Thiruvananthapuram: City Development Plan

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION

JNNURM
CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
Submitted by
Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation

&
Local Self Government Department, Government of Kerala
Submitted to
Ministry of Urban Development

&
Ministry of Employment and Poverty Alleviation
Government of India
September 2006
Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation City Development Plan
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Executive Summary i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
BACKGROUND
JNNURM is a basic platform provided by central Government to the states and Urban Local Bodies for
improving the urban infrastructure in a financially sustainable manner and to integrate the poor with service
delivery system. In Kerala two cities Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi has been included under the JNNURM.
The objective of CDP for Thiruvananthapuram is to identify and plan the future economic growth of the city
and to reduce urban poverty. This can be achieved by developing proper framework, enhancing the
creditworthiness of the Municipal Corporation and integrating the urban poor with the service delivery
systems. Through this opportunity the Municipal Corporation plans to look at the various financing options
for city development including private sector participation, thereby inviting participation of business,
industries, civic groups, NGOs, and communities in local decision making.
THE PROJECT AREA

Though the project is mainly intended to the city area, the immediate peripheral urbanizing areas of the
adjoining Panchayats can also be included resulting in total population size of the project area as 8.9 lakh
(2001 census). Considering this in view the Urban Agglomeration of Thiruvananthapuram city as per census
2001 has been considered as the project area for JNNURM.
2001 census
Thiruvananthapuram Urban Agglomeration Area in sq.km Population
Thiruvananthapuram city 141.74 7,44,983
Kozhakuttam (out growth) 5.03 14,410
Sreekariyam (out growth) 8.87 21,431
Kudappanakunnu (out growth) 7.69 38,175
Vattiyoorkavu (out growth) 11.11 41,890
Kovalam (out growth) 3.33 28,746
Total 177.77 8,89,635
FINANCING ARRANGEMENT
As per the JNURM norms, for a city with a population of less than 10 lakhs, Government of India would fund
80 percent of the total project cost as Grant and the State Government and ULB will each fund 10 per cent
of the total project cost. Various financing options can also be considered by the ULB to finance the
proposed projects. It is planned to pool the funds received from the ADB assisted KSUD Project for the
contributions to be made from the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation.
PROCESS OF PREPARATION OF CDP

A Core Committee of experts including serving officers of the various sectors of development in the
Government and quasi Government organizations, experts from scientific organizations like NATPAC and
external experts, with experience in town planning, municipal administration and urban project preparation
was constituted. A small team was formed as a Rapid Assessment Group (RAG) who met daily and decided
on the modus operandi to be followed in the formulation of CDP, which was approved in the subsequent
Core Committee meetings.
With the Mayor as the Chairman, the Core Committee held a series of consultations with Councilors, political
leaders, MLA, senior officials of government, senior functionaries of various government organizations,
residents associations, professional organizations, senior citizens, representatives of the centers of
physically & mentally challenged, representatives of INTACH, IMA, ADS, CDS, women’s organisations,
NGOs, bank officials, media personnel, etc.
All the relevant reports and studies undertaken so far on various sectors were also studied for formulation of
the CDP.
Executive Summary ii
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION FOR JNNURM

Based on the suggestions made in the consultation process, ongoing projects in a few sectors and earlier
studies, large number of priority project components in various sectors were identified. The future
development perspective of the Capital City was debated and evolved. Based on this, Development Vision
and Development strategies of the Capital City Region were prepared. The identified priorities were matched
with this development perspective for a horizon period of 25 years.
The above were considered to be integrated with the permissible components under Urban Infrastructure &
governance and Basic services to the urban poor, which are the sub-missions under JNNURM.
As the outcome of the above exercise, the priority project components were identified. Assistance of the
respective sector agency was sought to finalize the scope of the priority components to identify the sub-
components, work out the implementation cost of the individual components and to prepare phasing plan.
DEVELOPMENT VISION AND STRATEGIES
The traditional dignified Capital City of Thiruvananthapuram aspires to become a national city with
its strength as a centre of advanced studies, as the hub of modern technology based industries and
as a national harbour city, offering high quality of environment for living, working and visiting
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
Major project components and approximate costs under urban infrastructure sector were planned and
worked out by the respective departments based on stakeholder consultations and existing studies /
projects. The project components under each sector and the estimated cost are briefed in the subsequent
pages.
WATER SUPPLY
Thiruvananthapuram Water Supply Scheme, commissioned in 1933, is one of the oldest Water Supply
Schemes in India. The scheme is fully owned and maintained by the Kerala Water Authority. The present
scheme area comprises 183.76 sq. km with complete coverage of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation (141.74
sq. km) and partial coverage of adjoining Panchayats viz. Sreekariyam, Kudappanakunnu and
Vattiyoorkavu. Karamana river is the source of water for the Thiruvananthapuram water supply scheme.
There are two reservoirs constructed at the upstream of the river for sufficient storage of water – at
Aruvikkara (2 Million Cubic Meter storage capacity) & Peppara (70 Million Cubic Meters storage capacity; 25
km upstream of Aruvikkara reservoir). The service area is broadly divided into 5 zones viz. Peroorkada
Zone, PTP Zone, Low Level Zone, Observatory Zone and Manvila Zone. There are water treatment plants at
Aruvikkara, PTP Nagar and Vellayambalam. Presently the average per capita consumption is around 174
litres per day. The distribution system consists of a complicated network of total length of 2,280 km. The
network is designed for 24 hours water supply.
A new project for the augmentation of the scheme has been taken up by the KWA at a cost of Rs.275.7
crores (revised cost Rs.311.91 crores) with loan assistance from JBIC. The execution of works is expected
to start within 3 months. The ultimate water demand in the service area by 2031 is 410 mld at the rate of 200
lpcd for urban, domestic use along with a provision of non-domestic and industrial requirements and 135
lpcd for peripheral areas. This reflects a wide supply-demand gap of 185 mld by 2031. The ongoing JBIC
project when commissioned by 2009, can supplement 74 mld still leaving the gap of 111 mld. This gap is
proposed to be compensated by a three-way approach. (i) Augment the system by 76 mld to bring more
water to the city (ii) Bring down the Unaccounted For Water (UFW) losses to the range of 15% from 35.5%
by adequate rehabilitation measures and (iii) Cut off some boundary areas from the city WSS by providing
small WSS exclusively for these areas. Out of the supply-demand gap of 185 mld, 74 mld will be taken care
of by 2009 on commissioning of the JBIC project; another 76 Mld will be taken care of by (i) above and the
balance 35 mld by (ii) and (iii) . The ultimate aim on completion of the JNNURM Project is 100% coverage of
the service area with 24/7 water supply till 2031. It is proposed to pool the projects under JBIC with that
under JNNURM so as to achieve the desired objective of 100% coverage with 24/7 water supply.
Executive Summary iii

Key Issues & Challenges

The water supply scheme is very old and needs rehabilitation of transmission lines and strengthening of
under sized mains.
There is a supply–demand gap of 185 mld due to growth in population. Shortage of water is commonly
felt in the coastal belt, elevated areas and some of the outer peripheral areas.
Panchayat areas merged to Corporation in 2001 are not well connected with proper distribution network
and face water shortages.
The adjoining panchayats of Kazhakuttom. Sreekariam, Kudappanakkunnu and Vattiyoorkavu are
subjected to drastic urbanization. The ensuing development of Technocity at Kazhakkuttom and the
shifting of the Collectorate to Kudappanakkunnu would attract a huge increase in population growth
which needs to be addressed properly. A part of the city water supply is diverted to that area by
extending the existing network without strengthening transmission mains. A well-designed distribution
network is also to be established urgently to cope with the increasing demand.
The proposed development of the International Container Transshipment Terminal at Vizhinjam would
also bring in substantial growth in population. The tourist attractions at Kovalam and expected
population growth around Vizhinjam have to be taken into consideration in the total Water Supply
System for the City.
The total physical loss calculated is 35.5%. Around 75% of the physical loss of water is due to the
leakages in deteriorated service connections & pipes. Leaks in pipe joints for transmission and
distribution net work also account for the water loss.
Lack of efficient cost recovery approaches.
Lack of effective communication and modern complaint redressal system.
Being a very old water supply system, net work mapping of distribution system is not updated.
Priority Project Components

