two numbers are in the ratios 4 : 7. If 14 is Relationship (1) above is called INVERTENDO
added to each, they are in the ratio 5 : 7. Relationship (2) i.scalled AL TERNENDO;
Find the numbers. Relationship (3) is called COMPONENDO;
Relationship (4) is called DIVIDENDO;
Sol: Let the numbers be x and y. Relationship (5) is caliedCOMPONENDO
x 4 4y DIVIDENDO.
-=-=>x=-
y 7 7
x+14 5 The last relationship, Le., COMPONENDO-
-=- => 7(x + 14} = 5(y + 14} DIVIDENDO is very helpful in simplifying
Y+14 7 . problems. By this rule, whenever we know a/b =
cld, then we can write (a + b) / (a - b) = (c + d) / (c
=> 7 (i + 14) = 5y + 70 => 4y + 98 = 5y + 70
- d). The converse of this is also true - whenever
we know that (a'+ b) / (a - b) = (c + d)/(c - d), then
4y 4 x 28 we can conclude that a/b = cld.
=>y=28=>x= -=-=16
7 7
If ! = £= ! then each of these ra.tios is
:. x = 16 and y = 28 b d f
Alternate method: a+c+e+,....
Given that x : y = 4 : 7, x, y being the two equaIt 0 .
b+d+f+.....
numbers. Let, x = 4k and y = 7k, where k is a
constant.14 is added to each; hence the new
numbers are 4k + 14 and 7k + 14. If three quantities a, band c are such that a : b : : b
Given, (4k + 14) : (7k + 14) = 5 : 7; : c, then we say that they are in CONTINUED
=> 5(7k + 4} = 7(4k + 14} PROPROTION. We also get b2 = ac. In such a
=> 7k = 28 => k = 4. case, c is said to be the third proportional of a and
Hence, the two numbers 4k and 7k are b. Also, b is said to be the mean proportional of a
andc.
(4 x 4) and (7 x 4), Le., 16 and 28.

PROPORTION VARIATION

When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities Two quantities A and B may be such that as one
involved in the two ratios are said to be quantities changes in value, the other quantity
proportional Le., if a!b = c/d, then a, b, c and dare also changes in value bearing certain
proportional. . relationship to the change in the value of the first
quantity.
This is represented as a.: b : : c : d and is read as
"a is to b (is) as c is to d". DIRECT VARIATION
When a, b, c and d are in proportion, then a and d One quantity A is said to v~rv directly as another
are called the EXTREMES and band c are called quantity B if the two quantities depend upon each
the MEANS. We also have the relationship other in such a manner that if B is increased in a
Product of the MEANS = Product of the certain ratio, A is increased in the same ratio and.
EXTREMESLe., bc:; ad if B is decreased in a certain ratio, A is decreased
If a:b = c : d then in the sameratio. . .
b.: a = ~d: c (1)
a:c = b:d (2) This is denoted as A a B (A varies directly as B).
(a + b) : b = (c + d) : d (3)
(obtained by adding 1 to both sides of the given If A a B then A = kB, where k is a constant. IUs
realationship) . called a constant of proportionality.
(a - b) : b = (c - d) : d (4)
(obtained by subtracting 1 from both sides of the For example. when the quantity of sugar
givenrelationship) . purchased by a housewife doubles from the
(a + b) : (a - b) = (c + d) : (c - d) (5) normal quantity, the total amount she spends on
{obtainded by dividing relationship (3) above by sugar also doubles, Le., the quantity and the total
(4)} . amount increase (or decrease) in the same ratio.

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J;rom the above definition of direct variation, we
:an see that when two quantities A and B vary
:::fectly with each other, then NB = k or the ratio
of the two quantities is a constant. Conversely,
Ifhen the ratio of two quantities is a constant,
we can conclude that they vary directly with
each other.
when B is constant, then A is said to vary jointly
with Band C when both Band C are varying. i.e.,
A a B when C is constant and Aa C when B is a
constant =>A a BC .
A a BC => A = kBC where k is. the constant of
proportionality .

. X varies directly with Y 'and we have two sets of Examples

..aluesof the variables X and Y - X1 corresponding
D Y1 and X2 corresponding to Y2, then, since XaY, 2.10 Find the value ofx, if (3x - 2) : .(2x- 1)
4Ie can write down = (4x + 8) : (7x - 2).
X1 -
--- X2 X1 -
or --- Y1
Y1 Y2 X2 Y2 Sol:' 3x-2 = 4x+8
2x-1 7x-2
INVERSE VARIATION => (3x - 2) (7x - 2) = (2x - 1) (4x + 8)
=> 21~ - 20x + 4 = 8,(2+ 12x - 8
=> 13~ - 32x + 12 = 0
A quantity A is said to vary inversely as another => 13~ - 26x - 6x + 12 = 0
quantity B if the two quantities depend upon each => 13x(x - 2) - 6(x-2) = 0 => (x-2) (13x-6)
other in such a manner that if B is increased in a = 0 =>x = 2 or 6/13.
certain ratio, A is decreased in the same ratio and
IT B is decreased in a certain ratio, then A is 2.11 If x varies inversely as i - 6 and is equal to
irjcreasedin the same ratio. 2 when y = 16, find x when y = 6.

i1 is the same as saying that A varies directly with 1 m .

Sol: xa~ => x = -, h
were m IS a
118. It is denoted as If A a 1/B i.e., A = kIB where y -6 y -6
s k a constant of proportionality. constant.
.
Since x = 2, when y = 16
Cor example, as the number of men doing a . m
certain work increases, the time taken to do the 2= - =>m=500 wheny=6
256 - 6 .
work decreases and conversely, as the number of
men decreases, the time taken to do the work 500 500 50
x= -=- .'. x=-
ncreases. 36-630 3

~rom the definition of inverse variation, we can
see that when two quantities A and B vary
'nversely with each other, then AB = a constant,
I.e., the product of the two quantities is a
constant. Conversely, if the product of two
quantities is a constant, we can conclude that
they vary inversely with each other.
If X varies inversely with Y and we have two sets
of values of X and Y - X1 corresponding to Y1 and
X2 corresponding to Y2, then since X and Yare
inversely re"ated to each other, we can write down
X1 Y2
- =- or X1Y1 = X2Y2
X2 Y1
JOIN1' VARIATION
If there are three quantities A, Band C such that A
varies with B when C is constant and varies with C
In these types of problems on variation, there are
typically three parts:
the relationship between different variables
is defined to frame an equation involving the
variables and the constant of proportionality
one set of values of all the values of all the
variables to enable us find the value of the
constant of proportionality
the values of all but one variable are given'
and we are asked to find the value of the
one variable whose value is not given
Example
2.12 The volume of a cylinder varies jointly as its
height and the area of its base. When the
area of the base is 64 sq.ft and the height is
10 ft, the volume is 480 cu.ft. What is the

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-- -

height of the cylinder, whose volume is forms of combinations of the two variables.
360 cU.ftand the area of the base is 72 sq.ft. when x varies directly with y, we have
x
- = k =>x =;'ky
Sol: Let V be the volume, a = area of the base Y
and h = height. . Here if we have to check whether (x '+ y)2
V = mah (m is proportionality constant) varies with (x - y)2, we have to take the ratio
we know, a = 64, h = 10 and V = 480 of these two expressions and check if it is a
480 = m. (64) (10) constant. If the ratio is a constant, then we
3ah can conclude that they vary directly with
=>m=0.75:. V=- each other.
4
3x72xh (X+y)2 - (~y+y)2 - [y(k+1)]2 - (k+1)2
Therefore, 360 =
4 (X-y)2 - (ky_y)2 - ly(k-1)]2 - (k-1)2
Since this does not involve any x or y, it is
h = 360x 4 =>h = 20 ft constant. Hence, we can conclude that
3x72 3
(x + y)2 varies directly with (x - yt
Hence height of the cylinder is 6% ft.
2.15 The expenses per month of Ravi's car are
Note that the there should be consistency of the partly constant and partly vary with t~e
units used for the variables, Le., whatever be the number of' kilometres he travels in that
units used to express the vp~:ables when the month. When .he travels 100 km in a month,
constant of proportionality is being calculated, the the total expenses come to Rs.3200. If he
same units should be used for different variables travels 150 km, it is RS.3800. Find the total
later on also when finding the value of the variable expenses, if lie travels 250 km in a month.
which we are asked to find out.
Sol: Let total expenses be T, F be the fixed part
Examples and V be the variable part.
So, T = F + V
2.13 If the incomes of A and B are in the ratio of The variable part varies with number of km
3 : 4 and their expenditures in the ratio of . travelledin the month.
4 : 5. Find the ratio of their savings, given => V = pn; where n is the number of km
that B saves a third of his income.
travelled in a month, and p is constant of
Sol: We take appropriate constants of proportionality .
:. T = F + pn
proportionality in the two cases.
A B From the given data, we get
Income' . 3x 4x 3200 = F + P (100) (1)
3800 = F + p (150) (2)
Expenditure 4y 5y
Solving (1) and (2), we get
Savings 3x - 4y 4x - 5y
p = 12 and F = 2000.
We have.been given that B saves a third of
his income. :. If Ram travels 250 km, total expenses are
T = 2000 + 250(12)
4x - 5y = 1/3(4x) => 8x = 15y
= 2000 + 3000 = RS.5,000
=>xIy = 15/8 => x = 15.kand y = 8k
=>-=3x-4y -
3(15k)-4(8k) --=-13k 13
The problems involving ratio and proportion are
4x - 5y 4(15k)- 5(8k) 20k 20 just different forms of the models of the basic
:. Ratio of their savings is 13 : 20 problems we saw above. For example, the
problem we just solved above might be reframed
2.14 If x varies directly with y check whether bringing in Mangoes, Bananas, Baskets, etc.
(x + y)2varies directly with (x - y)2. Here, practice and perseverance pay you a lot. In
entrance exams, there will be direct problems on
Sol: This is a model of a problem where a certain ratio or proportion or variation directly or
r~lationship is given and we are asked to application of these concepts just discussed to
check the relationship between different areas like Time and Work or Time and Distance.

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 Concept Revisited Questions
25 chocolates are distributed in the ratio 2 : 3 11. Quantity A varies directly as the product of B
between Sita and Rita respectively. How and C. A = 300, when B = 20 and C = 50.
many chocolates did Rita get? What is the value of B, when A = 900 and
(1) 10 (2) 15 (3) '12 (4) 18 C=60? .

