Sercel 428XL Manuals - En428user1

428XL
V1.0 Users Manual Vol. 1
Ref. No. 0311430
April 20, 2006
To contact SERCEL
Europe Nantes, France Sales; Customer Support; Manufacturing & Repair. B.P. 30439, 16 rue de Bel Air 44474 Carquefou Cedex Tel: +33 2 40 30 11 81, Fax: +33 2 40 30 19 48 Hot-Line: Land: +33 2 40 30 58 88 Marine: +33 2 40 30 59 59 E-mail: sales@sercel.fr customer.support@sercel.fr www.sercel.com St Gaudens, France Vibrator Customer Support; Vibrator Manufacturing & Repair; Streamer Manufacturing & Repair. Tel: +33 5 61 89 90 00, Fax: +33 5 61 89 90 45 Hot Line: +33 5 61 89 90 91 Les Ulis, France Sales; Customer Support Tel: +33 1 69 93 83 60, Fax: +33 1 69 81 78 09 E-mail: sales.sdd@Sercel.fr Brest, France Sales; Customer Support Tel: +33 2 98 05 29 05; Fax: +33 2 98 05 52 41 E-mail: sales@sercel.fr Toulon, France Sales; Customer Support Tel: +33 4 94 21 69 92; Fax: +33 4 94 21 73 44 E-mail: sales.msd@sercel.fr Alfreton, U. K. Streamer Manufacturing & Repair; Customer Support. Tel: +44 1 773 605 078, Fax: +44 1 773 541 778 E-mail: sales@sercelengland.com customer.support@sercelengland.com North America Houston, USA Sales; Customer Support Manufacturing & Repair; Tel: +1 281 492 66 88, Fax: +1 281 579 75 05 Hot-Line: +1 281 492 66 88 E-mail: sales.hou@sercelus.com training.hou@sercelus.com customer.support@sercelus.com Calgary Sales; Customer Support; Manufacturing Tel: +1 403 275 3544, Fax: +1 403 295 1805 E-mail: sales.cal@sercelus.com Middle East Dubai, U. A. E. Customer Support. Tel: +971 4 8832142, Fax: +971 4 8832143 Hot Line: +971 50 6451752 E-mail: sercel@emirates.net.ae Far East Beijing, P. R. of China Sales; Customer Support. Tel: +86 106 43 76 661, Fax: +86 106 43 76 367 Xian, P. R. of China Manufacturing & Repair. Tel / Fax: +86 29 8222 9504 Xushui, P. R. of China Manufacturing & Repair. Tel:+86.312.8648355, Fax:+86.312.8648441 Singapore Streamer Manufacturing & Repair; Customer Support. Tel:+65 6 545 0411, Fax:+65 6 545 1418 Australia Streamer Manufacturing & Repair OBC Equipment Tel:+61 2 8832 5500, Fax:+61 2 8832 5555 Asia Dehradun, India Customer Support. Tel: +91 135 2761 078 / 2763 387, Fax: +91 135 2763 133 E-mail: sercel@nde.vsnl.net.in
Russia Moscow, Russia Sales; Customer Support. Tel: +7 095 254 06 59, Fax: +7 095 254 66 80 E-mail: customersupport.rus@sercel.fr Surgut, Russia Customer Support Tel / Fax: +7 3462 28 92 50 E-mail: surgsav@surgut.ru
428XL Users Manual Vol. 1
In no event shall SERCEL be liable for incidental or consequential damages or related expenses resulting from the use of this product, or arising out of or related to this manual or the information contained in it, even if SERCEL has been advised, or knew or should have known of the possibility of such damages. The information included in this documentation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, SERCEL reserves the right to make changes to its products or specifications at any time, without notice, in order to improve design or performance and to supply the best possible product. This documentation does not form in any way a contractual agreement of sales promise on the part of SERCEL. Software mentioned in this documentation is sold under a precise licence agreement and as such the documentation may cover technical areas for which the user may not have a final licence. No part of this documentation, or any of the information included herein may be modified or copied in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of SERCEL. 2005 Sercel. All Rights Reserved. Printed in France. Sercel, 428XL, 428XLS, AIB, DPG, DSD, DSU1, DSU3, e-428, eSQC Pro, FDPA428, FDU, FDU-428, HSU, LandPro Bin, LAUL, LAUL-428, LAULS, LAUX, LAUX-428, LAUXS, Link, LL428, LLIU, LRU, LSI, LSS, LT428, LX, MGA, MRU, MSI, QT428, SGA, TMS428, TMU428, VE432, VQC88, WPSR are all trademarks of Sercel. All rights reserved. UNIX is either a registered trademark or trademark of The Open Group in the United States and/or other countries.Microsoft and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
April 20, 2006
428XL Users Manual Vol. 1
Revision history
Date of revision
Nov. 2005
Chapters or pages affected
Description of revision or reason for change

V 1.0 release
April 20, 2006
Table of Contents
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Getting started
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Starting/stopping the 428XL server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Opening a user session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Hands-on guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Server Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Registering a new user . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Session manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Licence information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 System scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Installation setup
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 The 428XL Install window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Seismic recording instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Peripherals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Mobile Receiver Unit (MRU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Export mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
428XL Users Manual Vol. 1 April 20, 2006
Table of Contents
Configuration
The main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Customer Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Copyrights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Identity Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
The Setup menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Crew setup window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 User Info setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 SEGD setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Disk Record setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
On Line/Off Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Line
The main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Topographic views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
About topographic views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Sensor view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Instrument view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Battery view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Seismonitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Working with graphic views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Numeric views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 The Survey setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Point Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Sensor type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
The Layout setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
6 428XL Users Manual Vol. 1 April 20, 2006
Table of Contents
Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Auxiliary channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Detour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 Mute channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
The Spread Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Absolute spreads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Generic spreads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
The Look setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 LAU Leakage setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Advanced layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Detour with skipped receiver points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Snaking layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Logical line mapped with several physical lines . . . . . . . . . . .105
Test functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Instrument tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Sensor tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Seismonitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
The Form Line setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Line Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Network Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
The Synthetic setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 The Download setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Operation
The Main Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 The Operation Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Table of Contents
The Active Source view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 The Active Acquisition view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
The Process Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Auxiliary traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 Impulsive type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146 Impulsive Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Correlation Before Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Correlation After Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 Vibroseismic Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 How to Generate a Process Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
The Source Point Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154

Source point parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 To generate a Source Point setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
The Seismic setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158

Operating Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Look . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
The Source Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Explosive source parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Vibroseismic source parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
The Delay setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 The Noise Editing setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

Noise editing parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 Noise editing thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
The Observers Comment Type Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 How to take shots or sweeps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
Blaster shots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
Table of Contents
VE432 sweeps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 Flip-Flop sweeps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 Slip-sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
More About Noise Elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

Spike Editing method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 Diversity Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
More About Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198

Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Data Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Positioning
The main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 The Setup menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
The Datum Type setup window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 The Projection Type setup window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Quality Warning setup window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 The Vehicle Identity setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
The geographical view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 The layer manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 GeoZones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 Swath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229
The Tracking view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231

Graphical tracking view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Numerical tracking view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234 More about the estimated COG position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
428XL Users Manual Vol. 1 April 20, 2006 9
Table of Contents
Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 Supported vehicle tracking systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Customizing tracked vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Vehicle trackline and history file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
The Alert system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 GeoZone perimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 Global alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 Excess speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
Working with the GIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247

Object labelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 Attribute colour maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 Query builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Basic Geodesy Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
Export
The main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 The Setup menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
The Tape Setup setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 The FTP setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257 The NFS setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258
The Functions menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

Auto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 Tape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260
Reading exported files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
VE432
The main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 The Vibrator Crew setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266
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Table of Contents
The Basic Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 Linear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271 dB/Hz Log, Tn and dB/Octave Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 Pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277 Random . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 Custom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 Compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281 Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 Deboost option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 Generating a Basic Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
The Acquisition Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285 The Radio Management setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 The QC Limit setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291 The QC Choice setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 The T0 Time setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
Auto/Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 Look . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 Vibrator Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 Local Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 Set DSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301 Get DSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Radio functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305 Set Servo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310 Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313
Normal acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 Graphic view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316 Numeric view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
Table of Contents
DPG/DSD status codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321
Log
The main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324 Editing/saving/loading 428XL parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 SPS files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329
The SPS format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329 Importing an SPS file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330 Exporting an SPS file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
The Shooting setup window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333 Operator reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336

Observer Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336 APS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 APS Verbose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 Source COG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 Receiver position history data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 VE432 QC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339
10 Plotter
The main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342 The Banner setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345 Selecting the traces to plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351 Plot parameters for production shots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354
Processing setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354 Rendering setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358 Format setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358
Test records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361
12
Chapter
Getting started
This chapter is intended for beginners. It briefly teaches a local or remote user how to get started. Also, this chapter describes how to use the crews Server Administration window and Web site. It includes the following sections:
Overview (page 14) Starting/stopping the 428XL server (page 16) Opening a user session (page 17) Hands-on guide (page 22) Server Administration (page 29)
13
Getting started Overview
Overview
The documentation coming with the 428XL system consists of the following manuals: Installation Manual (0311428): contains an introduction to the 428XL system, installation information, a few instructions for the operator to get started, and reference information that will help you select a 428XL configuration tailored to your needs. Users Manual Volume 1 (0311430): this manual, describing the parameters displayed on the systems Graphic User Interface and how to use each window. Users Manual Volume 2 (0311431): contains information on logged data and on interfaces (description of Input/Output formats, including the SEGD format). Users Manual Volume 3 (0311432): contains reference information (filter charts, theory of tests, technical data, release notes, specifications). Technical Manual (0311429): contains maintenance and repair information, including operating instructions for using the systems testers. Before using this manual, you need to install the system by following the instructions given in the 428XL Installation Manual. The Users Manual is automatically loaded from the 428XL CDROM to your workstations disk as you load the 428XL software package. Then it is just one click away at all times, using the Help button available in every main window. With a PC computer equipped with a PDF file reader (Adobe Acrobat Reader) you can view this manual direct from the 428XL CDROMs DOC directory. This manual assumes you are familiar with window-driven systems and you know how to work with windows, including how to use a mouse and standard menus and commands, and to open, move, resize, shrink, restore and close a window.
Getting started Overview
To start the server, if required, see Starting/stopping the 428XL server on

page 16
To launch the 428XL Graphic User Interface, see Opening a user session (page 17).
15
Getting started Starting/stopping the 428XL server
Starting/stopping the 428XL server

The 428XL server is started automatically when you power up the server workstation. If you need to start, stop or restart the server, do the following: To start the server, do the following: - Log in with the User name used for the 428XL. - Type r in a Terminal window. To stop the server, type s in a Terminal window.
16
Getting started Opening a user session
Opening a user session

To open a user session: - Double-click on the 428XL Client icon on your desktop. - Wait until the launcher bar appears. All icons in the launcher bar (except the connection icon and the Help button) are dimmed until you get connected. Right-clicking on the Connection icon causes a menu to pop up, prompting the following commands: Connection: used for Connection (page 18) to the server. Look&Feel: used to change the look of the GUI. JAdmin: used for Server Administration (page 29). Exit: used to close the 428XL Client application. Settings: see Application Settings below.
Figure 1-1
Application Settings
Figure 1-2
Browser settings Allows you to choose which Web Browser to use. The browser used by default is Internet Explorer on a PC under Windows. If you wish to use
17
a different browser, specify its location in the path field and address in the URL field. Regional settings Allows you to choose the Help language (English/Chinese/Russian/ Spanish).
Connection
This command is selected by default on a left-click. It opens a connection window:
Click here to connect
Figure 1-3
Advanced Parameters If your machine uses a Proxy server, click on the Advanced Parameters tab to set the Proxy configuration. Choose Enabled, then enter the same configuration (Host name and Port) as in your Web browser (see the Internet connection options in your browser).
Figure 1-4
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Remote Server To connect to the server, click on the Remote Server tab, then do the following:
1 2 3 4 5
Figure 1-5
1.
Choose the type of connection: Local user if you are opening a user session on the server workstation itself or your PC is attached to the crews local network (172.27.128.x), Remote user otherwise. The Label field is used to enter a name for your connection profile. Choose a name that will clearly identify your connection profile (e. g. your name plus the products name). In the URL field, type the desired crew address, for example: - localhost if you are connecting as Local user on the server workstation itself, or 172.27.128.1 if you are connecting as an extra Local user. - http://nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn if you are connecting as an Intranet or Internet Remote user, nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn being the IP address of the nearest Seismic Gateway (depending on which Seismic Gateway computer is visible to your computer). If you know the machine name, you can use it in place of the IP address.
2.
3.
4.
In the Login and Password fields, type your Login name and password respectively (supplied to you by the Senior Observer).
19
5.
Click Connect. The 428XL launcher bar should show up on your desktop (see Figure 1-6).
The Installation icon is used to set installation parameters for the server workstation (licences, number of cards in the Control Module, attached peripherals, source controllers, etc.). See Installation setup on page 37. The Configuration icon is used to set the crews basic parameters, provide information on the hardware and software configuration of the system, specify how your SEGD files must be recorded, and enable/disable communications with the Control Module. See Configuration on page 47. The Line icon is used for the management of the field electronics. See Line on page 61 The Operation icon is used for the management of shots. See Operation on page 131. The Export icon is used for the management of your recording media. See Export on page 253.
Installation Configuration Line Operation Export Positioning
VE432 Log Plotter Website Help Server Power Off (Observer only)
Figure 1-6 Launcher bar
The Positioning icon is used for viewing source points, tracking vehicles, etc. See Positioning on page 205. The VE432 icon opens the Graphic User Interface for the VE432 vibrator controller. See VE432 on page 263. The Log icon is used to save/load setup parameters, import/export processing support (SPS) files, export operator reports, and for the management of all reports. See Log on page 323. The Plotter icon is used for monitoring traces on a plotter. See Plotter on page 341.
The Website allows you to download or upload SPS files, report files, etc. The Help icon displays help information relating to Client windows only. The Power Off button (used for shutting down the server workstation) is only available to a user with Observer or Senior Observer role privileges. In addition, an Administration window is available (by right-clicking on the connection icon in the launcher bar and selecting JAdmin from the menu that pops up), intended for a user with Observer or Senior Observer role privileges to register users, manage passwords and sessions, etc. See Server Administration (page 29).
21
Getting started Hands-on guide
Hands-on guide
This hands-on guide teaches a beginner how to customize a main window (also referred to as client window) in just a few clicks. The first time you log on to a 428XL server, each main window in the Graphic User Interface is configured with a default layout. Then, your customized window layout is automatically saved on your computer as you close the client window, and recovered when you next open it. In most main windows, it is for you to decide how many views to show and where to place them. The GUI may also let you decide which information to view, and which type (numerical/graphical) of view you want for this information. The intent of the procedure below is to give you a glimpse of what you can do to customize each main window, using the Line window as an example. 1. 2. Open the Line main window (click on the Line icon in the 428XL launcher bar). On the right-hand border of each toolbar is a down arrow button. Clicking on that button causes a menu to pop up for you to choose which buttons you would like to show or hide in the toolbar. (All options are also available from the menu bar).
(2) Click to customize toolbars Undocked toolbar Menu bar
(3) Move to dock elsewhere or to undock (4) More options (click to choose)
Figure 1-7 Customizing toolbars
3.
22
Clicking on the left-hand (shaded) border of the toolbar and holding down the mouse button allows you to move and dock the
toolbar to whichever border you like inside the window. Moving it outside the window will undock the toolbar (to dock it again, simply close it by clicking on the button in the upper right corner of the undocked toolbar). 4. A double-arrow button (>>) appears if more options are available but the toolbar is too small for all buttons to fit in. Clicking on that button causes the hidden options to pop up for you to choose whichever you like.
(5) Expand/collapse horizontally (6) Drag border to adjust width
(5) Expand/collapse vertically
(6) Drag border to adjust height
Figure 1-8 Window resizing
5. 6.
The arrow buttons in the corners of a display pane let you expand or collapse the pane vertically or horizontally. Adjust the width of each display pane by dragging the vertical border to the left/right. Likewise, to adjust its height by dragging the horizontal border upward/downward. To show the different views available, use either the View menu or toolbar buttons. When you choose to add a view, the new view pane appears below the currently selected pane.
7.
23
Figure 1-9 Adding view panes
8. 9.
To hide any view pane, click on the close button associated with its tab. If the pane is not large enough for the whole view to fit in, you can resize the main window and/or use the available scrollbars.
(8) Click to hide view
(10) Double-click on tab to expand/collapse view Zoom out View all (11 Drag tab to move view (9) Horizontal scrollbar
(9) Vertical scrollbar
Figure 1-10 Customizing view panes
In graphical views, you can zoom in by pressing the left mouse button, moving the mouse, then releasing the button. Use the zoom control buttons to zoom out or go back to the whole view. 10. Double-clicking on the tab of any view pane either expands or collapses the view.
11. You can customize the layout of the main window by placing the different views where you like them: with the mouse pointer resting on the tab of any view pane, press the left mouse button, then move the mouse so as to drag the tab to where you would like the view pane to appear. Placing tabs side by side will cause the view panes to be cascaded. Where views are cascaded, you bring any view to the front by simply clicking on its tab.
Cascaded views
A C
Figure 1-11 Moving view tabs
Also, view panes can be tiled vertically and/or horizontally. With the example shown in Figure 1-11, dragging the tab to (A) will split the window vertically and place the view into the left-hand pane. Dragging the tab to (B) will split the window horizontally and place the view into the bottom pane. Dragging the tab to (C) will split the window vertically and place the view into the righthand pane (see Figure 1-12).
25
Figure 1-12 Tiled views
12. Double-clicking on the button in the lower right corner or each main window enables or disables the automatic updating of the window. That button is green if automatic updating is enabled, red otherwise. The automatic update option is also available from the the Preferences Setup menu, which allows you to adjust the refresh rate. The blinking of the heartbeat-like indicator at the foot of the window is indicative of the window being refreshed.
(12) Enable/disable Automatic Update
Figure 1-13 Preference setup
13. 428XL messages appear in the Status Mail pane at the foot of the main window. Whether you choose to show or hide that pane, the orientation of the Mail icon in the toolbar will tell you if any
message is present (the mail icon being raised is indicative of one or more messages being present). To delete mail messages, rightclick in the Status Mail pane and select Clear Status from the menu that pops up. 14. Most tables in numeric views can be customized by right-clicking on any column heading and selecting Customize from the menu that pops up.
(15) Bold means it cannot be removed (14) Right-click on column heading (17) Click to hide selected column (18) Use to rearrange
(16) Bold and underlined (neither removed nor moved)
Figure 1-14 Customizing tables
15. Any heading appearing in bold style in the Displayed columns list means that you cannot remove that column (but you can move it using the up or down arrow button). 16. Any heading appearing in bold style and underlined means you can neither remove nor move the column (it is always entirely visible and at the same position in the table). All other columns can be moved or removed. 17. Click in either list box to choose which column to show or hide, then use the double-arrow buttons to move it to the other list box. 18. Use the up or down arrow button to place each column where you would like it to appear in the table.
19. You can save that table configuration by clicking on Save and entering a name for it in the dialog box that shows up. Subsequently, youll simply have to select the desired type of table from the Select a Preset option button and click Apply to recover your preferred arrangement of columns at your convenience. 20. You can also change the order of columns by clicking on a column heading in the table, then dragging and dropping it where you would like it to appear (unless you are not allowed to move that column).
(20) Drag and drop column heading
(21) Drag border to resize
Figure 1-15
21. To resize a column, simply drag its border to the desired width. Some columns, however, have a minimum width that you are not allowed to override. 22. Clicking on a column heading may cause an up or down arrow to appear in that heading, allowing you to scroll through the table if more rows can be viewed.
28
Getting started Server Administration
Server Administration
In this section: Registering a new user (page 29) Session manager (page 31) Licence information (page 32) System scaling (page 33)
Registering a new user

A new user cannot log on to a crews server unless and until he is registered on that server. Only a user with Senior Observer role privileges is allowed to register a remote user. To register a new user, do the following: 1. Open the Administration window (right-click on the connection icon in the launcher bar and select JAdmin).
Appears only if you log on with Senior Observer role privileges
Right-click
Figure 1-16 Administration window
2.
Click on the Users tab. Right-click in the list of profiles and select New from the menu that pops up.
29
- In the Name and Password fields, enter the login name and password you wish to create for the new user. - Click OK. As a result, the new user appears in the list of authorized users.
Figure 1-17
- Choose the desired Password Expiry Date option (either choose Never or enter the desired expiry date). The Expiry Date takes effect at 12 a.m. (server local time). - From the Role button, choose the privileges you wish to grant to that user (Guest, or Observer, or Senior Observer permissions).
Role Permissions Opening any client window and: - Viewing the crews parameter settings (changes are of no effect), - Viewing results, generating reports; Website access. All Guest role privileges plus the following: Changing the crews parameter settings. Session administration. Changing the installation parameters. All Observer role privileges plus the following: User administration.
Guest
Observer
Senior Observer
- Click Apply. 3. Notify the user of the Login name and Password you have created. Note: After a profile is created, you can change or delete it by rightclicking on it in the list of profiles and using the menu that pops up.
30
Session manager
Open the Administration window (right-click on the connection icon in the launcher bar and select JAdmin), then click on the Sessions tab. This displays a session manager view with a navigation pane showing all opened sessions. Unless you are logged on to the crews server with Observer or Senior Observer role privileges, you are not allowed to make any changes in the session manager window.
Right-click
Click on session to show details
Details
Figure 1-18 Session manager
Clicking on any session causes detailed information to be displayed below the navigation pane. Right-clicking on any session causes a contextual menu to pop up, prompting the necessary commands for the management of sessions: To close a session, right-click on it and select Kill.
31
Licence information
Open the Administration window (right-click on the connection icon in the launcher bar and select JAdmin), then click on the Licences tab. This displays information that is not displayed in the Install window when you enter your licence code (Expiry date, allowed tokens, etc.).
Figure 1-19
Note A message will appear in the Terminal window of the server
workstation 24 hours before your software licence expires, but it is advisable to use the Administration window to check the expiry date before that.
32
System scaling
Selecting Scaling Common or Scaling PRM from the Setup menu opens a window that allows you to change default settings in your system in order to best suit your crews requirements.
Figure 1-20 Common scaling parameters
Max ext dev msg len: (1024 by default). Maximum Nb of LAU: ( by default). Maximum Nb of LRU: ( by default). Maximum Nb of LAUR: ( by default). Maximum nb of traces: (4000 by default). Maximum open VP: (2 by default, 4 max.). Up to four Vibroseismic sources can be used alternately (Flip-Flop mode). If you choose the Work by Acq (page 165) option, the system can start shooting a Source Point with multiple acquisitions to stack, but suspend it and let the focus jump to another source and Source Point. In that case, use this field to tell the system how many (up to 4) Source Points can be opened, i. e. suspended. Maximum simult VP: (1 by default). Maximum nb of samples: (12001 by default).
Max user header length: (4096 by default). Maximum length of the External Header in the SEGD file. The following information is appended in that header: - Information from the shooting or navigation system, - User information from the Config client windows setup, - Source comment from Operation client window.
Figure 1-21 Process scaling parameters
Time broadcast delay on LAUXX connection: Time broadcast periodicity: Max nb of pending rtv: Max nb of numerical aux: Max banner string length: Eof is immediate:
3592 max number of rwer: Disk warning percent on: Disk warning percent off: Max number traces to plot: LAU start timemout: LRU start timeout: LAUXX connection delay: LRU control timeout: Retrieve question timeout:
35
36
Chapter
Installation setup
This chapter describes the Installation setup window. It includes the following sections:
Overview (page 38) The 428XL Install window (page 39)
37
Installation setup Overview
Overview
Clicking on the Install icon in the 428XL launcher bar opens a window to be used when you install the system or whenever you install a new software version, or another type or vibrator electronics, or if you change the number of LCI428 units, etc. After making the desired selections in the Install window, click Apply. This reboots the server workstation.
WARNING
The new settings will not take effect until the server workstation has booted up. In addition, after adding or changing an LCI428 unit, the system may ask you to reload LCI software (see 428XL Installation manual).
38
Installation setup The 428XL Install window
The 428XL Install window

In this section: Seismic recording instrumentation (page 39) Peripherals (page 42) Mobile Receiver Unit (MRU) (page 44) Export mode (page 45)
Seismic recording instrumentation

.
Figure 2-1
Instruments On Field
These buttons allow the system to customize the graphic user interface, depending on the instrumentation to be used. The specific parameters
and/or commands attached to a type of instrument are hidden and disabled unless and until you choose that type of instrument in this window.
Disk Buffer
The system uses a file repository in which it temporarily stores your SEGD files until the Export process can accept them. You can choose between the following two disk options for the file repository: Local Disk: the file repository will use the /var/dump directory on the local disk of the server workstation. JBOD FC: the file repository will use an external disk via a Fibre Channel (a fibre optics port is required on the server workstation). The files can be arranged in different manners in the repository (see Backup Settings on page 57).
LCI
Choose the number of LCI boards you wish to use, enter the network address of each of them in the associated fields. You can choose any address from 172.30.201.1 to 172.30.201.4
Licence
These fields are used to enter the necessary passwords to enable the software packages you wish to use. e-428: This field is used to enter the password supplied to you by Sercel for your system (that password is dependent upon the number of client workstations you wish to use, the number of traces, the Host Identification of the server workstation, and the 428XL software version).
40
Figure 2-2
Plotter: The licence for plotters cannot be typed on the keyboard. It may be supplied to you on a floppy disk, or CD-ROM, or USB key or any appropriate medium. You can also download the licence file and save it to the server workstations disk (e. g. to the /tmp directory). The Info... button allows you to see if any licence is already installed. To install a plotter licence: - Insert the medium (CD-ROM, etc.) containing the licence file, or copy the file to workstations disk, - Click on the Browse... button and select the licence file. - Click on Install. A warning box may appear, asking you if you wish to install a licence. If you choose to do that and a licence already exists, you are going to overwrite that licence. - Note: If the mention 1-jan-0 appears in the warning box, it should not be understood as an expiry date. Instead, this means the licence is unlimited. - Click OK. This installs the plotter licence.
- Wait for a dialog box to appear to say if installation was successful. - Click Apply. This reboots the server workstation.
Peripherals
Figure 2-3
Nb of DPG modules
This field is used to specify how many DPG vibrator controller modules are attached to the system.
Vibrator type
Choose the type of vibrator electronics used for vibroseismic sources if any: VE432: to be selected if a VE432 from SERCEL is connected. Other: to be selected if any other type of vibrator electronics is connected.
Blaster type
Choose the type of blaster used for implusive sources if any: SHOT PRO (PELTON) SGS BoomBox SHALLOW
MACHA OTHER (any type). With this option, the data from the shooting system is not processed.
Note If you select the Connected with LSI option:
- the indicator LED on FDUs, otherwise used as a test result indicator, is used to tell the shooter whether he is allowed to connect/disconnect an LSI between two links. - you cannot launch a new shot until retrieval of the previous one is complete, whatever the field equipment and the shooting method used.
Number of plotters
Choose the appropriate option (1 or 2) depending on the number of plotters attached to the system.
Plotter type
Choose the appropriate option (12 inch or 24 inch plotter). Enter a name for each plotter in the associated Name field. The name will appear in the Plotter main window to identify each plotter. MAC address: (Media Access Control address). This field is used to enter the hardware address of the plotter card, in the case of a plotter with an Ethernet port.
43
Mobile Receiver Unit (MRU)
If a tracking box is connected to the workstation (i.e. if you wish to implement the vehicle tracking function), activate the Use MRU button. As a result you have to do the following: From the GPS Port 1 button, select the serial port to use for the vehicle tracking function. The Base Port button allows you to choose a second serial port to be used for service messages from the tracking box. From the Driver Type button, select the protocol used by the tracking box. Enter the password for the vehicle tracking function into the Licence field (or else communications with the tracking box will not be allowed).
44
Export mode
You can record your SEGD files to cartridges and/or export them to remote disks attached to the local network.
Tape drive
This option is used for traditional recording to one or up to four cartridge drives (to be selected from the associated button).
NFS Server
This option allows SEGD files to be exported in real time to one or two disks simultaneously. To attach a remote disk to the local network, see 428XL Installation Manual).
FTP Server
Use this option if you wish to export records to an FTP server attached to the local network.
Local network (172.27.128.x.)
Observer
NFS server 172.27.128.41
FTP user
428XL server 172.27.128.1
GUI
172.27.128.2
FileZilla
172.27.128.99
Figure 2-4
To install a NAS disk or a file server, 428XL Installation Manual.
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46
Chapter
Configuration
This chapter includes the following sections:
The main window (page 48) The Setup menu (page 52) On Line/Off Line (page 58)
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Configuration The main window
The main window

In this section: Overview (page 48) Customer Support (page 49) Copyrights (page 49) Identity Card (page 50)
Overview
This window serves two main purposes: Firstly, it is used to set up some basic parameters at the beginning of a survey, for instance the sample rate. Secondly, it is used to control and initiate communications with the Line Controller Interface each time the system is switched on. An additional task is to report on the current hardware and software configuration of the system, via the Identity Card.
Click to shrink or expand
Figure 3-1
Note You can shrink/expand the window by clicking in the Activity
area.
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Customer Support
Clicking on this button in the 428XL main window opens a box providing information on how to call the Customer Support Department for help. Please note SERCEL Customer Support Hot Line with our dedicated phone number: - Outside FRANCE - In FRANCE +33 2 40 30 58 88 02 40 30 58 88
This allows you to get in touch with our SERCEL Customer Support Department, at any time and seven days a week, to ask any question related to the use of your SERCEL equipment. One of our experienced, english speaking Customer Support Engineers will make every effort to give you any technical support you need. The Hot Line includes a vocal mail box for calls outside normal business hours: just leave a spoken message and we will get back to you first thing in the morning (including Saturdays and Sundays). SERCEL is committed to offering you our closest support for the success of your field operations.
Copyrights
Clicking on this button displays the list of copyrighted software and libraries used in your 428XL Graphic User Interface.
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Figure 3-2
Identity Card
Clicking on this button displays a description of the configuration of your system (Software version, software patches installed, passwords, workstation configuration, plotter type, hardware configuration of 428XL Line Controller Interface, etc.).
Figure 3-3
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Of particular note is the following information: - Host I.D. - Software Version. - Passwords (and LCI board numbers). - Maximum number of client user sessions allowed. - Module Type (428). The Customer Support Department will solve your problem more quickly if you provide them with a detailed description of the configuration of your system, using the Identity Card command.
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Configuration The Setup menu
The Setup menu

In this section: Crew setup window (page 52) User Info setup (page 55) SEGD setup (page 56) Disk Record setup (page 57)
Crew setup window

NOTE: You are not allowed to change these parameters unless and until the line is turned off.
Figure 3-4
Sample rate
(1/4, 1/2, 1, 2 or 4 ms) This option button allows you to specify the sampling interval to be used on all traces.
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Filter Type
(8N_Lin, 8N_Min). Each 428XL channel has a built-in Digital Signal Processor that performs high-cut filtering, depending on the option selected in this setup window. N stands for the Nyquist Frequency, i.e. half the sampling frequency. The available filters have a -3 dB point at 0.8 times the Nyquist Frequency, i.e. 0.4 times the sampling frequency: - 100 Hz @ 4-ms. - 200 Hz @ 2-ms. - 400 Hz @ 1-ms. - 800 Hz @ 0.5-ms. - 1600 Hz @ 0.25-ms. They feature a slope of about 370 dB/octave. The pulse response ringing, however, decays slowly. The attenuation is at least 120 dB for all frequencies above the Nyquist Frequency, preventing any aliasing effect. The 428XL allows the user to choose between: - linear-phase type or - minimum-phase type. The amplitude spectrum does not depend much on the type of filter (linear or minimum phase), unlike the phase spectrum. Linear Phase This type of filter is ideal as far as phase considerations are concerned, as all the frequencies are delayed by the same amount. That delay is set to zero in the 428XL. In return, this kind of filter has a pulse response with leading ringing (precursors) as well as lagging ringing (actually, the pulse response is symmetrical with respect to time 0).
Minimum Phase The minimum phase type is causal, i.e. its pulse response, much like analog filters, starts at time 0, peaks and then rings (no ringing prior to the peak). The delay, however, somewhat depends on the input frequency.
Default Line Data Rate

(8 or 16 Mbits/s) This option button sets the default data rate for all acquisition lines. To determine which option to choose, you need to know which type of field electronics is used. - The FDU428 field electronics supports both 8 and 16 Mbits/s data rates. - The FDU408 field electronics supports only the 8 Mbits/s option.
WARNING
If any FDU408 electronics is deployed and you choose 16 Mbits/s, it will not be seen by the system unless you use the The Form Line setup (page 116) to change the data rate to 8 Mbits/s on those line segments.
Time Management
This option button allows you to choose which clock to use to determine the time of shots: Internal Clock: shot time is synchronized on the server workstations clock. Source Controller: shot time is synchronized on the source controller (e. g. for explosive operations). NTP Server: shot time is synchronized on an NTP servers clock. You have to enter the NTP servers IP Address into the associated field. GPS: shot time is synchronized on the GPS time, if the VE432 or the blaster controller is equipped with a GPS receiver.
Post Annotation Logging

If the data for some fields in any SEGD file is not available at the moment the file is generated, this option determines whether or not the system is allowed to update those fields at a later date (when the data is available).
User Info setup

An External Header appears in every SEGD file generated by the system. Selecting User Info from the Setup menu opens a window that allows you to enter any extra information not supported by the standard header (ASCII characters) that you wish to be recorded in the External Header. It can be left blank if not required.
Figure 3-5
The size allocated to the External Header depends on which options you choose in the SEGD setup menu.
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SEGD setup
If you choose the Advanced rather than Standard option, you can choose between the following SEGD format options:
Figure 3-6
SEGD Level
You can choose between Revision 1 (Standard) and Revision 2 (providing better efficiency of using high density recording media, and supporting the use of tapes with physical and electronic readable labels).
Number of Record Channel Sets

You can choose between the following options for the number of channel sets per record: 16 (Standard), 32 or 64.
External Header Size

You can choose between the following options for the size (kByte) of the External Header: 1 or 64 (standard); 1 to 28 in 4-kByte steps (Advanced).
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Disk Record setup

The system uses a file repository in which it temporarily stores your SEGD files until the Export process can accept them (see Disk Buffer on page 40). The Disk Record setup window lets you choose the way the system will arrange the files in the SEGD repository.
Figure 3-7
Disk record mode

The Standard mode will save your production files to /var/dump/ normal and your test files to /var/dump/test. The Advanced mode may create subdirectories, depending on which Backup Settings option you select.
Backup Settings
The files can be arranged in three different manners: Flat: all files are saved to the same directory (production files are saved to /var/dump/normal and test files to /var/dump/test). Swath Name: same as with the Flat option, but a subdirectory is created for each swath. Swath Name and Julian Day: same as with the Swath option, but for each swath, a subdirectory is created for each julian day.
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Configuration On Line/Off Line
On Line/Off Line
Clicking Off Line inhibits data acquisition and recording, and enables local functions on the Graphic User Interface. You are then allowed to make any changes to parameter settings in the Setup menu in each main window. Clicking On Line enables data acquisition and recording. This also automatically performs a Look function, as well as an instrument test on the auxiliary traces.
Current file number Number of shots being processed Number of shots to retrieve Acquisition length downcount or delay downcount
Figure 3-8
The Activity box shows the progress of the data flow, in the form of traffic lights for each stage in the 428XL. When the process stage is idle, all three lights are off. Otherwise, the colours should be interpreted as follows: The green light means the data stream is being processed or dumped to the next process stage. The orange light comes On if the processor is unable to dump the data presently being processed to the next stage, for example because Manual instead of Auto is activated in the Export or DPG main window. The red light comes On if the processor is unable to process the data presently contained in the stage, or unable to dump the processed data to the next stage (therefore unable to accept any more data).
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The following indicators may appear: ACQ (Acquisition): The green light means that acquisition is in progress. The orange light comes On during the programmed delay, if any, between acquisitions, or if seismonitor in the Line main window is running. The red light means no acquisition can be performed at the present time (e. g. because there are too many shots to retrieve). At the foot of the ACQ light is a time counter, preset to the acquisition length value (including any programmed delay) at the start of each acquisition, that indicates the time still to elapse before the present acquisition (or delay) is complete. RTV (Retrieve): The green light means that the seismic data collected from the FDUs, and stored in the LAUs, is being retrieved by the central control unit. The orange light means that acquisition is complete but it is not entirely retrieved. The red light means retrieval is no longer possible. The counter at the foot indicates the number of shots still to be retrieved (max. 2). In addition, the following processing stages may appear in the Activity window: PROC. The green light means data is being transferred from line interface to the processing queue, and/or Noise Elimination and/or Correlation is in progress. The orange light means the processing is no longer performed in real time. The red light means no processing can be performed at the present time. The counter at the foot indicates the number of shots being processed. DPG (if a VE432 DPG vibrator controller is installed).
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Chapter
Line
The main window (page 62) Topographic views (page 64) Numeric views (page 77) The Survey setup (page 79) The Layout setup (page 86) The Spread Type setup (page 95) The Look setup (page 100) LAU Leakage setup (page 101) Advanced layouts (page 103) Test functions (page 107) The Form Line setup (page 116) The Synthetic setup (page 121) The Download setup (page 126)
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Line The main window
The main window

The Line client window provides access to all of the test and utility functions necessary for management of seismic lines and spreads. The main window gives a graphical or numeric representation of all field equipment connected to the Line Controller Interface, together with Sensor and Instrument test results. Selective colour coding is used to highlight problems that may affect data quality.
Figure 4-1
The View menu allows you to customize the main window by choosing one or more views to display. Then you can resize your display panes by dragging the desired border. For details on how you can arrange the views and toolbars as you would like them, see the Hands-on guide (page 22). Line and spread parameters are programmed through the Setup menu. See The Survey setup (page 79) to describe the survey, and The Layout setup (page 86) to generate markers.
Line The main window
As soon as the line power is turned on, all the field units connected become alive and can be viewed in the main window. FDUs can be in one of two states: acquisition (seismonitor or recording) or field update (the rest of the time). As a result the database is continually updated. Just after the line power is turned on, all FDUs are in field update mode (unless no markers are defined). As a result, Resistance, Tilt and Leakage Sensor tests are performed in real time and can be viewed. Whenever a new field unit is laid out, it does not appear in the topographic view until the spread is formed again. If the spread remains the same for consecutive shots (VPs) in continuous mode, no spread forming is performed, so any new unit laid out will not be visible unless you program a Look between VPs in the Operation main window (see Look on page 160). If any Sensor tests are selected in the The Look setup (page 100), they are performed too (but if the Resistance value exceeds the specified limit, e. g. if nothing is connected on the channel input, Tilt and Leakage tests are not performed, even if they are selected in the Look setup).
Note simply setting a Delay between two shots or VPs will also
cause a Look to be executed. While active FDUs are collecting the data during acquisition, all passive ones are still in field update mode and their states are continually updated on the display if they are in lines that are not involved in the acquisition. You can see right away if any extra units have been connected to those lines, or if any sensors or cables (called paths) are at fault. Any faulty elements, including cables, are displayed in red. Connectors are shown too (to do that, the system uses the Link properties recorded in each FDU).
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Line Topographic views
Topographic views
In this section: About topographic views (page 64) Sensor view (page 66) Instrument view (page 68) Battery view (page 70) Seismonitor (page 71) Working with graphic views (page 72)
About topographic views