Planning Reforms and Institutional Strengthening:
- Development of a master plan
- Energy Audit studies intended for optimization of equipments and reduction in power charges.
- Water Quality monitoring using latest equipments for intense monitoring and corrective measures
so as to ensure quality water even at the farthest points from the plants.
- Communication strategy development and implementation for providing on line complaint redressal
and also to avoid delay in timely maintenance using high-tide systems.
- Human Resources Development aimed at capacity building at different levels.
- Establishment of regulatory authority for timely review and modifications in tariff structure in order to
bring about total self reliance to the TWSS.
- GIS Mapping of Water Supply utility since it is felt that this essential practice of documentation is
now totally non-existent in the sector. This can be the first step towards automation.
- Community initiative support aiming at providing financial supports for the establishment of small
independent Water Supply Scheme intended for use of particular areas like coastal belts.
- Management Information System (MIS) which will ensure more transparency and timely responses
in solving problems.
- E-governance aimed at networking different offices so that capturing data and processing data,
which is time consuming can be made much easier.
Service Delivery: Intended for the replacement of house service connections which are very old and are
a cause of concern in terms of expenses on frequent leakages as well as transmission losses.
Water Resources Management: Aimed at reduction in unaccounted for water from 35.5% to 15% and
ensuring revenue generation.
System Expansion: The works envisaged are source augmentation, refurbishment of Water Supply
Projects, introduction of small W.S.S to selected areas for reducing the load of TWSS, refurbishment of
transmission mains aiming at bringing down UFW and revamping water supply equipments and
pipelines in 10 major Hospitals and the Medical College Hospital in Thiruvananthapuram
Executive Summary iv
Citizen Relation Management: The activities envisaged are modernization and extension of the pilot
complaint redressal system of TWSS using better communication systems aimed at providing total
consumer satisfaction.
The total cost for the proposed projects is estimated to be Rs.1042.41 crores distributed over a period of six
years from 2006-2007 to 2011-2012.
SEWERAGE
Thiruvananthapuram Sewerage Scheme [TSS] covers the old Corporation area, having an extent of 74.93 sq. km.
with 50 wards. The scheme area is divided into seven blocks viz., A, B, C, D, E, F and G, for the convenience of
execution of sewerage system. Among the above blocks sewerage facility is available fully or partially in the blocks A
to E.
Block A covers an area of 13.84 sq. km and was commissioned in 1945. The block has 3 lifting stations, one main
pumping station from where the sewage is pumped to a sewage farm at Valiyathura. This Block was recently
augmented. Block B is spread in an area of 5.51 sq. km and was commissioned in 1965. This Block also has a
pumping station from where the sewage is pumped to the Valiyathura sewage farm. The total area of Block C is 4.12
sq. km and was partially commissioned in 1970. This Block covers most of the low lying parts of the city and has a
pumping station which discharges the sewage to the Valiyathura sewage farm. There is a proposal to install a lifting
station in some low lying areas of this Block and also to extend the sewage network in other parts of the Block. Block
D was partially commissioned in 2004 and is divided in to two zones. It covers the areas along the National Highway.
There are four pumping stations in the Block from where the sewage is pumped to the Valiyathuram sewage farm.
Block E is divided into four zones out of which one zone was commissioned in 2004 and the work in remaining three
zones is in the process where land acquisition works are under progress.
The key issues and challenges with respect to sewerage network in the city are:
The existing sewerage network is very old and requires urgent rehabilitation, since frequent
overflows are common.
Sewage overflow from the unsewered areas of the city and adjoining areas into the water body
creates nuisance and unhygienic conditions.
The existing sewage farm at Valiyathura is overloaded, resulting in overflow and seepage to the
Parvathy Puthanar Canal and surrounding water bodies in the area and results in pollution of the
water bodies. This envisages the need for a modern Sewage Treatment Plant at Valiyathura.
New development areas need to be brought under the sewerage network.
Priority project components are:
i. Rehabilitation of existing network and pump houses in Blocks A, B and C is urgently needed as the
design period of the sewer network is over.
ii. Rehabilitation of Sewerage facility in Medical College Campus and other Government Hospitals is in
dilapidated condition and needs repair and up gradation.
iii. Sewerage system in unsewered areas of Blocks A, B and C.
iv. Sewerage System in unsewered areas of Blocks D and E.
v. Extension of Sewerage System to F&G blocks- coastal belt which is generally thickly populated.
vi. Sewerage System to the extended Corporation area.
vii. Sewerage System to adjoining Panchayats in the urban agglomeration consisting of outgrowths of
Kazhakkoottam, Sreekaryam, Kudappanakkunnu and Vattiyoorkavu. The estimated sewage load from
the area is 45 Mld. Kovalam, an outgrowth of the city and also an important tourist destination is
proposed to be covered under the sewerage network.
viii. Sewerage System to the proposed International Container Trans-shipment Terminal at Vizhinjam which
is expected to contribute to increased activity in the area.
ix. Procurement of equipment for maintenance of sewerage system which needs to be strengthened for the
proper functioning of the system.
x. Construction of Sewage Treatment Plant to prevent large-scale contamination of surface and ground
water. The proposed capacity of the STP is 250 Mld. It is proposed to set up a modern Sewage
Executive Summary v
Treatment Plant, to treat the sewage being pumped to Muttathara. The total sewage load of the
extended Corporation area is 250 Mld. Full fledged Sewage Treatment Plants are also to be constructed
to cater to the requirement of outgrowths of Kazhakkuttom, Sreekaryam, Kudappanakkunnu,
Vattiyoorkavu and Kovalam and the anticipated sewage load is 60 Mld. A Sewage Treatment Plant of
10Mld is proposed to be constructed for the benefit of Medical College Campus, and a 15Mld Sewage
Treatment Plant is proposed to cater to the need of Container Terminal Area at Vizhinjam.
The total cost for the proposed projects is estimated to be Rs. 1081.0 crores distributed over a period of six
years from 2006-2007 to 2011-2012.
STORM WATER DRAINAGE

The drainage network of the city consists of two major rivers, few canals, their feeders and lakes. The two
major rivers are Karamana and Killi which flow through the city area. There are a number of drains and
leading drains in the city area like Pazhavangadi thodu, Uloor thodu, Pattom thodu, Kannanmoola thodu
(Amayizhanjan thodu), Thekkenekara canal, Kariyil Thodu, and natural drains like Tettiyar thodu,
Pangappara thodu, Kaimanam-Azhamkal thodu, Amathara thodu, Koori thodu, Vattakkayal Thodu. Other
important drains contributing to storm water drainage to the city canals are Choozhampala thodu,
Anathanathodu, Edanada thodu, Arayalloor Ela thodu and Thiruvallom Pallathukadavu thodu.
Water Conservation is another important area that needs immediate attention. Inspite of abundant water
resources, the city is facing water scarcity. Hence conservation of water is needed to restore the water for
future needs. The developing areas surrounding the city are witnessing lot of construction activities where
large scale filling of wet lands has resulted in blockage of natural drains and reduction in ground water
recharge.
Key Issues
The condition of existing rivers as natural drainage for storm water is deteriorating. Dumping of
domestic wastes and non domestic waste from slaughter houses, markets, hotels, etc., discharge of
sewages directly into the rivers and unscientific and indiscriminate methods of sand mining are resulting
in the erosion of river bed and its banks.
Due to reduced cross sectional area of rivers, flash floods have become common during down pour.
Recurrent floods as a result of insufficient drainage are the perpetual problem faced by
Thiruvananthapuram city since several years. Thampanoor and East Fort areas are the worst affected
with tremendous water logging.
Transitory measures to prevent water logging is tried from time to time to ease the graveness of the
situation. However, an abrupt rain of high intensity disrupts the city life considerably. A permanent
solution to the problem is to be found.
Regular stagnation of water results in environment and health hazards.
The reclamation of water bodies and low lying areas or encroachments for development is the main
reason for water logging. Most of the flood moderation zones inside the city have already been
converted into concrete dwellings and apartments resulting in excessive run off.
Improper maintenance of the already existing drains coupled with excessive run off is the root cause of
flooding inside the city. In-depth study of the present status of the drains, their carrying capacity,
anticipated flood discharge and the probable routing / rerouting may be devised and implemented for
restoring / enhancing the status of drainage network inside the city to solve the issue to a significant
extent.
Priority Project Components for Storm Water Drainage