=- If a : b = 2 : 7 then find 2a : 2b 12. A quantity P varies directly as the sum of Q

and R. If Q increases by 2 and R increases by
1. If x : y = 3 : 7 and y : z = 7 : 4 find x : z 2, then by how much does P increase?
(1) 0
Ratio of two numbers is 3 : 7 and their sum is (2) 2
20. Find the smaller of the two numbers. (3) 4
(4) Cannot be determined
5 If a : b = 7 : 4, then find (a + b) : (a - b)
(1) 11 : 3 (2) 3: 11 (3) 4: 7 (4) 7: 4 13. A quantity x varies inversely as the product of
y and z. When y = 7, Z = 8, then x = 5. What is
p : q = 4 : 1..If P = a + band q = a - b, then the value of x when y = 4 and Z = 10?
find a: b .
14. The salaries of A and B are in the ratio 2 : 3.
- There are a total of 30 employees in a The expenditures of A and B are in the ratio
company. The ratio of male employees to the 3 : 4. What is the ratio of the savings of A and
female employees is 8 : 7. How many female B?
employees have to be recruited so that the (1) 3:5
ratio becomes 1 : 1? (2) 1 : 1
(3) 1 : 2
S The marks obtained by Raju in Maths, Physics (4) Cannot be determined
and Chemistry are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4. If the
total marks that Raju obtained in these three 15. If 8 : 27 is the triplicate ratio of a : b, then find
subjects is 189, how many marks did Raju a: b.
score in Maths?
(1) 21 (2) 42 (3) 63 (4) 84 16. If 2 : 3 is the sub-duplicate ratio of a : b, then
find the duplicate ratio of a.: b.
Salary of A varies directly with the number of
working days in the mqnth. A gets on salary of 17. If a is 50% of b, b is 25% of C, then find a: c
Rs.10,OOO,if the number of working days in (1) 1 : 2 (2) 1 : 4 (3) 3: 4 (4) 1 : 8
the month is 25. What salary will he get when
the number of working days in the month is 18. The present ages of two persons are in the
26? . ratio 3 : 5. Five years hence the ratio of their
ages will be 2 : 3. Find the present age of the
.O. Quantities x and yare inversely proportional. younger person.
When x = 9, then y = 30. Find the value of y (1) 15 years (2) 20 years
whenx = 6. . (3) 25 years (4) 30 years.

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r
Exercise - 2(a)
Directions for questions 1 to 30: Select the property more than the youngest son, find
correct alternative from the given choices. . the total value of the property of the man.
(in lakhs of rupees)
1. Givena: b =3: 4, find 2a+3b (1) 7.20 (2) 6.00
3a+4b' (3) 4.80. (4) 4.20
(1) 18: 25 (2) 16: 25
(3) 9: 25 (4) 18: 49 9. A party is attended by a total of 60 persons. If
the ratio of men and women is 3 : 2, how
2. The weights of Arun and Bala are in the ratio many more men must join the party such that
4 : 5. If their total weight is 45 kg, find the the ratio becomes 7 : 3?
weight of Bala. (1) 10 (2) 15 (3) 20 (4) 25
(1) 15 kg (2) 20 kg
(3) 30 kg (4) 25 kg 10. There are two variables x and y, where x
3. A bag has coins hi the denominations of 50 p,
varies as the cube root of y. When y 8, =
=
x 2 find x, when y =216.
25 P and 20 p in the ratio 4 : 2 : 1. If the total (1) 6 (2) 12 (3) 18 (4) 24
value of the coins is Rs.54, find the number of
25 p coins in the bag. 11. There are two numbers m and n. Which of the
(1) 20 (2) 30 (3) 40 (4) 50 following must be added to two numbers
m and n such that their ratio becomes x : y?
4. Ifx + 16 : 4x + 20 is the triplicateratio of 3 : 4,
find x. (1) mx+ny (2) my+nx '"
(1) 11 (2) 27 (3) 38 (4) 65 y+x y-x

5. Find the value of a : b where aIb is an (3) my -nx (4) my +nx

x-y y+x
improper fraction satisfying the equation
16a2 -:-26ab + 9b2 =O. .
12. If a and b are two distinct positive numbers
(1) 9: 4 (2) 9: 8 and a : b is the duplicate ratio of the positive
(3) 25: 16 (4) 16: 9 ratio (a - p) : (b - p), where a, b, p are real
numbers, then find the value of p in terms of a
6. P is 60% of q, q is 25% of r, r is 40% of s. Find andb.
p: s.
(1) - ~a - b (2) ~a-b
(1) 3: 25 (2) 3: 50
(3) 9: 40 (4) 9: 20 (3) - Jab (4) Jab

7. In an exam, the ratio of Ajay's and Balu's 13. What should be added to two numbers which
marks is 4 : 5. If each of them had scored 36 are in the ratio 4 : 5 so that their ratio
more marks, the ratio of their marks would be becomes 5 : 6?
7 : 8. Find Balu's marks. (1) a. (2) 9
(1) 60 (2) 56 (3) 64 (4) 36 (3) 12 (4) Cannot be determined

8. An old man makes a willto divide his property 14. If a - b varies directly with a + b, a2 - b2 will
amohg his wife and two sons such that his vary directly with
wife gets half of the total amount received by (1) a2 + b2
the sons. His younger son gets a third of the (2) ab
total amount received by his wife and the (3) Both (1) and (2)
elder son. If his wife gets RS.60000 worth of (4) Neither (1) nor (2)

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'! The volume of a cube varies directly with the
cube of its side. If three cubes of sides 6 cm,
8 cm and 10 cm are taken together and
melted to form a fourth cube, find the side of
the fourth cube.
(1) 10 cm (2) 12 em
(3) 14 cm (4) 16 em
'S There are five vessels, with equal capacities,
each containing some milk. The quantities of
milk in the 5 vessels are in the ratio 4 : 5 : 6 :
7 : 8; such that the total of milk in the five
vessels is equal to 75% of the total capacities
of the 5 vessels. How many of the vessels are
at least 64% full of milk?
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 5
.- A number is divided into five parts. Twice the
first part, thrice the second part and four times
the fourth part are equal. Twice the second
part, five times the third part and six times the
last part are equal. Which of the following is
always true ifall the parts are integers?
(1) The first part is a multiple of 72
(2) The second part is divisible by the fourth
part
(3) The first part is a factor of the last part
(4) The product of the first and fourth parts is
divisible by 30.
.~ A truck rental agency has the following terms.
If a truck is rented for 8 hours or less the
charge is Rs.100 per hour or RS.8 per km
whichever is more. On the other hand, if the
truck is rented for more, than 8 hours, the
charge is Rs.80 per hour or Rs.6 per km
whichever is more. A company rented a truck
from the agency, and used it for 120 km and
paid Rs.800. For how many hours did the
companyrent thetruck? , (1) 5
(1) 6 (2) 8 (3) 10 (4) 12
'S. Three friends, Aravind, Bharath and Chandu
are about to have their breakfast. Aravind has
7 apples, Bharath has 5 apples and Chandu
has no apples but has 12 coins. He offers to
pay for some apples. They agree'to share the
12 apples equally among themselves and
agree that Chandu would pay 12 coins for his
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share. Bharath suggests that he be paid
5 coins and Aravind be paid "7coins. Aravind
says that he should get more than 7 coins.
How much should Aravind get?
(1) 11 coins (2) 10 coins
(3) 9 coins (4) 8 coins
20. The ratio of earnings to expenditure of A is 5 : 3
and that of B is 7 : 6. If the savings of A is
double the that of B. Then what could be the
ratio of total eamings of A and B,together to
the total expenditure of A and B together?
(1) 4: 3 (2) 3: 5 (3) 5: 3 (4) 2: 1
21. If heat radiated by a certain body per unit time
varies directly with the square root of the
excess of the temperature of the body over
the ambient temperature. The heat radiated
by the body in 1 second is 1i joul~s, when the
temperature of the body is 34°C. Find the
temperature of the body when the heat
radiated in 1 second was 20 joules. (Assume
the ambient temperature to be 25.C).
(1) 50°C (2) 45°C
(3) 40°C (4) 30.C
22. If a : b = 2 : 3 and p : q = 3 : 2, what is the
value of (2a2p3+ 3b2q3):'(3abpq2+ 4a2p2q)?
(1) 1 : 1
(2) 2: 3
(3) 6,: 7
(4) Cannot be d~termined
23. A quantity Q is obtained by adding three
quantities. The first is a constant, the second
varies as the square rq,ot of y and, the third
varies as the cube root of y. When
y = 1, Q = 90, when y = 64, Q = 450 and when
y = 729, Q = 1270. Find the constant.
(2) 10 (3) 15 (4) 20
24. A stone is dropped from a height of one km.
The distance it falls through varies directly
with the square of the time taken to fall
through that distance. If it travels 64 m in
4 seconds, find the distance the body covers in
the 5thsecond.
(1) 36 m (2) 24 m
(3) 28 m (4) 44 m
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/1J .
r
25. The lateral surface area of a right square the total surface area when the radius is
pyramid varies directly with the edge of its base 10 units.
when the slant height (the shortestdistancefrom (1) 1040 (2) 1120
the vertex to anyone of its edges) is constant. (3) 1260 (4) None of these
Also the lateral surface area of the pyramid
varies directlywith the slant height if the edge of 29. If P + q = q + r = p + r = k , then find k.
its base is constant. When the edge of the base r p q
is 7em and slant height is 14 em the lateral (1) 1
surface area is 196 em2.Find the lateral surface (2) -1
(3) 2
area of the pyramid when the edge of the base
(4) More than one of the above
is 12 em and slant height is 20 cm.
(1) 240 cm2 (2) 360 cm2 30. A string is cut into two parts such that the ratio
(3) 480 cm2 (4) 640 cm2 of the lengths of the complete string .and the
smaller part is 20 times the ratio of the lengths
26. The kinetic energy of moving bodies varies of the smaller part and the larger part. Find
directly with their masses, when the velocity is the ratio of the length of the string and the
constant and the kinetic energy of a particular square of the length of the smaller part (taken
body varies directly with the square of its in cm) if the longer part is 4cm.
(1) 5: 3 . (2) 5: 4
velocity. A body having a mass of 7.2 kg and
(3) 5: 2 . (4) 5: 1
a velocity of 0.2 mls has a kinetic energy of
0.144 joules. Find the kinetic energy of a body Directions for questions 31 to 33: These
having a mass of 3.6 kg and a velocity of questions are based on the data given below. .
0.8 m/s. (in joules) .