Topographic views provide geographic displays of the results available from field updates. Use the View menu or toolbar buttons to choose the type of information to display:
Figure 4-2
Information on the survey (Sensor topo view). Information on field units (Instrument and Battery topo views). Sensor noise level (Seismonitor topo view). Whatever the type of information displayed, the other results are just one click away.
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(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(8)
(7)
(6)
(5)
Figure 4-3
(1) (2) (3)
The left-hand pane displays the whole survey. See Zooming (page 73). Click on these buttons to expand or collapse the left-hand pane. Drag the vertical border to resize the two panes. The right-hand pane displays a magnified view of the area encompassed in the red frame selected in the left-hand pane. See
Zooming (page 73)
(4)
The legend shows the programmed limits for QC results. With the mouse pointer resting on any element in the graphic view (Sensors/Seismonitor/ Instrument/Batteries) a tip box appears that shows the identification of the element and its QC result if any is available, depending on the choice made with the test option button. The relevant legend automatically appears as the tip box shows up. In the graphic view, the tested elements are green if within the limits, red or blue otherwise. The limits for the sensor tests are
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adjustable through the Survey Setup menu (using the Apply Sensors button). (5) (6) (7) (8) Use this button to turn on/off the power supply to the lines. Location of the mouse pointer within the graphic pane.
Zoom out button: restores the previous zoom factor.
Reset button: removes zooming.
Sensor view
This view shows the topographic stakes and the types of sensors in the survey.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Figure 4-4
(1)
Use this button to show or hide the sensor type in the graphic view. (The selected sensor type number appears inside the icon).
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(2)
Use the Sensor QC Type button to select the type of sensor whose test results you want to display. This button looks for the units connected. and launches the Sensor tests selected in the The Look setup (page 100). See also Sensor tests (page 112). This option button is used to choose which type of sensor QC test to launch (with the Go button) and display. The Go button provides a shortcut for the test functions available from the Test Setup menu. (See also Test functions on page 107). It launches the selected QC test on the selected units. (If no units are selected, then the test is performed on the whole survey). This clears the test results, and the units are shown in blue until the test is completed and new results are available.
(3)
(4)
(5)
To select a set of units in the graphic view, see To select one or more elements (page 72). After you launch a test function on any unit, a grey background appears on that unit in the graphic view, meaning that the unit is busy. The colour of each sensor icon depends on the limits programmed for the Sensor test selected using the option button (Resistance, Tilt, Noise, Leakage). To change the Sensor test limits, see Sensor type (page 83) in the description of The Survey setup . Sensor icons in the graphic view are shown in: Green if within the Sensor test limits. Red if out of Sensor test limits. Light blue if not tested. Any mute sensor appears as a blue cross (no sensor is detected).
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Instrument view
This view shows all the field equipment connected in the survey.
(1) (2 (3
FDU
Figure 4-5
(1)
This button looks for the units connected.
(2)
This option button is used to choose which type (Distortion, CMRR, Gain error, Phase error, Noise, Crosstalk) of instrument QC test to launch (with the Go button) and display. You do not need to click on Go to get the results from self-tests (Auto Test option). The Go button provides a shortcut for the instrument test functions available from the Test Setup menu. See also Test functions (page 107). It launches the selected QC test on the selected units. (If no units are selected, then the test is performed on the whole survey). This clears the test results, and the units are shown in blue until the test is completed and new results are available.
(3)
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To select a set of units in the graphic view, see To select one or more elements (page 72). After you launch a test function on any unit, a grey background appears on that unit in the graphic view, meaning that the unit is busy. The buttons in the upper-left corner allow you to highlight or dim some of the elements for better legibility.
.
Stakes
4
Cable path FDU 428XL LAUX
Figure 4-6
By default, the Instrument graphic view displays the results from selftests. The colour code is as follows: Green: Orange: Red: Grey: The unit is identified and its self-test is correct. The unit is identified but no self-test has been performed (because of a transmission problem). The unit cannot be used, or its self-test failed. See Numeric views (page 77) for details. There is no Marker on the line segment.
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Battery view
This view shows the battery-operated units deployed.
Legend
Threshod adjust
Tip
Figure 4-7
With the mouse pointer resting on any battery-operated unit, a tip box appears, showing the type of the unit, its serial number and its power supply voltage. The legend at the top of the window shows the programmed limit for the battery voltage, which is adjustable using the Threshold slider button. The icons in the Battery view are shown in green if the battery voltage is above that threshold, red otherwise.
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Seismonitor
The Seismonitor topographic view allows you to view the sensors in terms of input signal rather than sensor type. It shows the active spread: Active sensors appear as green squares, Dead sensors appear as red squares, Mute sensors appear as dark blue squares, Stakes defined with no sensors appear as yellow crosses. When the Seismonitor pushbutton is activated, this view also allows real-time noise monitoring: the level on each receiver is represented using eight 6-dB steps for both the height and colour (from green to red) of each receiver icon, depending on the gain selected for Seismonitor. The red colour step corresponds to the highest step in the level scale.
The scale adjusts itself according to the gain chosen
Used to choose the seismonitor gain
Used to choose which sensor types to show or hide
Used to choose which sensor type gain to adjust with the Gain slider button
Figure 4-8
The seismonitor gain is applied to both seismic and auxiliary traces. The Gain slider button, in conjunction with the Sensor Type option button, allows you to adjust the Seismonitor gain for each type of sensor.
Note Naturally, the Sensor noise on radio-type channels is not
viewed in real time. The radio-type channels noise display is only refreshed each time you use the Look function.
Working with graphic views

To select one or more elements
With the mouse pointer resting on the first unit to be selected, press the centre button of the mouse. Hold it down while dragging the pointer to the last unit to be selected, then release it. A red background appears on the selected units.
Press Release
Figure 4-9 Selecting elements in graphic views
You can copy the selected area using the Control+ C shortcut (the message Copy Ready should appear at the foot of the window) and paste it into the Absolute Spread Setup window to create a spread setup. If you launch a test with the buttons in the upper-right corner of the graphic pane after selecting a set of units, the test is only performed on the units selected. The selection is replicated (in the form of an absolute spread description) in the Test Setup window accessed via the Functions menu. To select a single unit, use the same method with a sufficient zoom factor. To unselect, click anywhere in the graphic pane.
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Zooming
With the mouse pointer resting anywhere in the graphic pane, press the left button of the mouse. Drag the mouse pointer slowly in any direction. This causes an elastic frame to show up that enlarges until you stop dragging the mouse pointer. Release the mouse button. As a result, the spread area encompassed in the elastic frame occupies the entire right-hand pane.
Press mouse left button
Release
Mouse location
Figure 4-10 Zooming
To view a channels QC data

With the mouse pointer resting on a receiver position, a tip box appears, showing the type of the unit, its serial number and the QC result. The relevant legend automatically appears at the top of the window, showing the programmed limits for that test.
Legend
Only the QC result chosen with the option button is shown. Tip
Figure 4-11 Viewing a channels QC data
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Still with the mouse pointer resting on a receiver position, pressing the right-hand button of the mouse causes a menu to pop up. Selecting Properties opens a window showing details on the receiver position. The Properties of an FDU include its identification, status, and all available QC results. Also in the Properties of an LAUX are its IP address and Booster power supply voltage (48 V).
Figure 4-12 Viewing Instrument properties
Right-click shortcuts
With the mouse pointer resting on an element in the graphic Instruments view, the menu that pops up when you press the right-hand button of the mouse may prompt one or more contextual shortcuts that let you display or change properties or parameters of the element. For example, you can turn a receiver position mute without going through the Setup menu: you simply have to right-click on the desired position and select Set Mute from the menu that pops up. The relevant setup (e. g. the Layout setup in this example) is automatically updated.
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Checkerboard view
With many units to be shown in the graphic view, the system may decide to switch to the checkerboard view mode because there is no room for all icons. In the checkerboard view mode, icons are shrunk so that they can fit in the graphic pane. Colours are still significant but control units (LAUX, LAUL) and anomalies are emphasized so that you can spot them easily. Then you can zoom in to see details. All the FDUs making up a link are shrunk into a single rectangular icon whose colour reflects the global QC of the link: faults (shown in red or orange) take precedence over any other QC values, i. e. the links icon turns red if any one status in the link is at fault.
Paths
Links can be viewed using the Cable Path button in Instrument views.
Detour
End of a link (connector)
Figure 4-13
The following conventions are used for cable paths: Green: Orange: Red: OK. Sensed, but a transmit error was encountered. A problem was encountered at the end of the cable.
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The graphical view of paths helps you isolate any transmission trouble: if the system finds the transfer time from a unit to the next is inconsistent, the suspect path is displayed in red and, if the path is included in the active spread, an alert window pops up when you click on Go to launch an acquisition.
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Line Numeric views
Numeric views
Use the View menu or toolbar buttons to choose which type of data to display.
Drag border to resize
Use scrollbar to view hidden columns
Figure 4-14 Sensor numeric view
Numeric views display the available results in tables. Those results which do not fall within the limits specified in the Setup menu are shown with a red background. All columns are resizable. Adjust the width if any value fails to fit in. (With the mouse pointer resting on the border of a column, left-click and drag the border as required). You can show or hide columns by right-clicking in any column heading and selecting Customize (see Figure 1-14). Left-clicking on the heading in any column causes the data in that column to be sorted in ascending order. Clicking one more time reverses the order, and so on. After you connect a new unit to a line, the unit is added at the top of the table. The list is not sorted until you click on a column heading. The results are cleared each time a test function is launched.
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Line Numeric views
Figure 4-15 Sensor numeric view (continued)
Figure 4-16 Instrument numeric view
For an LAUL or LAUX, the Booster Failure column shows the status of the +24 V and -24 V power supplies (a failure is reported if the voltage is below 24 V) and the Leakage error column shows the result from the leakage test (see LAU Leakage setup on page 101). For an LRU, leakage cannot be measured. A History views allow you to view the Serial number, Line number, Point number and geographical position of each unit, along with the date and time when it was last seen (Last Access) and first seen (Creation Date) in the survey.
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Line The Survey setup
The Survey setup

In this section: General (page 79) Survey (page 80) Point Code (page 82) Sensor type (page 83)
General
You open this window by selecting Survey from the Setup menu.
Input fields
List box (empty)
Figure 4-17
It is used to provide information about the area of the survey prospect where the crew is working. You access three categories of information using the three tabs described in detail below: Survey (page 80), Point Code (page 82) and Sensor type (page 83). To make changes to any row in the list box, double-click on it, fill in the fields above the list, then click Add or Change or Delete, as required. To save the current settings, click Apply All with the lines turned OFF (Field Off). This activates the choices made with all three tabs. In contrast, whether the Lines are on or off, you can click Apply Sensor to activate only the test result limits settings made using the Sensor tab.
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To revert to the former settings, click Reset instead of Apply.
Survey
To determine the crews survey prospect area, you have to specify the start and end points of the lines, together with any gaps caused by obstacles or whatever. To do that youll click on the Survey tab.
100-103p1,106-110p1,111-115p2,116-120p3
Receiver points Point Code Gap Different Point Codes
Figure 4-18 Survey setup
Line
This index box is used to enter line numbers. Tip: For example, entering 10-60/10 in the Line index box will generate lines 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 in one click on Add. Line numbers do not need to be arranged in any order. For instance you may well wish to insert line 70 between lines 30 and 40: click line 30 in the list box (its number appears in this index box), enter 70 in the index box and click Add. It is important, however, to understand that the graphic display in the main window reflects the Survey setup. In other words, seismic lines will be shown on the screen in the order in which they appear in this list box, and not necessarily in the sequence they are laid out on the ground or connected to the recording instruments.
Note The traces recorded in the SEGD file will be in the same order
as in the Survey setup.
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If line numbers are arranged in ascending or descending order, you can easily reverse the order using the Reverse button as required.
Receiver Section
The Receiver Section field is used to assign a Point Code to each Receiver Position in each line. The syntax for the Point Code is p_ (example: p1). The Point Code determines the type of sensor used. You define Point Codes in the window accessed by clicking on the Point Code tab (see page 82). On lines that do not use the same point code everywhere, you have to split the description of the receiver section into as many series of adjacent stakes with a common point code as necessary. In the example provided in Figure 4-18 on page 80, stakes 100 to 110 have the same point code (p1) but the series of receiver positions is split because a gap with no channels is planned between stakes 103 and 106.
,
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 This is the graphical display resulting from the above example of survey description.
Figure 4-19
The stakes must be numbered in ascending order, usually with an increment of 1 but you can use an increment other than 1.
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Tip: Example with an increment other than 1 for the receiver positions: entering 100-150p1/10 as a receiver section will generate receiver positions 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150 in one click on Add.
Point Code
Some applications require the use of different types of sensor within the same spread. An example would be a transition zone survey, where geophones are employed on land and hydrophones in water. To specify the type of sensor to be used in a receiver section, you assign a Point Code to it (see Survey on page 80). You define Point Codes in this window:
Figure 4-20 Point Code setup
Nb
Used to enter Point Code numbers. The system will automatically add the letter p. You must define at least one Point Code.
Label
Used to identify the Point Code in plain.
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Sensor Type
Syntax: s_ (example: s1+s2). Used to enter the sensor type or types associated with the point code. Sensor types are defined in the window accessed by clicking on the Sensor tab.
Sensor type
When Sensor tests are to be performed, the electrical characteristics will not necessarily be the same across the entire spread and therefore it may be pointless to apply the same resistance, tilt (pulse response) and noise test limits everywhere. Instead, the system allows several sets of limits to be specified, each one appropriate to a particular sensor type. It is then sufficient to define the zones in which each type of sensor can be found, using Survey (page 80), and the system will automatically apply the relevant limit for each measurement. You can define different sensor types in this window.
Figure 4-21 Sensor setup
Nb
Used to enter Sensor Types numbers. You must define at least one Sensor Type.
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Label
Used to identify the Sensor Type in plain.
Continuity
Upper and lower limit for the sensor impedance. Any channel with a sensor impedance falling outside the range specified in the Min and Max fields is reported at fault in sensor views (and shown in red in graphic views).
Tilt
Maximum geophone tilt percentage. Alert threshold in the display of Sensor Tilt test results.
Noise
Maximum RMS noise level. Alert threshold in the display of Sensor Noise test results.
Leakage
Alert threshold in the display of Sensor Leakage test results. The Leakage test measures the global leakage resistance between the seismic channel and the earth ground.
SEGD Code
Figure 4-22
Clicking the button associated with this field causes a list box to pop up so that you can select the SEGD code of the type of sensor used. This code has no effect on the performance of the system. It is only written to tape (byte 21 in block 1 of the Trace Header Extension).
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Line The Layout setup
The Layout setup

In this section: General (page 86) Markers (page 87) Auxiliary channels (page 90) Mute channels (page 94)
General
Input fields
List box (empty)
Figure 4-23
Having defined the lines that will be used in the survey, using The Survey setup (page 79), it is necessary to provide information for the central unit to capture the actual layout of those lines, using the layout setup window. You open this window by selecting Layout from the Setup menu. You dont have to supply the location of each and every element in the survey: you only have to create a marker (fully identified with its unit type, serial number, topographic stake number) in each line segment. This will enable the system to automatically see how your field equipment is deployed. In this window, you also specify the location of
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auxiliary channels, detours, and inactive channels. You also have to describe all radio telemetry units.
Note The selection you make by clicking on any row in the list box is
reflected in the main windows graphic view: the cursor automatically moves to the selected unit. To make changes to any row in the list box, double-click on it, fill in the fields above the list, then click Add or Change or Delete, as required. To save and enable your changes, click Apply. (To revert to the former settings, click Reset instead).
Markers
Use this window to specify the location, unit type and serial number of at least one unit (FDU, LAUL, LAUX or LRU) in each line segment actually connected. After you define the markers, the system is able to collect the status of all units connected, as soon as lines are turned on. Then it will continually update the view in the main window.
.
At least one marker on each line
Figure 4-24 Marker setup
Tip: To enter a marker, you can drag and drop a unit from the main window (Instrument graphic view) to the markers list box.
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Box Type
As its label suggests, this field is used to choose the type of unit (LCI428, LAUX428, etc.). Select the type actually implemented at the location chosen as a marker
S. N.
Serial number of the unit actually implemented at the location chosen as a marker.
Line Name
Used to specify the number of the Line the marker is attached to.
IMPORTANT
Each line should have at least one marker. If the line is composed of several segments, enter a marker on each segment. Below are two examples: Two line segments with a transverse cable used as a detour
Enter one marker for this line segment Enter another marker for this line segment
Transverse cable
Figure 4-25
88
End-to-end line segments with no wireline connection

Enter one marker for this line segment No wireline connection Enter another marker for this line segment
r ke ar M
r ke ar
Figure 4-26
Point Nb
Used to specify the Point Number (i. e. stake number) of the location used as a marker.
Note By convention, an LAUL or LAUX assumes the number of the
first topographic stake encountered on its Low side. (Remember topographic stakes are defined in the Survey Setup).
110
111
112
113
To set a marker on this LAUX, enter 111 as Point Number
Figure 4-27
Channel Nb
Used to specify the channel number implemented at the location used as a marker, in the case of a multi-channel unit.
89
Marker Increment
Typically, the Marker Increment is set to 1, meaning that a receiver channel is deployed at each stake number.
Line 10
109 LAUX
110
111
112
r ke FDU ar
113
114
115
xxxx
Marker Setup
Box Type
FDU-428
S. N.
xxxx
Line Name Point No. Marker Incr.

10 112 1
Figure 4-28
To implement a Receiver Position (i. e. a receiver channel) every n stake numbers on a line segment, enter n into the Marker Increment field. See Logical line mapped with several physical lines on page 105.
Reversed
Typically, the Reversed button should be left unticked. This button is used to reverse the direction of the assignment of receiver channels to receiver positions over a line segment.
Auxiliary channels
Figure 4-29 Auxiliary channel setup

Use this window to describe auxiliary channels. You can use FDUs connected direct to the 428XL control module and also FDUs located anywhere in the spread. Tip: To enter an auxiliary channel, you can drag and drop a unit from the main window (Instrument graphic view) to the list box. In the topographic view of the spread, all auxiliary channels are gathered at the record unit position.
Nb
Row number in the list box.
Label
Used to assign a name to the Auxiliary channel (e. g. Pilot). That label is used in the Operation main window to describe the type of processing to be performed. See Correlation with (page 143).
Box Type
Used to choose the type of unit used for this auxiliary channel (FDU, FDU428, FDU2S, etc.).
S. N.
Used to enter the Serial Number of the unit used for this auxiliary channel.
Channel Nb
Used to specify the channel number of this auxiliary channel, in the case of a multi-channel unit.
Gain
Used to choose the preamplifier gain for this auxiliary channel. See the gain code table on page 96.
91
Comments
Used to enter any comment you think necessary, for example if the Label is not self-explanatory.
Detour
Use this window to specify the location of detours, if any, between receiver positions. All units within a detour will be inactive (unused).
Figure 4-30 Detour setup
Below is a typical example where a detour is set between two adjacent receiver positions.
110 111
Last active unit on Low side (enter its Serial No. into Low S. N. field) Unused units
First active unit on High side (enter its Serial No. into High SN field)
Figure 4-31
Low Box Type

Used to specify the Type of the adjacent active unit located ahead of (on the Low side of) the detour.
Low S. N.
Used to specify the Serial Number of the adjacent active unit located ahead of (on the Low side of) the detour, meaning that the unit on the other side is the Low end of the detour.
Low Chann. Nb
In the case of a multi-channel unit, use this field to specify the adjacent active channel ahead of (on the Low side of) the detour, meaning that the channel on the other side is the Low end of the detour.
High Box Type

Used to specify the Type of the adjacent active unit located after (on the High side of) the detour.
High S. N.
Used to specify the Serial Number of the adjacent active unit located after (on the High side of) the detour, meaning that the unit on the other side is the High end of the detour.
High Chann. Nb
In the case of a multi-channel unit, use this field to specify the adjacent active channel after (on the High side of) the detour, meaning that the channel on the other side is the High end of the detour.
Stop Marking
Typically, the Stop Marking button should be left unticked. This button is only used where a change is required in the automatic assignment of receiver channels to receiver positions. (See also Advanced layouts (page 103)).
93
Mute channels
Figure 4-32 Mute setup
Use this window to specify the location of mute receiver points, if any. The channel from a mute receiver point is acquired, but its data is zeroed. In the case of multi-sensor receiver point, all channels are mute. Tip: To enter a mute receiver point, you can drag and drop it from the main window (Instrument graphic view) to the list box.
Line Name, Point Number

Used to specify the location of a mute unit.
94
Line The Spread Type setup
The Spread Type setup

In this section: General (page 95) Absolute spreads (page 96) Generic spreads (page 97)
General
You have to specify the complete acquisition spread to be used for each and every shot. The programming of these spreads can be done not only automatically via SPS files but also manually, using the editing tools provided by the GUI.
Enter the description of your spread here
Figure 4-33 Spread type setup
In either case, a shorthand method of defining all of the channels to be used is available in the 428XL. The concept of a Generic Spread (generic means Standard) is especially helpful for manual programming. The alternative method uses Absolute Spreads, which are more suitable for automated programming. To define a new spread in the list box, fill in the description, identification number and label fields, then click Add. To make changes to any row in the list box, double-click on it, fill in the fields above the list, then click Add or Change or Delete, as required.
95
To save and enable your changes, click Apply. (To revert to the former settings, click Reset instead).
Absolute spreads
An absolute spread is defined in terms of line and stake numbers, for example: Line 10, from stake 101 to stake 103, then from stake 106 to stake 115. (It therefore follows that you need to define a completely new absolute spread every time the acquisition spread moves even by a single receiver point).
Gain code
10:101-103g1,106-115g1 20:101-103g1,106-115g1 30:101-103g1,106-115g1 40:101-103g1,106-115g1
Figure 4-34 Absolute spread setup
Enter a colon (:) between the Line Number and the Receiver positions. Enter a hyphen (-) to specify a series of Receiver positions. Enter a comma (,) to specify a gap between two or more Receiver positions (or to specify series of Receiver positions with different channel gain codes (e. g. 106-110g1,11-115g2). To describe another Line or set of Lines, press Return or type a slash character (/). The system automatically adds as (abbreviation for Absolute Spread) ahead of the Identification Number in the list box. Choose the gain code from the table below.
Gain Code g1 g2
Input scale 1600 mv 400 mV 0 dB 12 dB
FDU
DSU 4 m/s 1 m/s
Tip: A simple way of creating an absolute spread type consists of selecting the desired spread in the graphic view with the mouse, copying the selected area and pasting it into the Spread Type setup window. See Figure 4-9 on page 72.
Generic spreads
A generic spread describes the pattern of the active channels. The fundamental difference between an absolute and a generic spread is that generic definitions are always relative. You may wish to define one generic spread to be used throughout the life of a crew. To take a textbook example, a symmetrical split spread could be defined as a number of lines with 100 stakes, a gap of 2 and then another 100 stakes. There is nothing in the basic definition that says where the spread should be implemented. If one or more receiver units fall outside the boundaries or within a gap specified in the Survey Setup, those channels, will not be implemented.
Generic spread
Generic Line Generic Line Generic Line Generic Line
Figure 4-35
97
Line
50g1+50g2
Figure 4-36
The description of generic spreads makes use of Generic Line Types that you define in this window. When you describe a Generic Line Type you assign a gain code to a set of channels. See the gain code table above.
Note If any receiver units are laid out between receiver points, they
must be described as skipped channels in the The Survey setup (page 79) or detours in the The Layout setup (page 86).
Note To skip receiver points, enter rs in the description.
Use brackets to repeat sets of two or more gain codes, with a repetition factor placed ahead of the leading bracket. Below are two examples: 10(g1+g2) will describe 10 pairs of channels where, in each pair, the 1st channel has a 0 dB gain and the 2nd channel a 12 dB gain. 10(g1+rs) will describe 10 pairs of channels where, in each pair, the 1st channel has a 0 dB gain and the 2nd channel is skipped. The system automatically adds the letter "l" ahead of the Identification Number in the list box.
98
Spread
10l1+10l2
4
Figure 4-37
When you describe a Generic Spread type you assign a generic Line Type to a set of lines. Line types are defined in the Generic Line window. To skip lines, enter ls in the description. Use brackets to repeat sets of two or more lines, with a repetition factor placed ahead of the leading bracket. For example 10(l1+ls) will describe 10 pairs of lines where, in each pair, the 1st line is L1-type and the 2nd is skipped. The system automatically adds sd (abbreviation for Spread Descriptor) ahead of the Identification Number in the list box.
99
Line The Look setup
The Look setup

You open this window by selecting Look Setup from the Setup menu. The Look function is used to see if any new units are connected, so as to display them in the Line main window.
Look
Manual: Each LAU will only identify the connected units when you go to Field On or you click on the Look button.
Figure 4-38
If a disruption arises, only the units encountered on the connected line segment are re-identified by the LAU. In the event of a transmission sync error, a red path appears at the output of the LAU controlling the line segment affected. You have to launch a manual Look to re-identify the FDUs located between the LAU and the disruption. Auto (default option): Each LAU continually looks for any new units connected so as to identify them. On a line segment including an LSI, the automatic look is disabled: to see new FDUs, you must use manual Look in that case.
With Tests
After each Look, whether Automatic or Manual, the Sensor tests you choose with these buttons (Resistance, Tilt, Leakage) will be performed on the FDUs identified. The Resistance and Tilt tests are selected by default. In field update mode, if the Resistance value exceeds the specified limit (e. g. with nothing connected on the channel input), the Tilt and Leakage tests are not performed, even if they are selected in this setup.
100
Line LAU Leakage setup
LAU Leakage setup

A leakage sensor circuitry in each LAU senses any leakage arising between a conductor in the telemetry cable and ground. The LAU Leakage command available from the Setup menu allows you to set an alert level. If the leakage current exceeds that alert level, the LAU reports a fault to the GUI. As a result, the LAU is shown in red in the Instrument topographic view and a Leakage error appears in the Instrument numeric view for that LAU.
Available from Setup menu
Tells you which port is affected
Leakage current displayed in red if exceeding alert level.
Figure 4-39
The Connections column in the Instruments graphical view, and the properties of an LAU (available on a right-click) tell you which port(s) is (are) powered up, so you can see which port is affected by leakage. In the case of an LAUX, you can use the Form Line function to enable/ disable its low or high port in order to discriminated between the two ports. In each LAU, a leakage measurement is taken every 5 seconds, using the test circuitry shown on the simplified diagram below.
101
Line LAU Leakage setup
LAUL or LAUX Telemetry pair
FDU
+24 V -24 V
FDU Pwr Sply
6.3 V 2.7 V
Telemetry pair
Rsense
ADC
Leakage
Leakage current
Leakage current
Housing
Figure 4-40
Note: Leakage between the two telemetry pairs is not revealed by this test circuitry, but transmission may be lost as a result of such leakage.
102
Line Advanced layouts
Advanced layouts
Some fields or options (like Marker Increment, Stop Marking, Reversed) in the Setup windows make the deployment of 428XL field electronics extremely flexible. Below are textbook examples of advanced layouts that can easily be implemented: Logical line mapped with several physical lines (page 105). Detour with skipped receiver points (page 103) Snaking layout (page 104)
Detour with skipped receiver points
Line 10
109
110
r FDU ke ar xxxx
111
112
113
114
r ke FDU ar yyyy
115
Detour Setup Low Box Type FDU-428 Low S.N. xxxx Low Chann Nb High Box Type FDU-428 Marker Setup Box Type FDU-428 FDU-428 S. N. xxxx yyyy Line Name 10 10 Point No. 110 114 Reversed High S.N. yyyy High Chann Nb Stop Marking
Figure 4-41
To implement this example: You have to set two markers (one on either side of the detour); In the Detour setup, you must choose the Stop Marking option. This will actually assign FDU No. yyyy to Receiver Position 114.
Snaking layout
Line 10
M
109 LAUX
ke ar r
110
111
112
113 FDU uuuu
114
LAUX xxxx FDU yyyy FDU nnnn (*)
(*)
Line 20
r ke FDU ar M vvvv
Line 30
r ke FDU ar zzzz M
(*) Those FDUs must be declared with the Stop Marking option ticked. Detour Setup
Low Box Type FDU-428 FDU-428
Low S.N. uuuu yyyy
Low Chann Nb
High Box Type FDU-428 FDU-428
High S.N. vvvv zzzz
High Chann Nb
Stop Marking
Marker Setup Box Type LAUX-428 FDU-428 FDU-428 S. N. xxxx vvvv zzzz Line Name 10 20 30 Point No. 108 113 109 Reversed
Figure 4-42
An example of snaking layout is shown above. In the Detour setup window, create a detour on each change in the direction of the assignment of receiver channels to stake positions, each time choosing the Stop Marking option. In the Marker setup window, be sure there is a marker on either side of each detour, using the Reversed option where channels are assigned in decreasing order of stake positions. The Marker position can be chosen elsewhere within each line segment, that is on any FDU, LAUL or LAUX belonging in the line segment. For
104
instance, if it is easier for you to know the position of FDU No. nnnn, you may just as well set the marker on it rather than FDU No. vvvv. The snaking topology cannot be used in place of any secondary transverse.
LAUX 428 LAUX 428 LAUX 428 Secondary Transverse LAUX 428
NO
LAUX 428 LAUX 428
YES
Figure 4-43
Logical line mapped with several physical lines

Line 109 110 LAUX 10 r 428 ke ar FDU Line M xxxx LAUX 10 428 r ke FDU Line ar M yyyy 10 LAUX 428 Line 20 LAUX 428 Line 20 LAUX 428 111 109 112 113 114 115
r ke FDU ar M zzzz
FDU nnnn Marker Setup S. N. xxxx yyyy zzzz Line Name 10 10 10 Point No. 109 110 111 Marker Incr. 3 3 3
Box Type FDU-428 FDU-428 FDU-428
Figure 4-44
The flexibility of channel assignment in the 428XL allows you to split a line into several segments laid out side by side (or group several segments laid out side by side into one logical line). For example, this lets you shorten the receiver spacing without changing the spacing of your FDUs.
In the Marker setup window, set a marker assigning a known FDU to a known receiver position on each segment to be grouped, with the same Line number and the same Marker Increment (chosen to be equal to the number of segments). When you go to Field On, each split line will act as a single line. Below is an example where three segments are grouped into one logical line (or a line is split into three segments).
Note The segments making up the split line dont need to be attached
to the same LCI board.

Note The Marker position can be chosen elsewhere within each line
segment, that is on any FDU belonging in the line segment. For instance, if it is easier for you to know the position of FDU No. nnnn, you may just as well set the marker on it rather than FDU No. zzzz.
106
Line Test functions
Test functions
In this section: Overview (page 107) Instrument tests (page 110) Sensor tests (page 112) Seismonitor (page 115)
Overview
You open this window by selecting Test Setup from the Setup menu. It allows you to create a list of tests to do, choose whether or not to record the results, and specify which channels to test. For Instrument tests, you also have to choose the channel gain and record length.
List of tests to be done in sequence
Figure 4-45
Select the desired test and options. Click Add to enter the test into the list box. Click Apply to activate your changes, then click Go to launch the test or list of tests. The results appear in the Numeric and/or Graphic view, whichever is selected. To interpret the results of a particular test, see the legend at the
107
Line Test functions
foot of the main window (with the appropriate test selected in the graphic view). The settings in the Test Setup window are also used for every test you launch with the Go button in the graphic view.
Test Instrument Noise Distortion Gain&Phase CMRR Crosstalk Resistance Leakage Noise Tilt Distortion (FDU2S) Sensor Sample Rate User-selected User-selected User-selected User-selected User-selected User-selected User-selected User-selected See Vol. 3 User-selected Gain User-selected User-selected User-selected User-selected User-selected See Vol. 3 See Vol. 3 See Vol. 3 See Vol. 3 See Vol. 3 Filter Type User-selected User-selected User-selected User-selected User-selected See Vol. 3 See Vol. 3 See Vol. 3 See Vol. 3 See Vol. 3
Note For a description of the principle of each test, see 428XL
Users Manual Vol. 3.
Test Type
Click in this field and choose the desired type of test from the option button that pops up.
Recorded
Choose this option if you wish to record the acquisition to a test file. Size of the record: 4 bytes per sample. (Data is not compressed).
108
Line Test functions
Absolute Spread
The Absolute Spread list box is used to specify the lines and receiver positions to be tested (e. g. 10: 101-105g1),
IMPORTANT
You have to specify a gain in the Absolute Spread description or else the syntax would not be correct, but in Instrument tests the gain actually used (for seismic and auxiliary channels) is the one selected with the Gain option button in the Test Setup.
Note With a rectangular spread, there is an easier way of specifying
the lines and receiver positions to be tested: select the desired units in the graphic view, then choose and start the desired test with the buttons available in the main window. See To select one or more elements (page 72).
Note In Sensor tests, auxiliary channels are not tested (regardless of
whether or not they are included in the spread). In Instrument tests, auxiliary channels can be tested (you have to specify a list of aux channels to be tested).
Note After doing an Instrument test, use the Look function. Note If an overscaling arises during the acquisition of the test signal
(in an Instrument or Sensor test), no result is available (N/A) for that test.
109
Line Test functions
Instrument tests
Figure 4-46 Instrument test setup

Note After doing an Instrument test, use the Look function.
Auxiliary Descriptor
The Aux Descr text box is used to specify the auxiliary channels to be tested (with the same gain as seismic channels). Example of description: Pilot,Aux1, etc. The + operator is not allowed. Use a hyphen to specify more quickly a range of auxiliary channel numbers (e.g. a1-a4 rather than a1,a2,a3,a4).
Gain
This option button allows you to choose the preamplifier gain to be used for the Instrument tests. See the gain code table on page 96.
Record Length
Duration of the acquisition.
Line Test functions
Sample rate (ms)

0.25 0.5 1 2 4 1 2 3 3 3
Record length Minimum (sec.) Maximum
See 428XL Users Manual Vol. 3 (Specifications).
Note: For an Instrument Crosstalk test, the minimum length required is 5 s @ 2 ms SR for FDUs, 8 s for DSU3s.
Instrument Noise
(Microvolts) During this test, the channel input is shorted via an internal resistor. Geophones are not connected. The gain, filter type and sample rate parameters are user-selected.
Instrument Distortion
(dB) During this test, geophones are not connected. The built-in generator of the FDU is used as input to the channel under test. The gain, filter type and sample rate parameters are user-selected.
Instrument Crosstalk
(dB) The test includes two sequences: during the first sequence, the test generator applies a sine wave to the test network in each even FDU. The ADC converter in each odd FDU measures the resulting voltage across its own test network. (The test generator in odd FDUs is disabled). Conversely, during the second test sequence, the test sine wave is fed to each odd FDU and the resulting voltage is measured across the test network in each even FDU.
Note On the plotter, the test sine wave may appear on adjacent
channels (on either side of an LAU). See Users Manual Vol. 3.
111
Line Test functions
A minimum test length is required (5 s @ 2 ms SR for FDUs, 8 s for DSU3s). The gain, filter type and sample rate parameters are user-selected.
Instrument Gain/Phase error

(%) This test returns the maximum error in amplitude and phase. Geophones are not connected. The built-in generator of the FDU is used as input to the channel under test. The gain, filter type and sample rate parameters are user-selected.
Common Mode Rejection

(dB) During this test, geophones are not connected. The built-in generator of the FDU is used as input to the channel under test. The gain, filter type and sample rate parameters are user-selected.
Sensor tests
Sensor tests are run automatically when FDUs have no acquisition to perform. The Test Setup window lets you manually launch one or more Sensor tests on the receivers that you specify in the Absolute Spread list box.
Figure 4-47
112
Line Test functions
The fault threshold is adjustable by selecting Survey from the Setup menu, then choosing Sensor (see page 83).
Note Whenever Sensor tests are launched automatically, i. e.
whenever you turn on the line power, or when you click on the Look button, or when neither acquisition nor seismonitor is underway (field update mode or Auto Look option), the Sample Rate defaults to 2 ms for Resistance and Leakage tests.
Resistance
(ohms) This test allows you to see if geophones are connected. The Sample Rate is user-selected.
Sensor Leakage
(Mohms) This test displays the global leakage resistance between the input conductors of the receiver link and the earth. The Sample Rate is user-selected. NOTE: If the channel Input is left unconnected (or if the resistance connected exceeds 9999 ohm), the Sensor Leakage test is irrelevant. In field update mode, if the Resistance value exceeds the specified limit, the Leakage test is not performed, even if it is selected in the Look Properties setup.
Sensor Noise
(microvolts) In this test the noise picked by the geophones is measured by performing data acquisition with no Firing Order. The Sample Rate is user-selected.
Tilt
(%) The Tilt test is sensitive to a number of faults relating to the sensors. The test results will be affected by anomalies on cutoff frequencies,
Line Test functions
damping, sensitivity, distortion (sticking, friction, etc.) and tilt (geophone not properly planted).
Note In field update mode, if the Resistance value exceeds the
specified limit, the Tilt test is not performed, even if it is selected in the Look Properties setup.
Tilt Model
The Tilt Model function is used to store a model of the response to a pulse on geophones, from a number of geophone arrays known to be in good repair. The model will be used subsequently in Tilt tests. Because the samples stored are average values, the higher the number of tested channels, the closer the model to the theoretical impulse response. If several sensor types are associated with the channels selected for the Tilt Model test, a model is computed for each sensor type to be used in further Tilt tests. In Dual telemetry, separate models are computed for wireline telemetry and radio telemetry. For any sensor type that is not associated with the channels selected for the Tilt Model test, the corresponding saved model is not modified. Clicking Go connects the channel input to both the built-in generator and geophones. Then, acquisition is performed and the model is computed by averaging the responses of all the geophones tested.
Sensor Distortion
The Sensor Distortion test is only available for FDU2S channels.
114
Line Test functions
Seismonitor
This window allows you to monitor the input signal on the channels you specify in the Absolute Spread list box.
10: 100-500g1 20: 100-500g1 30: 100-500g1 40: 100-500g1
Figure 4-48
115
Line The Form Line setup
The Form Line setup