Karamana River
- River training works for a length of about 20 km on both sides;
- Construction of flood bunds for a length of 14 km;
- Construction of cross structures;
- Construction of four 2-lane bridges to improve conveyance facilities;
- Construction of twenty five foot bridges;
- Construction of two cross weirs to recharge the subsurface water;
Executive Summary vi
- Plantation of bamboo and other soil retaining plants on the river banks;
- Putting up parks on river banks at four locations;
- Repairs to the damaged retaining walls already constructed in Karamana river;
- Easing of curves & removal of islands to facilitate easy and smooth flow ;
- Construction of cross drains for a length of 15 km in the river; and
- Detailed investigation for providing boundary stones.
Killi River
- The river retaining structures for a length of 5 km has to be raised in order to protect the bund
at different locations.
- Lack of sufficient leading drains to take storm water to the river constantly erodes the river
bunds. To tackle this issue, surface drains are to be constructed along the bund on the land
side to take the storm water for a length 5 km on either side at the required locations along with
inlets structures.
- In order to reduce the velocity of flow and to retain water for retention and storage construction
of ten cross bars are required in the river portion. This may act as silt traps also.
- Crossing the bridge at three places is required to be provided to meet the increasing demand
of traffic. Also the provision of 15 foot over bridges at different locations within the city is also
included for public convenience.
- To curb dumping waste in to the river at the crossing portions like bridges, fencings are to be
provided. Also lamp post and benches are proposed at the bathing ghats to make better
ambience.
The civic sense of the people and the feeling of ownership of the public property are to be inculcated through
constant awareness programmes and media. The implementation of these proposals can yield sustainable
benefits only if participation of its beneficiaries is assured.
Drains and leading drains in the city area

Protective works, arresting erosion, desiltation of thodu bed, removal of vegetative growths, fencing in thickly
populated areas, construction of foot over bridges where needed, public awareness programs for upkeep
are some of the restoration works proposed for various drains and leading drains in the city area.
Priority Project Components for Water Conservation
Conservation of tanks and ponds;

Rain water harvesting;
Conservation of Vellayani kayal ;
Conservation of Aakulam Lake; and
Maintenance of KocharThodu.
The estimated cost for storm water drainage and flood control is Rs. 96.40 crores and for water conservation
measures is Rs.79.35 crores. Thus, the total estimated amount under this sector is Rs.175.75 crores.
ENVIRONMENT
Air Pollution
The Kerala State Pollution Control Board is continuously monitoring the ambient air quality at 13 stations
through out the State. Of these, four monitoring stations are located in Thiruvananthapuram city area. The
monitoring results, obtained from these stations show that the quality of air is broadly satisfactory in the city.
However the Respirable Particulate Matter & Particulate Matter is occasionally exceeding the quality limits.
The trend shows that the concentration of the pollution parameters are steadily increasing mainly due to
various developmental activities in the city area in general and the increase in the density of automobile
population and road conditions in particular.
Water Pollution
Executive Summary vii

The water pollution in the city can be broadly classified into two types - pollution in the surface water bodies
and coastal pollution.
Pollution in the surface water bodies:

The three main surface water bodies in Thiruvananthapuram are the Karamana River, Killi River and the
Parvathy Puthanar, a man made canal. The Kerala State Pollution Control Board is continuously monitoring
all the three water bodies. All these water bodies are contaminated with coliform indicating the contamination
due to sewage. The quality of water in the lower reaches of the rivers is particularly not satisfactory.
Coastal Pollution:
In Thiruvananthapuram, one of the main reasons for coastal pollution is the discharge of untreated domestic
wastes due to lack of treatment facilities.
Noise Pollution
Studies conducted show that the noise levels are very high in certain areas of Thiruvananthapuram city. The
studies reveal that one of the main reasons for high noise levels in major streets and commercial areas is
over crowding of automobiles resulting in blowing horns.
Industrial Pollution
Thiruvananthapuram city is not having many industries. The industries, which are making discharge of
wastewater, are brought under the consent administration of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1974. There is full proof mechanism to deal with any violation from the part of industries.
Disaster Management
Due to location and geographical features of the city, it is vulnerable to a number of natural disasters like
coastal erosion, floods, landslides in some high ranges, earthquakes and tsunami.
i. Coastal erosion
Unlike other parts of the country, Kerala seacoast, including Thiruvananthapuram is thickly populated and as
a result the loss due to sea erosion is relatively very high.
ii. Flood
The short duration of intense rainfall, insufficient drainage, etc. create conditions leading to floods in the city.
In Thiruvananthapuram city Karamana River and Killi River are the main channels for storm water drainage.
Sharp meandering of the rivers has lead to bank erosion and thereby deposit of eroded material in the river
bed forming small islands that have reduced the capacity of the rivers. This results in flash floods during
heavy rains.
Also many low lying areas in the city centre get flooded during monsoons as carrying capacities of the
leading drains are not sufficient.
iii. Other Disasters

Landslides in some high ranges, earthquake and tsunami are other likely disasters that can be faced by the
city in the future.
Projects identified and their costing
Air Pollution
- In order to reduce air pollution, it is proposed to install five automatic ambient air quality monitoring
stations at major stations in the city with digital display arrangements.
- Emission from automobiles is to be minimized. In this connection, detailed study has to be conducted on
the replacement of diesel with CNG.
- Adequate attention to be given for maintaining better road conditions. Projects under this are covered
under Traffic & Transportation sector.
Executive Summary viii