(1) 0.288 .
(2) 0.216 There are two villages P and Q. The population of
(3) 0.324 (4) 1.152 village P exceeds that of village Q by 100. The
ratio of the number of males and that of females in
27. The time taken by a group of workers to villages P and Q are 5 : 7 and 3.: 7 respectively.
complete a piece of work varies directly with Each person in the village belongs to exactly one
the amount of work to be done by them when
category - employed, unemployed and studying.
The ratios of the number of the employed, the
the nl!mber of workers is constant and
unemployed and those who are studying in the
inversely as the number of workers in the two villages P and Q are 1 : 2 : 3 and 1 : 3 : 6
group when the amount of work is constant. If respectively. The number of those who are'
8 workers take 1/2 a day to plough 2 acres of studying in the two villages are equal.
a field, find the time taken by 16 workers to
plough 8 acres of the field. 31. Find the population of village P.
(1) 1 day (2) 1/4 days (1) 500 (2) 600 (3) 550 (4) 650
(3) 3/4 days (4) 3/5 days
32. Find the total number of females in the two
villages.
28. The total surface area ofa cylinder having a
(1) 400 (2) 500 (3) 600 (4) 700
certain height is the sum of two parts. One of
. the parts varies directlywith the radius and 33. How many more I less unemployed people
the other parts varies directly with the square are there in village Q, when compared to that
of the radius. The total surface area is in village P?
7200 units when the radius is 30 units and (1) 50 more (2) 50 less
3600 units when the radius is 20 units. Find (3) 20 more (4) 20 less

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III"

~ons, for questions 34 and 35: Select the 35. The value of a diamond varies directly with
="'Ed alternativefrom the given choices the square of its weight. The diamond breaks
into three pieces' whose weights are in ttie
JI. TJ,e mean proportional between two numbers ratio 32 : 24 : 9. The loss caused due to the
s 12. The third proportional of the same breakage is Rs.25.44 lakhs. Find the value of
-:..mbers is 96. Find the greater of the two the unbroken diamond (in lakhs of rupees).
~~mbers. (1) 33.62 (2) 16.8.1
. 18 (2) 24. (3) 42.25 (4) 8.405
'3 12 (4) None of these /

Key
.6. 2 11. 3 16.2 21. 1 26.4 31. 2
7. 1 12. 3 17.4 22.3 27. 1 32. 4
8. 1 13.4 18. 3 23.2 28.4 33. 2
9. 3 14. 3 19.3 24. 1 29.4 34. 2
10. 1 15.2 20. 1 25.3 30.4 35. 3

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 Exercise - 2(b)
Directions for questions 1 to 15: Select the 8. There are three unequal quantities x, y and z
correct alternative from the given choices. in continued proportion.Which of the following
equals z : x?
2 2
1. 6x + y : 7x + 3y equals the duplicate ratio of (1) i: ~
2 : 3. Find x : y.
(2) ~
y2 - x2
(1) 3: 26
(3) 4: 13
(2) 3: 14
(4) None of these
(3) z2: i (4) Allof the above

9. A student took 6 papers in an examination,

a2 + b2 b2 + C2 where the maximum marks were the same for
2. Ifa*cand -=-=k,findk.
a+b b+c each paper. In all papers
together, the
(1) a + c (2) a - c candidate obtained 58% of the total marks.
His marks in these papers were in the ratio of
(3) c - a (4) ~a+c 12: 13 : 14: 15: 16: 17. Then the number of
papers in which he got more than 55% is
3. p, q, r, sand t are five integers satisfying (1) 6 (2) 5, (3) 4 (4) 3
=
p = 3q 4r and 2q = 5s = 12t. Which of the
following pairs contains a number that can 10. When Ganesh, was asked about his score in
last classroom test in which the maximum
never be an integer?
(1) (2p/15, q/t) (2) (pIt, 4r/t) marks were 50, he replied. "The ratio of
15 less than l"('Iyscoreto 15 morethan three
(3) (p/4, 1"81180) (4) (p/8, sIr)
times my score is 1 : 5" What is his score?
(1) 35 (2) 40 (3) 45 (4) 50
=
4. Find a : b : c, given 3a + 2b 7c and b =a + c
I (1) 3: 8: 5 (2) 1 : 6 : 5 11. If in an examination the scores of Shruthi and
(3) 1: 2 : 1 (4) 3: 10: 7 Tanuja are in the ratio 7:11, then the ratio of
sum of Tanuja's score and 2 times Shruthi's
5. Anitha divided some chocolates among her score to the sum of Shruthi's score and
three sons SLAch that for every 4 chocolates 3 times Tanjua's score is
that the eldest son got, her second son got (1) 29: 32 (2) 32: 29
3 chocolates. For every 2 chocolates that her (3) 5: 8 (4) 14: 33
second son got her third son got 3 chocolates.
If her second son got 12 chocolates, find the 12. If 4: 9 is the duplicate ratio of (4 + k) : (9 + k),
total number of chocolates received by the then find a possible value of k.
other two sons. (1) 36 (2) 6 (3) 13 (4) 0
(1) 46 (2) 18 (3) 34 (4) 51
13. The consumption of diesel per hour of a bus
6. Number 85 is divided into two parts such that varies directly as square of its speed. When
thrice the first part and twice the second part the bus is travelling at 40 kmph its
are in the ratio 18 : 5. Find the first part. consumption is 1 litre per hour. If each litre
(1) 60(2) 55. (3) 45 (4) 24 cost RsAO and other expenses per hour is
Rs.40, then what woufd be the minimum
7. "Find a possible value of p : q given that expenditure required to cover a distance of
400 km?
21p2 + pq = 15. (1) RS.600
3pq_q2. (2) Rs.700
(1) 5: 4 (2) 7: 3 (3) RS.800
(3) 3: 7 (4) 5: 6 (4) Cannot be determined

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~ ... .:.certain number of chocolatesare divided
=rnong Ajay, Sujay a,nd Vijay such that Ajay
;e:s 1/5th of what Sujay and Vijay together
;et. Sujay gets 1/4th of what Ajay and Vijay
Dgether get. If Sujay got 2 chocolates 1)'10re
-:-an Ajay, then how many chocolates did
,jay get?
. 22 (2) 60 (3) 38 (4) 48
<£ ~~e cost of bars of a precious metal varies as
-e square of the weight of the bar. Metal bars
:..<weights in the ratio 4 : 5 : 6 are bought from
:--ree different places and melted together to
"tYm a big bar. As a result, there is an
rcrease of Rs.4,440 in the worth of the metal
:lars. What is the cost of the lightest bar?
. Rs.750 (2) RS.1080
3 RS.480 (4) Rs.600
~ons for questions 16 to 19: These
8eS::ons are based on the data given below:
~ are two software companies in a city
-
"!rc.'1Softcom"and "Fast Softcom".The ratio of
,..Imber male employees to the number of
,Directions for questions 20 to 33: Select the
correct altemative from the given choices.
20. A salesman for a company gets an incentive
for every unit of product he sells apart from
his fixed salary. He gets Rs.8,OOO and
Rs.9,OOOfor 150 and 200 units he sold
respectively., If he sells 400 units, what is his
income per unit?
(1) Rs.32.5 (2) Rs.30
(3) RS.27.5 (4) Rs.20
21. The electricity bill for a month varies as the
number of units consumed. The charge per
unit is Rs.1.35 upto 50 units used. If the
number of units consumed is more than
50 then the cost of the additional units is
Rs.2.70. If the consumption in the first month
is 97 units, then what should the consumption
in the second month be, such that the
average for the two months combined is
RS.135per month?
- . (1) 46 . (2) 56 (3) 53 (4) 57

-
...~ employees in 'Smart Softcom" is 5: 3 and
"Fast Softcom" is 7 : 5. The ratio of number
...

:r :-!ployees in the age groups (in completed

22. The earnings of A and B are in the ratio 3 : 7
and that of Band C is 4 : 9 and that of D and
C is 7 : 6. If the sum of the earnings of A, B, C
and D together is Rs.52950, then what are the
~ 21 to 30, 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 in "Smart
earnings of D?
iaiCom" and "Fast Softcom" are respectively 4 : 5 : 7
81: 2 : 1 : 3. The number of employees in the age
(1) Rs.21,050 (2) Rs.22,050
JI:l-D 21 to 30 in both the companies is same and (3) Rs.23, 050 (4) Rs.24,050
~ Softcom has 400 employees more than the
~ Softcom". '
23. If p : q : r: s is 3 : 4 : 7 : 6 and p + q = 84, then
r+ s is
'- ---ow many employees are there is Fast (1) 294 (2) 156 (3) 147 (4) 303
~ftcom? .
1) 1600 (2) 1200 (3) 800 (4) 600 24. If p = 9, q = 18, r = 36, then which of the
following is true?
- ...,owmany male employees are there is two (1) p': p'" p2 : q2
:ompanies together? (2) p: r =( 1'2+ q2) : (~ + q2)
1) 1100 (2) 1300 (3) p: r = q2 : ~
3) 1500 (4) 1700 (4) All of these

" Nhat is V1e difference in the number of 25. The monthly telephone bill has a fixed tariff of
employees in the age group 41, to 50 in RS.250 for upto a 50 outgoing calls. For over
-Smart Softcom" and Fast Softcom? 50 calls, therl;~is a charge of RS.1.25 per call.
1) 300 (2) 200 (3) 100 (4) 400 The ratio of the bill paid by Aravind and
Prasad for a particular month is 2 : 3 and the
~ ,Vhat is t.he ratio of number of male number of out going calls made by Aravind is
employees ,In Fast Softcom to the number of 90 then what is the number of outgoing calls
:emale employees in Smart Softcom? m~de by PrasaCl?
1) 7:
3) 1: 62 (2) 2:
(4) 1
7: 10 (1) 210 (2) 250 (3) 160 (4) 180

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r'

26. The kinetic energy that a body acquires when it
falls freely for a time t varies directly with the
square of t for a given mass. For bodies, of
different masses for a given value of t, the kinetic
energy varies directly as the mass. The kinetic
, energy of a body of mass 5 kg, which is under
free fall for 10 seconds is 25 kilojoules. Find the
kinetic energy of a i::>odywith mass 2.5 kg, which
is free fall for 3 seconds (in kilojoules)
(1) 102.5 (2) 1.125
(3) 125 (4) None of these
31. Find b : a from the equation 15a2 - 26ab + 8b2= 0
given that b/a is a proper fraction.
(1) 2: 5 (2) 5: 2 (3) 4: 5 (4) 3: 4
32. The distance through which a freely falling
body drops is directly proportional to tlie
square of the time for which it drops. If a body
falls through 320 m in 8 seconds, then find the
distance that the body falls through in the next
, 2 seconds.
,

(1) 160 m (2) 180-m

27. 18 men take 30 days to complete a piece of (3) 95 m (4) 120 m
work working 10 hours a day. Find the time
taken by 25 men to complete five times as 33. If x : y : z = 3 : 5 : 7 and a = 2x, b = 3y and c = 6z,
much workworking 12 hours a day. then a : b : c is equal to .
(1) 30 days' (2) ;36days (1) 2: 3 : 6 (2) 2: 5 : 14
(3) 72 days (4) ,90 days (3) 5: 8 : 13 (4) 1 : 2 : 1
28. The cost (C) of a certain type marble varies as Directions for questions 34 and 35: These
the square root of its surface area (A) when its questions are based on the data given below:
thickness (T) is constant and C varies square
of T when A is constant. If the cost of a piece Thomas and Lala using cell phone services under
of the marble of surface area 1600 sq.cm. and
thickness 3 cm is Rs.360. what is the cost of a particular schemes in which the bill depends on
the marble piece of area 900 .sq.cm. and . the number of out going calls made and the
thickness 4 cm? number of incoming calls received. For every out
(1) Rs.360 (2) Rs.480 going call made, the charge is RS.2.50 and for
(3) RS.540 (4) Rs.600 every incoming call received the charge is Re.1. In
a particular month, the number of calls' received
29. The mass of a liquid varies directly with its by Thomas is 10 more than than that by Lala.
volume (when all other parameters are
constant). The mass of a liquid is 12' gm when 34. If the number of out going calls made by Lala
its volume is 15 cm3. Find the mass of the liquid is 70 and the total number of calls (Le.,
if its volume is 25 cm3.
incoming cells received and out going calls
(1) 24 gm (2) 30 gm made) for Lala is 150, what is the bill for Lala?
(3) 20 gm (4) 18 gm (1) RS.255 (2) RS.250
(3) RS.245 (4) Rs.260
30. The radii of cylinders of equal height vary directly
with the square root of their volumes. The radii 35. If ihomas is Rs.250 and the number of calls
of cylinders of equal volume vary inversely as
received by Lala is 60, then what is the total
the square root of their heights. The radius of a
cylinder is 10 cm when its volume is 1500 cm3 number calls (Le., incoming calls received and
and height is 5 cm. Find the radius of the out going calls made) for Thomas and Lala
cylinder of volume 2400 cm3 and height 2 cm together, if the number calls made by Lala is
(1) 10cm (2) 15cm 20 more than that of Thomas?
(3) 20 cm (4) 25 cm (1) 324 (2) 314 (3) 304' (4) 294