In this section: General (page 116) Line Troubleshooting (page 117) Network Management (page 119)
General
You open this window by selecting Form Line from the Setup menu.
List of manual power on/ power off commmands
Figure 4-49
This window is mainly used for: Troubleshooting the line, by going step-by-step with line forming; Managing the network in case of multi-path layout. The typical way of using Form Line is as follows: create a specific power on/off command by selecting the desired options as explained below (see Line Troubleshooting on page 117) and clicking on Add. You can save it by clicking on Apply. Then select a command in the list box by clicking on it, and launch it by clicking on Go.
Note After a set of LAUs is powered on/off and channels are
identified by Form Line, all functions can be performed, including Sensor and Instrument tests, seismonitor and acquisition.
116
Also note that field update is not done automatically on a segment powered up by Form Line: click on Look (in the Sensors view) to collect the field update data.
WARNING
All the information stored in the Form Line menu is used at line powerup. This may prevent some LAU ports from being powered up.
4
Typically, clear Form Line menu entries after you are finished with troubleshooting.
Note If the Form Line menu is not empty as lines are powered up, the
spread is formed step by step. The propagation of power from LAU to LAU is slower than in the normal mode even if referenced LAUs are not connected in the spread (due to the fact that power-up propagation is controlled by software rather than hardware). An M appears on the readout of the LCI428 line controller (standing for Manual mode).
Line Troubleshooting
To investigate a problem on a line segment, you can power down one of the ports of an adjacent LAUL or LAUX, or power up that port and form a number of channels (or all) attached to it. Also, you can gradually power up/down a Transverse. To do that: 1. Use the Serial Number field, and the option button that pops up as you click in the Box Type field, to specify which unit is targeted. From the Orientation option button, choose the port you want to power up or power off. If you want to power up the port, tick the Enable option. If you want to form all the channels attached to that port, tick the All option, otherwise specify how many channels you want to form in the Channels to Form field.
117
2. 3.
4.
Choose the appropriate Speed, depending on which type of channel is attached to that segment: FDU428 channels support both 8 and 16 Mbits/s data rates; FDU408 channels support only the 8 Mbits/s option (see Default Line Data Rate on page 54). Click Add, then Go.
5.
Forming all channels With the All option in the Channels to Form field, the Form Line function applies the line power to the selected port. All the channels attached to that port are identified and displayed graphically. If an LAU is connected at the end of that series of channels, it is powered up, identified and displayed graphically too. The line power is not propagated automatically by this LAU; this must be done using the Form Line function. This allows you to go step-by-step with line power up. Forming a number of channels If you choose to form only a number of channels, then the Form Line function applies the line power to the line and the requested channels are identified and displayed graphically. If an LAU is connected at the end of the series of channels, it is powered up, but is neither identified nor displayed. In this mode, you cannot power up LAUs beyond the selected LAU.
118
Network Management
In case of multi-path layout, it may be interesting to enable/disable some paths to control the data path and make it optimum. To that end, you can use the Form Line menu as described below to prevent the line or transverse power from being set by some LAUs. Assuming the configuration below:
4
Rig ht
R ig
ht
Tra n
sv
ers
LAUX #22
e
Ri g ht
LAUX #12
Ri gh t
LAUX428 #21
Ri gh t
LAUX428 #11
Figure 4-50
If the network is powered up without any control in the Form Line setup, the data path may be that of Figure 4-51 or Figure 4-52 (page 120), depending on how hardware line power is relayed.
119
LAUX428 #22 LAUX428 #12
LAUX428 #21 LAUX428 #11

Figure 4-51 Data Path 1
LAUX428 #22 LAUX428 #12
LAUX428 #21 LAUX428 #11

Figure 4-52 Data Path 2
In order to enforce the second situation (Data path 2), optimum for data retrieval, enter a command in the Form Line menu to power off the Right port of LAUX22 (as a result the LAUX#12 to LAUX#22 secondary transverse is displayed but not used for data transfer).
Line The Synthetic setup
The Synthetic setup

This setup window allows you to create a virtual spread and use a synthetic signal as seismic source energy to take virtual shots. For example, you can take virtual shots on a virtual spread to see if your setup parameters are consistent.
2 Selecting an object to add
1 Navigating
Focus point 3 Adding objects
Figure 4-53
1.
Use the navigation keys to move the focus point to the left/right or upward/downward, depending on where you would like to insert an element into your virtual spread. Click on the desired icon at the top to choose which object to add. Click on the appropriate add button, depending on which port you wish to connect to. The two buttons that add elements on the Low/ High sides also allow you to choose how many elements you want to add. This is an easy way of replicating line segments.
2. 3.
121
Transverse (Left)
Add one or more elements on Low side Add on Right side
Click to choose how many to add
Add on Left side Add one or more elements on High side
Line (Low) (Right)
(High)
Figure 4-54
4.
Clicking on any element in your virtual spread causes its description to appear in the upper right corner.
Figure 4-55
The example in Figure 4-56 shows how to connect a Right Transverse with four FDU links in just a few clicks.
Move focus to Right Transverse
Connect an LAUX
Connect an FDU link
Add an FDU link
Add two FDU links
Figure 4-56 Example
122
Synthetic file
In order to simulate shots, you have to load a file containing the necessary samples to generate the test signal. Use the Browse button to do that. The synthetic signal file should contain the description of the signals fed to Seismic and Auxiliary channels. Three cases may arise: A single synthetic signal is described: the same signal is fed both to Seismic and Auxiliary Channels. Two synthetic signals are described: the first one is fed to Seismic channels and the second is fed to Auxiliary channels (used to simulate single-source correlation operations). Three synthetic signals are described: the first one is fed to Seismic channels, the second to the first Auxiliary channel, and the third to the other Auxiliary channels (used to simulate dual-source correlation operations). See also 428XL Users Manual Vol. 2.
File Syntax
Blank lines and lines beginning with # in the first column are ignored. Acquisitions are identified with a text line starting with the character @ (in the first column) followed by a space character and an acquisition number. If there is no @, the signals described are common to all acquisitions. Each synthetic signal described begins with an asterisk (*) in the first column. The signal is made up of a succession of samples and described with 5 sample values per line, each line starting with the sequential number of the first value in the line (0, 5, 10, 15 etc.), for the sake of better legibility. Each sample is described in the form of a signed integer between 8388608 and 8388607. The maximum number of samples is 32000,
allowing descriptions of signals with a maximum length of 32000 times the Sample Rate. If the Acquisition Length exceeds the length of the described synthetic signal, then, after the last sample, the signal starts again with the first sample (sequential number 0).
Example With Signals Common To All Acquisitions

# Example of file with 3 signals * Seismic signal with 20 samples 0 5 5 0 6 1 7 2 8 3 9 4
10 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 * AUX1 signal with 20 samples 0 5 0 5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9
10 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 * AUX2 to AUXN signal with 20 samples (N depending on the spread). 0 5 0 5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9
10 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 19
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Example With Different Signals In Two Or More Acquisitions

# Example of synthetic file with different signal in two acquisitions. @1 * Seismic signal with 20 samples 0 5 0 5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9
10 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 * AUX signal with 20 samples 0 5 0 5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9
10 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 @2 * Seismic signal with 20 samples 0 5 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
10 60 61 62 63 64 15 65 66 67 68 69 * AUX signal with 20 samples 0 5 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
10 60 61 62 63 64 15 65 66 67 68 69
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Line The Download setup
The Download setup

Typically, you need to use the Download setup after installing a new release of 428XL software (and patches if any), to update firmware in LCI428 boards and in the remote field electronics deployed. You also have to use this setup window if you connect any unit that does not have the required software version and/or patches.
Figure 4-57
Typically, this setup window should be used as follows: 1. Be sure the 428XL LCI controller is powered up and all remote line interfacing units (LAUX428, LAUL428, etc.) to be upgraded are connected to it. (FDUs and DSUs may be present but they are not involved). Go to On Line in the Config main window and Field Off in the Line main window. Click on the Show Reference Release button. This opens a result window showing the latest software release loaded on the server.
2. 3.
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The name of the file containing the latest release and patches appears after each type of unit in the result window.
LAUX428 LAUL428 LAUR 428.1.x dwnfile.hci428.V1x 428.1.x dwnfile.hci428.V1x 428.1.x dwnfile.hci428.V1x 428.1.x
Product Version No. Patch No. Name of the file to load
Figure 4-58
4.
Click on the Show Units Version button to view the current version of all line interfacing units deployed (i. e. LCI428 boards, and field electronics other than FDUs and DSUs). Check to see if all units have the required software version, revision and patches.
LAUX428 #---, version 428.1.x LAUR #---, version 428.1.x
Current software version & patch No.
Serial number
Figure 4-59
5.
If all LCI boards have the required software release and patches but you still wish to update them, choose the Force LCI428 Download option in the Download setup window.
127
6.
If all field electronics units have the required software release and patches but you still wish to update them, choose the Force Download option in the Download setup window. If any LCI or field electronics unit does not have the required release and/or patches, or you wish to download the release again anyway, click on the Select Download Files button. This opens a file selection dialog box that automatically takes you to the appropriate directory (lcCommon/work). Choose the dwnfile.hci428.V1x file that was prompted by the Show Reference Release button at step 3 above.
7.
Figure 4-60
8.
Click OK. This causes the name of the selected release file to appear in the Download setup window. As a result, the Update LCI428 and Update Spread buttons are enabled.
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Software release file to download
Figure 4-61
9.
To update LCI428 boards, click on the Update LCI428 button. - From the Box Type option button, choose which type of unit you want to update, or choose All. - Either choose the All Boxes option or use the S/N field to specify the Serial Number of a particular unit you want to update. - Click on the Update Spread button.
WARNING
10. To update field electronics, do the following:
Update commands will be rejected if the power supply of the targeted remote units is below 10.5 V. The power supply must stay above 10 V until downloading is complete. After updating LCI428 firmware, you have to go to Off Line / On Line in the Config main window to restart operations. If you do not update LCI428 firmware, you only have to go to Field On to resume operations.
Note 1: It is alright if you directly download a patched software version, rather than downloading the original release first, then downloading the necessary patches separately. Note 2: If, instead of the message Download message:
Erroneous download
completed, you have the
...
WARNING: turning units off now may make them unusable if not properly downloaded. Do you want to retry another download before units are turned off (y / n)?
- If you choose y, then the download procedure is restarted, and software is downloaded again to those units that are not properly upgraded. If the above error message (Erroneous download ...) appears again, then choose n rather than retrying, and click on the Update LCI428 button again. - If you choose n, then the download procedure is aborted. Check all connections. Go to Off Line then On Line in the Config main window. click on the Update LCI428 button again. Note 3: A Battery failure error message is generated (logged into the dwnreport.hci428 report file) if the update process is aborted, that is: - if the power supply of any targeted unit lies below 10.5 V before downloading begins, - or if the power supply of any targeted unit drops below 10 V during the download process.
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Chapter
Operation
The Main Window (page 132) The Process Type setup (page 139) The Source Point Setup (page 154) The Seismic setup (page 158) The Source Type setup (page 162) The Delay setup (page 168) The Noise Editing setup (page 169) The Observers Comment Type Setup (page 175) How to take shots or sweeps (page 176) More About Noise Elimination (page 192) More About Correlation (page 198)
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Operation The Main Window
The Main Window

In this section: General (page 132) The Operation Table (page 133) The Active Source view (page 135) The Active Acquisition view (page 138)
General
The Operation client window takes care of the list of shots, providing details on those planned, the one in progress, the next to do, and those done if any. It also provides access to shot controls, lets you view the status of the acquisition, and provides information about the progress of it, i. e. ITB, Transmit Error.
Operation table (planned shots)
Click to add view
Shot controls
Stacked acquisitions within the selected VP
Resize by dragging border Click to close view
Figure 5-1 OPERATION client window
132
This button allows you to get different views of a table, referred to as The Operation Table (page 133), which contains the main information for the acquisition of the data, and also allows you to select which Source Point to shoot, if necessary. For details on how you can arrange the views and toolbars as you would like them, see the Hands-on guide (page 22). You can show or hide columns in tables by right-clicking in any column heading and selecting Customize (see Figure 1-14). The Setup menu allows you to generate the Operation table. Each source point in the operation table is associated with a Process Type that determines how the Impulsive or Vibroseismic signal is processed. In the case of Vibroseismic operations, the Process Type is itself associated with an Acquisition Type that determines which sweep signal to use and which fleet should generate it. If stacking is used, the stack order is visible in the Active Acquisition view. For details on the buttons (Go, Stop, etc.), see The Active Source view (page 135).
The Operation Table

Available views Operation Table Done Right-click to choose source
Ready
To do
Figure 5-2 Operation table
133
The Operation Table contains the main information for the acquisition of the data and allows you to select which Source Point to shoot. Different views of that operation table are available (showing all source points, or only those to do, or only those done). The source operation table is created using The Source Point Setup (page 154) or by importing an SPS file with the Log window. Resize the main window, if required, so that all the desired columns can be viewed, or use the Customize menu (popping up if you right-click on any column heading) to remove unnecessary columns. The indicators ahead of shot numbers should be interpreted as follows:
Indicator Meaning Shots to do (planned Source Points). This Source Point has the focus. A Source is assigned to it. The system is ready to send the Firing Order. This Source Point has the focus, and acquisition is in progress. Shot suspended (a number of acquisitions remain to do but the focus has gone to another Source Point). Shot done. The data from this Source Point has been logged.
Double-clicking on a shot to do in the Operation Table causes a menu to pop up that allows you to choose which source to use to do that shot. Then the system will rely on your settings in The Source Type setup (page 162) to determine which shots will be done with that source. If all necessary parameters have been set in all main windows, then clicking any row in the table causes the following functions to be performed automatically in succession: 1- Look function. 2- Spread configuration (Line Forming). 3- Seismonitor function.
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The Active Source view

The available sources created with The Source Type setup (page 162) appear in this view telling you which Source Point is currently assigned to each source.
5
Figure 5-3
The indicators ahead of source names should be interpreted as follows:

Indicator Meaning Next shot to do with this source. Shot to do with this Source. The system is ready to send the Firing Order. This Source has the focus, and acquisition is in progress. Source unused until selected with the popup menu available by rightclicking in the list of shots to do.
Go pushbutton
Clicking this pushbutton sends the Firing Order. Unless you are using an Impulsive process type, the selected Automation option (Continuous/ Discontinuous/Manual) determines the way of launching the first or next acquisition for the Source Point selected in the operation table, (see page 159).
Stop pushbutton
By clicking on Stop, you stop the progress of the acquisition sequence. You finish the current operation (acquisition or dump). At this point, in Impulsive mode, you may dump the data to the record process. In other
modes, you can choose either to continue the sequence or do again the acquisition or end the sequence, using the three pushbuttons (Go, Cancel, End respectively) prompted: by clicking on Go you continue the sequence, i.e. you start over at the acquisition number highlighted in the acquisition table; by clicking on Cancel you skip the remaining acquisitions: the data from the incomplete Source Point is discarded but the shot number remains highlighted (i.e. selected) in the table. You only need to click Go to do it again. by clicking on End you record the incomplete Source Point without the remaining acquisitions. Then clicking Go will start the next Source Point.
Abort pushbutton
Clicking this pushbutton interrupts the current Source Point after the current acquisition is complete. This stops the sequence and opens a dialog box that lets you record the data or cancel the Source Point: If you click OK, the current acquisition is recorded to the SEGD file. Then clicking Go will cause the sequence to continue. If you click Cancel, the current acquisition is NOT recorded. The Go, Cancel, End buttons are prompted and have the same effect as after clicking Stop. The Abort pushbutton is legal while waiting for the Time Break.
T. E. indicator
(Transmit Errors) That indicator may appear in the Active Source view in the event of transmission incidents on the Lines. Those errors are automatically recovered by the system (the data is successfully transmitted again) and the seismic data is no way affected. This is simply indicative of difficult transmission conditions.
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ITB indicator
Figure 5-4 Internal Time Break
(Internal Time Break) This indicator appears if the 428XL fails to receive the Time Break within the TB Window. An ITB is generated after the Time Break Window following the Firing Order has expired, with an accuracy of +/- 5ms. See TB Window (page 141). With a Vibroseismic source, ITB is an abortive error. With an impulsive source, at the end of the acquisition the GUI asks you if you want to record the data (click OK) or discard it (click Cancel).
Blaster indicator
In the case of an impulsive-type source with a SHOTPRO, or SGS, or Boombox, or Macha blaster controller, the Active Source view also includes a Blaster indicator along with Uphole and TB fields. During acquisition an ASCII message is received from the blaster box (via the XDEV adapter on the Auxiliary line) containing the Uphole Time and Time Break values. Uphole Time The time the pulse from the blast is detected uphole, determined by analysis of the Uphole Geophone signal. Confirmed Time Break, amount of time that current flow to the blasting cap was greater than 4 amps. The start of current flow is set up to start at Time Break in the Shot Pro Encoder.
TB
137
The Blaster indicator may be: red green orange No Fire status code received, All OK status code received, No Confirmed Time Break or Uphole Time, or any of the following Warnings: - Confirmed Time Break received but no Uphole Time. - Low battery. - Uphole Geophone resistance not measured or out of tolerance. - Cap resistance not measured or out of tolerance. If the message includes position data ($GPGGA message), the Source Point position is viewed in the POSITIONING client window.
The Active Acquisition view

The acquisitions to stack, defined with The Process Type setup (page 139), appear in this view.
Figure 5-5
The indicators ahead of shot numbers should be interpreted as follows:

Indicator Meaning Acquisition to do. Acquisition in progress. Acquisition done.
Operation The Process Type setup
The Process Type setup

In this section: General (page 139) Auxiliary traces (page 144) Impulsive type (page 146) Impulsive Stack (page 147) Correlation Before Stack (page 148) Correlation After Stack (page 149) Vibroseismic Stack (page 151) How to Generate a Process Type (page 152)
General
Figure 5-6
The Process Type associated with each shot determines which type of seismic signal to generate (depending on the associated Acquisition
Type) and which type of processing to perform prior to recording the seismic data acquired.
Standard/Advanced
In each process type setup window, the Advanced option prompts an extra parameter: Refraction Delay (for Impulsive modes) or Listening Time (for Vibroseismic modes). Most of the parameters available for the different Process Types you can create are described below but only the first three are always required. Refer to the description of each Process Type to see which parameters you need to set up. See also Auxiliary traces (page 144) and How to Generate a Process Type (page 152).
Firing Order
For the 428XL to transmit the Firing Order and receive the Time Break, you can choose to attach the source controller to an LCI428 interface or to an LAUX428 unit. Use the Box Type option to choose which way to use. In the Serial Nb field, enter the Serial Number of the LCI428 or LAU428 to use. If you choose the LCI428 option, use the Plug option button to choose which Blaster port to use on the LCI428.
Record Length
The time (seconds) that the data is recorded. In Impulsive modes, this duration determines the acquisition length (i. e. the length of time that the seismic data is recorded into LAU acquisition units). See also Specifications in 428XL Users Manual Vol. 3.
Listening Time
The time (seconds) that the data is recorded (i. e. Record Length), in Vibroseismic modes. The acquisition length in Vibroseismic modes is equal to the sweep length plus the Listening Time. (The acquisition
length is the length of time that the seismic data is recorded into LAU acquisition units).
TB Window
The TB Window is a time interval that starts when the 428XL sends a Firing Order (FO). During the TB Window the 428XL is waiting for the TB from the shooting system. If the TB occurs within that interval then the acquisition starts. If it doesnt, then the 428XL generates an Internal TB (ITB) and the acquisition starts. In Vibroseismic operations, ITB is an abortive error. In impulsive mode, at the end of acquisition the GUI will ask you if you want to dump the data to the record process.
Note In Radio or Dual telemetry, the TB Window field is used to
adjust the delay between the FO and TB in Dynamite operations, or the delay between Early TB and TB.
Note If you are using an LSI, the delay between the Firing Order and
the predicted Time Break must be entered in the TB Window field.
Refraction Delay
(Allowable range: 0 to 64000 ms, precision 500 ms). This parameter is only available if you choose the Advanced option. The Refraction Delay allows you to insert a delay between the Time Break received by the 428XL and the beginning of the acquisition. Using the Refraction Delay, you can shorten the acquisition length, but this assumes that you know how long it will take for the signal to travel from the shot point to your spread, or else you may lose data.
Acquisition Index
Sequential number of each individual acquisition in process types where Stacking is requested.
141
Acquisition Type
Type of acquisition, to be chosen from those defined in the Vibrator main windows Setup menu. This may be from 1 to 32. In each Acquisition Type, the following is specified: - type of sweep to be performed by the vibrator fleet or fleets to be used, - pilot signals to be output by the vibrator controller, - automatic lift and high line pickup options.
Note for VE432 users only: A noise elimination Threshold Type
(modulo 16) is automatically associated with each Acquisition Type: Threshold Type 1 Threshold Type 2 ... Threshold Type 16 Threshold Type 1 ... Threshold Type 16 <=> <=> <=> <=> <=> Acq Type 1 Acq Type 2 ... Acq Type 16 Acq Type 17 ... Acq Type 32
Output option
The Output button allows you to select different operations on the processed data. It is used, associated with the Add, Change and Delete buttons, to build the acquisition table. None. You have to select it when you don't want to do any operation on the processed data. Dump: This allows you to dump the data to the record process and the plotter after processing the acquisition. The memory is cleared afterwards. You need at least one Dump at the end of the table.
Correlation with
Used to specify which auxiliary channel is the reference (Pilot) signal for the correlation of seismic channels. For example, enter Pilot if you have assigned Pilot as label to that channel. See Label (page 91). This will tell the system where the reference signal is physically connected, for correlating the seismic channels with that signal.
Auto Correlation Peak Time

Used to shift the autocorrelation peak (recorded on two auxiliary traces). Unless a value other than 1 is entered for the Auto Correlation Peak Time shift, only one half of the correlation wavelet will be recorded on each of the two auxiliary traces (negative time side of the peak on one trace and positive time side on the other). Theoretically, the autocorrelation wavelet is symmetrical with respect to the correlation peak standing for zero time offset between the correlated signals. This time shift is applied to the results of cross-correlation and to similarity tests.
143
Auxiliary traces
The Auxiliaries pane allows you to describe the process that you want to be done on your auxiliary channels and specify which auxiliary traces you want to record.
Auxiliary Trace Number 3 1st Aux Trace in SEGD file 3rd Aux Trace in SEGD file 2nd Aux Trace in SEGD file Aux2*PilotAuxiliary channels and processing
ta1 Pilot ta3 Aux2*Pilotta2 Aux2*Pilot+ Pilot
Reference for seismic channel correlation
Figure 5-7
For an auxiliary channel to be correlated with another, use the * operator (e. g. Aux2*Pilot). The system will automatically use the second operand as the reference signal for the correlation operation. Autocorrelation or cross-correlation will cause two auxiliary traces to be generated (one trace for the positive time side of the correlation peak, and another trace for the negative time side). To specify which auxiliary trace is used to record the positive (negative) time side, append a Plus (Minus) sign to the description of the trace. The trace index number in the Auxiliaries list box determines how the auxiliary traces will appear in the SEGD file and on your plotter output. (See Figure 5-7 above). With the example shown in Figure 5-7 on page 144, the 1st auxiliary trace in the SEGD file will record the uncorrelated pilot, the 2nd auxiliary trace (Aux2*Pilot+) will record the positive time side of the correlation peak, whereas the 3rd auxiliary trace (Aux2*Pilot-) will record the negative time side.
144
Example for a similarity test Assuming: - the reference sweep signal is fed to your 1st auxiliary channel and labelled Pilot, - the ground force signal is fed to your 2nd auxiliary channel and labelled ReturnSweep, - the sweep signal shifted by radio delays is fed to your 3rd auxiliary channel and labelled ReturnPilot. Also assuming you want the following signals on your plotter output and in your SEGD file: - positive time side of the Autocorrelation wavelet on the 1st auxiliary trace, - uncorrelated pilot on the 2nd auxiliary trace, - positive time side of the cross-correlation of ReturnSweep with ReturnPilot on the 3rd auxiliary trace. Then, you have to use the following description in the Auxiliaries pane:
Autocorrelation wavelet on Aux Trace 1 ta3 ta1 ta2 ta3 ReturnSweep*ReturnPilot+ Pilot*Pilot+ Pilot ReturnSweep*ReturnPilot+ Cross-correlation of ReturnSweep with ReturnPilot on Aux Trace 3
Uncorrelated pilot on Aux Trace 2
Figure 5-8
145
Impulsive type
This type of process is intended for traditional impulsive-source operations (e. g. explosive).
Figure 5-9
See also: Standard/Advanced (page 140) Firing Order (page 140) Record Length (page 140) TB Window (page 141) Refraction Delay (page 141) Auxiliary traces (page 144) How to Generate a Process Type (page 152)
146
Impulsive Stack
5
Figure 5-10
This type of process is used to stack impulsive data (from any kind of impulsive low energy source, e. g. weight drop) before recording it. For any auxiliary traces to be stacked too, you must have them on Radio telemetry channels, and use the Prestack option. The Acquisition pane allows you to create a list of acquisitions to stack. On each acquisition in your list, use the Output option to choose whether to record the stacked data (Dump option) or not (None option). You have to choose at least one Dump on the last acquisition. If you choose the Raw option, then you record the data unprocessed at the end of each acquisition (with no stacking). So at the end of the sequence you will have one record for each individual acquisition and another one for the result from the stacking process. See also: Standard/Advanced (page 140) Firing Order (page 140) Record Length (page 140) TB Window (page 141)
Refraction Delay (page 141) Acquisition Index (page 141) Output option (page 142) Auxiliary traces (page 144) How to Generate a Process Type (page 152)
Correlation Before Stack
Figure 5-11
You use this type of process in Vibroseismic operations. As the wording of the option suggests, correlation will be performed before stacking. The Raw option is used when you want to record each individual acquisition too. In your SEGD file, you get the stacked correlated data and also the raw uncorrelated acquisition data. You need at least one Dump of data for each correlation source at the end of your table.D can be combined with the two sources, for example D1 to dump the stacked result of the acquisition correlated with source 1. The possible single-source or dual-source combinations are: d1, d2, d1d2.
See also: Standard/Advanced (page 140) Firing Order (page 140) Record Length (page 140) TB Window (page 141) Auto Correlation Peak Time (page 143) Listening Time (page 140) Acquisition Index (page 141) Acquisition Type (page 142) Output option (page 142) Auxiliary traces (page 144) How to Generate a Process Type (page 152)
Correlation After Stack
Figure 5-12
This is another way to work with a vibrator. The first operation consists of stacking the data and, at the end of it, performing a correlation on the stacked data and recording the result.
All parameters are the same as with the Correlation Before Stack option. You just have one more column in the description table, to specify the sign to apply to the acquired data. The sign will be applied to the data and the Pilot. For any auxiliary traces to be stacked too, you must have them on Radio telemetry channels, and use the Prestack option. See also: Standard/Advanced (page 140) Firing Order (page 140) Record Length (page 140) TB Window (page 141) Auto Correlation Peak Time (page 143) Listening Time (page 140) Acquisition Index (page 141) Acquisition Type (page 142) Output option (page 142) Auxiliary traces (page 144) How to Generate a Process Type (page 152)
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Vibroseismic Stack
5
Figure 5-13
With this mode of operation you just do a stack of the acquisitions. As a result you will record uncorrelated data in your SEGD file. The Acquisition Type is defined, as is the case for all Vibroseismic operation modes, in the Vibrator main window. The Stack Sign is used to specify the sign to apply to the acquired data. If you choose the Raw option, then you record the data unprocessed at the end of each acquisition (with no stacking). So at the end of the sequence you will have one record for each individual acquisition and another one for the result from the stacking process. Like for all Vibroseismic modes you must request a Dump at the end of the acquisition sequence. For any auxiliary traces to be stacked too, you must have them on Radio telemetry channels, and use the Prestack option. See also: Standard/Advanced (page 140) Firing Order (page 140) Record Length (page 140) TB Window (page 141)
Listening Time (page 140) Acquisition Index (page 141) Acquisition Type (page 142) Output option (page 142) Auxiliary traces (page 144) How to Generate a Process Type (page 152)
How to Generate a Process Type

Select Process Type from the Setup menu. Use the option button at the top of the Process Type Setup window to choose the desired type of processing. As a result the relevant parameters are prompted in the upper pane. For a process type with multiple acquisitions, build the acquisition table as follows: Click in the Acquisition index box and enter the necessary range of rows for your acquisition table. For example, to create 8 rows in one click, enter 1-8 into the index box; Select None from the Output option button,
1-8
Figure 5-14
Click Add, For each acquisition in the list box, select the desired Output option (Double-click on the desired acquisition number, select the output option, then click Change). After entering all the parameters to define your Process Type, you only need to enter a process type number and label in the list box at the foot of the window, and click Add then Apply to save the process type.
To view the parameters of any process type, double-click on it in the list box. Then you can make any changes needed and click Change, or Add, or Delete, as required. To save your changes, click Apply.
153
Operation The Source Point Setup
The Source Point Setup

In this section: Source point parameters (page 154) To generate a Source Point setup (page 156)
Source point parameters

To open this setup window, select Operation from the Setup menu. Creating a source point setup consists of generating an operation table containing the characteristics of the successive Shot Points planned. When you are loading SPS files to the database in the Log main window, you automatically generate this table. The window below shows an example of operation table. You can use the Log main window to save the table to a file.
Figure 5-15
Shot Id.
Shot Point or Vibrated Point sequential number.
Break Point
If you enter Yes in the Break Point column, for any Shot/VP, then the spread will not be configured automatically for this source point (so that you can skip it if required).
Source Line
Source Point Line Number, adjustable in steps of 0.1 between Lines L and L+1.
Source Receiver
Source Point receiver position Number, adjustable in steps of 0.1 between receiver positions RP and RP+1.
Spread Type
Choose one of the Spread Types defined through the Absolute or Generic Spread Setup menu, in the Line main window. With an Absolute spread, you have to specify the complete acquisition spread to be used for each and every shot. When you are loading SPS files to the database in the Log main window, you automatically generate an operation table with the Absolute spread. A Generic spread describes the pattern of active channels. That is helpful if the programming of the spread is done manually and you do not want to change the description every time the spread moves.
SFL
Spread First Line: lowest Line Number in the spread; used along with SFN to specify the origin of the spread. For a generic spread, SFL is entered by the operator. For an absolute spread, SFL is automatically computed by the system.
SFN
Spread First receiver position Number: lowest Receiver Position in the spread; used along with SFL to specify the origin of the spread. For a generic spread, SFN is entered by the operator.
155
For an absolute spread, SFN is automatically computed by the system.
Process Type
Choose one of the Process Types defined through the Process Type Setup menu in the Operation main window. The Process Type you choose will tell the system which type of seismic signal to generate and which type of processing to perform prior to recording the seismic data acquired.
Comments
May be used to enter a comment for each VP. Such comments are displayed in the Operation table and recorded in the User Header in the SEGD file. If the User Header is entered into the list of parameters for an Observer Report or an SPS text file (using the LOG main window), then the comments will also be included in the Observer Report or SPS text file. Any ASCII character is allowed except double quotation marks ().
To generate a Source Point setup

Select Operation from the Setup menu. Use - and / and comma as shortcuts, in combination with the command buttons (Add, Change, Delete, Reverse), to generate your table in a minimum number of steps.
Shortcut with Add button

In Shot/V.P. Id column:
/ , Inserted between two numbers, those become the limits of the modification, i. e. 1-6 from 1 to 6. No change in cells, or step operator, e. g. 1-6/2 (from 1 to 6 every two, only cells referring to 1, 3 and 5 will be affected. Only named cells are affected e. g. 1,3,5,7 (cells 1, 3, 5 and 7 will be affected).
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In all other columns except Comment.

- , / will give you a syntax error. no change if alone; allows values to be incremented or decremented if it follows a number, e. g. 10.00/-0.05 (on each change of row you will do the subtraction -0.05).
Any changes you make will not take effect until you click the Apply button. The Reset button works like an undo command. It restores the table as it was before you last clicked on Apply.
157
Operation The Seismic setup
The Seismic setup

In this section: Operating Mode (page 158) Automation (page 159) Look (page 160)
Operating Mode
Figure 5-16
To open this setup window, select Options from the Setup menu. Click on the Operating tab. To enable and save your changes, click Apply. Standard: choose this option to work with an Explosive-type source (dynamite, air gun or any other kind of impulsive energy), or with a standard Vibroseismic source (single source or flip-flop dual source). Slip-Sweep: this option enables slip-sweep operations (for VE432 users only). See Slip-sweep on page 184. VSR: (Vibrator Signal Recording) Selecting VSR enables data retrieval from radio telemetry units used as Aux channels, as soon as the sweep is complete (rather than waiting for the listening time to expire) so that they can be recorded as auxiliary channels in the SEGD file. Correlated shots are only sent to the QC processing tool
(not recorded). Raw records are only recorded (not sent to the QC processing tool).
Automation
Figure 5-17
To open this setup window, select Options from the Setup menu.Click on the Operating tab. To enable and save your changes, click Apply. With a Vibroseismic source or Stacked Impulsive source, the progress of the acquisitions depends on which Automation option you choose. (With an Impulsive source, the automation option is of no effect).
Continuous
You are in automatic mode. That means, if you don't have any problem during acquisitions, you click Go and you are able to shoot consecutively the SPs or VPs defined in the Operation Table, respecting the operator-selected delay between acquisitions and SP/ VPs, without any further action until the next Break Point (if any) is encountered. You can click Stop to stop the sequence on completion of the current operation (acquisition or dump) and click Go to resume the sequence. Note 1: Whenever a new field unit is laid out, it does not appear in the Line main windows topographic view until the spread is formed again. If the spread remains the same for consecutive shots (VPs) in
continuous mode, no spread forming is performed, so any new unit laid out will not be visible unless you program a Look between VPs (see Look on page 160). If any Sensor tests are selected in the Look setup menu, they are performed too.
Discontinuous
You will do the entire shot point or VP sequence with the specified delays between acquisitions, and you have to click Go for the next shot point or VP. The delay between VPs is not used. You can click Stop to stop the sequence on completion of the current operation (acquisition or dump) and click Go to resume the sequence.
Manual
Each acquisition within each shot point must be started manually, by clicking the Go pushbutton. The Delays Between Acquisitions and Between VPs are not used.
Look
Recurrence every n VPs
Figure 5-18
To open this setup window, select Options from the Setup menu. Click on the Look tab. To enable and save your changes, click Apply.
This Seismic Setup is used for automation of Look and Sensor tests between shot points. The AutoLook option is used to enable or disable automatic performance of a Look function between shot points. Tick this option to select the Automatic mode, untick it for the Manual mode (meaning that you will have to click on the Look button in the Line main window). Every: This field is used to specify the recurrence rate of the Look function if AutoLook is enabled. The selected tests will automatically be launched after completing the number of shot points specified in this field. With Tests: These buttons allow you to choose one or more Sensor tests to be performed by the Look function, in Automatic or Manual mode. The Resistance and Tilt tests are done jointly: running either of them also runs the other but, unless its button is activated the results from the other test are not used.
Note If AutoLook is used, the acquisition cycle time is lengthened
by 0.5 second, plus the time that each test requested takes to execute, that is: - plus 1.5 s. if you select the Resistance and/or Tilt test; - plus 1.5 s. if you select a Leakage test.
Note On a line segment including an LSI, the AutoLook function is
disabled: to see new FDUs, you must use manual Look in that case.
Note The tests selected in the Look setup use the Gain code selected
in the Line main windows Test setup. If DSUs are used, it is important to see if the Gain selected in the Test setup is the same as that used in the production spread (because switching the gain is time-consuming and also because it is preferable to do the Tilt test with the gain used for production). See Instrument tests (page 110).
Operation The Source Type setup
The Source Type setup

In this section: Sources (page 162) Explosive source parameters (page 163) Vibroseismic source parameters (page 164)
Sources
Select Sources from the Setup menu. This setup window is used to assign a name to each available seismic source and determine how the system will select the next shot to do with that source from the operation table. The Explo option is for all types of impulsive energy (dynamite, air gun, etc.). The Vibro option is for vibroseismic sweeps.
Figure 5-19
After entering all the parameters to define a type of seismic source, you only need to enter a source type number in the Nb field, and click Add then Apply to save the source type. To view the parameters of any source type, double-click on it in the list box (at the foot of the Setup window). Then you can make any changes needed and click Change, or Add, or Delete, as required. To save your changes, click Apply.
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Explosive source parameters
Figure 5-20
To open this setup window, select Sources from the Setup menu, click on the Explo tab.
Label
Use this field to enter a self-explanatory name that will identify the source in plain (e. g. a shooters name).
Shooter Nb
Use this field to enter the identification number of the source controller.
Comment
Use this field to enter a description of the impulsive source in plain if required.
Increment Nb
This field is used to specify the increment step to use after a shot is done, to automatically determine which shot should next get the focus in the list of shots to do. Typically the increment step is 1. An increment step other than 1 is especially helpful in multishooter operations. With 0 as Increment step, the Shot Number is not incremented after a shot is done, and no new spread is formed. With a Increment step other than 0 (a positive or negative integer), the number of the next shot to do is computed accordingly, the focus jumps to that shot, and the new spread is formed.
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Vibroseismic source parameters

To open this setup window, select Sources from the Setup menu and click on the Vibro tab.
Figure 5-21
Label
Use this field to enter a self-explanatory name that will identify the source in plain (e. g. a vibrator leaders name).
Fleet Nb
Use this field to enter the identification number of the group of vibrators to use as the source. To determine which vibrators are included in each fleet, use the VE432 window (see Vibrator Fleet on page 298).
Moving: Sequentially
Choose the Sequential option if you wish to take VPs as scheduled in the operation table. After a VP is done, with this option, the system will use the increment step specified in theStep field to determine which VP to do with this source and select it automatically from the list of VPs to do. If this source is for VPs with multiple acquisitions to stack, you may or may not have to choose the Work by Acq option, depending on whether or not you want to shift the fleets vibrators after each sweep.
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Moving: Randomly
Choose the Randomly option if you want to allow the Source Points to get the focus in any order (e. g. if you are using a DSD network) rather than follow the order determined in the list of shots to do. If this source is for VPs with multiple acquisitions to stack, you may or may not have to choose the Work by Acq option, depending on whether or not you want to shift the fleets vibrators after each sweep.
Step
This field is used to specify the increment step to use after a VP is done, if you choose Sequential as Moving option, to automatically determine which VP should next get the focus in the list of VPs to do. Typically the step is 1. An increment step other than 1 is especially helpful for Flip-flop Vibroseismic operations (see Flip-Flop sweeps on page 179). With 0 as step value, the Shot Number is not incremented after a VP is done, and no new spread is formed. With a step other than 0 (a positive or negative integer), the number of the next VP to do is computed accordingly, the focus jumps to that VP, and the new spread is formed. For an example with a negative step, see Figure 5-30 on page 182.
Work by Acq
If this source is for VPs with multiple acquisitions to stack, you may or may not have to choose the Work by Acq option, depending on whether or not you want to shift the fleets vibrators after each sweep. Do not choose Work by Acq if the multiple acquisitions are to be stacked without shifting any vibrator. As a result: - In the standard mode (no Slip-Sweep), the multiple acquisitions to stack are done in succession, using the operator-selected delay between acquisitions (see The Delay setup on page 168), without interleaving with other VPs.
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- With Slip-Sweep enabled, because acquisitions are stacked with all vibrators at the same place, the vibrator fleet is implicitly Ready at the end of each sweep (unless this is the last sweep within the VP); therefore, it can shake as soon as the Slip Time has expired. As a result, a VPs acquisitions will interleave with those of other VPs. Choose the Work by Acq option if the multiple acquisitions to stack require the vibrator fleet to shift after each sweep. As a result: - In the standard mode (no Slip-Sweep), after a sweep is done, the focus will pass to the next VP determined with the increment Step value (that may be a suspended VP with still a number of acquisitions to do). As a result, a VPs acquisitions will interleave with those of other VPs. - With Slip-Sweep enabled, the focus may pass to whichever vibrator fleet is ready to shake, if it falls inside the VP grabbing circle, after the Slip Time has expired. As a result, acquisitions can interleave with those of other VPs. For details on the VP Grabbing Radius, see page 214.
Note To enable the system to open and suspend two or more VPs, see
System scaling on page 33.
The very first time any vibrator fleet is reported ready to shake at a location that falls within the VP grabbing circle around a planned source COG position, that fleet is assigned to the first acquisition for that VP. If the fleets position falls within more than one VP grabbing circles, a dialog box pops up so the operator can choose between the eligible VPs. The subsequent acquisitions to stack will be done by the same vibrator fleet when it is next ready to shake within the same circle.
Cluster
This field is used for simultaneous dual-source operations. The Cluster number determines the two fleets to use simultaneously.
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Comment
Use this field to enter a description of the vibroseismic source in plain, if required.
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Operation The Delay setup
The Delay setup