Water Pollution
• Side protection and strengthening of the Parvathy Puthanar canal are to be taken up to prevent
pollution. Projects under these are covered under the sector on Storm Water Drainage.
• The drainage connections to the Parvathy Puthanar canal and to all public water bodies are necessarily
to be cut off and septic tanks to be provided for all the houses.
• Planting trees along the river and canal banks and by the side of the roads. Maintenance and upkeep of
these trees to be entrusted with some agency.
• Modern machinery for dry wretting, in places of coir wretting on the sides of T.S canal, can be procured
and given to the societies on proper agreement so that the present state of wretting and the resultant ill
effects can be controlled.
Disaster management
• Shelter belts can be constructed as complementary structures along the coastal line to provide
adequate safety to coastal erosion.
Present practice of sea wall construction is to be supplemented with the plantation of mangroves;
destruction due to tsunami can thus be addressed to some extent.
• Use of artificial offshore reefs as an alternate method to prevent sea erosion. Detailed study and
consultancy is recommended.
• Thiruvananthapuram falls in the Zone III of seismic map. Hence safety devices like fire hydrants need to
be provided in the identified congested areas in the city centre. Also in newly developing areas strict
adherence to the Kerala Municipality Building Rules, 1999 can ensure availability of recreational open
spaces in sub divisions for residential development.
The estimated costing for environment is Rs.24.33 crores.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solid Waste Management is one of the mandatory functions of Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation.
About 270 MT per day of solid waste is generated in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, out of which 200
tones is collected by the Corporation every day, thus having a collection efficiency of 75%. The per capita
waste generation is estimated to be 350 grams per day. The composition of waste generation indicate that
maximum waste generated in the city is domestic waste (53%) followed by commercial waste (app. 20%)
and street sweeping (18 %).
Solid waste management in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation is specific to three areas. The first area
includes 25 wards where comprehensive door to door collection is being carried out under the “Capital City
Clean City” project. For this purpose the Corporation has provided two types of buckets to each household –
green bucket for biodegradable waste and white bucket for non biodegradable waste. Initial feedback
indicates that the programme is highly successful. Around 64% of the households have been covered in
selected 25 wards under this scheme which is 27% of the total households in the city. Collection of waste is
done by women groups formed under the Kudumbashree project and similar groups of other organisations.
The waste so collected is directly transferred to Corporation vehicles at specific transfer points at scheduled
time without touching the ground. The second part consisting of wards belonging to the old corporation area
which are not included under Capital City Clean City at present. In these wards collection of waste is being
done from identified open collection points. The third area comprises of wards from the panchayats that had
been merged with the Corporation in 2000. Here also collection of waste is done at regular intervals (one to
four times a week) from identified open collection points.
The waste collected from various wards is then transported to the processing centre for treatment at
Vilappilsala, located about 16km from the Corporation. Here a mechanical compost treatment plant having a
capacity of maximum 300 tons per day has been set up and operated by a private operator.
Though there are no studies available on future trends of per capita waste generation, there is no doubt that
the quantity of waste generated is bound to increase substantially with the growing population. The actual
Executive Summary ix
trend during the last 3 years shows that the quantity of waste collected and transported has increased from
132 tons/ day in 2003 to over 200 tons/day at present. However, this is mainly due to better collection and
transportation and not due to an absolute increase in quantity of waste generated.
Issues
Segregation of waste not practiced in the wards other than those under the Capital City Clean City
Project.
Lack of effective public participation in segregation of recyclable waste and storage of waste at source.
Awareness building or direct community involvement in waste minimization & practice of reduce, reuse
recycle and recover.
Lack of dustbins at the collection points.
Institutional strengthening and human resources development
Incomplete collection and transportation
Unscientifically designed transport vehicles
Absence of sanitary engineered landfill and recycling plants
Limited capacity of existing compost treatment plant considering the future increase in solid waste
generation.
Challenges
Bringing about behavioral change in the people
Designing of proper equipments & vehicles
Solving issues related to compost plant & sale of compost

Need for training of personnel in SWM
Awareness campaign to bring about change in attitude of people towards solid waste management with
emphasis on Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover.
Promoting segregation and storage of waste at source supported by door-to-door waste collection.
Door-to-door collection of waste to be strengthened and extended to cover the entire city.
In case of larger land holdings at-source management of waste to be encouraged especially in the
peripheral parts of the city to reduce the quantity of waste to be collected and transported.
Introduction of community storage bins In low income areas and slums
Avoid storage bins on the streets and promote direct collection of waste from source to transportation
vehicles. Accordingly, sufficient number of dumper containers to be placed in the market areas
wherever localized treatment by biogas plant is not possible.
Introduction of system for collection of debris / construction waste and garden waste on payment basis.
Facilitate easy primary collection by replacement of wheel barrows with mechanized autos &
containerized push carts.
Proposal for vehicle tracking cum communication system to help integration with door-to-door waste
collection.
Purchase of new vehicles and replacement of old ones to cater to present shortage of vehicles.
Thirty per cent additional vehicles are to be made available to substitute for frequent break downs in
order to avoid collapse of door-to-door collection system.
Additional vehicles needed for collection of debris and garden waste for which O & M is proposed to be
met from the user charges. This would also help to avoid bottlenecks and speed up service delivery.
Dumper containers to be provided in slums, markets and institutions producing bulk waste. Dumper
placers to be procured to lift the dumper containers.
Transfer stations should be urgently established in areas where the waste from the dumper containers
can be transferred to bigger vehicles for transportation. These transfer stations can also receive waste
from door to door collection teams if required.
A workshop for maintenance of the vehicles is also proposed.
Need to increase the capacity of the existing compost plant.
Scientifically designed engineered sanitary landfill essential for the rejects of the compost plant.
Executive Summary x
Proposal to set up a plastic recycling unit to reduce the quantity of waste being brought to land fill site
thereby prolonging its life. Establishment of a sorting and storage facility for recyclable waste is also
essential.
Framing of comprehensive byelaws for solid waste management taking into consideration the relevant
provisions of the Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules, 2000.
Decentralized management of solid waste should be promoted thereby reducing the quantity of waste
reaching the streets. Decentralized treatment plants like aerobic / anaerobic composting; vermi-
composting, bio-gas plants, etc. should be given priority to save cost and to mitigate the ill effects.
Biogas plants (waste to energy plants) can be considered in markets, slaughter house, schools and
other such institutions based on quantity & nature of waste. These should be supported by massive
awareness campaigns to bring about a change in behavior of the public.
Decentralized methods should also be adopted to cater to the solid waste management in surrounding
Panchayats. Awareness campaigns where principle of 4 R’s - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle & Resource
recovery should be promoted. Requisite training and equipments may be provided for promoting
suitable methods of decentralized processing of waste.
One or more market based integrated SWM plants can also be set up. Each integrated SWM plant to
have a biogas plant, vermi composting unit and a waste segregation facility. Each Panchayat also to set
up a collection facility for non biodegradable waste which is to be sorted out and sold off for recycling.
This work can be entrusted to CBOs or NGOs. Payment may be collected from each household for
removal of such waste.
The estimated costing for solid waste and bio-medical waste management is Rs.51.0 crores.
TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION
With the growing population and lack of effective transport system, the city is witnessing a continuous growth
in the traffic, resulting in congestion, accidents, reduced average speeds and several other problems
associated with this. The city has the basic transport infrastructure with bus terminal, railway station and
domestic and international airport terminals. However, due to growing demand and substantial growth
potential, there is an urgent need for enhancement of existing transport system to provide efficient
connectivity at city, state, national and international levels. A detailed analysis of the existing traffic and
transportation system in the city has been done in detail in the report. The situation analysis reveals that
more areas outside the city will have to be opened up for development in order to decongest the CBD area.
Some of the major issues that need to be addressed in developing the transport system in the project area
are:
Various studies on traffic and transportation for the city and the city region have been undertaken in
different contexts which have brought out the salient issues, which need to be tackled as short term
measures and long term measures. Therefore it is possible to directly identify the priorities for project
preparation and implementation.
A few major activity nodes have either already developed or are being developed immediately around
the city. These activity zones, which become major job providers, attract heavy traffic converging to
them from the city. Therefore it is necessary to address the issue of improved connectivity to these
development zones.
Urban activities have a tendency to converge into the city centre causing increased traffic density and
greater stress on infrastructure. This trend can be positively utilised for urban development if these new
growth factors can be guided to selected development corridors, which are planned and developed not
only to accommodate these activities, but also to provide for the required infrastructure support.
Road corridors which link to the regional roads should be prioritized for development and these radial
links should be interconnected by ring roads. Such a network would avoid convergence of traffic
unnecessarily to the city centre.
Maximisation of the available ROW (right of way) of roads, by suitable rehabilitation measures and
planned use of the road space avoiding non-traffic activities getting located within the ROW.
Planned parking facilities for vehicles. The city does not generally have planned off-street parking
spaces, whether at grade or multilevel. As a result of this precious road space is invaded for on-street
Executive Summary xi
parking, affecting traffic movement, especially in a situation where 70 percent of the roads have V/C
ratio (volume capacity ratio) greater that 0.70. (source: CTTS)
Surveys reveal that the share of public (mass) transport system in the city region is only slightly more
than 50 percent. This is decreasing every year. This results in the city roads being flooded with single
passenger occupied vehicles, invading precious road space. This situation is due to various factors like,
inefficiency of the existing bus transport system and vehicle market getting flooded with two and four
wheelers luring the public with financial assistance. An efficient urban transport system has to attract at
least 60 to 70 percent of the travelling public to the mass transport system. This would not only reduce
traffic volume on the city roads, but would also reduce accident rate and reduce expenditure on road
development and maintenance.
High accident rate at the road intersections (junctions) – need for signalization of intersections where
traffic volumes are high.
‘Status hazard’ of being a capital city – attracting frequent demonstrations and road blocks- always
leading to ad hoc traffic diversion measures – lack of ‘intelligent transport systems’
Increasing road accidents
Poor road lighting
Inadequate pedestrian facilities
Need for greater coordination of agencies / departments
The proposals for the traffic and transportation sector are based on the situation analysis and the potential
for new development. Various studies and projects were also referred to form part of schemes/ programmes
like KSUDP, Thiruvananthapuram Capital City Development, Vizhinjam Port development,
Thiruvananthapuram Airport development, Techno Park expansion plans and development plans of
railways. The projects also include road projects that could not be taken up by the Corporation due to lack of
funds. The stakeholder consultations made to aid formulation of projects are also made use of in framing the
projects.
The strategy adopted for identifying the projects gave emphasis on opening up more areas outside the city
for development and thus to decongest the CBD area. Bypasses, ring roads, links to arterial roads, area
development plans, off street parking, efficient public transport system and traffic management are the
measures suggested in the various identified projects for the transport sector.
The major projects identified as part of the Mission are:
Sl.No Components
A Projects that strengthen linkages with NH & regional roads 26 km @ Rs 2.50
crores per km
B Projects for improvement of major links in the city road network 53 km @ Rs
2.5 crores per km
C Intermediate and inner ring road
D Outer ring road for city region
E Development of roads in and around major activity zones - Kazhakuttom,
Chackai -Airport - Kochuveli, Vizhinjam, Kudappanakunnu, Medical College
Hospital, Karakulam & Peyad
F. Dedicated two-lane road connectivity from Vizhinjam Port to National Highway