Key

l. 1 6. 1 11. 3 16.2 21. 3 26.2 31. 4

2. 1 T 3 '12. 2 17.4 22.2 27. 4 32.2
3. 4 8. 4 13. 3 18. 3 23. 2 28. 2 33.2
4. 3 9. 3 14. 3 19. 1 24. 4 29.3 34. 1
5. 3 10. 3 '15. 3 20, 1 25. 1 30.3 35.4

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 Chapter -3
PERCENTAGES - PROFIT & LOSS - PARTNERSHIPS
~CENTAGE = Quality increase from 1993 to 1994 x 100 ..
Actual production of rice in 1993
~- implies "for" every hundred". This
="='" is developed to facilitate easier = - 17 x 100 =75/9% .
225
---a"'SOn of fractions by equallsing the
-'::'--ators of all fractions to hundred. Ratio between any two quantities can also be

.
;;W ~3"1ple" 7/11 as percentage is represented expressed as percentage. . \. } ~ . S
For example, if the ratio of A and 8 is 3 : 2, we \ \ 1. ...
...,
, can say the ratio of A : 8 is 60% : 40%. ~
. ..,;;'
Whenever there is any percentage increase or
~:ages can also be represented as decimal decrease on a quantity, we can directly calculate
~;.--s In such a case it is effectivelyequivalent. the new valu~ of the quantity instead of calculating
8T:'X1ion of the originalquantity. the actual increase / d~crease and then adding to
/ subtracting from the originalquantity.
~

:or ~~Z'1ple,20% is the same as ~, i.e, 0.2. For example,ifthe increase on a figureof 350 is'
100W

- :e-centage can be expressed as a decimal

-=c,... by dividingthe percentage figure by 100
15%, the new quantity is 1.15 x 350 = 402.5
(where 1.15 = 1 + 0.15, 0.15 being the decimal
equivalent of 15%).
.. :::::nversely,
any decimalfractioncan be
~ed to percentage by multiplyingit by 100. . If the production in 1994 is given as 400 MTand
the increase from 1993 to 1994 is given to be
~:E\'TAGE INCREASE or DECREASE of a 25%, then the production in 1993 willbe equal to
, ISthe ratio expressed in percentage of .400/1.25 = 320 MT (where 1.25 =1 + 0.25, 0.25
- a:-..;al INCREASEo~. DECREASEof the being the decimalequivalent of 25%). 4~.'
---, tothe originalamountofthe quantity,i.e., . L~':-
Similarly, if there is a decrease of 12% on a
~.::.ENTAGE INCREASE quantity of 225,
"- then the' new quantity will be
equal to 225 x 0.88 (where 0.88 = 1 - 0.12,0.12
- .:=...a! increase x 100 being the decimal equivalent of 12%).
:.- :;"'al quantity

~:a.'TAGE DECREASE If the production in 1994 is given as 400 MT

and it is a decrease of 13% from 1993, then the
-=..a decrease x 100 production in 1993 will be «;!qualto 400/0.87
:: ?~I
.. quantity (where 0.'37 = 1 - 0.13, 0.13 being the decimal
equivalent of 13%). ,,'1
~ ~;Z"1ple,ifthe production of rice went up from
== r- in 1993 to 242 MT in 1994. then the On the basis of percentage increase, we can write
"-:-~-.age increase in rice production from 1993 down how many times thE.\old value gives the new
s :..:..:.:S
calculated as follows: value. For example, if the percentage increase is
100%,thenwe can concludethat the newvalue is
-<:...s ~crease =242 - 225 =17 MT 2 times the old value. Ifthe pE~rcentageincrease is
~-"""4Qe increase 300%,the new value is 4 times the old value..If
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 the percentage increase is 450%, then the new' Now, we have 100 graduates in 2000 going
value is 5.5 times the old value. In general, if the upto 144.375 in 2003, which is a 44.375%
percenta~crease is p%, then the new value is increase (betause the base is 100 itself).
~ + 11
100( )
tlrt
mes the old value. In general,
.
if there are successive increases ofp%, q%
Conversely, if we know how many times the old
and r% in three stages, the effective
value gives the new value, we can find out the percentage increase is
percentage increase in the old value to get the 100 + p 100 + q 100 H
new value. For example, if the new value is 3
times the old value, the percentage increase in the
{( 100 )( 100 )(
100
-1 'X 100
)}
old value to get the new value is 200%. If the new
value is 4.25 times the old value, then the If one or more of p, q and r are decrease
percentage figures and not increase
percentage increase is 325%. In general, ,if the
new value is k times the old value, then the percentage, then it will be taken as a
negative figure and not as a positive figure.
percentage increase i~ ~'X 100. J
Similarly, if the resultant figure is negative, it
Examples means it is a net decrease..

3.01 The production of rice increased by 75% The same can be extended to any number
from 1990 to 1995. From 1995 to 2000, there of successive increase or 'decrease
was a 100% increase. Find the percentage
. " percentaQes.
increase in production of rice from 1990 to
, ..,~5 ,').15
2000.
.
Sol: If production of rice in 1990 is 100, 'it will be
3.03 The price of a Swiss watch was Rs.12,OOO in
2001. But due to devaluation of the rupee it
became Rs.15,000. What is the percentage
175 in 1995. Then there was a 100% increase in the price of the Swiss watch?
increase from 1995 to 2000: This mejins, in
2000 the rice production will be 175 + 175 Sol: Percentage increase
=350. ,

= Final Pr ice - Initial Pr ice x 100

So, production went up from 100 in 1990 to Initial Pr ice
\; .'\> '" 350 in 2000, an increase of 250 on the
~ :\~;) original quantity of 100, this is a' 250% = 15,000 - 12,000 x 100 = 25%
increase. 12,000

3.04 In 2000, Rahul's salary is Rs.24,000 and

3.02 The percentage increase in graduates from a
Reema's salary is Rs.16,000. In 1999,
University is as follows: , ' 00 ~, Reema's salary was 25% of the sums of
2000- 2001 ~ 10% )0." .~:~ 1~~~) 1.4& their salaries in 2000. What is the
2001- 2002~ 25% !;:. percentage increase in Reema's salary from
2002 - 2003 ~ 5% 1999 to 2000?
What is the overali percentage of increase in
graduates from 2000 to 2003? Sol: Reema's salary in 1999
= (24,000 + 16,000) x 25 = 10,000
Sol: Let number of graduates in 2000 be 100. 100
Therefore number of graduates Reema's salary in 2000 = 16,000
In 2001 = (1DO)+ 10% of 100 = 110 Percentage increase in Reema's Salary
In 2002 = (110) + 25% of 110 = 137.5 = 16,000-10,000 x100=60%
In 2003 = (137.5) + 5% of 1~7.5 = 144.375 10,000
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 3.08 If the price of an item goes up by 20% by
what percentage should it be reduced to
bring it down to the original price?

~ ,="714 Sol: Let originalprice =100

. NewPrice=120,due to 20%increase.
:: . =3.5C Now, to bring this down to the original price,
we have to effect a reduction of 20 out of
~ 850 =782 120.
:c
-~ method: Hence, percentage reduction
- ~ squal to 714;
20
=. -x100 2
= 1613%

0
.
120
714
~ 92% =92 x - =782.
84 In this problem, the percenta~e reduction
can be writtenas 20 x 100
,~ --'? :::0 of the salaries of A and 8 is 3 : 2%. [ (100+ 20) ]
:-. .-oa;.percentage is A's salary greater and can be generated as {(100x)/(100 + x)}%
-=- 0-0<of 8's?
3.09 If Deshpande's. salary is 25% more than
Ram Prakash's salary, then by what
.. ---=':'- .ef"ratio 3 : 22/3=3:
~=~:~=9: 8
3 3 3 percentage is Ram Prakash's salary, less
--'! ~ of salaries of A and 8 is 9 : 8. Le than Deshpande's salary?
re- 8's salary is 8 A's salary is 1 more Sol: Note the words "MORE THAN"and "LESS
-z- 3's.
THAN"given in the problem. When we say
~ta9F by which A's salary is greater Deshpande's salary is 25% MORE THAN,if
-~ os is -x100=12.5% we take Ram Prakash's salary as 100, the
8
working out of the problem becomes easier.
8r --e ~ight of a triangle is increased by
-: c and the base by 10%. What is the
. In general the object or quantity that follows
MORE THAN or LESS THAN should be
=--sequent increase in area? made as 100.

.. -=- ...tialheight be 'h' and the initialbase be In this case,

if Ramprakash's salary = 100, then
Deshpande's salary = 125.
-ta' area = ..!.bh Ram Prakash's salary is less than Deshpande's
2
by 25. .
-zsase in height =15% =~xh=0.15h
100 As a Percentage it is 25 x 100 = 20%
-125
~.. ~ight =h + 0.15h =1.15h n this problem,' the percentage calculated in
-~e inbase =~xb=0.1b the last step can be written as
100
~ base = b + 0.1b= 1.1b
1
'e«Area = -(1.15h)(1.1b)
2
~
25
(100 + 25)
x100.

3.10 If the price of coffee goes up by 25% what

]
should be the percentage reduction in the
:: -:-:m(1.265)
quantity consumed so that the total
'"'Uease in Area =(0.1325) bh expenditure on coffee remains the same?
,
=-crcentage increase in area
Sol: Let p be the price and q the quantity initially.
:: :::1325)bh x100=26.5% Since the price went up by 25%, the new
rO.5)bh price is 1.25p. If the new quantity is z, what

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{ /1
 is asked is'z as a percentage of the original Profit = 250 - 200 = Rs.50
Profit 50
quantity q. This will be equal to q - z x 100 Profit%=-x100=- x 100 = 25%
q CP 200
Since the total expenditure is .the same,
q. 3.12 A merchant gains 25% by selling a book for
p.q. = 1.25p. z ~ z=-
1.25 Rs.20. Whatwould be his percentage gain or
:. Percentage reduction in quantity is: loss if he sold at
q (1) Rs.12 (2) Rs.10
q--
1.25 x100 = 0.25 x100= 25 =20% (3) Rs.18 (4) Rs.24
q 1.25 125
n this problem, the percentage reduction i Sol: S.P = Rs.20, Profit = 25%
the quantity can be written as 20 - CP
Profit%= x100=25 ~ C.P= RS.16
25 x100. C.p' .
~(100 + 25) ~ (1) S.P = 12, q.P = 16
16-12 .
Loss = x100=25; loss Is25%
{In this problem also, the percentage 16
reduction in quantity can be written as (2)S.P= 10,C.P= 16 .
10 100}
t100 + 10) x 16-10 .
Loss%= x100=37.5: loss IS 37.5%
In the above' three examples, if the 16 .
percentage given initially is x, what is asked to
. 100x (3) S.P = 18, C.P = 16
be found IS (100 + x) .
18-16 .
. Wecan generalize each of the three cases as Profit%=-x100=12.5;Profit IS 12.5%.
below: . 16 .