To open this setup window, select Delay from the Setup menu.
Figure 5-22
At end of Acq: use this slider to set the required minimum time between any two successive acquisitions to stack. This delay is not used if the Manual automation option is selected (see Automation on page 159). At end of VP use this slider to set the required minimum time between any two successive VPs. This delay is only used if the Continuous option is selected and no Break Point is set on the selected VP. Each delay is selectable from 0.0 to 99.0 seconds in 0.1-second steps. If the Slip-Sweep Operating Mode (page 158) is enabled, the Delay setup window is used to adjust the Slip Time instead.
Figure 5-23
The Slip Time is used as follows: after a sweep is started, the Firing Order for the next sweep will not be generated until the vibrator fleet is ready and the Slip Time Delay has expired. The Slip Time Delay should not be shorter than the desired listening time. See Slip-sweep (page 184) for details.
Operation The Noise Editing setup
The Noise Editing setup

In this section: Noise editing parameters (page 169) Noise editing thresholds (page 173)
Noise editing parameters

To open this setup window, select Noise Editing from the Setup menu. To enable and save your changes, click Apply.
Figure 5-24
Prior to any processing, an offset correction operation is performed on each sample:
A( k , i )
A( k , i ) = A ( k , i )
k =1
For details about n, see Reference Information in 428XL Users Manual Vol. 3
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The stack formula is given below as a reminder:
A( k , i ) =
A(k) = kth sample n i p s
A( k , i , p)
p =1
= number of samples in the acquisition = trace index = stack index = current stack fold
Noise Editing
(see also More About Noise Elimination on page 192). Historical If you choose this option, then the noise editing function is enabled. Then you must define the set of parameters which are necessary to remove impulsive noise using an historical type of editing. Diversity Stack If you choose this option, then the Diversity Stack noise elimination function is enabled. For this type of noise elimination, you are not required to enter any parameter, apart from the Low Trace Percentage, Low Trace Value and Nb of Windows. The energy (E) from each trace is calculated by averaging the squares of the samples (before correlation). Then each sample is multiplied by the inverse of the energy previously computed. At the end of n sweeps (when the VP is complete) each sample stacked (before or after correlation) is multiplied by the inverse of the sum of the inverses of the energies previously computed. There's no peak editing function for that type of noise elimination. The Diversity Stack function cannot be used in Stack-Only operation.
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Off If you choose this option, then the noise editing function is disabled, and no parameters need to be defined.
Editing Type
Zeroing If you choose this option, then any sample equal to or greater than the editing threshold will trigger the process which zeroes the samples over a window length that is selected by the Zeroing Length parameter. Linear-variation taper, over a window selected by the Zeroing Taper Length parameter, is programmed before and after the zeroed portion in order to prevent discontinuity. Clipping If you choose this option, then every sample equal to or greater than the threshold will be clipped to the editing threshold value by the noise editing process.
Nb of Windows
(Allowable range: 1 to 64). Number of noise editing windows. With the noise elimination function activated, the acquisition length may be divided into one or more windows (1 to 64). With Diversity Stack noise elimination and the Correlation Before Stack processing option, a single window is used.
Zeroing Taper Length

2n (allowable range for n: 0 to 8). This parameter represents the number of samples corresponding to the linear-variation taper length before and after a zeroed window, when the Zeroing option is selected for the Editing type parameter.
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Zeroing Length
(Allowable range: 1 to 500 milliseconds). Zeroing window length when a sample exceeds the editing threshold, when the Zeroing option is selected for the Editing type parameter.
Threshold Init Value

(Selectable from 0 to -132 in 6-dB steps). Initialization value for all noise editing thresholds and threshold types in all windows of every channel, for Historical noise elimination.
Low Trace %
(Selectable from 0 to 100%). Criterion for deciding whether a channel is Low. If the number (in percent) of samples which are below the value specified in the Low Trace Value field exceeds the value specified in the Low Trace % field, then the trace is reported as Low. If a trace is Low, threshold update is not performed at the end of the sweep.
Low Trace Value

(Selectable from 0 to -132 in 6-dB steps). Upper limit for Low channel detection. If any channel sample is less than or equal to this limit, then the low channel detection process is triggered for the corresponding channel.
Noisy Trace %
(Selectable from 0 to 100). Criterion for deciding whether a channel is noisy. If the number (in percent, computed with respect to the acquisition length) of zeroed or clipped samples exceeds the value specified in the Noisy Trace % field, then the trace is considered as noisy.
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The corresponding trace number is simply reported in the observer's log. No further action is taken (i.e.normal threshold updating takes place).
Noise editing thresholds

Clicking Manual isolates the Noise Editing process from the preceding process stage and enables local functions for the management of noise editing thresholds. As a result, data acquisition will be suspended until you click Auto. Clicking Auto connects the Noise Editing process to the preceding process stage and allows data acquisition and processing to be performed.
Figure 5-25
Hold/Var.
This button is used to enable or disable automatic updating of noise editing thresholds in the Historical noise elimination process. Choosing Var. enables thresholds to be automatically updated. Choosing Hold causes thresholds to remain fixed at the latest value updated before the Hold function was selected.
Init.
Clicking Init. presets all thresholds (64 windows) on all channels on all threshold types (up to 16) to the initialization value entered for the Historical noise elimination process.
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Load
Clicking Load restores the latest noise editing thresholds saved, so that they can be used as initialization values in the next Historical noise elimination process.
Save
Clicking Save saves all current noise editing thresholds so that they can be used at a later date in Historical noise elimination. This command should be used prior to turning the power off or prior to taking a shot with a different geometry which could affect noise editing. The Save command saves: the threshold types used after power-on, or after clicking Init. or Load, until Save is next used, the traces used in each threshold type, and the 64 windows on each trace (unused windows are initialized at the threshold initialization value).
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Operation The Observers Comment Type Setup
The Observers Comment Type Setup

Selecting Comments from the Setup menu opens this window that allows you to incorporate favourite comments of your own. Using this function, you can easily and faster insert comments into your Obs Log. These comments are not copied to the SEGD file.
Figure 5-26
Any ASCII character is allowed except double quotation marks (). Once you have entered a comment in the upper pane, enter a Number and Label in the respective text boxes in the lower pane, and click Add (or Change, as required) to add the new comment type into the list box. Click Apply to save your changes.
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Operation How to take shots or sweeps
How to take shots or sweeps

In this section: Blaster shots (page 176) VE432 sweeps (page 177) Flip-Flop sweeps (page 179) Slip-sweep (page 184)
Blaster shots
Shooting system not supplying the Shooter position
If the shooting system does not supply the position of the blaster, an audio radio channel is required for the shooter to tell you when he is ready to shoot and which Source Point to shoot. If this is the first shot to do with this shooter, you have to right-click on the Source Point in the Operation table and select the shooter from the pop-up menu. As a result, the focus passes to that shooter and Source Point in the Active Source view. Clicking Go will send a message to the blaster and launch the acquisition. After a shot is done, the system uses the operation table and the increment Step associated with the Source to determine which shot should next get the focus (appearing in the Active Source view). Then you only need to click Go when the shooter says he is ready, unless you want to choose another shot (by clicking) and shooter (by rightclicking) in the operation table.
Shooting system supplying the Shooter position

(Not supported yet).
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VE432 sweeps
In Vibroseismic operations, the way the focus passes from a VP to another depends on the options you choose in The Seismic setup (page 158) and The Source Type setup (page 162): In the standard mode (no Slip-Sweep, actual vibrator positions not available), the system relies on the Operation Table and on the parameters associated with the source (increment Step, Moving and Work by Acq options) to determine which VP should next get the focus after an acquisition is done. Two sources can be used simultaneously (see Cluster on page 166). Up to four sources can be used alternately (see Flip-Flop sweeps on page 179). If Slip-Sweep is enabled but actual vibrator positions are not supplied, the system relies on the Operation Table to determine which VP should next have the focus after an acquisition is done. Stacking is not allowed. If actual vibrator positions are supplied, VPs are not necessarily done as scheduled in the Operation Table. When a fleet is ready to shake and its COG lies in the vicinity of a planned source point to be done with that fleet, the system automatically selects and highlights the matching VP in the operation table, regardless of which VP is next scheduled. The Acquisition Type associated with the Process Type determines which sweep signal to use. The Active Acquisition view lets you see which acquisition is in progress. Below is a reminder of the available methods of starting sweeps automatically:
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Source Moving option (Source Type setup menu) Sequentially Standard Slip-Sweep (VE432) Randomly (VE432 DSD network) Navigation - Vib. Fleet Ready And - Source COG matching planned VP. (See Note 2) Navigation & Slip-Sweep - Vib. Fleet Ready And - Source COG matching planned VP And - Slip Time expired. (See Note 2)
- Vib. Fleet Ready. Slip Time expired. Or Sweep start conditions - Delay between Acquisitions or VPs expired. (See Note 1)
Note (1) In that case, the arrival of the Ready status overrides the
operator-selected delay.
Note (2) The VE432 DSD Network option (see page 267) allows
each vibrator to supply its GPS position. When a vibrator fleet is ready (pads down) the leader sends a message containing both the Ready status and the resulting Centre Of Gravity of the source, calculated from the GPS position of each vibrator. This enables the system to automatically select the matching source point in the Operation Table. This way of shooting is referred to as the source Navigation shooting mode. If the COG falls outside the programmed circle, then a warning dialog box shows up: click OK if you choose to accept the source position as it is, Cancel otherwise (in that case the system will wait for the next fleet to be ready).
Note (3) In the VE432 main window, a button is associated with each
fleet, enabling the Fleet Ready status to be relayed automatically to the Operation window, or retained until you choose to let it go.
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Flip-Flop sweeps
What is meant by Flip-Flop mode with the 428XL is the use of multiple sources alternately (not only two, but up to four).
Flip-flop with two sources

A simple textbook example of Source Type setup for flip-flop operations is shown in Figure 5-27 where two sources (Source1 and Source2) are alternately generated by two vibrator fleets (respectively F1 and F2). In this example, no stacking is requested.
Source1 Source1 Source2
2 2 2
Source1 Source2
1 2
3 4
1 1
1 Dump
F1 moving to VP5 location Source1 VP3 (Acq1) VP5 (Acq1) F2 moving to VP6 location
F1 moving to VP7 location
Source2 F1 Ready F2 Ready
VP4 (Acq1)
VP6 (Acq1)
Expired delay
F2 Ready
Figure 5-27 Typical Flip-Flop, no stacking
With the above settings, if you right-click on VP3 and choose Start Seismonitor with Vib Source1, and right-click on VP4 and choose
Start Seismonitor with Vib Source2, then the system will do VP3 with fleet #1, VP4 with fleet #2, VP5 with fleet #1, and so on. In the example shown in Figure 5-28 below, the same scheme is used but two acquisitions are stacked at each VP without shifting the vibrators.
2 2 2
Source1 Source2
1 2
3 4
1 1
3 3
1 2
2 No Dump 2 Dump
F1 moving to VP5 location Source1 VP3 (Acq1) VP3 (Acq2) VP5 (Acq1)
Source2 F1 Ready F2 Ready Expired delay
VP4 (Acq1) Expired delay F1 Ready
VP4 (Acq2) Expired delay Expired delay
Figure 5-28 Flip-Flop, stacking with no vib shift
With the above settings, if you right-click on VP3 and choose Start Seismonitor with Vib Source1, and right-click on VP4 and choose Start Seismonitor with Vib Source2, then the system will do two stacked acquisitions for VP3 with fleet #1, and then two stacked
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acquisitions for VP4 with fleet #2, two stacked acquisitions for VP5 with fleet #1, and so on. In the example shown in Figure 5-29 below, the Work by Acq option is used. As a result the two acquisitions to stack are not done in succession: while the vibrators are shifting to the location of the second acquisition, the system takes an acquisition for another VP.
2 2 2
Source1 Source2
1 2
3 4
1 1
3 3
1 2
2 No Dump 2 Dump
F1 shifting Source1 VP3 (Acq1) VP3 (Acq2)
F1 moving to VP5 location VP5 (Acq1) F2 moving to VP6 location VP4 (Acq2) Expired delay F2 Ready VP6 (Acq1)
F2 shifting Source2 F1 Ready F2 Ready VP4 (Acq1)
Figure 5-29 Flip-Flop with Work by Acq option
With the above settings, if you right-click on VP3 and choose Start Seismonitor with Vib Source1, and right-click on VP4 and choose Start Seismonitor with Vib Source2, then the system will do the first acquisition for VP3 with fleet #1, and then the first acquisition for
VP4 with fleet #2 (while a pause icon appears ahead of VP3), and resume VP3 with fleet #1 (while a pause icon appears ahead of VP4), resume VP4 with fleet #2, and so on and so forth.
Note You can use a positive or negative value in the Step field.
In the example in Figure 5-30 below, the two source are moving in opposite directions because a negative Step is used for source #2.
In progress (source #1)
Negative step
1st acq. done Done (source #2) To do with source #2
2nd acq. in progress
Figure 5-30 Negative Step
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Flip-flop with three or four sources

The above simple schemes can be extrapolated to four sources.
Note If you want to use three or four sources with the Work by Acq
option, you have to use the Administration window to set the Maximum open VP parameter (2 by default) to 3 or 4. See System scaling (page 33). In the example shown in Figure 5-31 below, the system will do only two VPs out of four because the Step field is set at 4 but only two sources are used. You still have to choose the first VP to do with source #2 (using the right-click popup menu) and that with source #4.
In progress
1st acq. done Not used Suspended
Not used
2nd acq. in progress
Figure 5-31 Flip-flop, 4 sources, with Work by Acq option
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Slip-sweep
(For VE432 users only)
Theory of operation
Up to four vibrator controllers (VE432 DPGs) can be attached to the system, each capable of controlling up to four vibrator fleets. (The total number of vibrator fleets should not exceed 4, however). With the slip-sweep option enabled, the system lets a vibrator fleet start sweeping without waiting for the previous fleet's sweep to be completed. The system only waits until a delay specified by the operator has expired (the estimated time for a given frequency in the previous sweep to die out) and lets the next vibrator fleet start sweeping when it is ready, with the appropriate receiver stations activated. The system cuts the acquisition data flow at the appropriate time-zeroes. The data appear in SEGD files as individual correlated records.
Fleet 1 sweep Slip Time T Fleet 2 sweep Slip Time T Fleet 3 sweep Slip Time T T = time from FO to TB Fleet 2 Ready Fleet 3 Ready Fleet 1 Ready Fleet 2 Ready Fleet 3 Ready Fleet 1 sweep Slip Time T Fleet 2 sweep Slip Time T
Figure 5-32
NOTE: After the Slip Time has expired and the Firing Order is generated, the time required for the VE432 DPG to send the Time Break depends on the number of T0 codes used to synchronize the vibrators. With two T0 sync codes, the FO to TB time is about 1.5 s, i. e. T = 2 s approximately. See the T0 Setup in the VE432 DPG main window (page 293).
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How to implement slip-sweep

1. 2. 3. To enable the Slip-sweep option see The Seismic setup on page 158. To set the Slip Time, see The Delay setup (page 168). Use the The Acquisition Type setup (page 285) menu in the DPG window to create an Acquisition Type (this determines which type of sweep signal will be generated by the vibrator fleets). Use the Process Type setup menu in the Operation main window to create a Process Type for each fleet.
4.
Same list of auxiliary channels in all process types
Correlation operation specific to this process type
Same type for all acquisitions to stack in this process type
Stacking fold
Figure 5-33
- You must use the Correlation Before Stack option. - All the Process Types you want to use must include the same list of auxiliary channels to acquire. In the example shown in Figure 5-33, aux1 and aux2 should appear in each Process Type to use. Process Type #1, is set to display aux1*aux1 (autocorrelation of aux1) on the third auxiliary trace; Process
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Type #2, can be set to display aux2*aux2 (autocorrelation of aux2) on the third auxiliary trace. - In each Process Type, use a single Acquisition Type for all the acquisitions to stack. 5. Use the The Source Point Setup (page 154) menu to create a list of VPs and build an Operation Table. All VPs should use the same spread (this is easy to achieve by creating a Superspread). Assign one of the Process Types created at step 4 to each VP, for example (see Figure 5-36): VP11 VP12 VP13 VP14 VP15 6. Process Type 1 Process Type 2 Process Type 1 Process Type 2 Process Type 1, etc. .
Create a Source name and number for each vibrator fleet to use. See Vibroseismic source parameters (page 164) for details. If you choose Sequential as Moving option, choose the appropriate Step (typically to be equal to the number of fleets used), depending on how VPs are to be taken in sequence in your operation table.
Figure 5-34
7.
Start each source by right-clicking on the first VP to do with it (e.g. VP11 in the example shown in Figure 5-35) and choose the appropriate source number from the Start Seismonitor with Vib Sourcepopup menu (e. g. source #2).
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Figure 5-35
1st acq. done
Second VP11 acquisition starting with Source #2 before first VP12 acquisition is complete with Source #3
Figure 5-36 Slip-Sweep with two sources
With the Navigation option enabled (see The Seismic setup on page 158), Slip-sweep shots are not necessarily taken in the order defined in the Operation Table. Instead, the system automatically selects the planned VP that matches the source location received from the next vibrator fleet leader that becomes ready, regardless of which VP is next scheduled to get the focus in the Operation Table.
Examples
In the examples shown in Figure 5-37 and Figure 5-38, each fleet can start shaking right after the Slip Time has expired.
F1 moving to VP3 location Fleet 1 VP1 (Acq1) Slip Time VP3 (Acq1) Slip Time F2 moving to VP4 location Fleet 2 VP2 (Acq1) Slip Time VP4 (Acq1) Slip Time VP6 (Acq1) Slip Time VP5 (Acq1) Slip Time VP7 (Acq1) Slip Time
Figure 5-37 Slip-sweep with sequentially moving source, no stacking
F1 moving to VP3 location Fleet 1 VP1 (Acq1) Slip Time VP1 (Acq2) Slip Time VP3 (Acq1) Slip Time F2 moving to VP4 location Fleet 2 VP2 (Acq1) Slip Time VP2 (Acq2) Slip Time VP4 (Acq1) Slip Time VP3 (Acq2) Slip Time
Figure 5-38 Slip-sweep with sequentially moving source, stacking (2)
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In the example shown in Figure 5-39, each fleet can start shaking when it is Ready and the Slip Time has expired and its COG matches a planned source point to be done with that fleet (see VP Grabbing Radius on page 214), regardless of which VP is next scheduled to get the focus in the Operation table.
F1 moving to VP6 location Fleet 1 VP1 (Acq1) Slip Time VP2 (Acq1) Slip Time VP3 (Acq1) Slip Time F2 moving to VP4 location VP4(Acq1) Slip Time VP6 (Acq1) Slip Time F1 moving to VP8 location VP6 (Acq1) Slip Time
Fleet 2
F3 moving to VP5 location VP5 (Acq1) Slip Time
Fleet 3
F1 Ready
F2 Ready
F3 Ready
F2 Ready
F1 Ready
F3 Ready
F1 Ready
Figure 5-39 Slip-sweep, randomly moving source, Navigation option, no stacking
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In the example shown in Figure 5-40, you have to choose the Work by Acq option for each source (see Vibroseismic source parameters on page 164). Each fleet can start shaking when it is Ready and the Slip Time has expired and its COG matches a planned source point to be done with that fleet (see VP Grabbing Radius on page 214), regardless of which VP is next scheduled to get the focus in the Operation table.
F1 moves to VP1 second acquisition. location Fleet 1 VP1 (Acq1) Slip Time VP1 (Acq2) Slip Time F2 moves to VP2 second acquisition. location Fleet 2 VP2 (Acq1) Slip Time VP3 (Acq1) Slip Time VP2 (Acq2) Slip Time VP3 (Acq2) Slip Time VP4 (Acq1) Slip Time
Fleet 3
F1 Ready
F3 Ready
F2 Ready
F1 Ready
F2 Ready
F3 Ready
F1 Ready
Figure 5-40 Slip-sweep with randomly moving source, Navigation option, stacking (2)
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In the example shown in Figure 5-41, each fleet will start shaking when it is Ready and the Slip Time has expired and its COG matches a planned source point to be done with that fleet (see VP Grabbing Radius on page 214). Because acquisitions are stacked at the same place, the fleet is implicitly Ready at the end of each sweep (unless this is the last sweep within the VP), so it can shake as soon as the Slip Time has expired.
Implicit Ready VP1 (Acq1) Slip Time VP1 (Acq2) Slip Time VP3 (Acq1) Slip Time VP2 (Acq1) Slip Time F1 moving to VP4 location Implicit Ready VP4 (Acq1) Slip Time VP3 (Acq2) Slip Time
Fleet 1
Fleet 2
Fleet 3
VP2 (Acq2) Slip Time Implicit Ready
F1 Ready
F3 Ready
F2 Ready
F1 Ready
Figure 5-41 Slip-sweep with randomly moving source, Navigation option, stacking (2)
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Operation More About Noise Elimination
More About Noise Elimination

In this section: Spike Editing method (page 192) Diversity Stack (page 195)
Spike Editing method

The Spike Editing method removes all samples exceeding a special threshold. The traces are processed successively in the order generated by the acquisition process. Acquisition is performed line by line (from Low to High receiver positions), starting with the farthest Left line. The first trace is therefore the farthest in the Low branch, in the farthest Left line. When the number of traces increases (roll in), the new traces are initialized with the value of the Threshold Init Value parameter. When the number of traces decreases (roll out) it is the last ones which disappear. Each trace is divided into several time windows whose length is equal to Acquisition Length/Nb of Windows. The maximum number of windows for each trace is 64. Each window has its own threshold, expressed as a multiple of 3 dB. Every acquisition with the same length and energy spreading can be associated with the same threshold type (i.e. if the initial phase only is different). If acquisition types with different lengths or energy levels are used, they must be associated with different threshold types. There may be up to 16 different threshold types. Two aspects are to be considered in the processing of a trace: removal of samples exceeding a threshold, and threshold updating.
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Removal of samples exceeding a threshold

Two methods can be used: Zeroing With this method, any sample greater than or equal to the threshold causes a number of samples to be zeroed. The number of zeroed samples is specified by Zeroing Length, and the zeroing process is brought in and removed gradually, i.e. beginning and ending with a linear-variation taper. The Taper Length is expressed as a number of samples and equal to a power of 2. Clipping Any sample exceeding the threshold is cut down to the value of the threshold.
Threshold updating
In each window, the threshold is updated with respect to the highest sample in the window. Threshold updating is performed at the end of the noise elimination process, using the Range parameter (12 dB) as follows (see also Figure 5-42 on page 194): Highest sample within D area: If Threshold-3dB-Range > Highest sample, then Threshold is decreased 3dB. Highest sample within C area: If Thresh -3dB > Highest sample Thresh-3dB-Range, then Threshold is unchanged. Highest sample within B area: If Threshold > Highest sample Threshold-3dB, then Threshold is increased 3 dB.
Highest sample within A area: If Highest sample > Thresh and VP's 1st acquisition complete, then Threshold is increased 3 dB.
A B -3 dB C
Range
Thr.
A 3 dB B
A B
A B
(12 dB) D
Thr.-3dB-Range > max sample Thr = Thr-3 dB
D
Thr.-3dB > max sample Thr-3 dB-Range Thr unchanged
D
Thr> max sample Thr.-3dB Thr = Thr+3 dB
max sample >Thr. Thr = Thr+3 dB
Figure 5-42
Special cases
Threshold updating is not performed: - if the trace is reported Low, - if the Hold option is selected, rather than Var. (variable), - if the trace is dead (corrupted). A trace is Low if, before noise elimination, the percentage of samples which are smaller than the specified Low Trace Value exceeds the specified Low Trace %.
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Diversity Stack
The Diversity Stack method is only used with Correlation After Stack process types. Each trace is divided into several windows whose length equals:
AcquisitionLength --------------------------------------------------NumberOfWindows
The maximum number of windows for each trace is 64. The entire processing is performed before correlation but includes two parts: before stacking and after stacking. A(k) = kth sample n i j p = number of samples in the window = trace index = window index = current stack fold
Processing before stack

For each window in a trace, the following computation is performed:
E (i , j , p ) =
k =1
[ A( k ) ]
n
On the first window, the following computation is performed:

1 A ( k )* -------------------E ( i, j, p )
On the subsequent windows, a ramp is applied to the samples:
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Computation of the ramp increment (S) for a window:
E ( i, j, p ) E ( i, j 1, p ) S ( j ) = -------------------------------------------------------n
Processing on the samples:

A(k) ---------------------------------------------------E ( i, j 1, p ) + S ( j )*k
where (1 k n).
Assuming the current stack fold is p, when the whole ith trace is computed the following computation is performed on all the E(i,j,p) terms for each window:
1 1 -------------------- + ----------------------------E ( i, j, p ) E ( i, j, p 1 )
Processing after stack

Assuming m is the last stacking fold prior to writing to the SEGD file, the following computation is performed: On the first window, the following computation is performed:
A( k )
p =1
1 E (i , j , p)
On the subsequent windows, a ramp is applied to the samples: Computation of the ramp increment (S) for a window:
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S ( j) =
p =1
1 E (i , j , p)
p =1
1 E (i , j 1, p)
Processing on the samples:

A( k ) S ( j) k
P =1
1 E (i , j 1, p)
where (1 k n). See also More About Correlation (page 198).
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Operation More About Correlation
More About Correlation

In this section: Description (page 198) Data Distribution (page 201)
Description
Correlation is achieved in the frequency domain, using the Fast Fourier Transform method. It is performed on a set of data whose length is 2n, greater than Pilot length or Sweep length, whichever is the longest, + Investigation length. The results from the correlation process begin with positive time result data and end with negative time result data. Correlation may be performed on three types of traces: auxiliary traces seismic traces seismic traces in similarity tests.
Correlation of auxiliary traces

The following operations are allowed on an auxiliary trace: Autocorrelation (e.g. aux1*aux1) Cross-correlation (e.g. aux2*aux1) Stack (e.g. aux3) For Autocorrelation or Cross-correlation, the second term in the expression of the correlation operation stands for the reference wavelet. Autocorrelation and cross-correlation Autocorrelation and crosscorrelation processings are identical. The results consist of two traces: one for negative time shifts, one for positive time shifts. Correlation is performed as follows:
A direct Fast Fourier Transform is performed on the pilot auxiliary trace, with this trace as real part and 0 as imaginary part. A direct Fast Fourier Transform is performed on the operand auxiliary trace, with this trace as real part and 0 as imaginary part. A complex multiplication is performed of the result from the operand auxiliary trace FFT by the result from the pilot auxiliary trace FFT. A reverse Fast Fourier transform is performed on the result from the complex multiplication. Stack No correlation is performed on an auxiliary trace. Only stacking is performed. When two pilots are used, the results from auxiliary traces are located in the two records. The order in which the result traces are written in SEGD files agrees with the order of sequences in the description of the processings to be done.
Correlation of seismic traces

The following operations are allowed on seismic traces: Correlation with one auxiliary trace (1 Pilot); Correlation with two auxiliary traces (2 simultaneous Pilots). Correlation with 1 Pilot Each correlated trace yields a single result trace (positive time). Correlation with 2 Pilots Each correlated trace yields two result traces: 1 trace results from correlation with the first pilot (positive time). 1 trace results from correlation with the second pilot (positive time).
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This gives rise to two records with the same trace count. If a trace is dead, then all its samples are zeroed. Correlation is performed as follows: A direct Fast Fourier Transform is performed on the Pilot auxiliary trace, with this trace as real part and 0 as imaginary part. A direct Fast Fourier Transform is performed on two seismic traces with one seismic trace as real part and the other seismic trace as imaginary part. A complex multiplication is performed of the FFT result from the 2 seismic traces by the FFT result from the pilot auxiliary trace. A reverse Fast Fourier Transform is performed on the result from the complex multiplication.
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Data Distribution
Pilot length < Sweep length
Seismic trace correlation
0
sweep length + record length seismic trace (sweep length + record length)
2n
5
2n
Aux trace (Pilot) Pilot length
Figure 5-43
Auxiliary trace correlation

0
Aux. trace sweep length + record length
2n
0 2n
Figure 5-44
Raw data or trace stacking

0
seismic trace (sweep length + record length) sweep length + record length
Aux trace Pilot length
Figure 5-45
Pilot length = Sweep length

0
2n
2n
Figure 5-46

0
2n
0 2n
Figure 5-47

0
Figure 5-48
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Pilot length > Sweep length and (Sweep length + Record length)
0
2n
0
5
2n
Figure 5-49

0
2n
0 2n
Figure 5-50

0 0
Figure 5-51
Pilot length > Sweep length and > (Sweep length + Record length)
0
Pilot length + record length seismic trace (sweep length + record length)
2n
0
Aux trace (Pilot)
0
Pilot length
2n
Figure 5-52

0
Aux. trace Pilot length + record length
2n
0 2n
Figure 5-53

0 0
Pilot length + record length seismic trace (sweep length + record length)
Figure 5-54
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Chapter
Positioning
The main window (page 206) The Setup menu (page 209) The layer manager (page 222) The geographical view (page 218) The Tracking view (page 231) Vehicles (page 236) The Alert system (page 241) Working with the GIS (page 247)
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Positioning The main window
The main window

To open the Positioning main window, click on this icon in the launcher bar. The Positioning client window makes use of Receiver and Source SPS files to generate an image of the spread, possibly superimposed on a background map, so that you can monitor the progress of a seismic crew in real time. Vibrator status messages (including vibrator positions if each vibrator is equipped with a radiopositioning receiver) are used to display actual source positions which are compared to expected ones for the purpose of Quality Control. The following major features are available: Geographical view or your survey, based on the set of source points and receiver points in it (see SPS files on page 329). Viewing the progress of acquisitions in real time with: - graphical display of the actual position of vibrators; - calculation of the actual Centre of Gravity of the source, and comparison with the planned point; - predicted position of vibrators, depending on the stacking fold. Launching a shot by simply dragging and dropping a source onto a source point in the graphical view. Real-time tracking of vehicles equipped with an MRU tracking system; broadcasting waypoints to the tracked vehicles. Enhancing safety in the crew with a variety of alerts (emergency alarm, vehicle speed, inclusion/exclusion areas, etc.). Requesting and building all sorts of reports and/or histograms on any object appearing in the window, by simply clicking on the object in the graphical view.
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Figure 6-1
The View menu allows you to customize the main window by choosing one or more views to display. For details on how you can arrange the views and toolbars as you would like them, see the Hands-on guide (page 22). A GIS (Geographical Information System) is used to display the geographical data in a multi-layer manner. The left-hand pane in the Geographical view (Figure 6-1) reflects the structure of the GIS and serves as a plot layer manager window for the different drawing layers that can be plotted in the right-hand pane. See The layer manager (page 222).
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The following information is displayed in the locator bar at the foot of the window: Coordinates (Easting, Northing, Elevation) of the position the mouse is pointing to, within the graphical view. Line number of the Line on which the mouse pointer is resting. Point Nb number of the point on which the mouse pointer is resting. Distance Distance between two points selected with the mouse.
WARNING
If a background map is loaded but not viewed, the map is still active and used as reference for Source and/or Receiver position views. (The map remains active until you unload it).
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Positioning The Setup menu
The Setup menu

In this section: The Datum Type setup window (page 209) The Projection Type setup window (page 211) Quality Warning setup window (page 213) The Vehicle Identity setup (page 216)
The Datum Type setup window
Figure 6-2
209
In order to locate a point on the earth you need to know its coordinates and the geodetic DATUM. To open this setup window, select Geodetic from the Setup menu and click on the Datum Type tab. This setup allows you to display Datum parameters and make any changes needed. A Datum is defined with the following parameters: Datum Spheroid: datum name. Semi-major Axis: allowable range 0.001 to 99999999.999 m. Inverse Flattening: allowable range 0.0000001 to 9999.9999999. Shift Dx: allowable range -9999.999 to 9999.999 m. Shift Dy: allowable range -9999.999 to 9999.999 m. Shift Dz: allowable range -9999.999 to 9999.999 m. Shift Rx: allowable range -99.999 to 99.999 s. Shift Ry: allowable range -99.999 to 99.999 s. Shift Rz: allowable range -99.999 to 99.999 s. Datum Scale Factor: allowable range 0.0000000001 to 1.1000000000. After entering all the parameters to define a Datum, you only need to enter an identification number in the Nb field (allowable range 1 to 16), and click Add then Apply to save the Datum type. To view the parameters of any Datum type, double-click on it in the list box (at the foot of the Setup window). Then you can make any changes needed and click Change, or Add, or Delete, as required. To save your changes, click Apply.
Note You can define up to 16 Datum types.
You select the Datum type to use through the Projection Type Setup.
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The Projection Type setup window

Your GPS receivers normally output GPGGA-type messages (Latitude, Longitude, Altitude above the ellipsoid). The computer has to perform a projection so that the position can be pinpointed on your survey map.
Figure 6-3
To open the Projection setup window, select Geodetic from the Setup menu, then click on the Projection Type tab. This setup allows you to display the projection parameters and make any changes needed.
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The option button at the top (Currently used Projection Type) allows you to choose which projection type to use. A Projection Type is defined with the following parameters: Datum Type: This option button is used to choose which Datum Type to attach to the projection. You define Datum types through The Datum Type setup window (page 209). Other parameters depending on the kind of projection used (Lambert, UTM, etc.). For angular parameters (Central Meridian, Latitude origin, Reference Latitude, North Latitude, South Latitude, Skew Angle) the format is: dddmmss.ss (Degrees, Minutes, Seconds with two decimal places). Examples: Latitude Longitude North South East West 16 4' 56.24" 16 4' 56.24" 120 1' 2.3" 120 1' 2.3" = = = = 160456.24 -160456.24 1200102.3 -1200102.3
Elevation referenced to (Geoidal Model/Local Ellipsoidal Model): This option button allows you to choose the reference for the Surface Elevation parameter which may appear in log files (APS, SPS, COG, etc.): - Geoidal Model: with this option, Surface Elevation is equal to geoidal altitude + altitude correction - Local Ellipsoidal Model: with this option, Surface Elevation is equal to: (geoidal altitude + geoidal separation) + altitude correction
Note The geoidal altitude and separation are extracted from
$GPGGA messages.
After entering all the parameters to define a Projection, you only need to enter an identification number in the Nb field (allowable range 1 to 16), and click Add then Apply to save the Projection type. To view the parameters of any Projection type, double-click on it in the list box (at the foot of the Setup window). Then you can make any changes needed and click Change, or Add, or Delete, as required. To save your changes, click Apply.
Note You can define up to 16 Projection types.
Quality Warning setup window

Selecting Source Quality Warning from the Setup menu opens a dialog box used to enter alert thresholds for source positions.
Figure 6-4
Click Apply to save and enable your changes.
COG Radius Threshold

(Allowable range: 1. to 99.9 m). Determines the allowable area for the actual COG around the planned source position. Each planned source position in the graphic display is represented by a (blue) tolerance circle the size of which is proportional to the COG Radius Threshold parameter. The actual Centre Of Gravity of the source is computed from the GPS positions contained in the status messages transmitted by the vibrators making up the source.
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VP Grabbing Radius
(Allowable range: 1. to 99.9 m). Used in Navigation mode to determine the eligible VP, if stacking is used and the fleet has to move after each sweep within the VP. This parameter determines a larger circle around the source COG tolerance circle. When a vibrator fleet is located within the VP grabbing circle and ready to shake, the system chooses the matching VP from the list of VPs in the Operation main window. See VE432 sweeps (page 177).
COG Radius threshold Acq2 COG tolerance circle
COG
VP Grabbing Radius
VP grabbing circle Planned source Centre Of Gravity
Acq1
Figure 6-5
- For each acquisition, individual vibrator positions as well as the fleets COG are displayed in the main window. - The estimated COG of the VP is computed again at each acquisition, using the actual COG of the acquisitions already done and the predicted COG for the acquisitions still to be done. - After the VP is completed, the information about the acquisition is replaced by the actual COG of the VP.
Note With no stacking (i. e. a single acquisition per VP), the VP
Grabbing Radius should be set to be equal to the COG Radius Threshold. Otherwise, if the COG falls outside the COG Radius Threshold circle but within the VP Grabbing circle, the operator will not be warned of the COG radial error when the Ready message appears but only after the VP is done (the alert threshold associated with the Ready message is determined by the largest of the two circles).
Vib Position Accuracy Threshold

(Allowable range: 0.0 to 99.9 m). This field is used to specify the maximum allowable uncertainty on the GPS positions of the vibrators, i.e. the maximum allowable value of the Horizontal Dilution Of Precision contained in the status messages transmitted by the vibrators making up the source. If the HDOP exceeds the Threshold specified in this field, then the position is regarded as inaccurate.
About the vibrator position Quality Control

The quality of a vibrator's position is determined using the quality figure contained in field No. 6 in the $GPGGA message from the GPS receiver in the vibrator. The quality figure may assume values from 0 to 8. (See NMEA standard version 2.30). The position is regarded as: missing for values 0, 6, 7, 8, natural (straight GPS) for 1, actual for values 2, 3, 4, 5. The Horizontal Dilution Of Precision (HDOP) is taken from field No. 8 in the $GPGGA message.
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The Vehicle Identity setup

To open this setup window, select Vehicle Ident from the Setup menu. This setup allows you to specify which vehicles to track in the Positioning window and, for each of them, specify the maximum allowable speed.
Figure 6-6
Nb
(Allowable range: 1 to 50). Identity number of a vehicle, defined when you configure the MRU for the vehicle. (See MRU User's Manual).
Name
Label you wish to assign to the vehicle identified in the Nb text box.
Max Speed
Determines the upper limit of the scale for colour-mapping the speed in the vehicles trackline.
Tracking
For each vehicle in the list box this option button allows you to specify whether or not the vehicle should be tracked in geographical views. (Click in the field, then select the desired option from the button). If you choose True, then MRU messages from that vehicle will be interpreted. If you choose False, then the vehicle is not tracked, its
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MRU messages are rejected and no alarm is raised if that vehicle fails to reply.
First Waypoint
Initialization value of the individual waypoint counter attached to each vehicle tracked (by default: 1). This determines the waypoint number that will be assigned to the first waypoint transmitted to any vehicle. For a given vehicle, the waypoint number is incremented (up to 100) each time a waypoint is transmitted to the vehicle. It is reset to the current First Waypoint value in the event of overflow. If you change the First Waypoint value, the new value will apply to those vehicles which do not have any waypoint yet and those which have a waypoint counter at 100.
To create a Vehicle Identity Setup

To define a new vehicle in the list box, fill in all the fields as required, then click Add. To make changes to any row in the list box, double-click on it, fill in the fields above the list, then click Add or Change or Delete, as required. To save and enable your changes, click Apply. (To revert to the former settings, click Reset instead).
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Positioning The geographical view
The geographical view