(parallel to NH by-pass) exclusively for container movement (30 km) @Rs.7
crores per km
G Construction/ Reconstruction of Road Bridges
H Truck Terminals - Vallakadavu, Chalai & Enchakkal
I Grade Separators - flyovers & underpasses
J Parking facilities for vehicles(at grade & multi level)
K Pedestrian facilites - foot over bridges, sub ways, at grade crossing facilities,
foot paths
Executive Summary xii

Sl.No Components
L Public Transport System Improvement
i LRTS /EMU train from Kazhakuttam - Anayar - Air port - Manacaud - Chalai -
Killipalam (Ist phase) 12 km including Feasibility study & DPR @ Rs. 65 crores per
km
ii LRTS / EMU train / additional link to Ulloor
iii Introduction of HCBS (High Capacity Bus System) along selected corridors and
regulation to discourage personal vehicles along these road corridors (Feasibility
studies & Implementation through PPP)
iv Quality up gradation of KSRTC services
HR training
Improvement of existing infrastructure like bus depots, workshops
Computerization of depots and corporate office
Augmentation and replacement of old buses
v Bus terminals (for KSRTC & Private Buses)
Upgradation of Thampanoor bus stand & new bus stand at Enchakkal
Kochu Veli, Kodappanakkunnu, Kovalam, Thirumala, Medical College
Construction of Operating Terminals for private long distance omni buses
vi Development of Railway stations

Pettah
Kochu Veli
Augmentation of infrastructure facilities at Trivandrum Central Railway Station
vii New rail link to Vizhinjam from Balaramapuram
viii Commuter trains between Neyyattinkara and Varkala
ix Inland Water Transport Sector
a Improvement of Kovalam to Veli section of WCC for navigation
b Waterway development from Kovalam to Kolachal
c Waterway connection to airport
Total (Public Transport System Improvement)
M Projects for road rehabilitation & maintenance
i Mobile road repair units (Private participation)
ii Rehabilitation of TMC roads - secondary roads (400 km) @ Rs.50 lakhs per km
iii Heavy maintenance of TMC roads - secondary roads (600 km) @ Rs.30 lakhs per
km
iv Rehabilitation of PWD roads (150 km)
v New footpaths by covering drains with RCC slabs, and providing service ducts for all
major roads for cables and pipes
Total (Projects for road rehabilitation & maintenance)
N Traffic Management
i Bus bays with shelter (100 nos)
ii Signal system in identified intersections (50 nos)
iii Intelligent transport system for the project area
Seed Capital for establishing Capital Region Transport Authority
iv Capacity Building: Training Institute for Road Users (under NATPAC)
v Enforcement & monitoring, Camera Stations, Centralized traffic regulation
Total (Traffic Management)
O Projects for Environmental Management
i Erosion protection cum road (15 km)
ii Green Corridors
Planting of suitable trees on and off the streets
iii Ornamental and information gates to the city at 7 locations
iv Pollution control
CNG conversion of public transport vehicles
Executive Summary xiii

Sl.No Components
Providing public utilities near high density pedestrian areas (25 nos)
Total (Projects for Environmental Management)
Grand Total
The estimated cost of the projects envisaged is about Rs. 3786.54 crores.
HERITAGE
Thiruvananthapuram the capital city of Kerala State, has a continuous cultural heritage of more than
thousand years. It has inherited a number of beautiful buildings some of which were given a peculiar brick
red colour like the Napier Museum and its two entrance gates, University College, Fine Arts College,
Government Arts College, old S.M.V school building (present district court buildings at Vanchiyoor) and the
traditional style buildings of General Hospital, Ayurveda College Hospital, Malayalam Department of
University College, etc. Along with the construction of office buildings residential areas were also developed.
A number of temples, churches and mosques were also constructed in the suburban areas of the temple
town of Thiruvananthapuram, which gradually developed as a cosmopolitan township.
An inventory of the heritage buildings have been made and documented by the Art & Heritage Commission
of Government of Kerala during 2004-06 consisting of traditional residential streets, planned fortified
settlement, temples, churches (during the colonial period), historic palaces, ponds/sacred tanks, educational
institutions, historic public buildings, historic public gardens and remains of old cantonment.
The key issues & challenges under heritage sector are:

Lack of adequate regulatory mechanism to conserve heritage structures and precincts and to notify
them as protected.
Making available the traditional building materials for the maintenance of heritage structures and
also services of skilled traditional craftsmen.
Threat due to climatic variation, termite attack, fire etc.
In order to maintain the heritage value of the city, owners of private heritage buildings are often
not permitted to build and earn in tune with the development trend in that area which calls for
incentives as compensatory measures.
Sensitisation on the need for conservation of Heritage buildings and precincts.
The areas which require conservation of precincts including restoration and preservation of heritage
buildings and natural heritage in Thiruvananthapuram can be broadly classified as follows:
1. Fort Area Heritage Zone
2. Palayam Area
3. Shanghumughom Area
4. Thycaud Area
The buildings that are outside these identified areas are also listed under proposed conservation projects.
Some of the interventions needed for revitalization of the Fort Area, a premier heritage area in the State,
have been taken by the State Government. Certain legislative measures and projects for conservation of
these areas on a piecemeal basis have also been taken up.
The priority project components for conservation of the four identified areas and buildings outside these
areas are:
Palace Complex Heritage Precinct
Valiya Koyikkal Heritage Precinct
Arat Road Heritage Precinct
Vadakkenada Environs Heritage Precinct
Mithranandapuram precinct
Mathilakom ( Main temple) precinct
Executive Summary xiv