If the value of an item goes up/down by x%, the (4)S.P = 24, C.P = 16
percentage reductionlincrement to be now made 24-16 ..
to bring it back to the original level is Profit%= x100=50; Profit IS 50%
16 .
100x %
t100 :!: x) 0 3.13 By selling a table lamp at Rs.260, Soman
makes a profit of 30%. Find the cost price of
If A .is x% morelless than B, then B is the table lamp.
100x
I. M . .. \ % less/more than A. Sol: CostPrice=260x 100 -Rs.200
(100+30)

If the price of an item goes up/down by x%, then 3.14 The selling price of 10 pencils is the cost
the quantity consumed should be price of 14 pencils. Find the profit
. 100x percentage.
reducedltncreased by (100:!:. x) % so that the
total expenditure remains the same. Sol: Such problems where there is no amount
specified for the Cost Price (C.P) or the
Sales Price (S.P), the best approach is to
assume cost of each unit to be Re. 1 and
3.11 A shopkeeper bought a watch for Rs.200
and sold it for RS.250. What is his profit proceed.
Let cost of each pencil be Re.1. Then cost of
percentage?
10 pencils is Rs.10 and cost of 14 pencils is
Sol: S.P = Rs.250. Rs.14. Since S.P. of 10 pencils is equal to
C.P = Rs.200 the cost of 14 pencils, which we know is
Rs.14, the S.P of 10 pencils RS.14.
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 ',ow S.P and C.P of 10 pencils is RS.14 and The computation is done as follows:
D,S10 respectively.
Ne get profit percentage as follows. Profit = Sale Price -
Cost Price = S.P. - C.P.
14-10 ', SP.- C.P.
P~ofit%=-'x100=40% Percentage Profit = x 100 =
10 CP.
~'ffiC£NTAGE POINTS Pr ofit x 100
C.P.
-'0: :c"ICept of "percentage points" is important in ' Loss = C.P. - S.P.
- ~ ...sageof percentages. Percentage points is
Percentage Loss = -
Loss
x 100
- ~ ::~erence of two percentage figures. C.P.
-=' ...s understand this with an example. It is customary to express Profit/Loss as
: -~ that rice forms 20% of total food grain percentage of Cost Price. However,' in some
:--r:..dion in Year I and 30% of total food grain problems it may specifically be given that
:-. ::...ction in Year II. profitlloss percentage has been calculated on the
selling price or the student may be ask~d to
- -e are asked to find out the percentage calculate the profit/loss percentage on the selling
- ,93Se in the production of rice, calculating price. Unless such specific directions are given,
:"" :e""~ge increase from 20 to 30 as
the profit/loss percentage is always to be
.':..2C x 100 and saying it is 50% increase is calculated 01')the cost price.
I

":- ::o<Tect.With the available data, we cannot . Given ProfitlLoss percentage along with S.P., C.P.
-r-: : t the percentage increase in the production can be found out and similarly, given Profit/Loss
- ce "'om Year I to Year II. We can only say that percentage along with C.P., S.P. can be found out
-; ::::'oduction of rice as a percentage
- -~: food grain production went up by by using the concepts discussed at the beginning
- ~RCENTAGE POINTS (the 10 being the of this chapter (where, if percentage increase or
- - :ase from 20 to 30 - both percentage figures) decrease is given, we can find out the new value
from the old value or the old value from the new
'=~ see by taking the following figures that the value).
JE~ge increase in rice production need not
::;o:~. The following simple rules can be remembered for
Year I Year II,
this purpose.

::. -.E 1000 960 '

- -a 'oodgrains 5000 3200 Given the cost price (C.P.) and profit
::.~ as percent of 20% 30% percentage p%, the selling price will be
. (100+p )
-=.0.'oodgrains given by S.P. = C.P. x
-== .:;I,ilerice is 20% of total food grains in Year 100
:-:: 30% of total food grains in Year II, we find
=-e actual production of rice has not even
-:-~ - it decreased from 1000 in Year I to Given the cost price (C.P.) and loss
E ... fear II. percentage p%. the selling price will be
given by S.P. = CP. x
(100 - P)
... "tm AND LOSS 100
- ,,- business/commercial environment the most
~ '-.ant concern is about the profitlloss, of the
:-S3Ction conducted. . Given the selling price (S.P.) and profit
percentage p%, the cost price will be given
-~ SEI-UNGPRICE (S.P) and the COST PRICE 100
: = Of an article determine the profit or loss by C.P. = S.P. X I \
100 + p
-.a:o:~ the particular transaction.
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 Examples
Given the selling price (S.P.) and loss
percentage p%, the cost price will be given 3.15 The cost of 4 apples is equal to the selling
100
by C.P. = S.P.x , \ price of 6 apples. Find the profit or loss
100 - P percentage.

When two arti~les are SOLD at the; same price Sol: Let the cost of each apple be Re.1
(Le., their S.P. is the same) such that there is a :. Cost of 6 apples = RS.6.
PROFIT ofp% on one article and a LOSS of p% S.P. of 6 apples = Cost of 4 apples = Rs.4
on the other (Le., common profit or loss Since cost price is greater than the selling
percentage), then, irrespective of what the S.P. price, it will be a loss in the transaction and
actually is, the net result of the transaction is hence
LOSS. This percentage loss is given by 6-4
Loss Percentage =-x100=331/3%
Loss percentage . 6

= (Common profit or lossY =-p2 3.16 A trader cheats his customers to make a
100 100 profit by announcing that he sells at cost
price but gives his customers only 900 ml for
MARKED PRICE or LiSt PRICI= is the price that every litre. What is his profit percentage?
is indicated or marked on the product or it is the
price which is given in the price list. This is the . Sol: The trader delivers only 900 ml to his
price at which the product is intended to be sold. customer, while declaring it as 1 litre.
However, there can be some DISCOUNT given on Hence, his cost price, in this transaction, is
this price and consequently, the actual SE;LLlNG of 900 ml. If cost price is assumed as Re.1
PRICE of the product may be .Iess than the for ml, cost price of 900 ml is Rs.900
MARKED PRICE. He declares to the customer that he is
delivering 1 litre and collects the sale price of
SELLING PRICE = MARKED PRICE - DISCOUNT 1 litre.
Because his sale price and cost price are
The amount of discount given can also be same, he collects 1000 x Re.1
expressed as a percentage. DISCOUNT is always = RS.1000as sale price
expressed as a percentage of the MARKED Hence, percentage profit
PRICE or the LIST PRICE.
= (1000- 900) x 1~0
900
DISCOUNT percent
= Marked Pr ice - SellingPrice x 100
-
-9-
100 - 111, o/c
go
Marked Pr ice

3.17 A sells to B a desk at 10% profit, B sells it to

Certain discount is given on an article whose C for 15% profit. If C pays RS.506for it what
selling price is S.P. If further discounts are given is the price at which A bought the desk?
on this discounted price, such discounts ,are
referred to as successive discounts. If the Sol: Let the price at which A bought the desk = p
110
successive discounts are p%, q% and r%, on a
product whose selling price is S.P., then the
.
( )
B'sC.P = P -
100
=1.1p
effective price after all the discounts is given by 115
(100)=1.1
C's C.P= (Up) - x 1.15p
.

Discounted price = S.P. x (100 - p)(1 00 - q)(100 - r) 'C bought the desk at RS.506.
100x100x100
:.1.1 x 1.15 p = 506 ::p = Rs.400.
Hence, A bought the desk at Rs.400.

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: -! 'zra~ sells a chair at a loss of 10%. If he 3.21 If goods are purchased for RS.1200 and one-
-ac sold it at a profit of 5%, he would have fourth of them sold at a loss of 10%, then at
~ RS.75. What is the cost price of the
=-aor? what profit percentage should the rest be
sold to obtain a profit percentage of 1O%?
io ~ difference in profit and loss percentages
:s5 - (-10) = 15% 1200
.E CP of chair = C Sol: C.P of one fourth of goods = - =Rs.300
4
. 75 S.P of these goods at 10% loss
'Stltc ofC = Rs.75 :. C=-=Rs.500
0.15 = 300 x 0.9 = Rs.270
Let S.P. of the rest of the goods be X.
: .:: ~d bought 12 kg of cashewnuts for 10% profit on RS.1200 gives
Qs.360. He was forced to' sell them at a loss S.P = Rs.1320 = X + 270 ~X = 1050
.
if as much money as the S.P of 3 kg. At 1050 2

,'.'18tprice did he sell the cashewnuts?

:. Profit % = -
900(x 100 - 100 = 16/3%
)
30 ass = C.P - S.P
3.22 Pavan calculates his profit on selling price
~et S.P per kg = 5 and finds it to be 16%%. What is his actual
-055 = 3 x S.P. per kg = 35 profit percentage?
3s = 360 - 125
= 5 = Rs.24 Sol: Let's assume S.P = Rs.100. Since profit
= 162/3% of S.P, his profit is Rs.162f3.
:..:: :'shabuys a certain number of oranges at 12 :. C.P = 100 - 16213= 831/3; Profit = 162/3
::>erRs.9 and the same number at 18 per
~s.9. If she sells them at 18 per Rs.15, does 16%
she gain or lose and by what percentage?
:. ProfitPercentage= t;' x 100 = 20%
83/3