In this section: General (page 218) The layer manager (page 222) Background (page 223) GeoZones (page 225) Swath (page 226) Miscellaneous (page 228) Vehicles (page 229) Sources (page 229)
General
Layer manager pane Plot pane Right-click to view object properties
Graphical Tools
Figure 6-7 Geographical view
That is the basic view in the Positioning client window, consisting of: a geographical view showing the planned source points and receiver points imported from SPS files, the actual source points (calculated COGs), service vehicles equipped with a tracking (MRU) box, the
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sources (Shooters and/or VE432 fleets) created in the Operation window; a layer manager pane containing all the objects that can be viewed. You can open as many geographical views as you like (using the View menu). Each is independent and has its own layer manager. Right-clicking on any object in the plot pane and selecting Feature Properties from the menu that pops up opens a secondary window updated in real time, displaying the properties of the object.
Figure 6-8 Report document
You can use the Export Selected or Export All button to export some or all of those properties. This generates a report document and opens a preview window that allows you to save, print or export the document by choosing whichever output format you like (PDF, XLS, HTML, TXT, etc.) from its File menu.
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Graphical tools
View All Zoom in Panning Rectangular spatial query
Undo zoom
Zoom locker
Ruler
Circular spatial query
Figure 6-9 Graphical tools
Zoom in: To zoom into an area in the plot pane, click on the Zoom in button, position the mouse in one corner of the desired area, press the left mouse button and hold it down, drag the mouse to the opposite corner of the area (this causes a rubber-band box to appear) and release the button. As a result, the region enclosed by the rubberband box is redrawn within the same view to occupy the entire plot pane. Undo zoom: Reverts to the previous zoom factor. View All: Zooms out until all objects fit into the plot pane (in one click). Zoom locker: Clicking on this button either locks or unlocks the zoom-out factor, depending on whether it is already locked or unlocked. With the zoom locker enabled, all zoom-out clicks will take you back to the zoom factor you were using at the moment you enabled it. Panning: Clicking the Panning button causes the mouse pointer to change to a hand when resting in the plot pane. Then you can drag the display in any direction with the mouse. Ruler: To read the distance from one point to another picked up in the plot pane, click on the Ruler button, position the mouse on the first point, press the left mouse button and hold it down, drag the mouse to the other point. This draws a straight trackline in between. The distance between the two points is displayed in a tip box on the first
220
point picked up. The latest distance picked up as you release the mouse button is displayed in the Distance field in the locator bar.
Tip box Refreshed as you release mouse button
Figure 6-10 Ruler
Rectangular or circular spatial query: Draws a rectangle or circle area over displayed objects. As a result, all visible objects enclosed by the rectangle or circle are grabbed, and a secondary window appears, showing the list of grabbed objects and their properties. Objects in hidden layers, if any, enclosed by the rectangle or circle are ignored.
Figure 6-11 Spatial query
- You can use the Export Selected or Export All button to export some or all of grabbed objects. This opens a dialog box that lets you choose which properties to export.
Figure 6-12
- Clicking Accept generates a report document and opens a preview window (see Figure 6-8 on page 219) that allows you to save, print or export the document by choosing whichever output
format you like (PDF, XLS, HTML, TXT, etc.) from its File menu.
The layer manager

In the layer manager (left-hand) pane, the available drawing layers are grouped into several folders that you can expand or collapse (Source sets, Vehicles, Miscellaneous elements, Swath, Geographical Zones, Background maps). If any layer is hidden, its name is dimmed. Each layer has a specific popup menu, available by right clicking on it, depending on which commands can be applied to that layer.
Layer manager pane Plot pane Double-click to expand/collapse folder
Double-click or right-click to show/hide layer
Figure 6-13 Layer manager
To show or hide any drawing layer, first expand the appropriate folder, then double-click on the desired layer, or right-click on it and select the appropriate command (Show Layer / Hide Layer) from the menu that pops up. The Rename Layer command lets you enter whatever name you like in place of the default name. The Layer Properties command allows you to view and modify the image properties, for example to change the opacity of the background or to enable or disable smoothing.
The Delete Layer command lets you delete the layer from the layer manager (e. g. to unload a background map), but this does not delete the file from your computers disk. Not all layers can be deleted. The arrangement in the layer manager pane determines the way the layers are stacked (i. e. overprinted) in the plot pane, the bottom folder being plotted on the background and the top folder on the foreground. You can move any layer by dragging it up or down to change the overprinting order. Naturally, you must be aware that a raster file (the background map) will hide any layer placed below it.
Background
The Background folder is dedicated to background images.
Figure 6-14 Background map
The following file types are allowed: Geotiff: raster image with a geographical reference. DXF: vectorial data. Esri Shapefile: A shapefile stores non-topological geometry and attribute information for the spatial features in a data set. The geometry for a feature is stored as a shape comprising a set of vector coordinates. Because shapefiles do not have the processing overhead of a topological data structure, they have advantages over other data sources such as faster drawing speed and edit ability. Shapefiles handle single features that overlap or that are non-contiguous. They also typically require less disk space and are easier to read and write. Shapefiles can support point, line, and area features. Area features are
represented as closed loop, double-digitized polygons. Attributes are held in a dBASE format file. Each attribute record has a one-to-one relationship with the associated shape record. Simple Raster file (e. g. jpeg or gif or tif-format file): this type of file has no geographical reference but the system lets you provide one as you load such a file (See ). Right-clicking on any background layer and choosing Layer Properties from the popup menu opens a dialog that allows you to change the font and colour of labels if any, and adjust the following image attributes.
Figure 6-15 Image properties
Opacity
This slider button controls how much of the background map will show through.
Smoothing
The Optimal option applies appropriate smoothing for pixels not to be visible, depending on the zoom factor. The Never option does not apply any smoothing. The Always option achieves the best smoothing effect but significantly increases the amount of CPU time consumed by your Positioning window.
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GeoZones
You may wish to be alerted if any tracked vehicle (vibrator equipped with a GPS receiver or other vehicle equipped with a tracking system) leaves the work area, or gets into quicksands or a boggy or notrespassing area, etc. The system will take care of that, using the inclusion and/or exclusion zones contained in the GeoZones folder to determine the allowable perimeter.
Right-click Click
Figure 6-16 Inclusion/Exclusion zones
After you select Create Exclusion Zone or Create Inclusion Zone from the popup menu, the mouse pointer changes to an arrow. Then you can draw a polygon in the plot pane by clicking at each vertex in turn and closing the polygon with a last click at the first vertex. This adds a new item into the GeoZone folder. Right-click on it in the GeoZone folder to rename it as you like.
Create Exclusion Zone

Allows you to define the perimeter of an area that the crews vehicles are not allowed to enter. That perimeter is automatically plotted in red.
Create Inclusion Zone

Allows you to define the perimeter of an area that the crews vehicles are not allowed to leave. That perimeter is automatically plotted in green.
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Load from file

Allows you to load a DXF-format file depicting the desired perimeter. Each file you load creates a new item in the GeoZone folder. Only closed curves are interpreted: Red closed curves are interpreted as exclusion zones; All other closed curves are by default interpreted as inclusion zones. Other shapes if any included in the file are ignored.
Swath
For each swath, a separate layer is automatically created in the Swath folder, showing the source points and receiver points included in the swath.
Figure 6-17 Swath layer
Source points
Each planned source position (from the Source SPS file) is represented by a blue circle. The size of the circle is proportional to the COG Radius Threshold specified through the Setup menu.
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Source COG
The COG position is represented by a solid square inside the planned source position blue circle if there is no radial error, or outside of it if there is a radial error that is if the deviation from the planned COG position exceeds the COG Radius Threshold specified through the Setup menu. The solid square denoting the COG may be: Green and inside the source blue circle if: - this is the actual COG position (i.e all vibrator positions have been received), - and there is no radial error; Red and inside the source blue circle if: - this is the actual COG position (i.e. all vib positions have been received), - and one or more vib position standard deviations exceed the Vib Position Accuracy Threshold (specified in the Setup menu). The COG is therefore regarded as inaccurate. Red and outside the source blue circle if: - this is the actual COG position (i.e. all vib positions have been received), - but there is a radial error. In that case a warning box shows up, displaying the radial error and the Source Point identification, so that the operator can decide on whether to reposition the vibrators and take the sweep again, or to continue. Blank (not shown) if no position is received from one or more vibrators (in the event of a malfunction in the GPS receiver or in the radio link; in that case, no COG is computed).
Figure 6-18
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Note If an Impulsive source is used instead of vibrators and the
blaster controller returns a position message ($GPGGA) to the recording unit (e. g. with a SHOT PRO blaster) then the shot point position is viewed.
Receiver Points
Each planned receiver position is represented as a yellow + mark.
Miscellaneous
The Misc folder in the layer manager pane contains the icons for the recording unit and the base camp.
Drag and drop to move icon Recording truck icon
Figure 6-19 Miscellaneous objects layer
By default, if the icon file includes a geographical reference, the icon is displayed at its exact location in the geographical view, otherwise the object appears only in the layer manager pane. You can place the recording unit or base camp icon into the plot pane by dragging and dropping it from the layer manager pane to the plot pane (left-click on it in the layer manager while pressing the Ctrl key, then move the mouse to the desired location in the plot pane and release the mouse button). Likewise you can move the icon within the plot pane by dragging and dropping it where you would like it to appear. You can place the icon at its exact location by entering its precise coordinates in the Log window (see Editing/saving/loading 428XL parameters on page 327).
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Vehicles
The Vehicles folder in the layer manager pane contains all the vehicles equipped with a tracking box (MRU). You can monitor the position of those vehicles in real time, show/hide their tracklines and also send waypoints to them by simply dragging and dropping a vehicles icon to the desired location. See Vehicles on page 236 for details.
Sources
This folder contains all the sources created in the Operation window that you can use to take shots or sweeps.
Vibroseismic source Impulsive source shooter
Drag and drop to launch sweep or shot
Figure 6-20 Source layer
A flag (for a vibroseismic source) or human figure (for an impulsive source) icon associated with each source is available above the plot pane. You can drag a source icon and drop it onto a planned shot point in the plot pane to launch a shot just like a click on Go would do in the Operation window. To do that, left-click on the source icon while pressing the Ctrl key, then move the mouse to the desired planned shot point and release the mouse button. For example, this allows you to redo a sweep without lifting the vibrator pads. Dragging and dropping the vibroseismic source simulates the Ready signal sent by the fleets leader when all its vibrators have their pads down. You must have clicked on Go at least once beforehand in the Operation window. Also, the fleets vibrators are assumed
positioned at the shot point, with their pads down. Unless that is already done, you also have to click on the fleets button in the VE432 main window to let its Ready status be relayed to the acquisition system.
230
Positioning The Tracking view
The Tracking view

In this section: Graphical tracking view (page 231) Numerical tracking view (page 234) More about the estimated COG position (page 234)
Graphical tracking view

In the source tracking view are all the details on the Vibrated Point: positions of vibrators (crosshair), the planned active Vibrated Point, the predicted COG (orange square, or green if the stacking fold is achieved), and information about the current VP (Acquisition number/ stacking fold, Device number, Source Point Line, Source Point Number, Source Point Index).
Enable/disable updating Choose fleet to view COG Planned V1 V3 V2 Fleet
Figure 6-21
The button in the upper left corner allows you to freeze/unfreeze the view. Preventing the view from being updated may be helpful if you need time to examine details. Since you can open as many tracking views as you like (using the View menu), you can enable updating in another view and still track the active source. In each view, you can use any of the fleet (flag) buttons available at the top to choose whichever fleet you would like to be tracked in that view. If you do not choose any fleet, then the active source is tracked.
231
The tracking view shows the progress of vibrator positions and source positions updated as soon as the status messages are received from the vibrators. The solid square denoting the COG is: Orange and inside the source blue circle if: - this is an estimated COG position (i.e. some vib positions have not yet been received), - but the estimation does not lead to any radial error. Orange and outside the source blue circle if: - this is an estimated COG position (some vib positions have not yet been received), - and the estimation leads to a radial error (e.g. a status message is indicating that a vibrator failed to vibrate. Therefore the estimated COG is computed without the position of this vibrator, leading to a radial error). Note that COG radial errors are reported in the form of messages in the mail pane at the foot of the window.
Figure 6-22
Each planned vibrator position is represented as a + mark which changes from orange (i.e. estimated) to green as the actual position is received. It turns red if the positions standard deviation exceeds the Vib Position Accuracy Threshold specified through the Setup menu. It is not shown if any of the status codes of the following malfunctions is encountered: - no sweep - no status report - position message error
- no GPS position samples The vibrator positions used in the latest acquisition are annotated with the vibrator numbers. The vibrator positions of those previous source points which are OK (green solid square) are not shown. Until the status messages are received from all the vibrators making up the source, the theoretical centre of gravity of the source is estimated from the vibrator pattern of the previous source point and represented by a solid orange square. See More about the estimated COG position (page 234). When status messages are received, the COG is shown as explained above for the geographical view. In Navigation mode with a Stack Order more than 1: - For each acquisition within a VP, individual vibrator positions as well as the fleets COG are displayed. - The estimated COG of the VP is computed again at each acquisition, using the actual COG of the acquisitions already done and the predicted COG for the acquisitions still to be done. - After the VP is completed, the information about the acquisition is replaced by the actual COG of the VP.
v
Note When you generate the RAW daily Observer Report, at the end
of the day, the SPS Source file in the database is automatically updated with the actual source COG positions. (You can use the Log main window to save the updated source file to an archival medium). The Elevation reported is the elevation value contained in the $GPGGA messages from radiopositioning receivers (referenced to the geoidal model).
233
Numerical tracking view

You can monitor one or more vehicles in real time by right-clicking on the vehicle and choosing Numerical Track on from the menu that pops up. This opens a view pane that continually displays: The position of the vehicle (Line name and Receiver Point). The distance to the nearest line. The vehicles speed: the line is displayed in red if the vehicle is motionless.
Figure 6-23
More about the estimated COG position

Prediction table
The planned source positions (represented by blue circles) are known at the outset as they are contained in Source SPS files. On the contrary, the vibrator pattern is not known until all the vib positions of the first complete pattern have been received. For example, if 2 acquisitions are taken with 4 vibrators then 8 status messages will be received, containing 8 vib positions, which will be used to compute the actual COG but also to set up a prediction table. An example is shown below.
DSD Number V1 V2 V3 V4 Acquisition 1 dx11, dy11 dx21, dy21 dx31, dy31 dx41, dy41 2 dx12, dy12 dx22, dy22 dx32, dy32 dx42, dy42
234
The dx,dy values are horizontal and vertical offset distances between each latest known vibrator position and the latest actual COG position (green solid square).
V1.1 dx
Latest actual vib position
dy
Latest actual COG
Figure 6-24
Locating the estimated COG

From the prediction table the dx,dy pair corresponding to the first vibrator which, in the current pattern, supplied its actual position (green + mark) is chosen to locate the estimated COG. The estimated COG position (orange solid square) is obtained by adding the selected dx,dy pair (from the prediction table) to the actual easting and northing (respectively) received for this vibrator. Then the remaining dx,dy pairs in the prediction table are used to locate the estimated positions of the other vibrators with respect to the estimated COG. The estimated vib pattern is represented by orange + marks.
235
Positioning Vehicles
Vehicles
In this section: Overview (page 236) Supported vehicle tracking systems (page 237) Customizing tracked vehicles (page 239) Vehicle trackline and history file (page 240)
Overview
GPS
Tracking
Recording station (Lab)
Positio n+Alar Way m poin ts+S ervic e me ssag es

s age ess em
GPS
Tracking Tracking
vic Ser
Tracking
GPS
Monitoring station (Camp)
Figure 6-25
Any vehicle equipped with a SERCEL MRU or Racal type tracking unit can send its position computed by a radio-positioning receiver and
status to a base station, and receive waypoints and/or messages from the base station. This requires that the base station be equipped with a tracking box too. For reference information on the necessary communications scheme, see the MRU or Racal User's Manual. See also Supported vehicle tracking systems (page 237). The base station can be the GUI computer in the recording truck (referred to as Lab) or a monitoring station (referred to as Camp). On the base station, whether it be a Lab or Camp station, the Positioning client window must be open. Periodically, each tracked vehicle reports its latest position and status to the base station, which updates the position in the Positioning windows graphic pane.
Supported vehicle tracking systems

To track the position of your vibrators and service vehicles, you can use SERCEL MRU boxes or an equivalent type of tracking box from RACAL. MRU type: To configure an MRU as Vibrator or Service Vehicle, see the MRU Users Manual. The message supplied by an MRU includes the position, the type of unit (Vibrator or Service vehicle) and the alarm status if any. Racal type: By default a Racal-type tracking box is identified as Service vehicle. To identify it as a Vibrator, a serial port must be modified. The message supplied by a Racal tracking box includes the position, the type of unit (Vibrator or Service vehicle) and the alarm status if any, and the type of message encoded as follows (1 character): - E: Alarm (interpreted as Vehicle + Alarm). - F: Interpreted as Vibrator. - Other: Interpreted as Vehicle. An option button in the Installation client window on the workstation lets the user choose which type of tracking box to use.
The tracking box connects to the computer through a serial line (A- and/ or B-port of the computer).
Position Port A Waypoint, Service message Port A
Tracking box
Port B Service message or printer Port B
Computer
Figure 6-26
A-port
The computers A-port: Receives the position and alarms from the vehicles. Sends waypoints and service messages to the vehicles. It is also used to send specific commands to the tracking box. For example, with a Racal tracking box, changing the record unit position sends the command $PASHS,POS (record unit position). A hardware switch is required between the port of the computer and that of the tracking box. The workstations A-port is configured as follows: With SERCEL (MRU) tracking boxes: 4800 Bauds, 8 data bits, 2 stops bits, no parity. With Racal-type tracking boxes: 9600 Bauds, 8 data bits, 2 stops bits, no parity.
B-port
The computers B-port receives services messages exchanged by the Lab and Camp computers. It is configured as follows: With SERCEL (MRU) tracking boxes: 9600 bauds, 8 data bits, 2 stops bits, no parity.
238
With Racal-type tracking boxes: 4800 bauds, 8 data bits, 2 stops bits, no parity.
Note If the A-port is used for another link, the B port can be used in
place of it for the messages to and from the tracked vehicles. In that case, communications between Lab and Camp computers cannot be handled by the tracking box.
Customizing tracked vehicles

Right-clicking on the Vehicles folder in the layer manager and selecting Add Vehicle Group opens a secondary window that allows you to create vehicle groups and customize the aspect of vehicles in each group.
Fuel
(Name=Fuel)
Figure 6-27
Each time you add a new group, a subfolder is created in the layer manager (hence a sublayer in the plot pane). As a result, you can apply specific actions to the whole sublayer, for example: - Rename the group; - Send a request for specific attributes in order to find the matching vehicles (using the name, or GPS identifier number or any other attribute as search criterion); - Assign a particular icon to the vehicles in the group.
Vehicle trackline and history file

The trackline of each vehicle and also the associated alerts are automatically saved to an XML log file on the client computers disk (in the Jpos/workspace/history directory) and sorted by julian day. That file can be imported into any viewing tool accepting XML files.
Real-time display
Right-click on the vehicles subfolder in the layer manager pane and select Show trace route from the menu that pops up. The trackline is displayed as segments the colour of which depends on the speed of the vehicle. The speed is mapped with 10 different colours starting from green (standing for the vehicles minimum speed) to red (standing for the maximum allowable speed specified in the The Vehicle Identity setup on page 216. A circle appears on the trackline if any alarm is raised.
Playback from history file

Selecting Load History from the File menu allows you to choose a trackline history file and load it to the Backgrounds folder in the layer manager pane. Then the trackline can be displayed like any real-time trackline (with colour-mapped speed and circles on incidents) and shown/hidden like any other background layer.
240
Positioning The Alert system
The Alert system

You can set alert conditions on vehicles by using the setup menu or the toolbar, or simply right-clicking on a vehicle. You are notified of any incident in two ways: An audible warning plus a visual effect in the geographical view (an expanding circle around the vehicle that caused the incident). The colour of the expanding circle depends on the type of incident. A tip box popping up as you drag the mouse over any vehicle affected by an incident. To dismiss an incident on a vehicle, either double-click on the vehicle or right-click on it and choose Reset Alert from the menu that pops up. This may or may not let you get rid of the alert, depending on the type of incident. Incidents are saved together with the trackline (meaning that they will be visible when you play back the trackline). The following types of incidents are monitored: Emergency (page 241) GeoZone perimeter (page 242) Global alarms (page 243) Excess speed (page 245)
Emergency
The system continually checks for any Emergency alert from the MRU system (an Emergency alarm is automatically raised if a vehicles driver pushes the Emergency button on the MRU tracking box). This requires that the Tracking option in the The Vehicle Identity setup (page 216) be set at True. An Emergency alarm immediately causes a dialog box to show up in the Positioning window, with the position of the vehicle at the moment the alarm was raised.
Figure 6-28
Clicking the Send Help button automatically sends a waypoint to the nearest three vehicles to that position, allowing for rescue as quickly as possible. (This also dismisses the alert window). If the vehicle does not need any help, simply click Reset Alarm when you want to dismiss the alert window.
GeoZone perimeter
Inclusion/exclusion zones are created by drawing closed curves in geographical views or loading DXF files depicting such zones (see GeoZones on page 225). GeoZones are intended for vehicles equipped with an MRU system, and for all vibrators (with or without an MRU). A visual alarm is raised (an orange expanding circle around the position of a vehicle), and a GeoZone perimeter incident is reported, if a vehicle or vibrator: - enters an exclusion area; - leaves an inclusion area. The visual alarm disappears when the vehicle gets back to the allowable perimeter, or if you delete the inclusion/exclusion zones affected (or you double-click on the vehicle). An inclusion/exclusion zone is active (can give rise to incidents) even if hidden.
242
Global alarms
All vehicles and vibrators equipped with an MRU system and for which the Tracking option in The Vehicle Identity setup (page 216) is set at True can be checked for the following types of incidents: Emergency, No Reply, No Move, Camp Distance, Lab distance. The monitoring of all these incidents is optional, except for Emergency alarms. On vibrators, No move incidents are ignored. Clicking on this button in the toolbar opens a dialog box that allows you to choose which incidents to monitor and adjust the alert conditions.
Figure 6-29
In the event of an incident on a vehicle, a visual alarm is raised (an orange expanding circle around the vehicle) and the incident is reported in the log file. The visual alarm disappears when the situation goes back to normal (or if you dismiss it by double-clicking on the vehicle). The type of unit (metres, feet, etc.) for the Distance and Radius fields is determined in the The Projection Type setup window (page 211).
No reply
Alerts you if the position of a vehicle fails to be refreshed within the time (seconds) you specify in the Delay field, for instance if no position message is received from the vehicle.
243
No move
Alerts you if a vehicle remains at a standstill (i. e. the position is refreshed but remains within the circle determined by the associated Distance field) for the time you specify in the Delay field (seconds). Because of the so-called noise on the position, especially with straight GPS, two successive positions from a vehicle can be different even though the vehicle doesnt move. The system will only assume the vehicle is moving if the distance between two successive positions exceeds the distance (metres) you specify in the Distance field.
Camp Distance
Alerts you if the distance from a vehicle to the Camp location exceeds the distance (metres) you specify in the associated Radius field (i. e. the position of the vehicle doesnt fall within the circle determined by that radius around the Camp location).
Lab Distance
Alerts you if the distance from a vehicle to the Lab (recording unit) location exceeds the distance (metres) you specify in the associated Radius field (i. e. the position of the vehicle doesnt fall within the circle determined by that radius around the Lab location).
244
Excess speed
All vehicles equipped with an MRU system and for which the Tracking option in The Vehicle Identity setup (page 216) is set at True can be checked for speed excess. Right-clicking on any of those vehicles opens a dialog box that allows you to set the speed alert conditions for that vehicle. Therefore, you can set individual speed alert conditions on each vehicle.
6
Figure 6-30
For each vehicle monitored, the speed is computed as the ratio of the difference between the last two positions received to the difference between the times when they are received. In the event of an Excess speed incident on a vehicle, a visual alarm is raised (an orange expanding circle around the vehicle) and the incident is reported in the log file. The visual alarm disappears when the situation goes back to normal (or if you dismiss it by double-clicking on the vehicle). On vibrators, Excess speed incidents are ignored.
Max Speed
Tick this option if you want the vehicle to be checked for excess speed. Untick to disable monitoring.
Delay
Use this field to specify the desired time interval (seconds) between two speed tests on this vehicle.
245
Speed
Use this field to specify the desired speed limit for this vehicle, expressed in km/hr or miles per hour, depending on the type of unit selected (see The Projection Type setup window on page 211).
Additional Effects
Use the options if you want excess speed incidents to open a dialog box and/or generate an audible warning for this vehicle.
246
Positioning Working with the GIS
Working with the GIS

In this section: Object labelling (page 247) Attribute colour maps (page 248) Query builder (page 250)
Object labelling
Each object appearing in a geographical view can be annotated with a tag reporting whichever of its attributes you choose. Those tags are updated in real time, and do not overprint one another. The more you zoom in, the more tags are visible. To create a tag and show or hide it, right-click on the desired folder in the layer manager pane (Source Point, Source Receiver, COG, or Vehicles) and choose Label Properties from the menu that pops up.
Figure 6-31
In the example below, vehicles have a label displaying the name and speed.
Figure 6-32
247
Attribute colour maps

A Classifier tool is available for the items contained in the Swath layer (Source Point, Source Receiver, COG). This allows you to create classes for the different values of an objects attribute and have them colour-mapped in a geographical view. You can choose the number of classes to create and which colours to use for the colour mapping. For example, assuming you want to have a colour-map view of the source average distortion (an attribute available on COGs), then: 1. Right-click on the COG folder in the layer manager pane and choose Classifier from the menu that pops up. This opens the Classifier control window.
Figure 6-33
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
From the Feature Property Names option button, choose the attribute to plot (Average Distortion). From the Bins option button, choose the number of classes to create. Click on the Start button and select the desired colour for the lowest value class. Click on the End button and select the desired colour for the highest value class. Click on Preview to view the result in a Histogram window.
248
Figure 6-34
7.
Click on Apply. As a result, the average distortion is colourmapped in the COG layer in the geographical view.
Colour-mapped average distortion in COG layer
Figure 6-35
To remove the colour map effect and go back to the default colour encoding in the geographical view, right-click on the appropriate folder in the layer manager and select Reset Queries and Classification from the menu that pops up.
249
Query builder
A Query Builder tool is available for the items contained in the Swath layer (Source Point, Source Receiver, COG). The Query Builder allows you to build any kind of query on displayed objects on any attributes of an object, with logical operators (Or, And, Not, etc.), and generate professional reports in PDF, HTML, XCELL files, etc. For example, assuming you want to get the list of COGs with an average distortion greater than 16, then: 1. Right-click on the COG folder in the layer manager pane and choose Build feature query from the menu that pops up. This opens the query builder window for COGs.
Save and load back your queries as you like.
The items matching your query can be displayed in a geographical view.
Figure 6-36
2.
250
Select the desired attribute from the Property Name list box.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Choose the desired operator. Choose the desired value from the Values list box. Click on Add To Query. If you want to preview the items matching your query in a geographical view, click on the Create Selection button. Clicking on the Generate Report button opens a secondary window that lets you choose which attributes to export. Unless you want to include all, untick those you want to discard by clicking in the associated Export Enabled button.
6
Figure 6-37
8.
Clicking Accept generates a report document and opens a preview window (see Figure 6-8 on page 219) that allows you to save, print or export the document by choosing whichever output format you like (PDF, XLS, HTML, TXT, etc.) from its File menu.
Figure 6-38
251
Positioning Basic Geodesy Glossary
Basic Geodesy Glossary

Datum: Datum results from taking an ellipsoid and moving its centre so the ellipsoid matches the geoid very closely in your area of interest. For example, in Europe, the International ellipsoid is shifted to fit and called ED50 (European Datum 1950). For the same location, your latitude and longitude are different on different Datums. Since your GPS receivers normally output on WGS84 you need to convert the WGS84 latitude/longitude to a latitude /longitude on whatever Datum you are surveying on. This is done by on-line Datum transformation routines in SERCEL software. This is why you are required to select the appropriate Datum. See The Projection Type setup window (page 211). Ellipsoid: An ellipse which has been rotated about an axis (example: WGS84). The shape of the ellipsoid is chosen to match the geoidal surface as closely as possible. Geoid: An equipotential surface (meaning that the pull of gravity is equal everywhere along the surface), approximately corresponding to the Mean Sea Level. A plumb bob always points perpendicular to the geoid, not to centre of the earth. Projection: A projection is a representation of a 3 dimensional plane. In order to make a section of the ellipsoid into a flat surface, you have to stretch some parts of the surface and compress other parts. The amount of compressing/stretching is known as scale factor. The distance you measure in the real world is usually not equal to the distance measured on the projection.
252
Chapter
Export
This chapter describes the Export client window. It includes the following sections:
The main window (page 254) The Setup menu (page 255) The Functions menu (page 259)
253
Export The main window
The main window

To open the Export main window, click on this icon in the launcher bar. The Export main window is dedicated to the process of exporting your SEGD files to your archiving medium (disk and/or tape drives). The activity of each type of medium is logged in a separate view (Tape, NFS, FTP).
Figure 7-1
The View menu allows you to open a separate view for each type of export target (Tape, NFS server, FTP server), showing a table in which the activity of the export process is logged. For details on how you can arrange the views and toolbars as you would like them, see the Handson guide (page 22). You can move and resize columns in tables by rightclicking in any column heading and selecting Customize (see Figure 114). The Functions menu is used for local controls of tape drives. In the toolbar are indicators showing the status of each device to which the shot files can be exported.
254
Export The Setup menu
The Setup menu

In this section: The Tape Setup setup (page 255) The FTP setup (page 257) The NFS setup on page 258
The Tape Setup setup

To enable recording to a tape, you must choose the Tape Drive option as Export Mode in the Install window. Selecting Tape Setup from the Setup menu opens a secondary window with the following parameters:
Figure 7-2
Tape Nb
(Allowable range: 0 to 9999). Allows you to specify a reel tape number to be recorded in the header block of the next records. It is automatically incremented after the Burst is written on tape.
Tape Label
(16 ASCII characters max.). Used to enter a user-friendly name for the reel tape #.
255
Files per Tape

(Allowable range: 1 to 9999). Allows you to specify the maximum number of records that may be written to a tape.
Trace Blocking
This option is not available unless you choose the Advanced option. To improve the system cycle time when recording to a tape drive, you can shorten the record time by activating the Trace Blocking option. With that option enabled, several traces are grouped to form a single block limited to the size you choose with the associated option button. Unless you choose the trace blocking option, the system will record traces to tape as individual blocks separated by a gap. When you play back any record on the 428XL, the system automatically chooses the appropriate option.
256
The FTP setup

To export your SEGD files to an FTP server attached to the local network, you must choose the FTP Server option as Export Mode in the Install window. Selecting FTP Setup from the Setup menu opens a secondary window with the following parameters:
Figure 7-3
In the Login and Password fields, enter the log-in name and password that the FTP user will use to connect to the FTP server (this account must be created on the FTP server machine). By default, the User Account is userftp (with userftp as Password). In the Address field, specify an IP address (172.27.128.xx) for the machine on which FTP server software (e. g. FileZilla supplied on the SERCEL CD-ROM) is installed. For example, you can use 172.27.128.99. In the Remote directory field, enter the name of the directory to which the records will be saved on the FTP server machine.
Local network (172.27.128.x.)
Observer
FTP user
428XL server 172.27.128.1
GUI
172.27.128.2
FileZilla
172.27.128.99
Figure 7-4
257
The NFS setup

This setup window allows you to specify the IP address of each external disk attached to the system, and the directory to which to save your SEGD files.
Figure 7-5
After connecting an external disk, you have enter the IP address of that disk on the local network, enter the directory path to which to save your SEGD files on that disk, and then click on the Mount button. The following IP addresses are allowed: 172.27.128.41 172.27.128.42 172.27.128.43 172.27.128.44 The Mount (Unmount) button attaches (detaches) the specified remote directory to (from) the file hierarchy of the server computer at a mount point automatically determined by the system.
Note Prior to removing a disk, click on the associated Unmount
button. Disks cannot be unmounted while a file is being written.

Local network (172.27.128.x.) Observer NAS server 172.27.128.41
428XL server 172.27.128.1
GUI
172.27.128.2
Figure 7-6
258
Export The Functions menu
The Functions menu

In this section: Auto (page 259) Tape (page 260)
Auto
This menu is only available if the Manual function mode is activated. Selecting Auto from the Setup menu opens a secondary window with the following parameters:
Figure 7-7
Data/TBP
Choosing Data enables the normal export function. Choosing TBP (Tape Bypass) enables the data to be dumped to the plotter (and the eSQC-Pro server if any) without recording to tape or exporting. To change the dump directory, you have to go to Data.
Simult
If you choose the Simultaneous option and two or more tape drives are attached to the system, then the seismic data is recorded on two drives concurrently (the first two reported ready).
259
Tape
Selecting Tape functions from the Setup menu opens a secondary window with the following parameters:
Figure 7-8
EOF
This function causes a second End of File to be written after the latest one. (An EOF is automatically written at the end of each record). The second EOF is usually interpreted as the end of the tape. This resets the file count to 0.
Note Two EOFs in succession are automatically recorded when the
end of tape is sensed in the course of a record or when the file count reaches the Files per Tape count. If simultaneous recording on two tape drives is selected (see Auto functions menu) then a double EOF is written on both tape drives.
Release
Tape drives are normally locked by the 428XL application, meaning that they are not available to any other application. The Release command allows you to choose a tape drive and release it so that it can be used by another application, e. g. if you want to use the Copy Media utility (See 428XL Users Manual Vol. 3). When you want to use the tape drive again, choose Reinit Export from the Commands menu.
260
261
Export Reading exported files
Reading exported files

NAS disk
So long as the disk is attached to the local network, you can copy your SEGD files to a tape by going to OFF Line in the Config window and then using the CopyMedia utility (see 428XL Users Manual Vol. 3). After the NAS disk is removed, you can connect it to an Ethernet port on a UNIX workstation and mount the exported (/mnt/raid) directory at the workstations mount point, using the command: mount <Host name or IP address>: /mnt/raid /<mount point>.
262
Chapter
VE432
The main window (page 264) The Vibrator Crew setup (page 266) The Basic Type setup (page 269) The Acquisition Type setup (page 285) The Radio Management setup (page 288) The QC Limit setup (page 291) The QC Choice setup (page 292) The T0 Time setup (page 293) Functions (page 295) Normal acquisition (page 315)
263
VE432 The main window
The main window

To open the VE432 main window, click on this icon in the launcher bar. This main window serves as the Graphic User Interface for a VE432 vibrator controller (VE432 DPG). For an introduction to the VE432 system and details on what it is able to do, how it works, how to deploy it, see the VE432 Installation and Reference manual.
Setup toolbar Click to show view
Function toolbar
Click to close view
Figure 8-1
The View menu and the associated toolbar allow you to customize the main window by choosing one or more views to display. Then you can resize your display panes by dragging the desired border. You can show or hide columns in tables by right-clicking in any column heading and selecting Customize (see Figure 1-14). The Setups menu and the associated toolbar allow you to customize sweep signals, set parameters for vibrator fleets and adjust QC parameters.
264
VE432 The main window
The Functions menu and the associated toolbar provide local controls to be used outside of seismic acquisition periods to adjust the parameters of vibrator DSDs.
265
VE432 The Vibrator Crew setup
The Vibrator Crew setup
Figure 8-2
The Vibrator Crew setup dialog box allows you to define a seismic crew by specifying the identification number of the vibrators that can be used in that crew, that is the list of vibrator electronics seen by the GUI, and how many vibrator fleets will be available. To save the crew defined in the list box, click Apply. This updates the status bar under the function buttons in the main window: an indicator appears for each DSD incorporated in the crew, associated with the identification number of the vibrator (e. g. V1, V2, etc.). The indicator is blank until you run the Look and Set DSD or Fleet functions. Clicking Apply also clears all the vibrators lists in the dialog boxes that will open when you click some of the function buttons (Set DSD, Get DSD, etc.) As a result, you have to run the Look function to update the vibrators lists. Clicking Reset instead of Apply reverts to the former settings.
Crew Nb
This field is used to enter the crew identification number (1 to 4).
A DPG can address only one crew. The crew identification number is used to preclude any interference with other crews working nearby.
Fleets
Buttons used to specify the fleets (i. e. sources) to be used in the crew. For example, activating buttons 1 and 3 will cause two fleets to be available: fleets 1 and 3. (To specify the vibrators incorporated in each fleet, see Vibrator Fleet (page 298).
Type
For each item in the list, this option button allows you to choose the type of controller: either a DSD or a Slave DPG. Using a Master/Slave configuration makes it possible to record more traces without increasing the number of vibrators or to use two recording systems at two distinct places. The DPG in the Slave recording truck needs to be configured with DPG-Slave software. As a result it is seen as a DSD from the Master DPG. The Slave DPG generates a reference pilot signal synchronous with the Time Break. It does not control any DSD. For more details, see The VE432 DPG Installation & Reference Manual.
Id
This field is used to specify the identification number (1 to 28) of each vibrator (i. e. DSD) available to the crew. After specifying any vibrator number in this field, click the Add button to enter it into the list box.
DSD Network
This button is used to specify whether a DSD network is implemented and used. If that is the case, each DSD should be equipped with an Ethernet Adapter that makes it possible to implement an Ethernet radio link between the DSDs. As a result, when the DSDs in the fleet are
ready for the next sweep, the fleet's leader sends a Ready message to the DPG, containing the geographical position of the Centre Of Gravity of the fleet. The COG is viewed in the Positioning main window.
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VE432 The Basic Type setup
The Basic Type setup

In this section: Overview (page 269) Linear (page 271) dB/Hz Log, Tn and dB/Octave Log (page 272) Pulse (page 277) Random (page 278) Custom (page 279) Compound (page 281) Delay (page 282) Deboost option (page 282) Generating a Basic Type setup (page 284)
Overview
To open the Basic Type setup window, select Basic Type from the Setups menu. Creating a Basic Type is the process of describing a basic signal to be used: - by the DSDs to generate sweeps for the vibroseismic source (vibrator control signal), - and/or by the DPG to generate up to four Pilots to be used as reference signals for the correlation processors. You can create up to 32 different Basic Types, which can be combined using the Compound option. Below are the allowable ranges for the entry fields that may appear in the Basic Type setup window. Start Taper End Taper 0 to 32000 ms. 0 to 32000 ms.
269
The start and end tapers are used to reduce the side lobes appearing in the correlation function of the sine wave or pulse. (The ratio of the peak amplitude to the side lobes is a measure of the quality of the correlation function). Initial Phase Amplitude Length Ti Tj Ai Aj Fi Frequency -180 to +180. 0 to 100%. 1 to 64 s (only for Random, Custom and Delay type signals). 2 to 16 values from 0 to 64 s (T1 must be 0). 2 to 16 values from 0 to 64 s (T1 must be 0). 2 to 16 values from -40.00 to +40.00 dB. 2 to 16 values from 0 to 100%. 2 to 16 values from 1 to 250 Hz in increasing order of frequency. 1 to 250 Hz (only for Pulse type).
Each basic signal type can be composed of up to 16 segments (32 for the dB/Hz Log and dB/Octave Log basic signals). For details on each basic signal, see below.
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Linear
You define a Linear-type signal through an analytic description. At the signal start and end times, and possibly at particular times in between, you have to specify: the signal frequency (Hz), the signal amplitude (% of requested drive level).
Frequency lines
Signal amplitude
Figure 8-3
The Frequency variation vs. time is linear within each frequency segment. Frequency segments are defined as follows: The first Ti,Fi pair (T1,F1) specifies the initial frequency hence: T1 = 0 sec., F1 = initial frequency. The second Ti,Fi pair specifies the end time of the first segment (T2) and the signal frequency at this time is F2, etc. You must define at least two Ti,Fi pairs (i.e. one frequency segment). Amplitude segments are defined as follows: The first Tj,Aj pair (T1,A1) specifies the initial amplitude, hence: T1 = 0 sec., A1 = initial amplitude.
271
The second Tj,Aj pair specifies the end time of the first segment (T2) and the signal amplitude at this time is A2, etc. Within each amplitude segment, the amplitude variation vs. time is linear. The last Tj determines the total signal length. You must define at least two Tj,Aj pairs (i.e. one amplitude segment). Ti and Tj may be different both in number and value but the last Ti and the last Tj must be the same value.
Note See also page 269.
dB/Hz Log, Tn and dB/Octave Log

Note: For non-linear sweeps, the slope in dB is the spectrum slope before correlation, that is assuming the slope of the power spectrum is NdB (N being the slope value programmed in the Basic Type setup), the spectrum of autocorrelation will have a 2 NdB slope.
dB/Hz Log
Frequency lines
Signal amplitude
Figure 8-4
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You define a LOG-type signal through a spectral description, by specifying; - the amplitude (dB) of two or more frequency lines in the signal spectrum, - the signal amplitude (% of requested drive level) at the start and end times and possibly at particular times in between. The Frequency variation vs. time is logarithmic within each frequency segment. This signal type is used to compensate for the nonlinear response of the ground (HF damping). Each Fi,Ai pair defines a spectrum line at frequency Fi with amplitude Ai. Fi,Ai pairs are listed in the increasing order of frequency. You must define at least two spectrum lines. You can specify up to 32 frequency segments. Amplitude segments are defined as follows: The first Tj,Aj pair (T1,A1) specifies the initial amplitude, hence: T1 = 0 sec., A1 = initial amplitude. The second Tj,Aj pair specifies the end time of the first segment (T2) and the signal amplitude at this time is A2, etc. Within each amplitude segment, the amplitude variation is linear. You must define at least two Tj,Aj pairs (i.e. one amplitude segment). The last Tj determines the total signal length. You can specify up to 32 amplitude segments. The Frequency is expressed as:
Fi (t ) = Fb + Fe Fb t 1 log1 + ( T SegRa 1) 1 log SegRa
Where: SegRa Sb
= Sb/Se = 10(-Ra/10) = Slope at the start of the log segment.