Office Complex precincts

Other buildings outside the above precincts
Fort wall
Paving of streets / heritage corridors/footpaths
Street furniture
Street lighting
Outsourcing expertise, documentation etc.
Items of work included for restoration of buildings and their premises include replacement of decayed/
missing structural wooden members; restoration of laterite/ brick masonry works in lime mortar, lime
plastering; restoration of storm water drainage works, restoration of decorative works in wood; repairs of
doors & windows and providing suitable fixtures; repairs & restoration of ceiling; aluminum sheet protective
cover for roof; roof tiling, paving with appropriate flooring materials, electrification works; removal of recent
additions and alterations and surface coatings to/on the historic structures & premises and corrections if any
required with appropriate material; protective coatings on wood, correcting sunken basements, providing
smoke detecting & fire extinguishment arrangements, protective mesh to prevent entry of bats, lightning
arresters and anti-termite treatment; clearing away debris by lorry load far away from the vicinity of heritage
zone, lighting & illuminating the buildings & premises; landscaping, restoration of the ponds, construction of
protective retaining walls, site clearance and removal of destructive vegetation; paving pathways,
restoration/ transplantation/ reconstruction of compound walls, construction or reconstruction/ remodeling of
other structures within the premises in harmony with the heritage character of the areas.
The fort wall restoration would include clearing and restoring the Fort and rampart inside and outside the fort
wall and paving the same to provide a walk way around. It would comprise of landscaping work including
lighting and removal of encroachments and other constructions and their rehabilitation wherever required.
The total project cost estimated for conservation of heritage in identified areas is Rs.125.4 crores. For details
refer Table: Phase.7.1.
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
The State and Thiruvananthapuram district being blessed with unmatched diversity provide immense scope
for tourism and is considered as one of the sectors, which can drive its economy and attain socio-economic
development. Thiruvananthapuram city is a hub to reach all the neighbouring tourist destinations that include
renowned beaches (Kovalam, Varkala), historic monuments, backwater stretches, hill stations (Ponmudi)
and a rich cultural heritage.
Thiruvananthapuram is one of the leading districts on the basis of tourist arrival to Kerala. It is continuing as
the second leading district in terms of foreign tourist arrivals and third leading district in terms of domestic
tourist arrival to the State. The tourist arrival to this district is showing an increasing trend over the years.
Between 2001 and 2005, the foreign tourist arrival has increased by 89.78% and the domestic tourist arrival
has increased by 11.63%. Also this district is contributing more than 34% of the total foreign tourist arrivals
and more than 14% of the domestic tourist arrivals to the State.
Some of the important tourist destinations in the district are Kovalam Beach, located 16 km south of
Thiruvananthapuram; Neyyar Dam, a popular picnic spot, located 32 km away from the city; Varkala, a
seaside resort and spa and an important Hindu centre of pilgrimage; Ponmudi, a hill resort at 1000 m above
mean sea level located 61 km away from Thiruvananthapuram city. Some of the major tourist destinations
within the city are Padmanabha Swamy temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu, known for Kerala and Dravidian
style of architecture; Kuthiramalika Palace Museum, with rare specimen of workmanship in the traditional
Travancore style of architecture; Napier Museum, an Indo-Saracenic structure built in the 19th century; Sree
Chithra Art Gallery, displaying select paintings of Raja Ravi Varma, Svetlova, and Nicholas Roerich;
Shangumugham Beach, situated 8 km away from the city, a favourite haunt of sunset watchers; Veli Tourist
Village, a picnic spot adjoining Veli Lake meeting the Arabian Sea; Akkulam Tourist Village, a picnic spot
with boating facilities and children’s park. The other tourist attractions in the Thiruvananthapuram city and
Executive Summary xv
surroundings include Kanakakunnu Palace, Observatory Hills, Zoological Park apart from large number of
heritage buildings and monuments.
Key Issues and challenges

The specific issues with respect to tourism in Thiruvananthapuram city and surroundings include:
Lack of drinking water, drainage, transportation, and sewage disposal schemes at Kovalam.
Poor accessibility to Poovar, Akkulam, Neyyar Dam, Ponmudi etc
Unplanned growths at Kovalam, Sangumughom etc.
Lack of variety of tourism products
Solid and liquid waste management issues at all destinations
Lack of connectivity between the destinations
Lack of sufficient accommodation, convention and recreation facilities
Strategies
The strategies in tourism development include the following:
Implementation of "Tourism Vision 2025" with focus on sustainable development by conservation
and preservation of heritage
Development of selected tourist destination with proper planning for development so as to retain
high quality of aesthetic and environmental beauty and to develop the destinations in a sustainable
and eco-friendly manner
Development of basic infrastructure and ensure cleanliness of tourist destinations
Development of specialized tourism like eco-tourism, health tourism, rural tourism, adventure
tourism and plantation tourism besides back-water tourism
To develop Infrastructure through private sector and Public - Private-Partnership with Government
acting as a facilitator and catalyst
Continuation of extensive and aggressive marketing of Kerala at National and International markets
as a unique tourist destination for up-market clientele with specific reference to
Thiruvananthapuram
Promotion of domestic tourism especially pilgrim tourism
Strengthening local tourism initiated by local Governments
Ensure quality in tourism services and facilities
Human resource development
To ensure safety and security of tourists
To develop and promote souvenir, handicrafts, artefacts & shopping industry
Formation of new tourism zones
Proposed Projects
A detailed list of infrastructure projects to be taken up by various line departments is included under the
tourism sector in the report. The projects that would be taken up by the Tourism department are:
Tourist Facilitation and entertainment complex at Kovalam
Beautification and landscaping of waterfront and other areas at Kovalam
Development of Edakkallu and surrounding at Kovalam
Development of Kerala Gramam at Kovalam
Development of various undeveloped beach stretches in and around Kovalam for the dispersal of
tourism activities
Beautification and providing Tourist facilities at Parvathi Puthanar Canal from Akkulam to Kovalam
Beautification and providing tourist facilities at Karamana River including facilities for river cruising
Development of Valiathura -Shanghumugom Beach as a leisure zone including tourist facilities,
childrens park, landscaped area etc
Development of veli including parking area, shopping malls, conference facilities, children’s park,
landscaping, fountains etc
Waterfront development at Akkulam including walkways
Development of Akkulam tourist village and surrounding
Development of Arts and Crafts Village
Development of Tourist facilitation complexes at Vizhinjam and Kochuveli
Executive Summary xvi

Lighting of Tourist Destinations and enroute

Tourism Signages including welcoming arches, road Signages, Signages at the destinations etc
Improving tourist facilities such as facilitation centres, information centres, quality toilets, and
beautification of different public spaces enroute
Development of Helicopter/Seaplane terminals at Kovalam and Akkulam
Development of Exhibition centres at Suryakanthi Utsavanagari
Face lifting of Public Office and other important public buildings abutting major road corridor
The estimated cost for all the above mentioned projects is Rs.197.0 crores.
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Under social infrastructure, the major components covered include markets, education, health and leisure &
sportsabatoirs, crematoriam ground etc. . A brief description has been made on the availability and status of
social infrastructure especially markets in the project area.
Thiruvananthapuram is a prominent regional market. Most of the markets selling various kind of produce are
located in Chalai area of the city. One of the major drawbacks of Chalai market is that it is extremely
congested with a mix of whole sale and retail activities and needs urgent redevelopment. There are other
sub-markets and zonal markets which if developed can share the load of Chalai market. Other than these
prominent markets there are some informal roadside markets, vegetable & fruit stalls in various housing
colonies and vendor markets.
Some of the projects proposed for market development in the project area are:
Chalai Market extension and Redevelopment (Includes construction of new market building,
Redevelopment works in the market, Traffic improvement, Improvement of surface water drainage
facilities, SWM improvements)
Develop of two acres of land in Palayam Market for public market development which would include
vegetable stall, fish and meat stall, stall for general merchandise and open vending platform with roof.
Development of zonal markets at Manacaud, Peroorkada, Vattiyurkkavu and Punnakkamughal
Area level markets within the city at 12 locations (Ulloor, Sreevaraham, Kadakompally, Poonkulam,
Kuravankonam, Pachalloor, Mannanthala, Pongumudu, Poonthura, Vallakkadavu, Valiyathura,
Thirumala)
Redevelopment of whole sale market at Pangodu
Construction of building Material Markets at Ulloor, Ambalathara, Peroorkada and Pappanamcodu
The total estimated cost for market development in the project area is Rs.123.80 crores and that under
social infrastrucure is Rs.156.30 Crores.
Details of priority projects & their costing for education, health and sports have not been worked out since
these sectors do not fall under the purview of JNNURM as per the guidelines issued by Government of India.
BASIC SERVICES TO THE URBAN POOR
Urban Poor in Thiruvananthapuram city

The population of urban poor in the city is 120367 which accounts to 16.16 % of the total city population. To
address the problems of all these categories of the urban poor population, the City needs a comprehensive
policy on urban poor with a mission mode approach. The report describes some of the earlier Government &
TMC level Interventions to reduce poverty in the city.