:e ~et the number of oranges that Asha bought 3.23 Prasad sells two TV sets, one at a loss of
be 2X Le. X oranges at each of the 2 prices. 15% and the other at a profit of 15%. Find
~e C.P of X oranges at 12 per RS.9 the loss or gain percentage in the overall
transactions.
= x.( 19J= 3: .
Sol: When 2 items are sold at the SAME selling
Similarly, C.P of X oranges at 18 per RS.9 price, one at p% profit and the other at p%
loss, irrespective of what the selling price is,
=X.C~)= ~ the net result is always a loss and the loss
2
3X X 5X
C.P of the oranges = - + - =- percentage = L .Here, the common profit
424 100
. 15 10X 5X or loss = 15%
S.P. of the oranges = 2X.- =- =- 152
18 6 3 :. Net loss = - = 2.25%
5X 5X 100
---
= So, Prasad makes 21/4%loss overall.
Profit%
3 5X 4 x 100 (because
3.24 If Alok sells an article at three-fifth of its
4
selling price he makes a loss of 25%. What
5X >5X ) will be the profit or loss percentage, if he
3 4 sells it at the actual selling price? .
5X
--- 5X -5X Sol: Let the C.P be 100.
= 3 4 x100= R x100= 33113% When sold at 3/5th of S.P. the loss is 25%.
-5X -5X This means S.P. in this case = 75. This 75 is
4 4 3/5 times the actual S.P.
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~
Hence 75 = (~) S.P.
=>Actual S.P = 125
If he sells at the actual S.P., then Alok
makes a profit of 25 against a cost price of
100 Le. 25% profit.
3.25 A trader' marks his pr~ducts 30% over his
, cost and then gives a discount of 5%. What
is his profit percenta,ge in the transaction?
Sol: Let C.P. be 100, then marked price is 130.
On this, a discount of 5% is given.
5% of 130 = 6.5,
Hence the product is are sold at
123.5 (130 - 6.5) ,
:. Profit percentage = 23%%
3.26 ~anjay gives a discount of 15% on the
marked price and in the process makes a
profit of 19%. By what perrpntage did he
mark the product over the cost price?
Sol: Let C.P. be 100. Then the S.P is 119 (as
profit percentage is 19)
This S.P. of 119 has been obtained after
a discount of 15% on the marked price. In
other words, the S.P. is 85% of the marked
price.
, 119
:. Marked Price = -=140
0.85
Since C.P. = 100 and the marked price is
140, we can conclude that Sanjay has
marked his product 40% over the cost price.
3.27 Ajay sold his cycle ata loss of 9%. If he sold
, it for RS.75more, he would have made a
profit of 16%. Find the cost of the cycle.
Sol: Let cost price be 100. Since he sold at a loss
of 9% his S.P would be 91. But, ,if he sold at
a profit of 16%, his S.P would be 116 Le. the
difference betweelJ the two selling prices is
25. But, we are given that the difference in
the two selling prices is Rs.75. If difference
between selling prices is 25, the C.P is 100.
:. If differenceis 75,then
75
C.P. = -x100=300
25
Hence, the cost price of Ajay's cycle is
RS.300.
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PARTNERSHIPS
Two or more people can get together to do
business by pooling their resources. The money
put in by each of the partners ,is called his
"INVESTMENT" or "CAPITAL."
All the people who have invested money in the
partnership are called PARTNERS.
While two or more partners would have invested
money, it is not necessary that all of them should
be involved in the day-to-day running of the
business. The partners involved in the day-to day
activities of the business are called "working
partners" and the others are called "sleeping
partners" ,Or"dormant partners.".
The profits left after paying the working partners'
remuneration/commission are shared amongst all
the partners.
Sometimes, the partners also take interest on their
investments and only the remaining profits are
shared by the partners.
Sharing of profits among the partners also
depends ,on the understanding between the
partners. However, if no special scheme of
sharing the profits is specified (in a problem), then
the profits are shared based on the investments of
the partners. There are three different possibilities
that exist here.
If the partners invest DIFFERENT amounts
each for the SAME period of time, then the
profits at the end of the year are shared in the
ratio of their investments.
If the partners invest the SAME amounts for
DIFFERENT periods of time, then the profits
at the 'end of the year are shared in the ratio
of the time periods for which their respective
investments have been in business.
If the partners invest DIFFERENT amounts
'
and' the time periods for which their
investments are in the business are also
DIFFERENT, then the profits at the end of the
year are shared in the ratio of the product
(investment x time period) for each partner.
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 .,
--.;:-=, :"':". De problems that are' modelled along 5
0.1 P + -(0.9P)=58,OOO
'II! ;;-~g of profits in partnerships. An example 13
:r -.. -.pe is where a particular facility (like
.-:-; : ;rador for ploughing their fields by three => 5.8P =58000
13 '
~J"'"' :~Ie) is used by more than one party
ar= -e~- has to be shared by all the concerned
=>P = 1,30,000:. Waqar'ssharewill be
8
=--~ - similar to sharing of profits in a =-x
13
(0.9)(1,30,000) = Rs.72,OOO (or)
.
;:;a--~-'P
Total Profit - Payment to Wasim
= 1,30,000 - 58,000 = Rs.72,OOO

:...:!! 5a-.a and Banta invest RS.21,000 and 3.31 A. started a business with Rs.40,OOO. After
=-$ . "',500 respectively in a business and at 2 months B joined him with Rs.60,OOO. C
-e end of the year they make a profit of
joined them after some more time with
Rs.1,20,000. At the end of the year, out of a
=526,400. Find their individual shares in the
~~. total profit of RS.3,75,OOO, C gets
Rs.1,50,000 as his share. How many months
after B joined.the business did C join?
io S""'Ce both their investments are there in the
: si"less for the same duration (1 year), Sol: The ratio of the shares of profits is
:"'J~ will be shared in the ratio of their
(40,000 x 12) : (60,OOOx 10) : (1,20,000 x P)
-.estments i.e. 21,000: 17,500 = 6: 5. [Here 'P' is the number of months that C was
Santa's Share with the business] = 24 : 30 : 6P = 4: 5 : P
6
= - x 26,400 = Rs.14,400 C's Share = --.e..- of total profit
11 p+q
But this is given to be equal to RS.1,50,000
3.a'lta's Share = ~x 26,400 = RS.12,OOO
11 . out of a total of Rs.3,75,000.
Hence --.e..-= 1,50,000=> --.e..- = 3-
:..:s °:erana starts a business with Rs.45,OOO. . 'p+q 3,75,000 p+q 5
~"'fee months later Sanjana joins her with' =>p=6
°05.30,000. At the end of the year in what So, C was with the business for 6 months.
-aoo should they share the profits? Hence C joined the business 4 months after,
B joined the business.
~ S~aring of. profits will be in the ratio of
nvestments multiplied by the time period. 3.32 Peter started a business with Rs.20,OOO
'1encethe ratio is
. John joined him 4 months later with
45,000 x 12) : (30,OOOx 9) 2: 1 = Rs.30,OOO.After 2 months Peter withdr~w
:.:: .'Iasim started a business with Rs.25,OOO Rs.5000 of his capital and 2 more months
a"d after 4 months Waquar joined him with later John brought in Rs.20,OOOmore. At the
Qs.60,OOO. Wasim received RS.58,OOO end of the year what should be the ratio in
r-cluding 1O%.of the profits as commission which they should share ttie profits?
'or managing the business. What amount did
Naquar receive? Sol: ,Here, even for each individua1, the capital
was not the same for the entire period his
X. Ratio of shares of profits is money was in the business. So, the term of
:25,000 x 12) : (60,000 x 8) 5.: 8 = the ratio for a person will be sum of products
...et the total profit be P, as Wasim receives of investment multiplied by time period for
10% of this as commission, the remaining different parts of the year.
90% of P is shared in the ratio of 5 : 8. Peter has 20,000 for 6 months and then
I-ience Wasim's receipts will be 5/131h of 90% since he withdrew 5000 he had onry 15,000
of total profit plus his commission.
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 for the rest of the 6 months. His term of the
ratiowill be . perce7ntage of the Par Value. Whenever any
(20,000 x 6) + (15,000 x 6) = 210,000
John joined with 30,000 which remained
unchanged for 4 months and then he
brought in 20,000 more. So he had 50,000
for 4 months only as he joined 4 months
after the business was began. His term of
the ratio will be
(30,000 x 4) + 50,000 x 4) = 3,20,000
:. The ratio of shares of the profit will be
210,000 : 320,000 = 21 : 32
3.33 The working partner of a business gets as
his commission 10% of the profits left after
his commission is paid. If the working
partner's commission is Rs.30,000 then, find
the total profit.
Sol: Let total profit be P.
The profit left after the working partner's
commission of Rs.30,OOOis (P - 30,000).
.10% of this is the working partner's
commission. So we have (0.1)(P - 30,000)
= 30,000
:=) (0.1)P = 33,000
:. P = RS.3,30,000
STOCKS AND SHARES
A limited company raises capital by floating
shares. It is also referred to as stock. The capital
required is divided into small units called shares.
In India, the generally accepted value for such a
unit is RS.10 or RS.100. This is called the Face
Value or Par Value.
The shares of a public limited company are traded
in the market place and depending on the demand
for the share, the price fluctuates. The rate at
wllich a share is bought or sold in the market is
the Market Value of the share. This fluctuates. If
the market value is more than the face value of
the share, then we say that such a share is
quoting at a "premium." If the market value is less
than the .face value of the share, then we say that
such ashare is quoting at a "discount."
The people who are holding the shares are called
shareholders. The company distributes a part of
its profits from its operations as dividend to the
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shareholders. The dividend is expressed as a
company quotes a dividend percentage figure, it
goes without saying that it is a percentage of the
facevalue. . .
..
10 0 f d IVId en d =
01
Dividend Amount
x 100
Par Value
Dividend is always calculated only on the 'FACE
VALUE' or the 'PAR VALUE' only irrespective of
what price the share was purchased at.
The government also deals with stock where it
issues bonds or other form of stock with a certain
face value and a certain assured rate of interest.
This stock is then traded in the market as per the
regulations of the government. Since the
government stock comes with fixed rate of return,
the stock is normally referred to by the percentage
of the return. For example, if 5% is the rate of
return (of stock whose face value is Rs.100), then
such stock is referred to as 5% stock. The face
value of the government bond is normally RS.100.
Supposing this stock yielding 5% return (on face
value) is purchased by somebody at Rs.95, then
we say that person has purchased "5% stock at
95". Instead, if he purchases it at R&.108, then we
say that he has purchased "5% stock at 108".
In the case where he purchased 5% stock at 95,
to buy one unit of that stock, he pays Rs.95. But
since the face value is Rs.100, the return or
income he gets at the end of the year will be 5%
of 100, Le., RS.5. .
In this case, since he receives an income of Rs.5
per year by investin~ Rs.95, his rate of return is
5/95 x 100 which is 5 /19% .
To compare two investments (Le., investments in
two different stocks), we compare the rate of
. return for both investments and whichever gives a
higher rate of return is a better investment.
If somebody is holding Rs.1 000' "worth of stock", it
means that the face value of stock he is holding is
Rs.1000. If the face value of the stock is Rs.100,
that person will be holding 10 units of such stock.
Typical problems in Shares and Stocks may
include finding as to which out of given investment
is a better one or finding the annual income or
change in income from a certain investment or
change in portfolio, etc.
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-~ ::.x eMS are very similar to problems in 3.36 A man owned Rs.2S,000 worth of 6% stock.
=-- .;.-:: -oss Percentages except for involving When it was quoting RS.228 he sold it and
~ ~- ~o Ot;;fas given above. invested the proceeds in 7.S% stock quoting
at Rs.13S, so that his annual income
=-=-:: -e examples we are going to look at,the
~ ~ -E o~the stock is to be taken as Rs.100 doubled. How much money was he left with
~~ . or how much more money was he required
~.. se specified. to bring in?