273
Se Fb Fe T Ra Example:
= Slope at the end of the log segment. = Start frequency. = End frequency. = Te-Tb = Basic signal length. represents the attenuation (in dB) within the signal spectrum.
Delta dB values Fi (Hz) 8 80 Ai (dB) 5 10
Ra= 10 - 5 = 5 SegRa =0.316

Note Choose the Deboost option if the signal is to be used for
Deboost-type processing. See Deboost option (page 282). See also page 269.
274
dB/Octave Log
Frequency lines
Signal amplitude
Figure 8-5
The Ti,Fi fields are used to specify the frequency at the start time and at the end time (two Ti,Fi pairs are required). A single frequency segment is allowed. The Tj,Aj fields are used to specify the amplitude (% of requested drive level) at the start time, at the end time and, if required, at particular times in between (at least two Tj,Aj pairs are required). The last Tj determines the total signal length. You can specify up to 32 amplitude segments. The Slope dB/Octave field is used to specify the slope in dB/oct of the signal spectrum (SdB in the expression below). The Frequency is expressed as:
SdB n = --------- + 1 3
n t n n Fi ( t ) = Fb + -- ( Fe Fb ) T 1 -n
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Tn
Same as dB/Hz Log type (with no Deboost option), except for the frequency variation which is exponential rather than logarithmic.
Frequency lines
Signal amplitude
Figure 8-6
The Frequency is expressed as:

Fe log Fb n= Fe log log(SegRa ) Fb
1 1 1 n + t Fe n Fb n Fi (t ) = Fb T n
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Pulse
T
0
-0.5
8
Time (ms)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-1 0
Figure 8-7
Two parameters are needed to define a pulse-type signal: - a frequency (F) that determines the pulse width (T) as: T = 1/F - an amplitude (% of requested drive level). A 1-second signal is generated, with the pulse peak centred at 0.5 second. A Pulse-type signal is needed for two purposes: Checking the polarity of the devices in the system. In operation, pulse reflection from shallow layers of the ground.
277
Random
Figure 8-8
The Random basic signal type allows you to take sweeps that do not generate resonant frequencies (e. g. the resonant frequencies of buildings) and also allows two or more vibration sources to be used simultaneously with minimum interference. The Random type generates a Pseudorandom noise signal based on one of the four different polynomial sequences selectable from the Polynomial option button: 65spoly1: first polynomial with 65535-ms sequence length 65spoly2: second polynomial with 65535-ms sequence length 8spoly1: 8spoly2: first polynomial with 8191-ms sequence length second polynomial with 8191-ms sequence length
The two 8-second polynomial options should only be used with listening times less than 8 seconds. The polynomial sequences have been appropriately designed for minimum cross-correlation residual. You define a Random-type basic signal by specifying:
the polynomial option, the amplitude (dB) of two or more frequency lines in the spectrum, the signal length (duration), and start and end tapers. Frequency segments should be defined as follows: - The first Fi,Ai pair specifies the initial frequency (F1) and the initial amplitude (A1). F1 must be 5, 7, 10, 14 or 20 Hz. - The second Fi,Ai pair specifies the frequency (F2) and the amplitude (A2) of the signal at the end of the first segment, etc. You must define at least two Fi,Ai pairs (i.e. one frequency segment).
Note Choose the Deboost option if the signal is to be used for
Deboost-type processing. See also Deboost option (page 282).
Custom
Figure 8-9
To define a Custom basic type signal, you just have to specify the name of a file saved on the vibrator electronics PCMCIA interface, containing the description of a customized signal of yours.
Note The system will not check to see if you entered a consistent file
name until you run the Set DSD function.

NOTE: You don't have to specify the Length (this field will be updated by reading the specified file when you run the Set DSD function). You have to define the shape of the Custom sweep with a tool of your own, and then create an ASCII, DOS- or UNIX-format file containing the samples required by the VE432. Comments are allowed, beginning with #. The sweep should be defined with 2000 samples per second, one sample per line. Each sample should be a floating value in ASCII format, scaled between -1 and +1.
Example
# # Sercel Custom sweep # file custom1.asc # 11.03.1999 # 0.0000001 0.0000002 -0.0000001 -0.0000004 ... 0.99567 ... 0.0000001 # end taper # start taper.
How to load a Custom sweep file to a DPG

After creating a Custom sweep file you have to move it to the GUI on the server workstation, via whatever medium is available and appropriate (CD-ROM, etc.). You may put it into the /tmp directory or any directory beginning with /users/ (e. g. /users/428XL/ve432/). The
280
file name should be in DOS format, i. e. 8 characters max for the name, 1 dot, 3 characters max for the extension (e. g. custom1.asc). Run the toolsVeHci program in the GUI console window on the server workstation. See VE432 DPG Installation & Reference Manual. Choose option 6 (Load custom file to PCMCIA). The program will ask for the file name and its path. Then the file is transferred to the DPG. With the reference it receives, the DPG performs the necessary format conversion and stores the result to the PCMCIA card without changing the file name. For example the /users/428XL/ve432/custom1.asc file will be saved as custom1.asc in the PCMCIA card. Generate a PCMCIA card containing the custom sweep file for each DSD and each DPG to be used.
Compound
Figure 8-10
The Compound basic signal type allows you to create a basic sweep signal composed of a combination of two or more basic types. You just have to enter the number of each of those basic types needed into the Basic Type field and click Add in the upper pane. In the lower pane, enter a new number and label and click Add then Apply.
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You can use this option to define a signal including a delay time: create a delay type with the desired delay length, using the Delay option, then insert it at the beginning of a Compound sweep (i. e. the delay-type signal should be the first in the list).
Note The signals will be generated in the order determined in the list
box.
Delay
Figure 8-11
The Delay basic signal type uses a single entry field (Length, allowable range 1 to 64 s). If you wish to delay any basic signal, specify the desired delay time in the Length field. In the lower pane, enter a new number and label and click Add then Apply. Then use the Compound tab to create a new basic type including that delay. See Compound (page 281).
Deboost option
If you choose the Deboost option for Log or Random type signals, the 428XL will make the necessary computation for the frequency spectrum shape of the output signals to be the same as that of a linear sweep.
282
Figure 8-12
Note Whether or not the Deboost option is enabled, the VE432
generates the same sweep. This option does not affect the behaviour of the VE432.
283
Generating a Basic Type setup

The Basic Type setup window allows you to define up to 32 different basic signal types. 1. 2. 3. Click on the appropriate tab, depending on which mathematical function you wish to use. In the upper pane, set the parameters as required. In the lower pane: - The list box shows the list of basic signals already defined, if any. - The Number field is used to enter or display a basic signal type number. Example: 25 refers to basic signal #25 (bas25 in the list box). - The Label field is used to enter or display a more user-friendly label for the basic signal type. The default label refers to the mathematical function selected for the basic signal. - The basic signal # displayed in the Number field and defined with the selections made in the upper pane is added into the list box when you click the Add button (unless it is already defined). If you double-click any basic type in the list box, then its characteristics appear in the upper pane. To make changes, click it in the list box, make the desired changes and click Change or Delete. Clicking Apply saves your changes. Any changes to the Basic Type currently used will not be effective until you use the Set DSD function to initialize the DSDs.
284
VE432 The Acquisition Type setup
The Acquisition Type setup
Figure 8-13
An Acquisition Type tells the DSDs selected in a fleet (source) what to do. To define an Acquisition Type you have to specify: - the Basic signal type to be used by all DSDs, - the signals (up to four) to be supplied by the DPG through its Analog Pilot outputs, if required (to be used in the correlation process), - two options for the DSDs (baseplate automatic lift, and synchronization with a picked up power line signal), - an acquisition number and label.
Note Acquisition Types are used in defining Process Types in the
Operation window. The list box shows the list of existing acquisition types. To define a new acquisition type, enter its number in the Acquisition Type field, select the desired options and basic signals, then click Add. To make changes, click it in the list box, make the desired changes and click Change or Delete. To save the current list of acquisition types, click Apply. (To revert to the former list, click Reset instead).
285
Acquisition Type & Label

The Acquisition Type field is used to enter an identification number (1 to 32) for the Acquisition Type. Example of syntax: 25 refers to acquisition type #25. The Label field is used to enter a label (up to 16 ASCII characters) for the Acquisition Type. A default label is prompted by the system (acq type #) but you can enter a more user-friendly one.
Note A noise elimination Threshold Type (modulo 16) is
automatically associated with each Acquisition Type: Threshold Type 1 Threshold Type 2 ... Threshold Type 1 ... <=> <=> ... Acq Type 16 Acq Type 17 Acq Type 32 <=> ... Acq Type 1 Acq Type 2
Threshold Type 16 <=>
Threshold Type 16 <=>
Basic Type Nb
When you create an Acquisition Type, you specify which Basic (sweep) signal the DSDs should generate. You do that by entering the desired Basic Type number (defined using The Basic Type setup on page 269) into this field.
Pilot Basic Nb
The DPG can generate up to four Pilots, available on its Analog Pilot outputs, to be used as reference signals for the correlation processor. A Pilot signal is synchronous with the Time Break signal and usually very similar to the fleet's sweep signal. The Pilot signals should be fed to Auxiliary channels on the acquisition system. (See Installation Manual).
When you create an Acquisition Type, you specify which Pilots the DPG should generate. You do that by entering the desired Basic Type number (defined using The Basic Type setup on page 269) into the necessary fields (p1 to p4).
Auto Lift
Select this option if you wish the vibrator baseplate to automatically lift at the end of the sweep depicted by the acquisition type. The baseplate will not lift automatically, however, unless and until the Auto Lift button on the DSD is activated too.
High Line Sync

The High Line Sync option allows you to select a synchronization signal for the T0 time. Click this button and select the desired option in the menu that pops up. The three possible options are: Free Up Down no synchronization T0 synchronized on the transition from the negative to positive half period of the High Line signal T0 synchronized on the transition from the positive to negative half period of the High Line signal.
Note High Line synchronization is irrelevant for a pseudo-random
signal. This function is used to remove the noise radiated by nearby power lines, by means of the following technique: - High Line noise is intendedly picked up and fed to the DPG (see VE432 Installation Manual). - The sweeps are ALTERNATIVELY triggered on the positivegoing and negative-going transitions of high line noise. - With an even number of sweeps, any high line noise picked up by the receivers is theoretically removed through the stacking process.
VE432 The Radio Management setup
The Radio Management setup
Vib. 2 Vib. 3 Vib. 10
Figure 8-14
Get DSD Status

This option button allows you to choose the moment when each DSD should transmit its status to the DPG, and to choose a return signal: - During the sweep: the DSD will transmit its status during the next sweep rather than in the interval between two successive sweeps. This allows you to save time, but prevents you from using a Return Sweep. - At end of sweep: the DSD will transmit its status at the end of sweeps. Choose this option if you wish to use a Return Sweep. (The Return Sweep is transmitted by a DSD to the DPG during sweeps via the radio link).
Return Signal
This button allows you to specify whether to use a Return Sweep signal. If you tick this option, then you have to specify the vibrator on which the Return Sweep signal is to be picked up, choose which signal to pick up as the Return Sweep on this vibrator, and also choose a Return Pilot. The Return Sweep is transmitted by the DSD to the DPG during sweeps via the radio link. As a result, if you choose to use a Return Sweep, the DSD status cannot be transmitted to the DPG during sweeps (see Get DSD Status option above).
The Return Sweep and Return Pilot are relayed to the central unit via the DPG's Analog Pilot connector.
Return Sweep On Vib #

Return Sweep refers to a signal sensed on a vibrator's mechanical parts and transmitted on the radio link to the DPG, for real-time monitoring of the vibration source on the central unit. You have to click in the list box to select (highlight) the vibrator to be monitored.
Signal
This option button allows you to choose which signal to monitor as Return Sweep from six possible options: Force Macc Mvel Bacc Bvel Ref Ground force signal Mass acceleration Mass velocity Base plate acceleration Base plate velocity DSD local reference
Return Pilot
If you select a Return Sweep, you have to select a Return Pilot, that is one of the Pilot signals generated by the DPG, shifted by the radio delay, so that it can be used as reference signal by the correlation processor. Choose a Return Pilot from the Pilot signals (P1 to P4) specified in the The Acquisition Type setup (page 285).
Note For radio similarity tests:
the Return Pilot should be fed to Auxiliary channel 2 the Return Sweep should be fed to Auxiliary channel 3.
289
Generating a Radio Management Setup

1. 2. Select the appropriate Get DSD Status option. If you want to define a Return Signal: - Tick the Return Signal option, - Click in the list box to select (highlight) the vibrator you want to monitor (choose a vibrator that responded successfully to the Look function), - From the Signal option button, select the signal to monitor (Force/Mass acceleration/etc.), - Choose a Return Pilot (P1/P2/P3/P4), 3. To save and enable your changes, click Apply. (To revert to the former settings, click Reset instead).
290
VE432 The QC Limit setup
The QC Limit setup
Figure 8-15
This dialog box allows you to set alert thresholds for some of the Quality Control data fed back by the DSDs. Any threshold being exceeded will cause the QC data of the DSD to be displayed in orange in the main window. Average Phase Error Maximum Phase Error Average Distortion Maximum Distortion Average Ground Force 0 to 45 degrees. 0 to 45 degrees. 0 to 50%. 0 to 80%. 0 to 100%.
291
VE432 The QC Choice setup
The QC Choice setup
Figure 8-16
Data Computation Domain

(Time or Frequency) This option button is used to specify whether the DPG should output the vibrator QC data in the Time domain (phase error, distortion, ground force) or in the Frequency domain (phase error, ground force).
Extended QC
If you select this option, QC data computed every 0.5 second, can be viewed in real time (i. e. with Auto activated), using the Get QC function. The average QC results computed over a complete acquisition are still available. (If you do not select the Extended QC option, the Extended QC data is still computed but it cannot be viewed during acquisitions).
292
VE432 The T0 Time setup
The T0 Time setup
Figure 8-17
The T0 time (or T0 sync code) is a virtual time mark signal terminating every T0 message (message radioed between the DPG and DSDs). The T0 sync code is used for: - measuring the radio delays, - allowing the DSDs to start their sweeps at the same time. See also Radio functions (page 305). To save and enable your changes, click Apply. (To revert to the former settings, click Reset instead).
T0 Repeat Times
(Allowable range: 2 to 50). Specifies the number of T0 data frames in the T0 message. It may be helpful to send more than 2 T0 data frames to increase the reliability of the radio link. However, repeating the T0 data frame causes the T0 sync code (terminating the T0 message) to be delayed with respect to the transmit start time of the DPG radio. The delay may be: up to 50x311 ms = 15.5 s at 1800 bits/s (base band transmitter) or up to 50x467 ms = 23.3 s at 1200 bits/s (modem module transmitter).
293
VE432 The T0 Time setup
T0 Mode
(Normal T0 or Early T0) Allows you to set the transmit start time of the DPG radio between any two consecutive acquisitions. In the Normal T0 mode, the DPG radio is not switched to transmission until the DPG receives the Firing Order. In the Early T0 mode, the DPG radio is switched to transmission right after the DSD status report is received, irrespective of the expected Firing Order for the next acquisition. The time interval between any two acquisitions is therefore shorter by about 1.7 seconds if the Early T0 mode is used.
FO Window
(Allowable range: 3 to 60 seconds). Must be specified if the Early T0 mode is selected. Stands for a time interval, starting right after the DSD status report is received, during which the Firing Order for the next acquisition is expected. If no Firing Order is received within the FO window, then the system will return to the normal T0 mode for the next acquisition.
294
VE432 Functions
Functions
In this section: Auto/Manual (page 295) Look (page 296) Vibrator Fleet (page 298) Local Acquisition (page 299) Set DSD (page 301) Get DSD (page 302) Radio functions (page 305) Set Servo (page 310) Statistics (page 313)
Auto/Manual
Figure 8-18
Clicking Manual isolates the DPG from the 428XL and enables its local functions (e.g. local acquisition). As a result: data acquisition in vibroseismic operations is suspended until the DPG is reset to Auto. the traffic light of the DPG in the 428XL Activity window turns red. Clicking Auto connects the DPG to the 428XL (and checks the DSD Setup parameters) allowing it to perform data acquisition (if the VE432 window is ready, with consistent parameter settings, and if the Vib Fleet function has been completed). With Auto activated, DPG local
VE432 Functions
functions are inhibited; the traffic light of the DPG in the 428XL Activity window is green during sweeps, orange otherwise.
Look
The Look DSD function allows you to select the DSDs to be used in the active crew. You must have used the Setups menu's Crew command to define a crew (a list of DSDs). The crew consisting of all the DSDs that you select through the Figure 8-19 Look DSD function is referred to as the active crew. Selecting a DSD with the Look DSD function means initializing the radio transmission between the DPG and this DSD and querying to see if its status is correct.
Prerequisites
Unless already done, select the Manual button in the control panel to isolate the DPG from the recording unit. All the DSDs you intend to select must be in the Remote state (use the Remote key on the DSD). You cannot use the Look button (i. e. the button is dimmed) until the DPG is connected to the workstation and powered up (communication between the two must be established).
Select
1. Using the right arrow button, move the vibrators you want to initialize (those which are to make up the active crew) from the
296
VE432 Functions
left-hand list (Available DSDs) to the vibrator list for the desired DPG controller module. 2. Click the Select button. As a result, a message is radioed to all the DSDs chosen in the right-hand list box, thus initializing or reinitializing radio communications between the DPG and those DSDs. All the DSDs that replied successfully are displayed with boldface characters in the Look DSD dialog box's vibrator list. In the case of a multimodule configuration, there is one list for each DPG module:
3.
8
The vibrator status bar in the main window is updated
Figure 8-20
- The vibrator indicators should turn orange, unless the vibrator parameters need to be loaded. - The indicator of any vibrator that requires parameters to be loaded is shown in blue and the message DSD#.. Wrong setup DSD table appears. (Use the Set DSD function to load the parameters). - If the Vib Fleet function has been performed, those DSDs which are seen by Look and associated with a fleet are shown in green. - Any DSD that requires the Installation or Initialization routine to be performed is shown in red. - Any DSD for which the Look function failed is colorless.
297
VE432 Functions
4.
If any DSD (Vib xx) fails to reply properly, e. g. because it is not installed or because of radio-communications problems, then the message No answer from DSD xx Do you want to retry? appears in a warning dialog box.
Append
Same as Select button, but those DSDs which were initialized when the Look DSD function was last executed are not re-initialized, so they remain selected. Therefore, the Append button allows you to add one or more DSDs to the list of selected DSDs without re-initializing the whole list.
Vibrator Fleet
A crew may consist of up to 4 groups of DSDs referred to as fleets (one fleet for each vibratory source). The Vib. Fleet function is used to specify the DSDs incorporated in each fleet. Beforehand, you have to run the Look and Set DSD functions. Clicking theVibrator Fleet button opens a dialog box with a list box for each fleet in the crew. (To specify which fleets are to be used in the crew, see The Vibrator Crew setup on page 266).
Vib Number
Vib. 10 Vib. 12
Vib. 2 Vib. 3 R
Leader
Figure 8-21
The left-hand list box (Available DSDs) prompts the list of DSDs available to the crew, i. e. those selected by the Look function but not assigned to any fleet yet. Using the right arrow button, move the
VE432 Functions
vibrators you want to incorporate into a fleet from the left-hand list box to the desired fleets list box. Double-clicking on any DSD in the list enables or disables the use of the Ready button on this DSD (this also determines which vibrator is the leader). Pushing the Ready button on any DSD is of no effect unless the button is enabled in the Fleet window. (An R appears after the DSD number of the leader in the list box, meaning that the use of the Ready button on this DSD is enabled). After selecting (highlighting) the desired DSDs in each fleet's list box, clicking Go will update the status bar displayed under the function buttons in the main window: a flag appears ahead of each vibrators fleet in the status bar, and those vibrators which are ready in each fleet are shown in green.
The green colour means the vibrator is ready to be used in remote control mode
Figure 8-22
Local Acquisition
This function allows you to check the vibrator equipment separately, as if it were not connected to the recording unit. For a local acquisition the DPG may operate alone, or the DPG and DSDs may operate normally but without being controlled by the recording unit. In that case the Blast command (Firing Order) is replaced by a manual start (Go pushbutton).
Prerequisites
Unless already done, click the Manual button in the control panel to isolate the DPG from the recording unit. The DSDs that you want to use must be selected (see Look on page 296), with consistent parameters.
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VE432 Functions
How to use the local acquisition function

1. Click the Local Acquisition function button. A dialog box appears showing the DSDs currently selected in the active crew.
Figure 8-23
2.
In the list box, choose (by clicking) the vibrators you wish to use for the local acquisition. If you do not select any vibrator, then the DPG will operate alone. In the Basic Type field, enter the type of basic signal you wish to use. (Basic Types are defined through the Setups menu). Click the option button to choose the execution mode: Single Continuous The basic signal is generated once. The basic signal repeats endlessly until you click the Stop button (which appears at the bottom of the dialog box if you choose this option).
3. 4.
5.
Click the Go button. The local acquisition executes. In Single mode, the local acquisition ends automatically, without any user action. In Continuous mode, you must click the Stop button to interrupt the local acquisition, which will actually stop after the current acquisition is complete.
300
VE432 Functions
Set DSD
This function is used to upload sweep-type parameters from the DPG to the DSDs you specify. The sweep parameters are read from the table containing all the acquisition types (ACQ#) defined in the VE432 window. They are required in the DSDs for generating the corresponding vibratory sources. The Set DSD function allows you to have consistent parameters in all the DSDs to be used for a sweep. Those DSDs which have inconsistent parameters are shown in blue in the main window's status bar.
Prerequisites
Unless already done, click the Manual button in the control panel to isolate the DPG from the recording unit. The DSDs to which you want to upload sweep type parameters must be selected. See Look (page 296).
How to use the Set DSD function

1. Click the Set DSD pushbutton in the control panel. A dialog box appears with a list box showing the DSDs currently selected in the active crew (as a result of the Look DSD function).
The orange colour means the DPG and DSD acquisitions are matching
Figure 8-24
2. 3.
In the list box, select (by clicking) the vibrators you wish to load parameters to. Click the Go button.
301
VE432 Functions
Note With a customized basic signal (Custom option in Basic Type
setup), errors may appear at this stage as the Set DSD function checks for consistent parameters from the custom file.
Get DSD
This function is used to import and view the vibrator parameters from one or more DSDs you specify.
Prerequisites
Unless already done, click the Manual button in the control panel to isolate the DPG from the recording unit. The DSDs that you want to query must be selected. See Look (page 296).
How to use the Get DSD function

1. Click the Get DSD button. A dialog box appears with a list box showing the DSDs currently selected in the active crew (as a result of the Look DSD function).
Figure 8-25
2. 3.
In the list box, choose (by clicking) the vibrators you wish to get parameters from. Select the type of units you wish to use to display the results: Metric (kg, daN, etc.) Imperial (lb, lbf, etc.).
302
VE432 Functions
4.
Click the Go button.
After all the data from the DSDs have been collected they are viewed in a table so that comparisons between DSDs can be made easily.
DSD parameters
The following vibrator parameters from each selected DSD are returned in the results pane when you run the Get DSD function:
303
VE432 Functions
100 to 32767 kg 100 to 32767 kg 100 to 32767 kg 1000 to 327670 daN 1000 to 327670 daN Polarity (depending on the wiring) of the Reaction Mass, Servo Valve, Torque Motor. Gain of the Mass LVDT and Valve LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) - Reaction mass LVDT offset - Main Valve LVDT offset - Torque motor current - Active region of LVDT stroke, in percent.
Results from the two sweeps that were used for the identification process. - Static gain of pilot valve. - Pilot valve cut-off frequency - Pilot valve damping coefficient
- Value of leakage between the two chambers of the reaction mass. - Main valve static gain - Gain weighting in the servo control loop. - Servo control type (Filtered or Raw). - Amplitude level (0 to 100%) for the DSD's DRIVE "H" key. - Amplitude level (0 to 100%) for the DSD's DRIVE "L" key. - If Auto Level = Yes, Minimum high drive level, in percent. - If Auto Level = Yes, Minimum low drive level, in percent.
Figure 8-26
304
VE432 Functions
Radio functions
Radio functions are used to measure (Compute Radio Delay) or manually change (Modify Radio Delay) the radio delay inherent in radio transmissions between the DPG and DSDs, or to remotely change the radio output levels of the DPG and DSDs (Set Radio Parameters).
Figure 8-27
The radio delay is an essential parameter in the correlation process as it is involved in making the pilot signal synchronous with the sweep signal. A radio delay is usually measured for a given type of radio transceiver. The Compute function should therefore be run whenever you use a new radio type on your DPG and DSDs, but also at regular time intervals to check the performance of your radio sets. Through the Compute function, a series of five measurement sequences is run to determine the radio delay. The Radio Delay can also be typed on the workstations keyboard (using the Modify function) for example because you want to use a value slightly different from the average radio delay determined by the Compute function. The Set Radio Parameters tab is used to set the transmission output level of the radio units of the DPG and DSDs.
Prerequisites
Unless already done, click the Manual button in the control panel to isolate the DPG from the recording unit. Use the Look DSD function to define your active crew.
VE432 Functions
How to use the Compute function

1. Click the Compute Radio Delay tab. The DPG queries the selected DSDs in succession, via the radio link, based on the scheme described below. See More about the radio delay measurement (page 307). After the radio delay is determined, the DPG radio delay assumes the determined value and, via radio transmissions from the DPG, all corrections to the extra delay are zeroed in the DSDs. For more information on this parameter, see More about the radio delay (page 309). After transmission is complete, the computed radio delay appears in the Dpg Radio Delay field, meaning that the Compute function is complete.
2.
3.
Transmission faults
If the DPG fails to receive a reply from any DSD (a T0 sync on its return trip is expected), the warning message No T0 reception shows up in the status pane. In that case, the DPG will resume the transmission of T0 to this DSD. If the retry is successful (a reply is received), the function will proceed normally unless a total of 8 retries have already been done since the Compute function was initiated, in which case the function is aborted, as a more severe failure is suspected, and the Measurement aborted (radio trans. errors) warning message shows up.
How to enter a radio delay (Modify function)

1. Click on the Modify Radio Delay tab.
Figure 8-28
VE432 Functions
2. 3.
In the DPG Radio Delayfield, enter the value of radio delay that you want to use. Click Go to activate this value.
You cannot enter an individual radio delay for each DSD.
Setting radio parameters

Click on the Set Radio Parameters tab.
8
Figure 8-29
The Radio Level is adjustable from 3% (min) to 100% (max). Number of Ready Frames: Radio Transmission Delay: Clicking Go uploads the selected value to all DSDs and Slave DPGs selected by the Select or Append function (Look DSD), and all DPGs.
More about the radio delay measurement

Measurement principle Radio delays are measured using the T0 sync code. This signal is the pseudorandom code transmitted in the T0 message. Measurement sequences A measurement sequence may be outlined as follows: A T0 message is transmitted from the DPG.
307
VE432 Functions
Upon receiving the T0 sync code, a DSD must transmit this time mark back to the DPG. The same DSD transmits the t2 time to the DPG. The DPG determines a solution (D1) for the radio delay through the following formula:
t1 t2 D1 = --------------2
where t1 elapsed time between the moment the DPG transmits the T0 and the moment it receives it back from a DSD. elapsed time between the moment the DSD receives the T0 from the DPG and the moment it transmits it back to the DPG.
t2
The measurement sequence is repeated until five measurements (D1, D2, ..., D5) are available on the DPG, irrespective of the number of DSDs in the crew. DSDs are queried in ascending order of fleet# and vibrator#. If for example the crew consists of six DSDs, the five solutions are obtained from: Vib 1 Vib 2 Vib 3 Vib 4 Vib 5 Vib 6 Vib 1 (D1) Vib 2 (D2)
(Fleet 1) (Fleet 1) (Fleet 2) (Fleet 2) (Fleet 3) (Fleet 3)
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 not queried
But if there are only two DSDs, the five solutions are obtained from:
VE432 Functions
Vib 1 (D3) Vib 2 (D4) Vib 1 (D5). Radio delay, final result The radio delay is then computed by averaging the five solutions. The expression of the final result is then:
D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + D5 RadioDelay = --------------------------------------------------------------5
(Typical value with standard radios: 500 microseconds approx.)
More about the radio delay

Definition The radio delay may be defined as the time elapsed between the moment a command intended for a DSD is requested on the DPG and the moment it starts running on the DSD, that is the propagation time of a message from the DPG to a DSD via the radio. System requirements A record sequence requires that all pilots and sweeps should start at exactly the same time. If no provision were made for synchronous start times, a Firing Order transmitted from the DPG at time t would result in a premature generation of pilots, or in a delayed generation of sweep start times, due to the delay introduced by the radio sets. How the system can generate synchronous pilots and sweeps Pilots are postponed by a time delay, starting from the T0 sync code, in order to compensate for the radio delays: all pilot start times are postponed by a time equal to the radio delay, computed or user-set, to match the sweep start time (affected by the radio delay) in the DSDs.
309
VE432 Functions
Set Servo
This function allows you to set the parameters used in each vibrator's servo control loop. Clicking Go will set the servo control loop parameters of all the vibrators you select (highlight) in the list box.
Figure 8-30
Prerequisites
Unless already done, click Manual in the control panel to isolate the DPG from the recording unit. The DSDs that you want to set must be selected (see page 296 - Look DSD function).
Servo Input
This option button determines what to use as input to the servo control: either the estimated states from the Kalman filter (Filtered option) or raw measurements of baseplate and mass accelerations (Raw option). Filtered: using this option allows the system to discard non-coherent measurements on any sensor (baseplate acc., mass acc., valve or mass LVDTs). Remember that the QC and the usual way of testing the equipment with external devices always involve the force derived from raw acceleration measurements. Therefore, in the presence of
VE432 Functions
vibrator imperfections (e.g. mass rocking & baseplate flexure) a raw QC can exhibit larger errors than the real performance of the servo loop. Raw: with this option, servo control and QC are homogeneous but the system cannot benefit from the capability of discarding incorrect measurements. This option is of no effect on a random sweep.
Auto Level
This button allows you to enable or disable the Auto Level function. If you enable the Auto Level function, then you must specify lower limits for both High and Low drive levels. DSDs using the Auto Level function operate as follows: The Drive level is decreased for the next sweep if an overload condition is detected. However the drive level cannot go below the values of Min High Drive and Min Low Drive. The Drive level is increased for the next sweep if no overload condition is detected. However the drive level cannot exceed the values of High Drive Level and Low Drive Level. DSDs not using the Auto Level function will operate only within the limits of High Drive Level and Low Drive Level.
Low Drive Level

Lower amplitude, in percent, of drive level. The scale is adjustable from 0 to 100% in 1% steps. Requirements: Low Drive Level < High Drive Level.
High Drive Level

Upper amplitude, in percent, of drive level. The scale is adjustable from 0 to 100% in 1% steps.
Min Low Drive

This scale appears only if Auto Level is selected.
VE432 Functions
Low limit of Low Drive Level, in percent. The scale is adjustable from 0 to 100% in 1% steps. Requirements: Min Low Drive < Low Drive Level.
Min High Drive

This scale appears only if Auto Level is selected. Low limit of High Drive Level, in percent. The scale is adjustable from 0 to 100% in 1% steps. Requirements: Min High Drive < High Drive level.
Lift Up Delay
Time interval between the end of a sweep and the moment when a vibrator's pad will lift if Auto Lift is enabled. Adjustable from 0 to 99 seconds. If no delay is required, set the Lift Up Delay to 0.
312
VE432 Functions
Statistics
Whether for statistics on DSDs or on a fleet, the following distinct views are available: average phase, peak phase, average distortion, peak distortion, average ground force, peak ground force, Status Codes. The system calculates the statistical data from the results collected since it last went to Auto (meaning that your statistics views are lost each time you go to Auto).
Figure 8-31
Unless you choose the Manual range option, the horizontal scale is automatically adjusted so that all samples can be shown. If you choose Manual range, then the associated fields prompt the outermost values
313
VE432 Functions
of the horizontal scale, so that you can change them and adjust the scale manually. You can zoom in by double-clicking on the bar chart, and zoom out by double-clicking again on it. With the mouse pointer resting anywhere on a bar chart, pressing the mouse right button causes a menu to pop up with three commands.
Show curve
Used to show or hide the Gaussian curve.
Show grid
Used to show or hide the plot grid.
Properties
Number of bars This field is used to specify the number of bins you want to generate in the bar chart. Bar labels This option button is used to select the type of annotation to be displayed above each bar: - Percentage of values contained in the bin, with respect to the whole set of values. - Number of values contained in the bin.
314
VE432 Normal acquisition
Normal acquisition
In this section: General (page 315) Graphic view (page 316) Numeric view (page 319) DPG/DSD status codes (page 321)
General
The DSDs that you want to use for normal acquisition must be selected. See Look (page 296), with consistent parameters (i. e. each DSD to be used should appear with a green indicator in the main window's status bar). When you are ready for a normal acquisition, click the Auto button, in the main window's control panel. As a result the DPG is waiting for the Firing Order from the 428XL. The 428XL will not generate the F O until it receives a Ready status from the DPG window. When the Ready signal is received from the vibrator fleet leader, that is when all the desired vibrators are in place with pads down, it may be retained in the DPG window or automatically relayed to the recording system, depending on whether the fleets button in the status bar is released or depressed. When it receives the F O the DPG generates the Time Break to the selected DSDs. Then the programmed sweeps are taken and all DSDs in turn transmit their latest status reports, corresponding to one or more completed sweeps, to the DPG. The Status and QC data generated by the DPG are relayed to the GUI via the Ethernet link and stored into a daily file automatically generated in the Log window and named normalAcqResult.hci428_0.ddd where ddd stands for the julian day when the file was created. (They can be viewed in the Log main window).
315
QC and status results are not only saved but also displayed in the VE432 main window which makes it easy to appreciate the quality of a vibrator in real time or through statistical post-processing. The results can be presented in numeric or graphic form. The colour of the QC data depends on the alert thresholds you set using the DSD limits command in the Setup menu. The radio link allows the DPG to see if any DSD failed to sweep for any T0. In that case the DPG will report a 98 status (no T0 received). For each status report received the DPG checks to see if the DSD and DPG clock frequencies are the same. If that is not the case it replaces the current status by a Timing Error (status 19). If the Extended QC option is enabled (see The QC Choice setup on page 292), the QC data can be plotted in real time in the results pane by clicking the Get QC function button. To revert to the normal view, click the Vibrator Fleet function button.
Graphic view
The VP and Acq fields respectively display the Vibrated Point number and Acquisition number the results relate to. Six bar charts are shown, for the following QC data available in the status messages from the DSDs: Average Phase, Peak Phase, Average Distortion, Peak Distortion, Average Ground Force, Peak Ground Force. A red horizontal line in each chart shows the limit specified in the Setup menu (QC Limitcommand).
316
Current QC value of the sweep computed
Average values over the latest sweeps
Figure 8-32
For each DSD used, each chart shows: A green or orange bar showing the QC value for the latest acquisition completed (identified in the Acq field): - Green if the QC value is below the limit, - Orange if it exceeds the limit or an error is reported: OV W T
for an overload, for a warning, for a timing error.