Lack of authentic and dependable data on the various aspects of poverty including number and
classification of slums, status of infrastructure and access to services like water and sanitation,
livelihood etc.
Though the Kerala Slum (Clearance & Improvement) Act of 1980 provide for notification of slums, the
urban slums have not been notified till now. Rules have to be framed specifying norms for identification,
Executive Summary xvii

categorization/classification etc. of urban slums, based on which the slums can be notified. The Act
itself requires drastic change in view of the post enactment developments and present day realities.
Land tenure is a critical issue in addressing the problems of the poor. In the absence of tenure rights,
the poor people living in slums are not in a position to access social and economic benefits under
poverty reduction programmes. They also do not have freedom to upgrade their houses, as they do not
have title over the land on which they reside.
Deficiency of infrastructure & deterioration of existing infrastructure pose a serious problem due to poor
maintenance.
Poverty alleviation programmes, projects for housing for the poor and projects for provision of
infrastructure for the poor generally consider only the identified housing areas. The informal settlements
and the scattered poor population are rarely taken as beneficiaries.
The convergence of programmes and co-ordination between institutions to address the problems in an
integrated and meaningful way is a major challenge in effective implementation of poverty reduction
programmes.
The present manpower working in the Local Government Institution and with the NGOs lack expertise to
provide professionalism in planning and implementation. They generally base the strategies on
experience and the felt need for short horizons.
Lack of awareness among the poor on the opportunities for better living and employment.
Vision & Strategies

‘A Poverty Free Thiruvananthapuram City by the Year 2031’. The vision is to transform the Capital City into a
‘Poverty Free City by the Year 2031’.
The report details the strategies for the realization of goals through effective implementation that include
development of a database of urban poor; development of participatory planning process; policy framework
for land tenure for poor; Provision of clean environment; education through setting Remedial Education
Centres; organizing Children’s Neighbourhood Groups; Special packages for the coastal poor; development
of self employment opportunities; Geriatric Care; Street Children; packages for women in distress; Social
security needs of the poor; Special packages for mentally and physically challenged; re-habilitation of
destitutes; convergence of poverty reduction programmes; provision of infrastructure; capacity building of
staff; and bringing the poor and destitute to the mainstream.
1. General Projects
a. Livelihood Oriented Business Schools (LOBS)

The objectives of the project are to provide livelihood-oriented training for the poor at nominal cost
/fee irrespective of any of the categorisation as coastal population, slum etc.; Career guidance;
Providing assistance in placements; Facilitating to start low investment self-employment ventures.
Detailed methodology is described in the Report for implementation of the project. It mainly
comprises of capacity building, tailor made courses and career guidance/counseling centres.
b. Marketing Support for Urban Poor

For handholding and escort service to the entrepreneurs from BPL families, permanent marketing
outlets in the prime parts of the city are proposed. The land for these marketing outlets would be
provided by the City Corporation. A suitable marketing strategy to support these entrepreneurs for
marketing their products would help them to engage in micro enterprises with confidence.
c. Other projects
i) Urban Slums
Based on the location features and the general population characteristics a detailed categorization
of the Slums in the city has been attempted which included slums located in low lying areas;
located along the sides of canals and water bodies; located adjacent to sewage and drainage
Executive Summary xviii

ponds; slums with concentration of fisher folk and Scheduled Caste population. These slums have
also been categorized on the basis of their characteristics. Justification for the various interventions
being suggested is done taking four slums as case studies of these categories - Kanjirampara SC
Colony in the peripheral area of the city, Chengalchoola (Rajeev Nagar) slum located in the central
city area, Karimadom Colony in the central market area and by the side of a sewage pond and
Poonthura Pambur Colony, near the coastal area.
Two major components of the improvement measures have been suggested:

Home and Environment
Focus is needed to be given to improve the living conditions of the slum inhabitants.
Support Systems
There is a need to empower the beneficiary population and enable them to catch up with the rest of
the population. Some of the support services suggested are day care centres for young children,
Remedial Education Centres for school dropouts and for school going students who need teaching
assistance, these centres to be also used as vocational training centres, centre for counseling/
Preventive Health Clinics for people of all age group, and Community Centres for use of both men
and women. These can also function as meeting halls and for vocation centres for NHGs, provision
of play fields and organized open spaces for out door activities and recreation.
ii) Coastal Population

The project components include Seashore Protection; Housing; Sanitation; Drinking Water Facility;
Health Intervention; Other Infrastructure Needs like roads, storm water drains and street lights; Pre-
primary Education, Micro Fishing Harbours, Fish Auction Centre cum Drying Yard; Multi-purpose
community centre cum disaster shelter and; Transportation facilities.
iii) Informal Sector - Street Vendors

The important locations where street vendors mainly operate in the TMC area are East Fort ,
Chalai, Manacaud, Thampanoor ,Statue, Palayam, Karamana, Kesavadasapuram, Vazhuthacaud
and in the roads that lead to the out skirts of the city such as Medical College, Ulloor and
Sasthamangalam etc. It is estimated that approximately 3700 street vendors are operating in the
city. Detailed surveys and studies need to be conducted to identify the status correctly. The project
components include spatial planning – demarcation of vending zones and provision of semi
permanent infrastructure.
iv) Other Vulnerable Sections

Destitute
Project components include Identification of destitute families using community volunteers including
training, printing of survey schedules etc.; Participatory need assessment; Preparation of zone wise
projects; Provision for regular supply of food for three years for 1000 families; Health care;
Pensions; Education; Shelter – New House; Shelter up gradation – Repairs; Civic amenities;
Awareness camps/counseling support and; Renovation and maintenance of existing poor
homes/destitute homes.
Children at Risk including Street Children
Project include Identification of children at risk; setting up 3 rehabilitation centers including
counseling centers; up gradation of existing rehabilitation centers / juvenile homes; Setting up of
bridge schools for working children for schooling (4 nos); Organization of children’s group and;
Awareness camps/ sensitization workshops and advocacy
Physically & Mentally Challenged

Project activities include Identification of such people; Setting up of special school for differently
abled (5 Nos); Setting up of vocational training centers for the differently abled (2Nos); Renovation
and maintenance of existing schools (3 Nos); and Transport facilities to bring children to the school
(10Nos)
Executive Summary xix

v) Geriatric
Project components are identification of old age people requiring special care; Setting up of
geriatric care centers (10 N0s) and; Transportation facilities for daily commuters
v) Women in distress
Project components include Socio economic survey to identify the women in distress; Establishing
gender resource center (4 Nos); Setting up of short stay homes (5Nos); Setting up of skill
development centers (3 Nos); Formation of Adolescent girls clubs and; Renovation and
maintenance of existing short stay home / Abala mandiram etc.
vi) Pavement Dwellers

Project components are night shelters (8 nos.); pay-use toilets (50 nos.); Informal Sector Market
Yards in eight zones; and open land dormitory shelter (4 nos.)
The estimated cost for all the above mentioned projects is Rs.577.20 crores.
Project Component and Approximate Cost under Urban Infrastructure Sector