Sol: Rs.2S,000 worth .of stock means it refers to

::.;... '"Z is the annual income from Rs.21,SOO
... ested in 3% stock at 7.S% premium?
ID - 5'to premium means the market value is
=5 .D7.S0.
=:'"'CeRs.21,SOOis invested in this stock, the
.
-.rOOr of Units = -
21S00
= 200
107.S . doubled; new income = 2 x 1S00 = Rs.3,OOO.
-- 's is 3% stock, so each unit of this stock
== face value of Rs.100) will give an income
~ Rs.3 at the end of the year.
ZOOunits will give an annual income of .
2::0 x 3 = Rs.600
: ~ '.~ of the following is a better investment
- 4% stock at 84 or 8% stock at 128?
'.'e can calculate the rate of return for each
:~ these investments and decide which is
~tter.
Another approach is to take a certain amount
as invested in each of these two stocks and
calculate the income from each stock.
For this purpose, instead of taking any
arbitrary amount, if we take the amount
"wested as the product of the market value
of both the stocks, calculations' become
simple.
In this case, let amount invested be
84 x 128.
84x128
In 4% stock we get x4=S12
84
The same amount in 8% stock we get
84x128 x8=672
128
Since, the annual income from 8% stock is
higher, it is a better investment.
face value, which is Rs.100. Hence he
owned 2S0 units.
When he sells at Rs.228, his sales proceeds
will be 2S0 x 228 = Rs.S7,OOO.
Since each unit sold gave him Rs.6 as income
per annum, his annual incomewas' 2S0 x 6
= 1SOO.With the new. instrument, income
To get annual income of Rs.3,OOO,he must
have bought 3000n.S units = 400 units.
Market Price of 7.S% stock was 13S. To buy
400 units he will needed to pay 400 x 13S
= Rs.54,Ooo.
The sale proceeds from 6% stock was
Rs.S7,OOO.Hence, the difference between
Rs.S4,OOOand Rs.S7,OOO Le. Rs.3,OOO is the
amount he is left with after the transaction.
3.37 A person invests Rs.19,400 in S% stock at
97. He then sells it when it is quoting RS.104.
He then reinvests this money in 4% stock at
100, which he sells when the stock is quoting
10S. Find the overall profit of the transaction.
,
Sol: At RS.97 per unit. Rs.19,400 will get him
19400/97 = 200 units. .
These whe'n sold at RS.104 each, he realises
104 x 200 = Rs.20,800.
This is invested in 4% stock at 100. This gets
. 20800 .
h 1m -= 208Units.
100
This stock is then sold when it is quoting 10S
giving him. 10S x 208 RS.21,840 =
So, on the whole he made a profit of
RS.2440.(= 21840 -19400)

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 .
Concept Revisited Questions
1; The price of an article is first increased by 8. The price of a refrigerator is increased by
10% and then decreased by 10%. What is the 25%. By what percent should the price of the
change in the price? refrigerator be decreased to bring it back to
(1) It is increases by 1%. the original price?
. (1) 25% (2) 20%
(2) It is decreases by 1%.
(3) No change in the price. (3) 16213% (4) 13113%

(4) None of these

2. The price-of a product is decreased by 10%
and then increased by 10%. What is the
change in the price?
(1) It is increases by 1%.
(2) It is decreases by 1%.
(3) No change in the price.
(4) None of these
3. The price of a product becomes RS.54 after its
price is increased by 35%. What was the
original price of the product?
4. The salaries of two persons are equal. If the
salary of one person is increased by 10% and
that of the other is decreased by 10%, then
what is the change in the total salary of the
two persons?
(1) It is increases by 1%.
(2) It is decreases by 1%.
(3) No change in the total salary.
(4) None ofthese
5. The price of a product is reduced to Rs.72
after it is decreased by 10%. What is the
original price ofthe product?
6. The price of a commodity A is double that of
commodity B. If the price of A is increased by
10% and that of B is increased by 25%, then
what is the percentage increase in the total
price of the products A and B together?
7. The price of a fan P is thricethat of a fan Q.
The price of P is increased by 10% and that of
Q is decreased by 30%. What is the change in
the total price of fans P and Q put together?
(1) It is increase d by 2%
(2) It is decreased by 2%
(3) No change in the total price
(4) None of these
9. This year, the number of children in a colony
is four times that in the previous year, What is
the percentage increase in the number of
children in the colony?
(1) 4% (2) 400%
(3) 300% (4) 200%
10. In an examination, Pradeep got 10% more
marks than Suresh. By what percentage are the
marks of Suresh less than that of Pradeep?
(1) 1~% (2) .13~13%
(3) 9/11% (4) 11 19%
11. The cost price of a product is Rs.80 and its
selling price is Rs.104. What is the percentage
of profit?
(1) 24% (2) 36% (3) 30% (4) 16%
12. The cos.t price of a chair is Rs.240.The profit
made by the shopkeeper, after selling it by
giving of 10% discount on marked price, is
RS.30.What is the marked price?
13. The salaries of 30 employees of a company
are increased by 10% and that of the
remaining 20 employees of. the same
company are increased by 20%. What is the
percentage increase in the total salary of the
50 employees?
(1) 15% (2) 26%
(3) 14% (4) Cannot be determined
14. A shopkeeper sells an item at Rs.36 and
incurs a loss of 10%..At what price should the
shopkeeper sell it to gain 30%?
15. The cost price of a washing machine is 80%
of the 'selling price. What is the percentage of
the profit?
16. The cost prices of two products are equal.
One product is sold at 16% profit and the
other product is sold at 8% loss. What is the
overall percentage of profit?

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 - S'C 8 started a business. A invested
~ : ~ and 8 invested Rs.20,OOQ.If they
1= =.$8 400 profit, at the end of one year,
~ ""'21 is 8's profit?
--'= ::=:st price of 60 articles is RS.10 each.
-= :r:cles were sold at Rs.12 each. At what
;r .:..=s-'QiJldthe remaining article be sold, so
A -= ~ a an overallprofitof RS.5'perarticle?
--: ~ o,g price of a product is such that, the
~ ~ade on selling 3 units is equal to the
~ ~ of 2 units. What is the percentage
::r~ per sale of one unit?
=-a ES"" got an increment, such that his
=--c...moil to his family's total income is
-==zsedfrom 30% to 40%. What is the
"'- =-<e in percentage points, in Sailesh's
=-=..:!X>n to his family's total income?
4-=r5 salary before he got an increment
E;; ~ of the total income of the family. If
~ "cement is 1/6thof his salary,then what
::e--:s-;age of his family's total income is his
25. In problem 24, who got the highest profit on
selling the product?
26. The cost price of a product is RS.60. It is
increasedby 25% and then again by 331/3%and
sold.What is the selling price of the product?
27. Anil and Nikhil invested Rs.10,000 each to
start a business. Anil invested his money for
eight months and Nikhil invested his money
for the whole year. At end of the year, if the
profit was RS.1,OOO,then what was Anil's
share? .
28. Rajath and Manoj started a business. Rajath
invested Rs.10,OOOfor eight months of the
year and Manoj invested RS.6,OOOfor the
entire year. If the profit at the end of the year
was Rs.5,700, what was the share of Manoj?
29. What is the annual income for a person, who
invested Rs.20,OOOin 5% stock?
30. What is the annual income of a person, who
invested Rs.10,450 in 6% stock at 4.5%
premium?

-
~~

31. What is the annual income of a person, who

:::::- a 'ar'1i/y, the savings per month are 30% invested Rs.19,500 in 7% stock at 2.5%
= -e :otal income. If the expenditure on discount?
E:.-CZ':(Y\ is increased' from 30% to 40% of
'lIE :::-.::. '1come, then find the of savings, as a 32. A person invested Rs.18,400 in 7% stock at
:P:'e"'~ of the expenditure on education, Rs.92. If the person sells it when it is quoting
7:". ::eO there is no change in the savings. Rs.107, then what is profit for the person?
. . 23 '3% (2) 75%
: . x,"'o (4) Cannotbe determined 33. A man invested Rs.17,400 in 6% stock at 13%
discount. What is the yield percent at the end
"- z,- -= 8r'1increment in Ramu's salary, the of the year, approximately?
~ =.,'pEmditure of the family was 60% of the
=== "come. Ramu's salary was equal to the 34. Ajay invested RS.3, 120 in 8% stock at Rs.104,
::a sa-."lgS of the family. If Ramu got 50% Sujan invested RS.3,800 in 5% stock at Rs.95.
~e<'\t in his salary, then what are the new Who will get more income at the end of the
~ sa.~ngsof the family as a percentage of year?
1[ ~ ""come,keeping expenditureconstant?

- - ~ ~ price for 'a company to manufacture

35. To manufacture a product X a company
needs raw materials A, Band C and others.
i :-~ is Rs.60. The company sold the The cost price of A is 10% of the total cost
7:-;:..e to a dealer. for Rs.70. The dealer sells price of X. The cost price of each of Band C
"""! :-::CJct to a shopkeeper for Rs.85 and the is 15% of the total cost price of X. The costs
sr::::...:.;per sells it to a customer for Rs.102. of A, Band C are increased by 10% each and
~ S ::'.Ie percentage of profit for the company? the total cost has increased by 10%. By what
. ~3% (2) 20%' percentage has the cost of others increased?
: .:.'~c,% (4) 70%

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Directions for questions 1 to 28: Select the
correct alternative from the given choices.
1. The strength of St. Paul's Model High School
increased by 10% this year. By what percent
was the strength less last year, when
.compared to this year?
(1) 10% (2) 11%
(3) 11.! %
9
- (4) 9 ~%
11
2. Water in a cylindrical vessel is poured into
another cylindrical vessel whose radius is
10% m'ore than that of the first vessel. By
what percent is the height of the water level in
the second vessel more or less than that iA
the first vessel?
1
(1) 17.4% less (2) 9 -11 %less
(2) 17-4%more (4) 21% less
3. A's weight is 10% less than that of Band C's
weight is 10% more than that of B. By what
percent is A's weight less than that of C?
(1) 20% (2 ) 18~%
. 11
(3) 1~% (4) None of these
11
4. On St. Vincent's birthday, chocolates were
distributed to the children of the primary
classes. If the total strength of the primary
classes increases by .12%this year compared
to that of the last year and the total number of
chocolates distributed increases by 34.4%,
the number of chocolates given to each child
increases by what percent?
(1) 22.4% (2) 24.1% (3) 18% (4) 20%
5. A salesperson used to get a commission of
9% of his total' sales for a month. With a
change in the terms of employment, he now
gets a fixed amount of RS.3000 per month
plus a commission of only 5% on the excess
. of his sales over Rs.10,OOO.If the difference
in the amounts that he received last month
and this month is Rs.400, though the total
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Exercise - 3(a)
sales were the same, what were the total
sales this month?
(1) Rs.57,5DO (2) Rs.52,500
(3) Rs.67,500 (4) Cannot be determined.
6. The price of groundnuts increased by x% per
week over two successive weeks. If at the
beginning, two kilograms were. availabie for
RS.80 and after the two weeks they were
available for the 105.80, what is the value
ofx?
(1) 1.5 (2) 115 (3) 15 (4) 11.5
7. The volume of a sphere A is 701%7% less
than that of B. If the area of B is x% greater
than that of A, x is equal to
2 .
(1) (1900)3 (2) 125
9
(3) 225 (4) None ofthese
8. All the water in a big tank A is emptied into
two smaller empty tanks Band C. The volume
of water in C is 331/3%ofthat in A. If 300 liters
of water, which had gone into B had instead
gone into C, B would have 50% more water
than C. What was the volume of water in A?
(1) 2000 liters (2) 4500 liters
(3) 1200 liters (4) 1800 liters
9. Four teachers, five students' and two
members of the non-teaching staff went as a
group on a visit to a temple. They contributed
the followingamounts towards the expenses.
The teachers contributed RS.100 each, the
students RS.30 each and the non-teaching
staff Rs.25 each. What percent of the total
expenditure did each student pay?
(1) 16~% (2) 4% (3) 4.!% (4) 5%
3 6
10. By what. percentage does the annual income
from RS.21400 invested in a 3% stock at 7%
premium exceed that from RS.15600 invested
in a 2% stock at 4% premium?
(1) 80% (2) 150%
(3) 100% (4) 200%
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 . .
,,- - :J!:-::-=ought Rs.7200 worth of 4% stock 16. Hari has just eneugh money to buy
, ~ ; ~- ~s 90. When the stock is quoting at 50 papayas 'Or30 watermelens. He decides to
~ ~ -i: se,ls it. He invests this money in spend 'Only 90% of his money and buy
... -:.:.. q.;oting at RS.70 and sells it when 9 watermelons. How many papayas can he
~ :-:::. .vas quoting RS.80. What is the buy with the remaining meney that he wants
:2:"..=-;a;e 'Ofprofithe makesfromthe overall te spend?
=r::=-':'"" 0""'"
(1) 45 (2) 30
- (3) 15 (4) None ofthese.
(2) 33 ..! %
3
- : - I. (4) 37..! % 17. The tetal. expenditure (E) of a mess is given
2 by E = F + cn, where F is the fixed cost, n is