317
for a file error.
- If the status code from any DSD is incorrect it is displayed in place of the corresponding QC value. A blue or red bar showing the average QC value over the latest 50 acquisitions: - Blue if the average QC value is below the limit, - Red if it exceeds the limit. - If the status code from any DSD is incorrect it is displayed in place of the corresponding QC value. For the interpretation of Status codes, see page 321.
318
Numeric view
A table is displayed, derived from the QC reports of the latest 50 acquisitions. For each DSD, the table shows: the Vibrated Point number and the Acquisition number, the Average/Peak Phase, or Distortion or Ground Force, or the Status Code, whichever you choose from the QC option button.
Figure 8-33
The colour of each cell in the table should be interpreted as follows: If you choose the Status Code view: - White background, black writing: QC values are within the limits. - White background, orange writing:
- status code 1 or 12 appears, QC values are within the limits but an Overload and/or Warning has been reported. - or status code 19 appears. - White background, nothing displayed: no response from the DSD. - Orange background, black writing: Status codes 1 or 12, or 19 appears, one of the QC values exceeds the limits, no Overload, and no Warning. - Orange background, white writing: Status codes 1 or 12, or 19 appears; one of the QC values exceeds the limits and an Overload and/or Warning is reported. - Red background, white writing: if any other status appears. If you select any of the QC views, the colours should be interpreted in the same way, but only the selected QC is tested for compliance with the limit. For the interpretation of Status codes, see page 321. Double-clicking in any cell opens a secondary window showing the detailed QC values contained in the status report from the corresponding DSD for the corresponding acquisition (see Figure 8-33 on page 319).The following codes may be reported for overloads: F P M V E Raw ground Force reaches hold-down weight. Computed Pressure reaches maximum hydraulic pressure. Mass position exceeds usable stroke. Valve spool position exceeds usable stroke. Torque motor current, computed, exceeds maximum allowed current.
320
The DSD status reports are logged into the database. They can be viewed in the Log main window and saved to a file.
DPG/DSD status codes

1 2 10 12 13 14 19 20 21 22 25 26 98 99
Normal completion with Servo Input = Raw. Sweep aborted by DSD. Hardware malfunction (DVC). User abort. Normal completion with Servo Input = Filtered. Discrepancy in DPG and DSD acquisition tables. Use the Set DSD function to correct the inconsistent table. Lift not ready. Normal, Timing error (indicative of discrepancy between DPG and DSD clocks).. HiLine error (Master DPG only). Sweep # undefined. Custom error (Custom sweep does not exist on PCMCIA card) or can not read from PCMCIA card. DPG time-out (Master DPG hardware failure). The Slave recording unit failed to start (on a Slave DPG only). No T0 data received (sweep failed to start, or radio malfunction). No T0 data received or no status report (sweep failed to start or DPG failed to receive consistent DSD status).
321
322
Chapter
Log
The main window (page 324) Editing/saving/loading 428XL parameters (page 327) SPS files (page 329) The Shooting setup window (page 333) Operator reports (page 336)
323
Log The main window
The main window

To open the Log main window, click on this icon in the launcher bar.
Double-click to expand/collapse Navigation pane View pane
Double-click (or right-click and select open)
Figure 9-1
The Log window performs two important but somewhat unrelated tasks. One is to provide facilities for handling input and output of textbased (i.e. non-seismic) data, for example observers' logs, processing support files, and vibrator QC results. This is often referred to as binning in & out. The other is to provide a means of setting up the format for printed copies of the observer's report. For each shot or VP acquired, the 428XL stores around 100 parameters in what is termed the Raw Observer's Log. These include the date, time and record number but also a multitude of internal and systemgenerated figures. Where available, source position and quality control measurements are also logged on a daily basis. Receiver array quality control measurements form a third category of data, stored in a separate file.
324
Log The main window
Some of these parameters are critical, others are of less significance, but any or all can be selected for output in one form or another. The Log window therefore provides several predetermined file formats and also the means of defining customised file-types where necessary. The most common output file format is of course SPS. SPS files can also be used to pre-program the 428XL via the Log window. The SPS-R, -S and -X files are each loaded in turn, and together with a few additional parameters entered by the observer, provide a rapid means of setting up the system for production.
The toolbar
Saves content of selected view to named file Opens a blank view Used to type in text to find in selected view Shooting parameters
Starts search
Loads saved file to new view pane
Closes all views
Activates parameters contained in selected view
Figure 9-2
The navigation pane

The navigation (left-hand) pane behaves like a file browser box. To open any folder, double-click on it (or right-click on it and select Open from the menu that pops up). The content is viewed in the righthand pane. The navigation pane provides an image of the systems database. It is important to realize what is meant by the term database in this context. It is easy to imagine that all of the system data is somehow assembled into a single giant list, but this is not quite the case. Stored under the general banner of database are the following: All system and survey parameters defined in Setup menus.
325
Log The main window
Pre-acquisition position information including source and receiver coordinates, assuming that these have been supplied. All post-acquisition results, for instance Observer's logs, actual source positions and receiver / source attributes and statistics. Each set of data is stored in a separate file, but it is not necessary for the user to know the file or directory name, since the system automatically keeps track of this itself. Loading a particular data set into the main window and then choosing Apply instructs the system to locate the appropriate file and copy the new data to it. Similarly, the navigation pane gives a straightforward way of extracting a particular set of information, so that you can export it to whatever you want.
View panes
For details on how you can arrange the views and toolbars as you would like them, see the Hands-on guide (page 22). Each view behaves like a simple text editor where the keyboard and usual key combinations for Cut, Copy and Paste shortcuts are allowed. If you want to find any particular parameter or value in a view pane, simply type it into the Search field and click the Search button .
326
Log Editing/saving/loading 428XL parameters
Editing/saving/loading 428XL parameters

The Log window allows you to edit all or part of your system and survey parameters at any moment and save them to a named file so that you can load them back at a later date, for example if you want to reuse the same settings or not much different ones. You can choose to open the Parameters folder (to view the whole set of setup parameters), or any of its subfolders (to view only the parameters of a particular client window).
Search field Search button
Figure 9-3
Opening any folder adds a view pane to the right that allows you to edit its content. For example you may wish to enter the precise coordinates of the recording truck in order to place it at the exact location in the Positioning window (see Figure 9-3). If you want to find any particular parameter or value, simply type it into the Search field and click the Search button. To apply your parameter settings to the system, click in the view pane and select Apply from the Setup menu (or use this toolbar button: ).
327
Log Editing/saving/loading 428XL parameters
Saving
After you open any folder, you can save its content by clicking in its view pane, then selecting Save from the File menu (or from the toolbar). In the dialog box that shows up, enter a name for the file (in the File Name field), choose a directory where to save it (from the Save In option button), and click Save.
Loading
To load back a parameter file previously saved, select Load from the File menu (or from the toolbar). In the file browser box that shows up, choose the desired file and click Open. This adds a view pane in the main window (the file name appears in the tab of that view pane). At this stage, the parameters are only viewed. To load them to the system, click in the view pane and select Apply from the Setup menu (or use this toolbar button: ). You cannot do that unless you turn off the lines in the Line window (by clicking on ).
328
Log SPS files
SPS files
In this section The SPS format (page 329) Importing an SPS file (page 330) Exporting an SPS file (page 332)
The SPS format

The SPS format defines four types of files used to input or output some of the setup parameters of a seismic data acquisition system: Source file (also called SPS S-file) including source positions, Receiver file (also called SPS R-file) including receiver positions, Relation file (also called SPS X-file) used to relate the S-file and Rfile, Text file (also called SPS T-file) including textual information. For a description of the SPS format, see 428XL Users Manual Vol. 2. Note the following restrictions as compared with the standard SPS format: numerals are required in the Line Name, Point Code and Field Tape Number fields.
329
Log SPS files
Importing an SPS file

IMPORTANT
Always import the SPS files in this order: Receiver, Source, Relation. Select Load from the File menu (or from the toolbar 1. 2. 3. ).
In the file browser box, go to the folder containing the file to import and then select that file. Click on Open. This opens an editor view containing the imported file and allowing you to make any changes needed. If several views are open, select the one you want to load (click on its tab).
(4) Click to apply (3) Click to select
(1) Click to select
(2) Click to open in editor view
Figure 9-4
330
Log SPS files
4.
Choose Apply from the Setup menu (or use this toolbar button ). You cannot do that unless you turn off the lines in the Line window (by clicking on ).
Depending on the type of file in the selected view, clicking Apply will have different effects: With a Receiver-type (SPS-R) file, clicking Apply initializes the planned Receiver positions in the Positioning main window. With a Source-type (SPS-S) file, clicking Apply initializes the planned Source positions in the Positioning main window. With a Relation-type (SPS-X) file, clicking Apply builds an Absolute Spread in the Line main window and sets up the operation table in the Operation main window. The parameters specified with the The Shooting setup window (page 333) also used in generating the operation table.
331
Log SPS files
Exporting an SPS file

In the navigation pane, open the Results folder and Logs subfolder. Open the desired swath folder and then do the following: 1. Right-click on the log file you want to export. Choose the appropriate SPS output format (S, R or X) from the menu that pops up, depending on which type of SPS file you want to create (Source, Receiver, or Relation). This opens an editor view containing the resulting file and allowing you to make any changes needed.
(2) Click to select view
(1) Right-click to open
(3) Click to save
Figure 9-5
2. 3.
If several views are open, select the one you want to save (click on its tab). Select Save from the File menu (or from the toolbar ). In the dialog box that shows up, enter a name for the file (in the File Name field), choose a directory where to save it (from the Save In option button), and click Save.
332
Log The Shooting setup window
The Shooting setup window

Selecting Shooting Setup from the Setup menu opens a dialog box that allows you to enter parameters which cannot be derived from an SPS Relation file (when you generate parameter scripts from an SPS Relation file). These are the type of gain, the Process Type and the shot identification number for the first shot in the operation table.
9
Figure 9-6
This window must be set up prior to any attempt to load SPS IN files. (Click Apply to save and enable your changes). The Shooting parameters will be used in generating an absolute spread (for the Line window) and an operation table (for the Operation window) from a Relation SPS file viewed in the Log window.
Gain Type Nb
You can program gain characteristics that vary as a function of the distance from the shot point, by defining different zones within circles around the shot point. Each zone is allocated a channel type.
333
Default Radius Gain Type
This field is used to specify the channel type to be used outside the widest circle. The Radius and Gain Type fields are used jointly, to define circular areas around the shot point and associate a Gain Type (i. e. a preamp gain) to all receiver channels located within the specified distance from the shot point.
Gain Code g1 g2 Input scale 1600 mv 400 mV FDU 0 dB 12 dB DSU 4 m/s 1 m/s
Enter the desired distance (1 to 9999 m) in the Radius field and the desired associated Gain Type (1 to 5), and use Add, Change, Delete as required to generate a list of different channel type areas.
Note If the Radius / Gain type table is empty, the default channel type
will be used across the entire spread.
Shot Id.
Used to identify the first shot point in the Operation main window's operation table. You can use one of the option buttons to choose either the number contained in the Record Number field or that in the Tape Number field of the SPS Relation file, or type the desired number in the text box.
Process Type
Used to specify the Process Type (1 to 16) to use in the operation table. Process types are defined using the Operation main windows Setup menu. If you do not enter any value in this window, then the system will default to the following settings:
Gain Type: will automatically default to 1; Shot Id.: the Record Number contained in the Relation file will automatically be used as first shot number; Process Type: will automatically default to 1, except for those shot points for which a Point Code is specified in the Source SPS file. Because it is desirable to be able to specify the process type to be used for each shot, even though no provision is made for this parameter in the SPS format, Sercel has adopted the following convention: if zero is entered here as the Process Type, then the value found in the Point Code column in the SPS Source file will be used as the actual process type to use. For this reason, it is recommended that when SPS files are loaded, the sequence: Receiver, Source and Relation (alphabetical order - R, S, X) be adopted.
335
Log Operator reports
Operator reports
In this section: Observer Logs (page 336) APS (page 337) APS Verbose (page 338) Source COG (page 338) Receiver position history data (page 338) VE432 QC (page 339)
Observer Logs
In the navigation pane, open the Results folder and Logs subfolder. Open the desired swath folder and then do the following: 1. Right-click on the log file you want to export. Choose Observer Log from the menu that pops up. This opens an editor view containing the resulting file. You can choose which fields to include in the report by clicking on any column heading and selecting Customize from the menu that pops up. For details, see Customizing tables (page 27). After customizing the format of a report, clicking on Save will let you save your options to a named file that you can reuse as a template at a later date (by choosing it from the Select a Preset option button and clicking Apply). To save you changes, click OK. If several views are open, select the one you want to save (click on its tab).
2.
3.
336
(2) Right-click to customize
(1) Right-click to open
Figure 9-7
4.
Then you can print it out (e. g. using the File menu). If you want to export it to another program, select Save from the File menu (or from the toolbar ). In the dialog box that shows up, enter a name for the file (in the File Name field), choose a directory where to save it (from the Save In option button), and click Save.
APS
(VE432 users only). Vibrator QC and co-ordinate information can be exported in the form of SPS-like files to an external computer for the purpose of QC analysis or to the Positioning main window for geographical display. The APS option extracts the status figures returned for every sweep by each vibrator. Any field with invalid data is left blank. Unless the coordinates supplied by the radiopositioning receiver to the DPG are
already in a projection format, the vibrator coordinates are converted using the projection selected in the Positioning window. Check to see if the appropriate projection is selected. (See the format in 428XL Users Manual Volume 2).
APS Verbose
(VE432 users only). As the name suggests, the verbose version gives additional information (See the format in 428XL Users Manual Volume 2).
Source COG
The following information on the Centre Of Gravity of the source is logged into a daily file identified by its julian day: Identification (Line Number, Point Number, Point index from the input SPS Source file) of the planned shot points, Position and QC status of the computed COG, Deviation between planned source positions and actual source COG positions. The file can be exported in SPS-like format (see 428XL Users Manual Vol. 2 for the detailed format).
Receiver position history data

The following information, collected and saved to a history file during operation, can be viewed and exported: Type of field unit identified, Date and time when it was last seen, Receiver position occupied when it was last seen, Geographical position (if supplied) occupied when it was last seen. (See 428XL Users Manual Vol. 2 for the detailed format).
VE432 QC
339
340
Chapter
10
Plotter
The main window (page 342) The Banner setup (page 345) Selecting the traces to plot (page 351) Plot parameters for production shots (page 354) Test records (page 361)
341
10
Plotter The main window
The main window

This client window is dedicated to parameters that define what is displayed on monitor records and how it appears.
Figure 10-1
PLOTTER software is dedicated to processing the geophysical data (scaling, filtering, AGC) for plotters. It supports 12'' and 24'' Plotters (selection should be made in the Install window). It performs the conversion to graphic data (rasterisation) in order to print it out. Whatever the interpolation, the maximum number of samples of each trace plotted is 14844.
Note Traces are numbered from bottom to top, Aux traces at the top.
342
You can choose to display the complete data (or part of it) for every shot, or display one and the same trace for all shots. By navigating in the left-hand pane, you can access different setup menus that allow you to adjust AGC and plot parameters differently depending on the type of input data (normal shot, Field tests, Instrument tests). The Normal folder contains your plot parameters for production shots. It allows you to have special settings for shots with no processing (in the Raw folder) and different settings for shots with correlated and/or stacked data (in the Vibro Stack folder). The Field Test folder, as the name suggests, contains your plot parameters for sensor tests (Noise, Tilt, Distortion, etc.). Likewise, the Instrument Test folder contains your plot parameters for instrument tests (Noise, Distortion, Gain&Phase, CMRR, Crosstalk, etc.). Once the different parameters are programmed and activated (by clicking on Apply), the system automatically uses the sets of parameters matching the input data.
10
File menu
Using the Load / Save commands available from the File menu, all of the current parameters that have been set up for the entire window can be saved to or loaded from a named file. This feature can be useful for storing configurations that have to be used periodically. Warning: After installing a new software release, do not load any parameters from files saved with earlier releases.
Plot Again
This button plots the last shot.
Plot Next
This button plots the next shot.
10
Abort Plot
This button stops the paper feed and cancels the current plot.
344
Plotter The Banner setup
The Banner setup

To open this window, choose Banner from the Setup menu. It allows you to choose which parameters to import from the seismic record file and build the banner as you would like it to appear on your plots.
Building blocks
Figure 10-2
In the navigation pane on the left side are a number of folders containing all the parameters that you can import into a banner. Choosing any of them, by double-clicking on it (or dragging and dropping it into the right-hand pane) causes the associated building block to appear in the right-hand pane. The right-hand pane is a text editor in which you can: - Create a new line by pressing the Return key; - Type any additional text you like; - Select a text span by clicking before the first character to select, pressing and holding down the SHIFT key , and then clicking behind the last character to select (alternatively, you can press and hold down the mouse left button and drag the mouse over the text span to select). - Move or delete text with the usual Cut, Copy & Paste key combinations (CTRL+X, CTRL+C, CTRL+V). The list box shows the list of existing banner formats. To define a new banner format, enter its number in the Nb field and then click Add. To
10
10
make any changes in the list box, click on the desired row. To save your changes, click Change (or Add, or Delete). Double-clicking on a banner format in the list box has it appear in the text editor so that you can make any changes required. To save your changes, click Change (or Add, or Delete). To save the current list of banner formats, click Apply. (To revert to the former list, click Reset instead).
Global parameters
Parameter Sample Rate Type Of Filter Swath Id Swath Name Exploitation mode Date Julian day Year Acq. Time Acq. hour Acq. minutes Acq. seconds Record day (1 to 366) Record date (year) Description Sampling interval (ms)
Record parameters
Parameter File nb. Record Type Record Length Trace headers Errors Description File Number
346
Process parameters
Parameter Type of process Auto cor. peak time Max of max aux. Max of max seismic Max time values report Autocorrelation peak time Description
Line parameters
Parameter SFL SFN Spread Nb Type Of Spread Live seis. traces Nb. of Live traces Dead seis. traces Nb. of dead traces Total nb. of traces Nb. of seismic traces Nb. of aux. traces Total nb. of samples Blaster Id Blaster status Active seismic traces Number of active traces Dead seismic traces Number of dead traces Total number of traces Number of seismic traces Number of auxiliary traces Total number of seismic samples contained in a block Blaster Identification Number Description Lowest Line Number in the Spread; specifies the origin of the spread (along with SFN). Lowest Receiver Position Number in the Spread; specifies the origin of the spread (along with SFL).
10
347
10
Shot parameters
Parameter Shot Nb Source Point Line Source Point Nb Source Point Index Acq. length Sweep length Pilot length Refraction delay Current Stacking Fold Stacking Fold Source Easting Source Northing Source Elevation Type of source Uphole time Tb window User header Acquistion length Source Point Number Description Shot Number
348
Noise parameters
Parameter Noise EIim. Type Threshold var History editing type History range History taper length History threshold init value History zeroing length Nb. of windows Low traces percent Low traces value Noisy traces percent Noisy traces value Low noisy verbose report Number of windows Description Noise EIimination Type ( Threshold option (Hold or Variable)
10
349
10
Plot parameters
Parameter Plot type Plot Control Type High cut High cut filter Low cut Low cut filter Notch filter Notch Aux. gain Seismic gain AGC window length WZ velocity Inline spacing Crossline spacing Release time Time exponent Description
350
Plotter Selecting the traces to plot
Selecting the traces to plot

For each type of record (production shots or tests), you can choose to plot all traces or only groups of traces you specify, or one and the same trace. To do that, you simply have to create a table containing the description of each group of traces you would like to plot, for each type of record: 1. 2. 3. Click on the desired type of record, e. g. the Raw subfolder (see Figure 10-3) in the navigation pane to the left; Enter the desired number of groups into the Number of groups field; Click in the Group field. As a result, the system automatically creates the appropriate number of rows in the table so that you can define each eligible group as you like with the parameters described below. Click on Apply.
1. Choose type of record 3. Click to create the necessary rows in table 2. Specify how many groups you want to describe
4.
10
Use these fields to determine the recurrence rate of the selected group or groups.
Figure 10-3 Selecting the traces to plot
Number of groups
This field is used to tell the system how many groups you want to describe, so that it can create the necessary number of rows in the table.
351
10
Group
As you click in this field, the system automatically creates a row for each group of traces to describe, depending on what you specify in the Number of groups field. A button is associated with each group (row), on the left of it, in the table. You have to tick that button if you want the group to be plotted when eligible. Its recurrence rate on the printout depends on what you specify in the fields at the foot of the table, determining how many groups will be plotted and how often (every N records).
How many groups How often
Figure 10-4
Aux
Tick this button if you want to plot auxiliary traces.
Sensor code
This field lets you to choose either all the traces specified regardless of the type of sensor, or only traces with the type of sensor you specify.
Channel/Line
Choosing Channel lets you determine the eligible group by specifying the first trace to plot (Start at field), the number of traces to plot (Total field) and the step (Incr field) to use in counting the traces. The same group of traces from all lines will be eligible for plotting. Choosing Line lets you determine the eligible group by specifying the first line to plot (Start at field), the number of lines to plot (Total field) and the step (Incr field) to use in counting the lines. All the matching traces on the specified lines will be eligible for plotting.
352
Start at
Used to specify sequential number of either the first trace or the first line (depending on whether the Channel or Line option is selected) eligible in the group.
Total
Used to specify either the number of traces from each line or the number of lines (depending on whether the Channel or Line option is selected) eligible in the group. A button is associated with the Total field. If you tick that button, then system will automatically determine the total number of traces eligible in the group, depending on what you specify in the other fields. If you untick the button, then you have to specify how many traces or lines you want the group to include.
Incr
Used to specify the sequential number increment step for counting in either the traces or the lines (depending on whether the Channel or Line option is selected) eligible in the group.
10
353
10
Plotter Plot parameters for production shots
Plot parameters for production shots

In this section: Processing setup (page 354) Rendering setup (page 358) Format setup (page 358)
Processing setup
Some of the parameters appearing in the Processing pane are specific to the kind of data to be plotted. Below is a description of all the parameters prompted after you click on the Normal folder in the navigation pane.
Figure 10-5
Choose the desired processing from the Control option button, then set the associated parameters.
AGC
For Normal shots only. With the AGC processing option, the gain of each trace is automatically adjusted, depending on the level of the signal. If you choose this option, the system computes the average sample value over a time window you have to specify in the associated Window Length field.
The average value is used to determine a gain that is applied to the sample at the centre of the window. The system repeatedly updates the average value as the time window shifts from the time when AGC starts being applied to the end of the plot.
Geographic AGC
For Normal shots only. The Geographic AGC processing option lets the system compute source-to-receivers distances from the geographic coordinates available (you do not have to supply the Inline spacing and CrossLine spacing). Note: You have to click on Apply after entering SPS data.
Time exponent
(0.00 to 9.00). For Normal shots only. If you choose this option, the same gain is applied to all traces. The gain increases as an exponential function of the time over the whole trace. You simply have to specify the value of the exponent.
Normalization
For Normal shots only. If you choose this option, then the system will look for the maximum sample value on each trace to determine the appropriate gain to be applied to the whole trace.
10
Window Length
(100 to 5000 ms). For Normal shots only. Time interval over which the system computes the average value of samples to determine the AGC gain, if the AGC or Geographic AGC option is used.
Wz Velocity
(Allowable range: 1 to 99999 m/s). For Normal shots only. If you choose AGC or Geographic AGC as a processing to plot the traces, a Wz Velocityfield is available that allows you to specify the propagation velocity of the shot wave. This will enable the system to
10
calculate the time when the AGC should be applied to the traces on the plotter, deducing it from the source-to-receivers distances.
Note By default the source-to-receiver distance is assumed
determined in metres, therefore the velocity in metres/second. If the distance is determined in any other unit, then the velocity you enter should be expressed in the corresponding unit instead of m/s (the unit must be consistent with SPS data).
Inline spacing
(1.0 to 999.0 m). For Normal shots only. Distance between receiver points (i. e. traces) in each line. Used to determine the time when AGC should be applied, unless you choose the Geographic AGC option.
CrossLine spacing
(1.0 to 999.0 m). For Normal shots only. Distance between lines. Used to determine the time when AGC should be applied, unless you choose the Geographic AGC option.
Scaling
Scaling is used to specify an amplitude gain (dB) for the traces plotted, to magnify or shrink the traces. Changing the Scaling setting for any shot will make it more difficult to compare the plot with another shot. NOTE: Adjust both Scaling and Clipping as required for better legibility of the plot. Seismic Auxiliary (-144 to 144 dB). Sets the amplitude of seismic traces on the plot. (-144 to 144 dB). Sets the amplitude of auxiliary traces on the plot.
356
Filters
For Normal shots only. These three buttons allow you to specify a Low Cut frequency, a High Cut frequency and a Notch filter frequency for the traces to plot.
Note The three parameters (Low Cut, High Cut, Notch) are not
applied to Auxiliary traces. Low Cut If you wish to set a low-cut filter for the plot, choose Low Cut and type the desired low-cut frequency (5 to 500 Hz) in the associated field. If you wish to remove the filter, unselect Low Cut. If you wish to set a high-cut filter for the plot, choose High Cut and type the desired high-cut frequency (30 to 500 Hz) in the associated field. If you wish to remove the filter, unselect High Cut. If you wish to set a notch filter for the plot, choose Notch and type the desired notch frequency (30.00 to 500.00 Hz) in the associated field. If you wish to remove the filter, unselect Notch.
High Cut
Notch
10
Note The Low Cut and High Cut buttons allow you to set up different
types of filters:
Band pass
F
High cut Low cut
F
Low cut
F
High cut
Figure 10-6
357
10
Rendering setup
Figure 10-7
Page setup
Allows you to specify which type of banner to use. This determines the content of the banner to appear ahead of plots. See The Banner setup (page 345).
Orientation
This option button allows you to choose the orientation of plots (Portrait/Landscape).
Format setup
Figure 10-8
Time Sequential
The traces are plotted along the paper.
Trace Sequential
The traces are plotted across the paper width.
Global rendering for Seismic and Aux

This option lets you customize the global aspect of the plotter output by means of the parameters below.
Mode
You can choose between the following options:
Wiggle
+VA
Wiggle +VA Wiggle -VA
-VA
10
Figure 10-9
Traces/inch
(Auto or 1 to 99) Number of traces to plot per inch. Choosing Auto will adjust the trace spacing as a function of the number of traces. Note: Disproportionate labels may result if you choose Auto and Time Sequential with too few traces to plot.
Clipping
(1 to 10 traces) This button is used to specify the number of traces that any trace is allowed to overlap. Any trace exceeding the specified overlapping limit is clipped to that limit. NOTE: Adjust both Scaling and Clipping as required for better legibility of the plot.
10
Time
Start: Length: (0 to 64000 ms) Time of the first sample to plot. (Auto or 1 to 64000 ms) If you choose Auto, the system will automatically set the length of the plot to the maximum or to the best, depending on the record parameters. Otherwise, specify the desired length for the plot.
Interpolation: (Auto or 16, 8, 4, 2 1 to 1, or 1 to 2, 4, 8, 16). Number of dots interpolated by the system for each sample. If you choose Auto, then the system will automatically set the interpolation to the best, depending on the record parameters. Examples: 1 to 4 means that 4 dots are plotted for each sample (this expands the plot); 4 to 1 means that each dot stands for 4 samples (this shrinks the plot).
360
Plotter Test records
Test records
If you need specific plot parameters for any type of test, choose the desired folder in the navigation pane and then set the parameters as you like. For test records, you have a single processing parameter to set (Scaling). For other parameters, see Rendering setup (page 358) and Format setup (page 358).
Sensor tests
Figure 10-10
Instrument tests
10
Figure 10-11
361
10
Plotter Test records
362
Index
Index
IM = Installation Manual U1 = Users Manual Vol. 1 U2 = Users Manual Vol. 2 U3 = Users Manual Vol. 3 TM = Technical Manual
type, VE432 U1: 285
Numerics
3592 cartridge dirve IM: 84
A
Abort
button, Operation U1: 136 Plot U1: 344
Absolute
spread U1: 96 Spread, tests U1: 109
Acceleration
baseplate, monitoring U1: 289 mass, monitoring U1: 289
Acquisition
Error description (SEGD) U2: 22 graphic view, normal U1: 316 index, process type U1: 141 Length (SEGD) U2: 19 local U1: 299 normal U1: 315 Number (SEGD) U2: 22 numeric view, normal U1: 319 type, Process type U1: 142
Acquisition type tables (SEGD) U2: 21 Action (see Shortcuts) Activity window U1: 58 Add to query U1: 251 Additional effects U1: 246 Additional blocks (SEGD general header) U2: 13 Address FUJI 3x90, changing IM: 74 FUJI 3x90, displaying IM: 75 LCI card U1: 40 LTO, changing IM: 80 MAC U1: 43 Administration server U1: 29 Advance II U2: 84 Advanced connection parameters U1: 18 mode, LT428 IM: 137, IM: 148, IM: 150 process type U1: 140 Again Plot U1: 343 AGC plotter U1: 354 Air gun (SPS) U2: 50 Air pressure psi (SPS) U2: 64 Alarm Positioning U1: 241 Alert system U1: 241 Alias filter
Frequency at - 3dB point (SEGD)
U2: 18
Slope (SEGD) U2: 18
Angle from skew (SPS) U2: 46, U2: 58 Append vib (Look) U1: 298 Apply All, Survey setup U1: 79 Sensor, Survey setup U1: 79
363
IM = Installation Manual TM = Technical Manual U# = Users Manual Vol. # April 20, 2006
Index
Archiving
configuring U1: 45
acceleration, monitoring U1: 289 velocity, monitoring U1: 289
Array
Forming (SEGD) U2: 18
Basic
pilot signal (Acquisition type) U1: 286 sweep signal (Acquisition type)
Arrays, sub, number of U2: 64 Authorization granting U1: 29 Auto Corr Peak Time U1: 143 Level, vib drive U1: 311 Lift, VE432 U1: 287 Look U1: 100 noise editing U1: 173 Auto/Manual noise editing threshold U1: 173 VE432 U1: 295 Autocorrelation peak time (SEGD) U2: 22 Automation Continuous, shooting U1: 159 Discontinuous, shooting U1: 160 Look U1: 160 Manual, shooting U1: 160 shooting U1: 159 Aux Channel contents (SPS) U2: 47, U2: 60 Line U1: 90 Process Descriptor U1: 144 Traces, number of U2: 19 Auxiliary channels U1: 90 channels, Comments U1: 92 channels, Gain U1: 91 channels, Instrument tests U1: 110 trace scaling U1: 356 Auxiliary channels Deployment IM: 123
U1: 286 Basic Type

LOG, dB/Hz U1: 272 LOG, dB/octave U1: 275 Setup U1: 269 Taper U1: 269 Tn U1: 276
B
Backup
setup U1: 57
Backup, GoBook Q200 IM: 110 Base scan interval (SEGD) U2: 14 Baseplate
364
Batteries (Show/hide) U1: 70 Battery GoBook Q200 IM: 106 Limit, LT428 IM: 139 voltage limit U1: 70 Beginner U1: 22 Blade 2000 Shock-mount parts IM: 29 Blade 2500 Shock-mount parts IM: 28 Blaster Advance II U2: 84 connector, LCI428 IM: 218, IM: 219 controllers U1: 176 id (SEGD) U2: 20 MACHA U2: 91 SGDS U2: 92 Shallow Sequencer U2: 89 Shot Pro U2: 85 signals IM: 220 status (SEGD) U2: 20 type U1: 42 Blasters interfacing U2: 81 Blocking trace U1: 256 Blocks in General Trailer U2: 15 BoomBox U1: 42 Box type, detour U1: 92 Break Point U1: 154 Browser
Index
settings U1: 17
Buffer U1: 40 Build

feature query U1: 250
Bypass
tape U1: 259
Bytes per scan (SEGD) U2: 13
C
Cable
length, Line IM: 122 Line cable length IM: 122 path U1: 75 replacing, LAUL TM: 23
Set End Time (SEGD) U2: 17 Set Number (SEGD) U2: 26 set number (SEGD) U2: 17 Set Starting Time (SEGD) U2: 17 set, number of channels in U2: 17 sets per record U1: 56, U2: 14 type (SEGD) U2: 32 type id (SEGD) U2: 34 Type Identification (SEGD) U2: 17 type, Log shooting setup U1: 334 Channels, number of (SPS) U2: 47,
U2: 59 Charge
Depth U2: 63 Length U2: 63
Calibration FDU U3: 83 Camp

distance to, alarm U1: 244
Check
Line U1: 116
Capacitance
error (SEGD) U2: 30 high limit (SEGD) U2: 30 low limit (SEGD) U2: 30 value (SEGD) U2: 30
Capacity
Processing U3: 199
Cartridge drive
Shock-mount parts IM: 72
Centre
button (mouse) U1: 72
Changing LCI U1: 38 Channel

data error overscaling (SEGD) U2: 34 edited status (SEGD) U2: 34 fibre U1: 40 filter (SEGD) U2: 33 filter response U3: 29 gain control method (SEGD) U2: 17 gain scale (SEGD) U2: 33 increment (SPS) U2: 52, U2: 69 number (SEGD) U2: 31 process (SEGD) U2: 34 sample to mV conversion factor (SEGD)
U2: 34
Checkerboard view U1: 75 Circular bearing of H256 (SPS) U2: 46, U2: 57 Cleaning boxes IM: 115 plugs IM: 114, TM: 63 Click right, Line window U1: 74 Client installing IM: 55 main window U1: 22 SPS U2: 45, U2: 55 Clipping method (noise elimination) U1: 193 noise editing type U1: 171 plotter U1: 359 Clock internal U1: 54 time w.r.t. GMT (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 55 Cluster U1: 166 CMRR geophone string U3: 174 Instrument test U1: 112 test record result recovery U3: 81 test, FDU U3: 137 test, Sensor U3: 156 COG
365
Index
radius threshold U1: 213 source position (estimated) U1: 234
sample to mV U2: 34
Converting
samples to mV U3: 169
Comments
Auxiliary channels U1: 92 LT428 results IM: 157 observer, setup U1: 175 SEGD U2: 24 setup, Operation window U1: 156
Common
Mode Rejection U1: 112 mode, test network U3: 106
Common mode
rejection ratio, geophones U3: 174
Communications
protocol, source controllers U2: 81
Compound
basic sweep signal U1: 281
Connecting LT428 IM: 131 Connection

opening a session U1: 17 Connector (see Replacing) Connectors Blaster1 IM: 218 Blaster2 IM: 219 FDU Input IM: 222 LAUL XDEV IM: 223 LAUL428 IM: 223 LAUX LINE IM: 224 Power IM: 224 TRANSVERSE IM: 224 XDEV IM: 225
Continuity
test limit U1: 84
Continuous
shooting U1: 159
Control
type (SPS) U2: 49, U2: 63 unit serial number (SEGD) U2: 33 unit type (SEGD) U2: 33
Controller
source, time management U1: 54
Conversion
366
Coord. status final/prov (SPS) U2: 50, U2: 64 Coordinate location (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 55 Copy tape, file U2: 12 CopyMedia U2: 12 Copyrights U1: 49 Correction factor U3: 84 Correlation After Stack, process type U1: 149 After stack, theory of U1: 195 Before Stack, process type U1: 148 data distribution U1: 201 Frequency domain U3: 166 more about U1: 198 Pilot Aux channel U1: 143 Time domain U3: 166 Correlator, noise supp (SPS) U2: 49, U2: 63 CRC errors U3: 181 Create selection U1: 251 Crew name, Comment (SPS) U2: 47, U2: 59 number U1: 266 setup U1: 52 vibrators U1: 266 Crossline spacing, AGC U1: 356 Crosstalk Instrument test U1: 111 test record result recovery U3: 82 Custom basic sweep signal U1: 279 sweep file (how to load) U1: 280 Customer support U1: 49 Cut off error (SEGD) U2: 30 high limits (SEGD) U2: 30
Index
low limit (SEGD) U2: 30 value (SEGD) U2: 30
setup, Operation window U1: 168 speed alarm U1: 245
Cygwin IM: 58
Depth
charge U2: 63 towing U2: 64
D
DAC
Common-Mode resistance U3: 106 fine current correction U3: 97 rough current correction U3: 91
Descale Multiplier (SEGD) U2: 17 Description absolute spread U1: 96 Auxiliary channels U1: 90
Channels (Aux), Instrument tests
Damp coeff, natural freq. (SPS) U2: 48 Damping coeff, natural freq (SPS) U2: 61 Data computation domain, vib QC U1: 292 record sorting order (SPS) U2: 42 Tape Bypass U1: 259 Data rate Line U3: 199 Transverse U3: 199 Date of survey (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 54 SEGD U2: 22 Datum U1: 252 type, setup U1: 209 Datum Type setup Datum U1: 252 Ellipsoid U1: 252 Geoid U1: 252 Day of year (SPS) U2: 51, U2: 67 Dead seis traces, number of U2: 19 Deboost basic sweep signal U1: 282 Default Channel type, Log U1: 334 Delay at end of Acq. U1: 168 at end of VP U1: 168 basic sweep signal U1: 282 lift up U1: 312 no-move alarm U1: 244 radio, measuring U1: 307 radio, VE432 U1: 305 refraction, process type U1: 141
U1: 110
Channels (tests) U1: 109 Generic Line U1: 98 Generic spread U1: 99 of grid units (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 56 of survey area (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 54 Receiver section U1: 81 Skipped lines U1: 99 Survey U1: 80
Desensitization IM: 177 Detour U1: 92

skipped receiver points U1: 103
Disassembling FDU TM: 17 LAUL TM: 24 LAUR TM: 36 LAUX TM: 30 LRU TM: 43 TFOI TM: 99 TREP TM: 50 Discharge
ESD protection TM: 12
Discontinuous shooting U1: 160 Disk buffer U1: 40 record, setup U1: 57 Display mode, LT428 IM: 155 Traces per inch U1: 359 Distance no-move alarm U1: 244 Distortion Instrument test U1: 111 Sensor test U1: 114, U3: 161
367
Index
test record result recovery U3: 74 test, FDU U3: 134
Effect
speed alert U1: 246
Diversity stack U1: 170