-. '1!- ~:::: . for Rs. 2250 more, he would have

- -.=- so~ his computer at a loss of 5%. Had
the number 'Ofpeeple eating in the mess and
c is the cost per person. One menth F, nand

~:~ a ;rofit of 10%. What is the cost price of c increased by,. 50%, 25% an,d 20%
respectively over the previous month. What is
~ : :-o...ter?
the percentage increase in the total
. =,5 15,000 (2) RS,16,000 expenditure?
- =~ 20,000 (4) Rs. 24,000
r . ~) 50% (2) 31 3. %
3
'S -~-:.a; ...atbought 2 quintals of dal. Due to the
~~' (4) Cannot be determined
::ii:t: condition of his shop, he had to sell it
"7 .. a ~urry. He incurred a loss equal to the
18. A sports dealer bought 2000 hockey sticks fer
:E- ~'= p"ce of 30 kg of dal. If he bought the RS.350 each. 10% of them were found te be
~.;" "or Rs.4600, find the selling price each
defective and unfit to be sold. At what price
=s20 should he sell the remaining sticks to get an
(2) Rs.22
: ::'>518 'Overallprofit of 8%?
(4) None of these
(1) Rs.420 . (2) Rs.400
- - :-q>keeper normally makes a prefit of 20%.
(3) Rs.450 (4) RS.380
- ~ certain transaction, he weighed 900 gm
19. By selling 160 calculators, an electronics
~!Ead 'Of1 kg withouthis knowledgedue to
dealer makes a profit equal to the selling price
. en-orin the weighing scale. If he changes
= less than what he nermally changes,
.
'Of30 calculaters. Find his profit percentage.
orZ' s his actual profit or loss percentage?
5 3. % prefit .
(1) 18!%
4 .
(2) 13~%
13
3 (3) 23J..-% (4) 15~%
13 19
: 63. % loss
3
: '0% loss 20. In any month Harish deposits m% and
- '::J% profit withdraws n% of the closing balance of the
previous month. If his balance at the end of
- s~udent appears for 4 papers-English, March (after the withdrawal) is the same as
.o::.~. Physics and Chemistry. Maximum his. balance at ~he b~ginning of Ja~ua~
-E.""Sfor which are in the ratio of 1 : 1 : 2 : 2. .(before the deposit), which of the following IS
-~ ""larks are in the ratio of 4 : 8 : 13 : 15. If true?
-~ got 80% of the total maximum marks, in (1) ~ < m < n (2) m = n
'7',many papers did he get more than 80%? 2
- 1 (2) 2 . (3) m>n (4) m < ~
= 3 (4) Cannotbe determined 2
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-
21. A trader cheats both his supplier and 25. A person sold two washing machines, each
customer by using faulty weights. When he for Rs.8000. On one he gained 111/9%and on
the other he lost 91/11%.Find his overall loss
buys from the supplier, he takes 10% more
or profit.
than .the indicated weight. When he sells to 2
his customer, he gives 10% less than the (1) 2-%profit (2) 2% profit
99
indicated weight. If he sells at 'cost-price' (i.e.,
(3) 2% loss (4) None of these
charges the cost price of the indicated
weight), what is his profit percent? 26. A salesman makes a commission of a% on
(1) 20% (2) 10% . the first Rs.3000 worth of sales and b%
(3) 11~% (4) 22!% commission on all further sales during the
. 9 9
month if any. If he makes RS.960 from a total
sales of Rs.7000 in Jan and Rs.1110 from a
22. A trader cheats both his supplier and
total sales of Rs.8000 in Feb, what is the
customer by using false weights. While ~uying
value of b?
from his suppliers, he takes 10% more than
the indicated weight. When he sells to his (1) 12 (2) 15
customer, he gives the customer a weight (3) 18 (4) None of these
such that if 10% of that is added to the weight,
the weight claimed by the trader is obtained. If 27. Two TVs were sold both for the same price of
he charges the cost price of the weight that he Rs.9000. The first was sold at a profit of 25%
claims, find his profit percentage and the other at a profit of 20%. What was the
(1) 20% (2) 21% respective cost price of the first and the
secondTV? .
(3) 21~% (4) 22~% (1) Rs.6400 and RS.7000
3 9
(2) RS.7200 and Rs.7500
23. The cost of production of a 50 kg bag of .(3) Rs.6500 and Rs.7500
cement is Rs.90 and it is sold for RS.120.The (4) Rs.6500 and Rs.7200
gove~nmentimposes a tax of 10% of'the cost
of production. If the govemm~nt changes its 28. If the discount given is equal to 25% of the
policy and levies the 10% tax on the selling selling price, and the sale gives the trader a
price instead of the cost price, by what profit of 1EfI3%when calculated on his selling
percent does the profit de,crease? (Assume price, by what percent did he mark up the cost
~that the selling p'riceis unchanged.) . price before offering the discount?
(1) 50% (2) 30% (3) 40% (4) 60%
(1) 14~% . (2) 500 %
7 . 297
Directions for the questions 29 to 31: These
(3) ~ % (4) ~% questions are based on the data given below.
7 297

24. By selling 160 calculators, an electronic The cost of printing a book has the following
dealer makes a profit equal to the cost price of components.
30 calculators. Find his profit percentage.
Paper 10%
(1) 18~% (2) 13~% Printing Ink 5%
4 13
. Labour. 20%
Power 25%
(3) 23~% (4) 15~%
13 19 Payment to autho~ 40%

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,

I
i "::0::' .s sold at a profit of 25%. The paper cost 34. A spectacle frame was marked up by 40%
.811!! ..c Df 10%,the cost of printingink goes up and after that a discount of 20% is offered on
. .:!:.~~and labour charges go up by SO%, while it. If the frame cost Rs.SOO,what is the profit
8IIIIe a.""e"10changes in the cost of power, or the earned by selling it?
8IIr'cr" ~ oayment (1) Rs.36 (2) RS.24
(3) RS.48 ,(4) RS.60
. ..-e selling price remains unchanged, what is
-e profit percent? 35. A wholesale vegetable vendor sold potatoes,
'3% (2) 11 ~28% marked at Rs.1000. Four successive
discounts of 10% each, instead of the
7
(4) 12~% promised 40%. By what amount did the
12 vendor defraud the customer?

. - -e manufacturer increases the selling price

:,. ~C,o and wantsa profit of 182/11%,by what
(1) RS.S8.10
(3) RS.6S.10
(~) Rs.S6.10
(4) Rs.66.10
:E!"CeOtshould he reduce his expenditure on
36. I bought a fridge three years back for
a:our (at the increased cost)?
Rs.9000. The current price of a similar fridge
6~% (2) 6.!.% is Rs.16,OOO. If I sell my fridge, in the
3 3
condition it is in, I would get Rs.10,SOO.
- 3.!.% (4 ) 3~% Instead, if I get it painted for Rs.3000, I can'
33
sell it for the price of a new one. What
discount can I offer, if I expect to make the
::t . ';e payment to the author increases by
same percentage profit as I would have made,
::: 5%, by what percent should he increase
if I sell without painting?
-e selling price to get a profit of 20%?
(1) 12.S% (2). 8%
. 2S% (2) 16~% (3) 33.!.% (4) 20% (3) 10% (4) 9.6%
3 3

~s for questions 32 to 40: Select the 37. Anand and Bhargava start a. business with
:::r-;::- alternative from the given choices.
RS.7700 and RS.11,000 respectively. Anand
stayed for the entire year. At the end. of the
:0: - ""1angoes to an electronic goods shop with year they shared their profits in the ratio of
-r::ney just enough to buy DVD player. He 14: 1S. For how many months was Bhargava's
:;e"S an unexpecteddiscountof 20% .on the capital there in the business?
:: .:> player which enables him to buy DVDs (1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 8 (4) 9
~ RS.2400 in addition to the DVD player.
',"1at price does the man pay for the DVD 38. Sudhir, Tushar and Uday start a business with
:'c-.er? Rs.30,000, Rs.40,000 and Rs.SO,OOO
RS.11,200 (2) RS.12,OOO respectively Sudhir stays for the entire year.
: Rs.9,600 (4) Rs.10,800 Tushar leaves the business after two months
but rejoins after another 4 months but only
::. - Band C start a partnership. The capitals of with 3/4 of his initial capital. Uday'leaves after
- ~ B are in the ratio of 4 : S. The periods of 3 months and rejoin:~ after another S months
~ and C are in the ratio S : 3. The profit but with only 4/5 of his capital. If the year end.
Sdtes of A and C are in the ratio of 4: 3. The profit is Rs.27,900, how much more. than
::a&.als of Band C are in the ratio of Tushar did Uday get?
. 5: 1 (2) S: 2 (1) RS.1S00 (2) Rs.9300
:; 'S: 9 (4) Cannot be determined (3) RS.3100. (4) Rs.12,400
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r -..

39. A and 8. start a business with different
capitals. A was to get 15% of the profit as
salary and the rest was to be divided in the
ratio of their investments. Had the entire profit
been distributed in the ratio of their
investments, 8 would have got Rs.1350 more
that what he actually got. What is ,8's actual
share of the profit?
(1) Rs.7,650 (2) Rs.9,000'
(3) Rs.16,500 (4) Rs.11,000
40. A, 8, C start a partnership. The capitals of A,
8 and C are in the ratio of 10 : 9 : 6 and the
time period of A and 8 is in the ratio of 2: 3. 8
gets Rs.10,800 as his share out of a total
profit of Rs.26,000. If Ns capital was there in
the business for 8 months, for how many
months was C's capital there?
(1) 8 (2) 9 (3) 10 (4) 12

Key
1. 4 6. 3 11. 2 16. 2 21. 4 26.2 31. 4 36. 1
2. 1 7. 2 12. 1 17. 1 22. 2 27.2 32.3 37. 4
3.. 2 8. 2 13. 1 18. 1 23. 1 28. 1 33.4 38. 1
4. 4 9. 4 14. 1 19. 3 24. I 29,3 34. 4 39. 1
5. 4 10. 3 15. 2 20.2 25.4 30. I 35. 2 40. 4

.'

..

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