stack (theory of) U1: 195
Electrostatic
discharge TM: 12
Elevation
reference U1: 212
DPG
number of U1: 42 Slave U1: 267
Drag and drop base camp U1: 228 recording unit U1: 228 source (Positioning) U1: 229 Drive
level high U1: 311 low U1: 311 tape, install U1: 45 transfer to U3: 199
Ellipsoid U1: 252 Ellipsoidal model U1: 212 Emergency alarm U1: 241 Enabled export U1: 251 End
colour map scale U1: 248
DSD
Get U1: 302 network U1: 267 Network, Navigation U1: 178 reference signal U1: 289 setting U1: 301 status, get U1: 288
Dump
Output button U1: 142
Dump stacking fold (SEGD) U2: 22 Duplicating, tape, file U2: 12 Duplication, sample U3: 181
E
e428 software licence U1: 40 Earth
ground resistor U3: 112
Editing
Noise U1: 170 number of windows (noise) U1: 171 Spike U1: 192 system parameters (Log) U1: 327 type (noise) U1: 171 Zeroing Length (noise) U1: 172 Zeroing Taper Length (noise) U1: 171
368
End-of-line plug IM: 120 EOF U1: 260 Error leakage U1: 101 Errors CRC U3: 181 ESD TM: 12 Estimated source COG U1: 234 Expanded file number (SEGD) U2: 15, U2: 16 Explosive source type setup U1: 163 Explosive (SPS) U2: 50 Exponent, subscans U2: 17 Exponential basic sweep signal U1: 276 time, plotter U1: 355 Export enabled U1: 251 Exporting LT428 results IM: 158 Exports configuring U1: 45 Extended channel set number (SEGD) U2: 18, U2: 26
Channel Sets/Scan Types (SEGD)
U2: 15
Index
file number (SEGD) U2: 26 header (SEGD) U2: 19 header blocks (SEGD) U2: 15 header flag (SEGD) U2: 18 header length (SEGD) U2: 14 QC, vib U1: 292 receiver line number (SEGD) U2: 27 receiver point number (SEGD) U2: 27 Record Length (SEGD) U2: 15
U2: 55
record increment (SPS) U2: 52, U2: 69 record number (SPS) U2: 52, U2: 69 tape number (SPS) U2: 52, U2: 69 test limits, LT428 IM: 140 test, automation U1: 160 test, LT428 IM: 150 update mode U1: 63, U1: 113,
External
header (SEGD) U2: 24 header blocks (SEGD) U2: 15 header length (SEGD) U2: 14
F
Factor to metre (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 57 Farthest Rcv Nb, LT428 IM: 146 FDU Calibration U3: 83 connector, replacing TM: 53 disassembly instructions TM: 17 INPUT connector IM: 222 Input polarity IM: 222 Max number between LAUs IM: 122 Number in link, LT428 IM: 164 Power supply IM: 121 reassembly instructions TM: 18 unit type (SEGD) U2: 32 FDU assembly Location (SEGD) U2: 31 Serial number (SEGD) U2: 31 Type (SEGD) U2: 31 Feature property names U1: 248 Fibre channel U1: 40 Fibre Optics allowable loss TM: 115 connector, replacing TM: 107 repair kits TM: 98 repairs TM: 97 splices, number of TM: 115 Field computer system(s) (SPS) U2: 45,
U1: 114 Field Units (see Instruments) File count (SEGD) U2: 22 duplicating U2: 12 Header block (SEGD) U2: 13 Load/Save U1: 343 number (SEGD) U2: 13, U2: 26 Files per tape U1: 256 per tape (SEGD) U2: 22 Filter alias Hz, dB pnt, slope (SPS) U2: 47, U2: 59 low Hz, dB pnt, slope (SPS) U2: 47, U2: 60 LT428 IM: 137 notch Hz, -3 dB points (SPS) U2: 47 notch Hz, -3dB points (SPS) U2: 60 playback U3: 17 response, channel U3: 29 servo control U1: 310 type U1: 53 type (SEGD) U2: 23 Filters plotter U1: 357 Firing Order (FO), process type U1: 140 Firmware updating U1: 126 First Notch Frequency (SEGD) U2: 18 Timing Word (SEGD) U2: 26 waypoint U1: 217 Fleet Ready U1: 166 vibrator, crew U1: 267
369
Index
Floppy disk
specifications (SPS) U2: 42, U2: 43 FM4 plug assembly ST+ cable TM: 79 WPSR cable TM: 84 FO Window U1: 294 Force ground, monitoring U1: 289 Form Line, LT428 IM: 145 Transverse, LT428 IM: 153 Format code (SEGD) U2: 13 SEGD U2: 11 Source controllers U2: 81 SPS U2: 37 version num. (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 54 Fourier Transform U3: 166 Frequency domain U3: 166 LRU IM: 174 Nyquist U1: 53 From channel (SPS) U2: 52, U2: 69 From receiver (SPS) U2: 52, U2: 70 FTP server U1: 45 server, installing on PC IM: 98 FUJI 3x90 address, changing IM: 74 address, displaying IM: 75 Functions Test U1: 107 VE432 U1: 295
Preamplifier, 0 dB U3: 87 Preamplifier, 12 dB U3: 116 Seismonitor U1: 71 shooting setup, Log U1: 333 test record result recovery U3: 75 test, FDU U3: 129
Gap U1: 81
between receiver sections U1: 88
General
Header block 1 (SEGD) U2: 13 Header block 2 (SEGD) U2: 15 Header block 3 (SEGD) U2: 16 Header Block Number (SEGD) U2: 15,
U2: 16
LT428 parameters IM: 133, IM: 137 Trailer blocks, number of U2: 15
Generate
report U1: 251
Generic
spread U1: 97 spread, description U1: 99
Geodetic datum
parameters (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 56 spheroid (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 56
G
Gain
Auxiliary channels U1: 91 code U1: 96 code, absolute spread U1: 96 error, Instrument test U1: 112 geophone string U3: 173 Instrument tests U1: 110 LT428 IM: 137
370
Geographic AGC U1: 355 Geographic (see Topographic) Geoid U1: 252 Geoidal model U1: 212 Geophone arrangement U3: 175 number per trace U3: 172 parallel U3: 173 series U3: 173 strings U3: 172 Geophysical contractor (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 55 Geozone alarm U1: 242 Get DSD U1: 302 DSD status U1: 288 Getting started U1: 13 Global
Index
rendering, plotter U1: 359
send, emergeny alarm U1: 242
Go
starting a shot U1: 135 Topographic view U1: 67, U1: 68
Hide
layer (Positioning) U1: 222
High
box, detour U1: 93 channel, detour U1: 93 drive level U1: 311 Line, sync U1: 287 SN, detour U1: 93
GoBook
connecting IM: 131 Getting started IM: 129 Q200 IM: 127
GoBook Q200 Backup IM: 110 Battery IM: 106 Installing IM: 107 quick guide IM: 104 Reinstalling IM: 111 GPS time management U1: 54 Grabbing VP U1: 214 Graphic view, normal acquisition U1: 316 view, Positioning window U1: 218 Graphic view (see Topographic) Grid coord. at origin (SPS) U2: 46, U2: 57 origin (SPS) U2: 46, U2: 57 Ground earth resistor U3: 112 force, monitoring U1: 289 wing nut, replacing TM: 53 Group geophone string U3: 177 Guest privileges U1: 30
High-cut
filter, plotter U1: 357 playback filter U3: 18
Historic
editing type (SEGD) U2: 21 range (SEGD) U2: 21 taper length (SEGD) U2: 21 threshold Init value (SEGD) U2: 21 zeroing length (SEGD) U2: 21
Historical
Noise Editing U1: 170
History
Line window U1: 78
Hold/Var U1: 173 Hot Line U1: 49 Hour of day (SEGD) U2: 13
I
ID
vibrator U1: 267
Identity
card U1: 50
Impedance
geophone string U3: 173
H
Hardware
installing IM: 25
Impulse
Sensor test U3: 159
Impulsive
process type U1: 146 Stack process type U1: 147
Header
external, size U1: 56
Header record
description (SPS) U2: 54 specification (SPS) U2: 44
Inactive
units (detour) U1: 92
Increment
LT428 Rcv num IM: 136 Marker U1: 90
371
Help
language U1: 18
Index
Shot U1: 163 VP to do U1: 165
Indicator
replacing TM: 59
Init
Thresh U1: 173
Inline
spacing, AGC U1: 356
Input
resistance U3: 91 servo control loop U1: 310
Install
window U1: 39
Instruments Colour U1: 68 Show/hide U1: 68 Interfacing source controller U2: 81 Internal clock U1: 54 time break (SEGD) U2: 21 Interpolation U1: 360 sample U3: 181 Irregular LT428 layout IM: 148, IM: 150
Installing
Client software IM: 55, IM: 56 Ethernet plotter IM: 68 FDPA428 software IM: 107 FTP server on PC IM: 98 Handheld PC software IM: 103 hardware IM: 25 LT428 software IM: 107 patch (client) IM: 63 patch (server) IM: 52 server software IM: 44 Solaris IM: 36 Vehicle tracking box IM: 102
J
JBOD FC U1: 40 Julian
day, backup setup U1: 57
Julian day (SEGD) U2: 13
K
Kit
tools TM: 14
Instrument
Code (I) tables (SPS) U2: 47 Code (SPS) U2: 52, U2: 69 Crosstalk U1: 111 Distortion U1: 111 Gain error U1: 112 Noise U1: 111 Phase error U1: 112 test limits, LT428 IM: 141 test record recovery U3: 71 tests U1: 110 tests, CMRR (FDU) U3: 137 tests, Distortion (FDU) U3: 134 tests, FDU U3: 124 tests, Gain&Phase U3: 129 tests, LT428 IM: 149 tests, Noise U3: 126 tests, Offset U3: 128 tests, Pulse (FDU) U3: 140 tests, Resistance U3: 124
372
L
Lab
distance to, alarm U1: 244
Label
properties U1: 247
Landscape plotter U1: 358 Language help U1: 18 Lat. Long

initial line (SPS) U2: 46, U2: 57 scale factor (SPS) U2: 46, U2: 57
Lat. of standard parallel(s) (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 57 LAUL428 cable replacement TM: 23 connectors IM: 223 disassembly instructions TM: 24 Power supply IM: 121 reassembly instructions TM: 25
Index
spacing IM: 122
Line
check U1: 116 data rate U3: 199 Generic U1: 98 mapping to a logical line U1: 105 name (SPS) U2: 51, U2: 52, U2: 65, U2: 69, U2: 70 Nb Inc, LT428 IM: 136 number U1: 80 number format (SPS) U2: 46, U2: 58 socket, replacing TM: 54 splitting U1: 90 Test, LT428 IM: 134 troubleshooting U1: 117
LAUR
disassembly instructions TM: 36 reassembly instructions TM: 37
LAUX428
connectors IM: 224, IM: 225 disassembly instructions TM: 30 Power supply IM: 121 reassembly instructions TM: 31
Layer
rename (Positioning) U1: 222 show/hide (Positioning) U1: 222
Layout
LT428 IM: 137 setup U1: 86
LCI
address U1: 40 changing U1: 38
LINE connector LAUX IM: 224 Linear

basic sweep signal U1: 271 Phase U1: 53 phase filter U3: 30
Leak
testing TM: 61
Leakage
error U1: 101 error (SEGD) U2: 30 limit (SEGD) U2: 30 Sensor test U1: 113 test U3: 151 Test circuitry (LAU) U1: 101 Test limit U1: 84 value (SEGD) U2: 30
Link
examples IM: 118 Number of FDUs, update LT428)
Length
record (SEGD) U2: 22 record, process type U1: 140 time, plotter U1: 360 Zeroing (noise) U1: 172 Zeroing Taper (noise) U1: 171
Level
auto, vib drive U1: 311
Licence
code, entering U1: 40 information about U1: 32 LT428 IM: 129 Plotter U1: 41
Lift
up delay U1: 312
Limits (see Test limits)
IM: 164 Listening time U1: 140 Live seis traces, number of U2: 19 Load Thresh U1: 174 Loading system parameters U1: 328 Local acquisition U1: 299 disk U1: 40 ellipsoidal model U1: 212 network IM: 20 user U1: 19 LOG dB/Hz U1: 272 dB/octave U1: 275 Log in connecting to server U1: 18 installing server software IM: 46 name U1: 19 Logical
373
Index
line mapping U1: 105
Long. of central meridian (SPS) U2: 46, U2: 57 Look Automatic U1: 160 automatic U1: 100 DSD U1: 296 manual U1: 100 properties U1: 100 sensors U1: 67, U1: 68 Loop servo control U1: 310 Loss Fibre Optics repairs TM: 115 Low box, detour U1: 92 channel, detour U1: 93 drive level U1: 311 SN, detour U1: 93 stacks, number of U2: 34 Trace U1: 172 Trace Percentage (SEGD) U2: 21 Trace Value U1: 172 Trace Value (SEGD) U2: 21 Low-cut Filter frequency (SEGD) U2: 18 Filter slope (SEGD) U2: 18 filter, plotter U1: 357 Playback filter U3: 18 LRU Desensitization IM: 177 disassembly instructions TM: 43 Frequency IM: 174 Half-duplex IM: 173 reassembly instructions TM: 44 LT Line Nb IM: 135 Position IM: 133, IM: 135 Rcv Nb IM: 136 Sensor Type Nb IM: 137 LT428 connecting IM: 131 Exec Line Test IM: 134 Exec Transverse Test IM: 134 Field test IM: 150
374
Getting started IM: 129 Instrument test IM: 149 main menu IM: 132 Power-on IM: 129 results IM: 155 running Line tests IM: 142 running Transverse tests IM: 152 Save Rcv Tilt model IM: 148 Self-test IM: 130 Set general parameters IM: 133,
IM: 137
Set LT position IM: 133, IM: 135 Set Test Limits IM: 133, IM: 139 Tap test IM: 134, IM: 161
LTO address, changing IM: 80
M
MAC address U1: 43 MACHA U2: 91 Macha blaster U1: 43 Maintenance field electronics TM: 11 Management sessions U1: 31 time U1: 54 Manual Look U1: 100 noise editing U1: 173 shooting U1: 160 Manual/Auto noise editing threshold U1: 173 VE432 U1: 295 Manufacturers code (SEGD) U2: 13 serial nb (SEGD) U2: 13 Map grid easting (SPS) U2: 51, U2: 66 northing (SPS) U2: 51, U2: 66 Mapping line U1: 105 Marker increment U1: 90 Line Layout setup U1: 86 Marking, stop U1: 93
Index
Mass
acceleration, monitoring U1: 289 velocity, monitoring U1: 289
NAS
archiving system U1: 45 NAS system IM: 90 connecting IM: 91 IP address on user network IM: 95 reinstalling IM: 92 user network IM: 91
Max
number of FDUs IM: 122 of max, Aux (SEGD) U2: 22 of max, Seis (SEGD) U2: 22 speed U1: 245 speed, scale U1: 216
Navigation
shooting mode U1: 178
Media
copy U2: 12
Nb
Sensor/Rcv Pt, LT428 IM: 137
Min
High Drive U1: 312 Low Drive U1: 311
Network
DSD U1: 267 DSD, Navigation U1: 178
Minimum Phase U1: 54 phase filter U3: 50 Minute of day (SEGD) U2: 13 Mode display, plotter U1: 359 LT428 display IM: 137 operating U1: 158 Model ellipsoidal U1: 212 geoidal U1: 212 Monoline U1: 105 Mounting parts IM: 28 Mouse Centre button U1: 72 Move alarm U1: 244 MRU U1: 44 Multi-component recording (SPS) U2: 47, U2: 60 Mute channel U1: 94
Next
Plot U1: 343
NFS
server U1: 45
No
move U1: 244 reply U1: 243
N
Name
feature, colour map U1: 248 Log in U1: 19 plotter U1: 43 property, query builder U1: 250
No. sub arrays, nom depth (SPS) U2: 64 Noise Editing U1: 170 editing, setup U1: 169 elimination type (SEGD) U2: 21 Instrument test U1: 111 Sensor test U1: 113 Test limit U1: 84 test record result recovery U3: 73 test, FDU (Instrument) U3: 126 test, Sensor (FDU) U3: 145 Noisy stacks, number of U2: 34 Trace % U1: 172 trace percentage (SEGD) U2: 21 Nominal towing depth U2: 64 Normal acquisition U1: 315 mode, LT428 display IM: 137 Normalization plotter U1: 355 Notch U1: 357 frequency (SEGD) U2: 18 playback filter U3: 18
375
Index
NTP
server U1: 54
Off
Line U1: 58
Num
Sensor Type, LT428 IM: 137
Offset
removing U3: 171 test U3: 128 test, Sensor U3: 147 to coord. location (SPS) U2: 45,
Number of
Auxes (SEGD) U2: 19 blocks of General Trailer (SEGD)
U2: 15
channel sets per record (SEGD) U2: 14 channels (SPS) U2: 47, U2: 59 channels in this channel set (SEGD)
U2: 55 On
Line U1: 58
Open
session U1: 17
U2: 17
dead Seis traces (SEGD) U2: 19 DPG modules U1: 42 FDUs between LAUs, max IM: 122 FDUs in link, LT428 IM: 164 geophones per trace U3: 172 live Seis traces (SEGD) U2: 19 plotters U1: 43 sample skew 32 byte extensions (SEGD)
U2: 14
samples in trace (SEGD) U2: 19 samples per trace (SEGD) U2: 27 Seis traces (SEGD) U2: 19 splices, Fibre Optics TM: 115 stacks low (SEGD) U2: 34 stacks noisy (SEGD) U2: 34 subscans exponent (SEGD) U2: 17 traces (SEGD) U2: 19 windows (SEGD) U2: 21 windows, noise editing U1: 171
Operating mode U1: 158 Operation table U1: 133 Options Slip-sweep U1: 184 Orientation LT428 IM: 144 plotter page U1: 358 Output Dump U1: 142 stack U1: 142
P
Page
setup, plotter U1: 358
Parallel
geophone U3: 173
Numeric
view, Line window U1: 77 view, normal acquisition,VE432
Parameters
loading (Log) U1: 327 saving (Log) U1: 327 system, editing U1: 327
U1: 319 Nunits, len, width (SPS) U2: 48, U2: 49, U2: 61, U2: 62 Nut wing, replacing TM: 53 Nyquist U1: 53
Parts
FDU, spare TM: 16 LAUL, spare TM: 22 LAUX, spare TM: 29
Password
expiry date U1: 30 opening a session U1: 19
O
Observer
comments, setup U1: 175 privileges U1: 30
376
Patch
client IM: 63 server IM: 52
Index
Path
colour U1: 76
SPS U2: 51, U2: 65
PC
Handheld, installing IM: 103
Peg (see Topographic stake) Peripherals Install setup U1: 42 Permission U1: 30 Phase angle (SEGD) U2: 16 Control (SEGD) U2: 16 error (Instrument test) U1: 112 Linear U1: 53 Minimum U1: 54 test, FDU U3: 129 Pilot Aux channel U1: 143 basic signal U1: 286 Pilot length (SEGD) U2: 22 Playback filters U3: 17 Plot U1: 358 abort U1: 344 Again U1: 343 Next U1: 343 Plotter AGC U1: 354 ethernet, installing IM: 68 licence U1: 41 mode, display U1: 359 name U1: 43 number of U1: 43 processing U1: 354 scaling U1: 356 type U1: 43 Plug cleaning IM: 114, TM: 63 process type, FO U1: 140 Plug, FM4 ST+ cable TM: 79 WPSR cable TM: 84 Point Number (Marker) U1: 89 Point Code FDU channels U1: 82
Point Depth (SPS) U2: 51, U2: 65 Point Index SPS U2: 51, U2: 52, U2: 65, U2: 69 Point number SPS U2: 51, U2: 52, U2: 65, U2: 69 Point record description (SPS) U2: 65 specification (SPS) U2: 51 Polarity FDU input IM: 222 SEGD U2: 14 Portrait plotter U1: 358 Pos. proc. contractor (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 55 Positioning contractor (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 55 layers U1: 207 Post-plot date of issue (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 54 Power connector, LAUL428 IM: 223 connector, LAUX IM: 224 socket, replacing TM: 56 Power on LT428 IM: 129 Power supply FDU IM: 121 LAUL IM: 121 LAUX IM: 121 Power-off Line, LT428 IM: 145 Power-on Line, LT428 IM: 145 test, LT428 IM: 145 Transverse, LT428 IM: 153 P-P bar/m,prim/bubble (SPS) U2: 64 Preamplifier 0 dB gain U3: 87 12 dB gain U3: 116 Prestack within field units (SEGD) U2: 21 Preview colour mapped attributes U1: 248
377
Index
Privileges U1: 30 Process

Type setup, generating U1: 152 type, Log shooting setup U1: 334 type, overview U1: 139 Type, SEGD U2: 21 Type, setup U1: 156
connecting IM: 131 Getting started IM: 129 Installing IM: 107 quick guide IM: 104 Reinstalling IM: 111
QC
choice, vib U1: 292 data (How to view) U1: 73 extended, vib U1: 292 limits, vib U1: 291
Processing
capacity U3: 199 Crossline spacing, plotter U1: 356 filter, plotter U1: 357 Geographic AGC, plotter U1: 355 Inline spacing, plotter U1: 356 Normalization, plotter U1: 355 plotter U1: 354 Time, exponential U1: 355 Window length (AGC) U1: 355 Wz velocity, plotter U1: 355
Project code and description (SPS) U2: 46, U2: 58 Projection U1: 252 type (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 56 type, setup U1: 211 zone (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 56 Projection Type setup Projection U1: 252 Properties in graphic view, Line U1: 74 Look, Line U1: 100 object label U1: 247 Property name, query builder U1: 250 Protocol source controllers U2: 81 Pseudorandom basic sweep signal U1: 278 Pulse basic sweep signal U1: 277 test, FDU U3: 140
Quadrant bearing of H256 (SPS) U2: 46, U2: 58 Quality COG radius threshold U1: 213 Vib position accuracy U1: 215 warning setup U1: 213 Quality Control check records (SPS) U2: 50 Query add to U1: 251 builder U1: 250
R
R,S,X file quality control (SPS) U2: 50 Radio delay U1: 309 delay, measuring U1: 307 Delay, VE432 U1: 305 management, vib U1: 288 Radius alarm, distance to camp U1: 244
alarm, distance to recording unit
U1: 244
shooting setup, Log U1: 334
Random
basic sweep signal U1: 278
Rate
refresh U1: 26 sample U1: 52
Q
Q200 IM: 127 Backup IM: 110 Battery IM: 106
378
Raw
Impulsive Stack process type U1: 147 process type, Correlation U1: 148 servo control U1: 311 Vib Stack process type U1: 151
Index
Rcv
Nb Increment, LT428 IM: 136
Refresh
rate U1: 26 Registering user U1: 29 Relation record description (SPS) U2: 69 specification (SPS) U2: 52
Ready
fleet U1: 166
Reassembling FDU TM: 18 LAUL TM: 25 LAUR TM: 37 LAUX TM: 31 LRU TM: 44 TFOI TM: 106 TREP TM: 51 Receiver
code (Rx) tables (SPS) U2: 48 index (SPS) U2: 52, U2: 70 line number (SEGD) U2: 27 point easting (SEGD) U2: 28 point elevation (SEGD) U2: 28 point index (SEGD) U2: 27 point northing (SEGD) U2: 28 point number (SEGD) U2: 27 section U1: 81 section, marking U1: 88 Tilt model, LT428 IM: 148 Type Layout, LT428 IM: 137
Remote
network IM: 21, IM: 22, IM: 23 user U1: 19 user, installing IM: 56
Rename
layers (Positioning) U1: 222
Rendering
global, plotter U1: 359 setup, plotter U1: 358
Repairing
ST cable TM: 64 ST+ cable TM: 64 WPSR cable TM: 70
Replacing
cable, LAUL TM: 23 cable, TFOI TM: 99 connector, Fibre Optics TM: 107 FDU connector TM: 53 ground wing nut TM: 53 indicators TM: 59 Line & Trans sockets TM: 54 Power socket TM: 56 TFOI board TM: 105 XDEV sockets TM: 57
Record
disk, setup U1: 57 identification (SPS) U2: 51, U2: 52 Instrument tests U1: 108 length (SEGD) U2: 22 length, Intrument tests U1: 110 length, process type U1: 140 test result recovery U3: 71 type (SEGD) U2: 14
Reply
alarm U1: 243
Record length SEGD U2: 14 Recovering

instrument test records U3: 71
Report
generate, query U1: 251
Repository U1: 40 Reset

queries and classification U1: 249
Reference
resistors, calibration U3: 85 signal, DSD U1: 289 voltage U3: 87 voltage, calibration U3: 85
Resistance
error (SEGD) U2: 29 high limit (SEGD) U2: 29 input U3: 91 low limit (SEGD) U2: 29 Sensor test U1: 113 test network U3: 100
379
Refraction
delay, process type U1: 141 delay, SEGD U2: 20
Index
test, FDU U3: 124 test, Sensor U3: 148 value (SEGD) U2: 29
results, LT428 IM: 158 system parameters U1: 328
Scale
factor (SPS) U2: 46, U2: 57
Response, Channel filter U3: 29 Retrieval Wireline telemetry U1: 59 Return Pilot U1: 289 signal, DSD U1: 288 sweep, vib U1: 289 Reversed Marking option U1: 90 Revision SEGD U1: 56 Revision Number (SEGD) U2: 15 Right click, Line window U1: 74 Role U1: 30 Running Line tests, LT428 IM: 142 Transverse tests, LT428 IM: 152
Scaling
plotter U1: 356 system U1: 33
Scan Type
Header (SEGD) U2: 17 Number (SEGD) U2: 26 per record (SEGD) U2: 14
Sealing TM: 61 Searching

LT428 results IM: 157
Second
Notch Frequency (SEGD) U2: 18 of minute (SEGD) U2: 13
SEGD
Code U1: 84 format U2: 11 revision, choosing U1: 56 setup U1: 56 Trace Blocking U1: 256
S
S N (serial number) detour U1: 93 Sample
conversion to mV U3: 169 int. Record Len. (SPS) U2: 47 int., Record Length (SPS) U2: 59 interpolation U3: 181 Rate U1: 52 Rate, LT428 IM: 137 skew extensions, number of U2: 14 skew, SEGD U2: 26 to mV conversion factor U2: 34
Seis traces, number of U2: 19 Seismic datum (SPS) U2: 51, U2: 66
instrument header records (SPS) U2: 59 receiver header records (SPS) U2: 61 setup, Operation U1: 158 source header records (SPS) U2: 62 trace scaling U1: 356
Sample Rate SEGD U2: 19 Samples

in trace, number of U2: 19 per trace, number of U2: 27
Save
Rcv Tilt Model, LT428 IM: 148 Thresh U1: 174
Saving
380
Seismonitor U1: 71 gain U1: 71 Sensor test U1: 115 Select vib (Look) U1: 296 Selecting in graphic view U1: 72 traces to plot U1: 351 Selection create U1: 251 Self-test LT428 IM: 130 Senior Observer, privileges U1: 30
Index
Sensor
Coulour code U1: 66 Distortion test U1: 114 Leakage test U1: 113 Noise test U1: 113 num/Rcv pnt, LT428 IM: 137 Resistance test U1: 113 Seismonitor U1: 115 sensitivity (SEGD) U2: 32 show/hide U1: 66 test limits U1: 83 tests U1: 112 tests, CMRR U3: 156 tests, Distortion U3: 161 tests, FDU U3: 145 tests, Impulse U3: 159 tests, Leakage U3: 151 tests, Look U1: 100 tests, Noise (FDU) U3: 145 tests, Offset U3: 147 tests, Resistance U3: 148 tests, Tilt U3: 154 Tilt model U1: 114 Tilt test U1: 113 Type, LT428 IM: 137
Servo
input U1: 310 setting U1: 310
Session
manager U1: 31 opening U1: 17
Set
channel, number per record U1: 56 DSD U1: 301 Servo U1: 310
Sensor Type
FDU channels U1: 83 Number (sensor tests) U2: 28 SEGD code U2: 27
Sequencer
Shallow U2: 89
Sequential
time, plotter U1: 359 trace, plotter U1: 359
Serial
number, detour U1: 93
Series
geophones U3: 173
Server
administration U1: 29 FTP U1: 45 log on to U1: 18 NFS U1: 45 NTP U1: 54 software, installing IM: 44 start/stop U1: 16
Sets, channel U2: 14 Settings browser U1: 17 help U1: 18 Setup Crew, vibrators U1: 266 Observer comments U1: 175 SFL Spread First Line U1: 155 SFN Spread First Number U1: 155 SGDS U2: 92 SGS shooting system U1: 42 Shallow Sequencer U2: 89 Shallow blaster U1: 42 Shock mount parts IM: 28 Shock-mount Blade 2000 IM: 29 Blade 2500 IM: 28 Cartridge drive IM: 72 Shooter U1: 176 Shooting U1: 176 Navigation mode U1: 178 setup, Log U1: 333 system U1: 42 systems, interfacing U2: 81 Shortcut Line window U1: 74 Shot automation U1: 159 Depth, charge len. (SPS) U2: 50 depth, charge len. (SPS) U2: 63
381
Index
Id U1: 154 Id, Log shooting setup U1: 334 increment U1: 163 number (SEGD) U2: 19 starting U1: 135
Source
aux nb (SEGD) U2: 22 code (Sx) tables (SPS) U2: 49 controller, time management U1: 54 easting (SEGD) U2: 22 elevation (SEGD) U2: 22 Explosive U1: 163 Line U1: 155 Line Number (SEGD) U2: 16 northing (SEGD) U2: 22 Point Index (SEGD) U2: 16 Point Number (SEGD) U2: 16 point setup, generating U1: 156 point, setup U1: 154 Receiver U1: 155 Set Number (SEGD) U2: 16 type, setup U1: 162
ShotPro
install U1: 42 interfacing U2: 85
Show
layer (Positioning) U1: 222
Signal
return sweep U1: 289
Simultaneous mode U3: 199 Single

mode, recording specifications U3: 199
Size
external header U1: 56 vert. stk fold (SPS) U2: 49
Spacing
crossline (AGC) U1: 356 FDU IM: 122 inline (AGC) U1: 356 LAU IM: 122
Size, vert. stk fold (SPS) U2: 62 Skew, sample, number of extensions U2: 14 Skip receiver points (detour) U1: 103 Skipped lines (spread description) U1: 99 Slave 428XL U2: 82 DPG U1: 267 Slip-sweep U1: 184 mode used (SEGD) U2: 22 Snaking U1: 90 FDU U1: 104 Software e428, licence U1: 40 Handheld PC, installing IM: 103 patch (client) IM: 63 patch (server) IM: 52 updating U1: 126 version (SEGD) U2: 22 Software, installing GoBook IM: 107 server IM: 44 Solaris IM: 36 Soil, drill method (SPS) U2: 50, U2: 63 Solaris installation IM: 36
382
Spare
FDU parts TM: 16 LAUL parts TM: 22 LAUX parts TM: 29
Specifications 428XL U3: 193 Speed alarm U1: 246 maximum U1: 245 maximum, scale U1: 216 Spike editing U1: 192 Split line U1: 90 Spread absolute U1: 96 generic U1: 97 number (SEGD) U2: 19 setup U1: 95 SFL U1: 155 SFN U1: 155 type U1: 155 type (SEGD) U2: 20 ST cable
Index
Repairing TM: 64
customer U1: 49
ST+ cable
Repairing TM: 64
Surface
elevation, reference U1: 212 elevation, SPS U2: 51
Stack
Correlation after, process type U1: 149 Correlation before, process type
U1: 148
Impulsive, process type U1: 147 Output button U1: 142 Vibroseismic, process type U1: 151
Stacking Fold SEGD U2: 21 Stacks, number of Low U2: 34 Noisy U2: 34 Stake (see Topographic stake) Standard process type U1: 140 Start colour map scale U1: 248 time, plotter U1: 360 Starting 428 server U1: 16 Static correction (SPS) U2: 51, U2: 65 Statics U3: 181 Statistics VE432 U1: 313 Status codes U1: 321 DSD, get U1: 288 Step negative U1: 182 Vibroseismic source U1: 165 Stop button, Operation U1: 135 Marking U1: 93 Streamer cable number (SEGD) U2: 18 String gain, geophone U3: 173 group, geophone U3: 177 impedance, geophone U3: 173 wiring, geophones U3: 178 Subarrays, number of U2: 64 Subscan exponent U2: 17 Support
Surface elevation SPS U2: 66 Survey description U1: 80 setup U1: 79 Swath backup setup U1: 57 first line (SEGD) U2: 19 first number (SEGD) U2: 19 Sweep
basic signal (Acquisition type) U1: 286 freq start, end (SPS) U2: 49 frequency start,end (SPS) U2: 63 length (SEGD) U2: 22 return signal U1: 289 type, length (SPS) U2: 49, U2: 63
Sync
high line U1: 287
Syntax (see Description) Synthetic file syntax U1: 123 Signal type U1: 123 System scaling U1: 33 shooting U1: 42 System tools IM: 51
USB key management IM: 51
T
T0
mode U1: 294 Repeat Times U1: 293 setup U1: 293
Table
operation U1: 133
Tap
test, LT428 IM: 134, IM: 161
Tape
bypass U1: 259 copy U2: 12
383
Index
drive address 3592 IM: 84 FUJI 3x90, changing IM: 74 FUJI 3x90, displaying IM: 75 LTO IM: 80 drive, install U1: 45 drives, supported IM: 73 Label U1: 255 label (SEGD) U2: 22 Number U1: 255 number of files U1: 256 number, SEGD U2: 22 setup, Export window U1: 255 type, format, density (SPS) U2: 47,
Line Nb, LT428 IM: 136
TFOI
board, replacing TM: 105 cable TM: 99 disassembly instructions TM: 99 reassembly instructions TM: 106
U2: 59 Tape/disk identifier (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 54 Taper U1: 269 length start, end (SPS) U2: 49, U2: 63 TB window, process type U1: 141 window, SEGD U2: 19 Tb to T0 time (SEGD) U2: 21 Test Automatic U1: 160 functions U1: 107 functions, FDU U3: 119 generator U3: 91 Instrument, FDU U3: 124
limit battery U1: 70 Continuity U1: 84 Leakage U1: 84 Noise U1: 84 Sensor U1: 83 Tilt U1: 84 limits, LT428 IM: 133, IM: 139 network, Resistance U3: 100 record result recovery U3: 71 Record, type (SEGD) U2: 19 Sensor, FDU U3: 145 setup U1: 107 shortcut (Topographic view) U1: 67,
U1: 68
Spread U1: 109
Tested
384
Third Notch Frequency (SEGD) U2: 18 Threshold COG radius U1: 213 Hold/Var (SEGD) U2: 21 Init U1: 173 Init Value, noise editing U1: 172 Load U1: 174 Save U1: 174 type tables (SEGD) U2: 21 updating (noise elimination) U1: 193 Tilt error (SEGD) U2: 29 limit (SEGD) U2: 29 Model U1: 114 test U1: 113, U3: 154 Test limit U1: 84 value (SEGD) U2: 29 Time delay, FTB-SOD (SPS) U2: 47, U2: 60 domain, correlation U3: 166 exponential, plotter U1: 355 Interpolation U1: 360 Length, plotter U1: 360 listening U1: 140 management U1: 54 Sequential, plotter U1: 359 SPS U2: 51, U2: 67 Start, plotter U1: 360 Time break SEGD U2: 20 window, SEGD U2: 26 TMS428 U3: 84 TMU428 U3: 84 Tn U1: 276 basic sweep signal U1: 276 To channel (SPS) U2: 52, U2: 69 To receiver (SPS) U2: 52, U2: 70 Tool maintenance, field electronics TM: 14
Index
System IM: 51 USB key management IM: 51
Tools
ST & ST+ cable repair TM: 64 ST+ FM4 plug replacement TM: 79 STSR FM4 plug replacement TM: 84 WPSR cable repair TM: 70 WPSR FM4 plug replacement TM: 84
Topographic stake U1: 66 view U1: 64 Total number of traces (SEGD) U2: 19 Towing depth U2: 64 Trace blocking U1: 256 Data block U2: 25 edit (SEGD) U2: 26 Low U1: 172 Noisy percentage U1: 172 Number (SEGD) U2: 26 number of samples in U2: 19 selecting, plot U1: 351 Sequential, plotter U1: 359 Trace Header Extension (SEGD) U2: 26 Extension Block 1 (SEGD) U2: 27 Extension block 2 (SEGD) U2: 27 Extension block 3 (SEGD) U2: 29 Extension block 4 (SEGD) U2: 30 Extension block 5 (SEGD) U2: 30 Extension block 6 (SEGD) U2: 31 Extension block 7 (SEGD) U2: 33 Extensions (SEGD) U2: 18, U2: 27 SEGD U2: 26 Traces per inch U1: 359 total number of U2: 19 Traces, number of Aux U2: 19 Dead seis U2: 19 Live seis U2: 19 Seismic U2: 19 Tracking box, installing IM: 102 Positioning window U1: 231 vehicle setup U1: 216
Trailer, general U2: 15 Trans socket, replacing TM: 54 Transfer to drive, spec U3: 199 Transmission test IM: 154 test, Line (LT428) IM: 146 troubleshooting U1: 76 Transverse connector, LAUX IM: 224 data rate U3: 199 test, LT428 IM: 134 Transverse (LT428) IM: 154 TREP disassembly instructions TM: 50 reassembly instructions TM: 51 Troubleshooting Line U1: 117 Transmission U1: 76 Type blaster U1: 42 box, detour U1: 92 Model, Polarity (SPS) U2: 47, U2: 48, U2: 49, U2: 59, U2: 61, U2: 62 of process (SEGD) U2: 21 of source (SEGD) U2: 19 plotter U1: 43
U
Uninstalling
patch (client) IM: 63 patch (server) IM: 52
Unit
serial number (SEGD) U2: 31 type (SEGD) U2: 31
Units
how to select U1: 72 spacing X, Y (SPS) U2: 48, U2: 49, U2: 61, U2: 62
Unselect
in Line topographic view U1: 72
Update
field U1: 63, U1: 113, U1: 114
385
Index
Updating
firmware U1: 126 Number of FDUs in link, LT428)
IM: 164 Uphole

time (SEGD) U2: 20 time (SPS) U2: 51, U2: 66
Graphic (normal acquisition) U1: 316 Numeric (normal acquisition) U1: 319 numeric, Line window U1: 77 topographic, line U1: 64
Voltage
reference U3: 87
VP
grabbing radius U1: 214 Id U1: 154 to do, increment U1: 165
URL
opening a session U1: 19 USB key IM: 51 User info U1: 55 local IM: 20 registering U1: 29 remote IM: 21, IM: 22, IM: 23
W
Water
depth (SPS) U2: 51, U2: 66 gun (SPS) U2: 50
V
VA (plotter) U1: 359 Values query builder U1: 251 Var/Hold U1: 173 VE432 functions U1: 295 Vehicle Tracking box IM: 102 Velocity baseplate, monitoring U1: 289 mass, monitoring U1: 289 plotter U1: 355 Vertical datum description (SPS) U2: 45, U2: 56 Stack (SEGD) U2: 18 Vib position accuracy U1: 215 Vibrator QC choice U1: 292 QC limits U1: 291 Radio management U1: 288 T0 U1: 293 type U1: 42 type (SEGD) U2: 16 Vibroseis (SPS) U2: 49 View
386
Watertightness TM: 61 Waypoint first U1: 217 Weathering thickness (SPS) U2: 50, U2: 63 Wiggle U1: 359 Window Length, AGC U1: 355 Number of (noise) U1: 171 TB U2: 19 TB, process type U1: 141 Wing nut, replacing TM: 53 WPSR cable Repairing TM: 70 Wz Velocity, AGC U1: 355
X
XDEV
connector, LAUL IM: 223 connector, LAUX IM: 225 socket, replacing TM: 57
Xmit
test, Line ( LT428) IM: 146 test, Transverse (LT428) IM: 154
Y
Year (SEGD) U2: 13
Index
Z
Zeroed
channel U1: 94
Zeroing
Length (noise) U1: 172 method (noise elimination) U1: 193 noise editing type U1: 171 Taper Length (noise) U1: 171
Zoom
Line window U1: 73
387
Index
388

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428XL

V1.0 Users Manual Vol. 1

Ref. No. 0311430

April 20, 2006

428XL Users Manual Vol. 1

April 20, 2006

428XL Users Manual Vol. 1

Chapters or pages affected

Description of revision or reason for change

April 20, 2006

428XL Users Manual Vol. 1 April 20, 2006

The Setup menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

On Line/Off Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Numeric views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 The Survey setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

The Layout setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

The Spread Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Test functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

The Form Line setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

The Synthetic setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 The Download setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

428XL Users Manual Vol. 1 April 20, 2006

The Process Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

The Source Point Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154

The Seismic setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158

The Source Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

The Delay setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 The Noise Editing setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

VE432 sweeps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 Flip-Flop sweeps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 Slip-sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

More About Noise Elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

More About Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198

The geographical view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

The Tracking view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231

The Alert system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

Working with the GIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247

Basic Geodesy Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252

The Functions menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

Reading exported files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262

428XL Users Manual Vol. 1 April 20, 2006

The Basic Type setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269

Normal acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315

DPG/DSD status codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321

The Shooting setup window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333 Operator reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336

Test records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361

428XL Users Manual Vol. 1 April 20, 2006

428XL Users Manual Vol. 1 April 20, 2006

Getting started Overview

Getting started Overview

To start the server, if required, see Starting/stopping the 428XL server on

428XL Users Manual Vol. 1 April 20, 2006

Getting started Starting/stopping the 428XL server

Starting/stopping the 428XL server

428XL Users Manual Vol. 1 April 20, 2006

Getting started Opening a user session

Opening a user session

428XL Users Manual Vol. 1 April 20, 2006

Getting started Opening a user session

428XL Users Manual Vol. 1 April 20, 2006

Getting started Opening a user session

428XL Users Manual Vol. 1 April 20, 2006

Getting started Opening a user session

Installation Configuration Line Operation Export Positioning

Figure 1-6 Launcher bar

Getting started Opening a user session

428XL Users Manual Vol. 1 April 20, 2006

Getting started Hands-on guide