(Rs. Crores)
Sl. Sector Project cost (Rs.
No. crores)
1 Water Supply
Projects under JNNURM 730.50
JBIC Project 311.91
Total 1042.41
2 Sewerage 1081.00
3 Storm Water Drainage
Drainage & flood control 96.40
Water Conservation 79.35
Total 175.75
4 Environment 24.33
5 Solid Waste Management 51.00
6 Traffic and Transportation 3786.54
7 Urban Regeneration 200.00
8 Heritage & Tourism
Heritage 125.40
Tourism 197.00
Total 322.40
9 Social Infrastructure 156.30
10 Basic Services to Urban Poor 577.20
Grand Total 7416.93
Executive Summary xx
Contents
PART - A
INTRODUCTION, STATUS STUDIES, DEVELOPMENT VISION
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objective and Scope of City Development Plan 3
1.3 Process of Preparation of CDP 4
1.4 City Planning Efforts - An Overview 7
1.4.1 Master Plan/Development Plan for Thiruvananthapuram 7
1.4.2 Studies on Transportation by NATPAC 9
1.4.3 Report on Urban Slums in Kerala 10
1.4.4 Kerala Urban Development Project (KUDP) 10
1.4.5 Theerapatham Urban Development Project 11
1.4.6 Comprehensive Traffic & Transportation Study (CTTS) Report - CES 11
1.4.7 Report on Solid Waste Management – Vilappilsala 12
1.4.8 Preliminary Report on Thiruvananthapuram Development Vision-CES 12
1.4.9 Draft Final Report on Thiruvananthapuram Development Vision –
Ernst & Young 14
1.4.10 JBIC Report on Water Supply Up-Gradation Project 15
1.4.11 Evaluation of Decentralisation Process in Thiruvananthapuram
Municipal Corporation 16
1.4.12 Review of Existing National and State Level Policies 17
1.4.13 Vision 2010 – On the Lines of Mission Initiated by President of India 26
1.5 Structure of the Report 27
2.0 STRENGTHENING DECENTRALIZATION AND URBAN LOCAL GOVERNANCE 29

2.1 Introduction 29
2.1.1 Development Reforms 29
2.1.2 Financial Reforms 30
2.1.3 Governance Reforms 32
2.1.4 Policy Back-Up 34
2.1.5 Institutional Back-Up 35
2.2 Summing Up 37
3.0 PROFILE OF THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 38

3.1 Planning Area and Demography 38
3.1.1 Urban Scenario 38
3.1.2 Thiruvananthapuram City Region (TRIDA Area) 39
3.1.3 Thiruvananthapuram Urban Agglomeration 40
3.1.4 Population Growth Trends 41
3.2 Economic Base 43
3.2.1 Occupational Structure 43
3.2.2 Major Sectors of Economic Growth 45
3.2.3 Informal Sector 47
3.2.4 Key Issues & Challenges 48
3.3 Land Use 48
3.3.1 Physical Characteristics 48
3.3.2 Land Use Pattern 49
3.3.3 Growth Pattern 49
3.3.4 Key Issues & Challenges 50
3.4 Gender in Urban Infrastructure Development, Governance & Poverty
Alleviation 51
4.0 DEVELOPMENT VISION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES FOR THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 56

4.1 Development Vision 56
4.1.1 Vision Statement 56
4.1.2 Comprehensive Development Vision 56
4.2 Development Strategies for Thiruvananthapuram City Region 58
4.2.1 Strategies for Comprehensive Long Range Development of the
City Region 59
4.2.2 Programmes for the Development Nodes 59
4.2.3 Infrastructure Development in the City 61
4.2.4 Urban Poor 62
PART - B
DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
5.0 WATER SUPPLY 64

5.1 Existing Water Supply Scheme 64
5.2 Water Tariff 66
5.3 Integration with Ongoing JBIC Project 67
5.4 Growth Trends, Future Demand & Scope for Augmentation of Source 68
5.5 Key Issues, Challenges and Goals. 68
5.6 Priority Project Components 69
5.7 Broad Costing and Phasing 73
6.0 SEWERAGE 76
6.1 Existing Sewerage Scheme 76
6.2 Major Developments and Initiatives 77
6.3 Key Issues, Challenges and Goals 77
6.5 Broad Costing & Phasing 81
7.0 STORM WATER DRAINAGE 82

7.1 Existing Drainage Network 82
7.2 Water Conservation 87
7.3 Key Issues, Challenges & Goals 89
7.5 Broad Costing & Phasing 98
8.0 ENVIRONMENT 100

8.1 Air Pollution 100
8.2 Water Pollution 100
8.3 Noise Pollution 102
8.4 Industrial Pollution 102
8.5 Disaster Management 103
8.6 Projects Identified and their Costing 104
9.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 108

9.1 Generation of Solid Waste in the City 108
9.2 Present Practices of Solid Waste Management 109
9.3 Bio-Medical Waste Management 112
9.4 Key Issues & Challenges 113
9.5 Goals, Strategies & Projects 113
10.0 TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION 120

10.1 Importance of Transportation in Thiruvananthapuram City Region 120
10.2 Road Network 120
10.2.1 Existing Roads 121
10.2.2 Road Hierarchy and Ownership 122
10.2.3 Major Issues 122
10.3 Traffic Flow and Travel Demand 123
10.3.1 Traffic Flow 123
10.3.2 Through Traffic 125
10.3.3 Pedestrian Facilities 126
10.4 Vehicular Growth and Composition 126
10.5 Mode Split and Modal Split 126
10.6 Public Transport System 127
10.6.1 Bus Transport 127
10.6.2 Rail Transport 128
10.6.3 Air Transport 130
10.6.4 Water Transport 130
10.6.5 Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) 130
10.7 Vehicular Parking 131
10.7.1 Problems and Issues 131
10.7.2 Parking Demand and Critical Areas 131
10.8 Traffic and Transportation Safety 132
10.9 Street Lighting 134
10.10 On-Going and Proposed Projects 135
10.10.1 On-Going Projects 135
10.10.2 Proposed Projects 135
10.11 Key Issues and Challenges 136
10.12 Vision and Strategies 137
11.0 URBAN REGENERATION 147
12.0 HERITAGE & TOURISM 149

12.1 Heritage 149
12.1.1 Introduction 149
12.1.2 Situation Analysis 149
12.1.3 Key Issues, Challenges and Vision 156
12.1.4 Priority Project Components 158
12.1.5 Broad Costing and Phasing 159
12.2 Tourism 161
12.2.1 Present Status 161
12.2.2 Important Tourist Destinations in the District 163
12.2.3 Key Issues and Challenges 164
12.2.4 Vision & Strategies 165
12.2.5 Proposed Projects, Costing and Phasing 165
13.0 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE 169

13.1 Development of Markets 169
13.2 Service Abattoirs within the City 176
13.3 Cremation Grounds 178
13.4 Education 179
13.5 Health 180
13.6 Leisure & Recreation 181
PART – C
14.0 STUDY OF URBAN POOR IN TMC AREA 185

14.1 Urban Poor in Thiruvananthapuram City 185
14.2 Earlier Interventions of the Government & TMC 186
14.3 Key Issues & Challenges 188
14.4 Formulation of Vision, Strategy and Identification of Projects 190
13.4.1 Vision and Road Map for Basic Services to the Poor 190
13.4.2 Strategies 190
15.0 PRIORITY PROJECT COMPONENTS & BROAD COSTING 193

15.1 General Projects 193
15.1.1 Livelihood Oriented Business Schools (LOBS) 193
15.1.2 Marketing Support for Urban Poor 195
15.1.3 Anganwadis 195
15.1.4 Primary Health Centres 196
15.1.5 Maternity – Child welfare centre 196
15.2 Other Projects 196
15.2.1 Urban Slums 196
15.2.2 Coastal Population 204
15.2.3 Informal Sector 209
15.2.4 Other Vulnerable Sections 211
PART - D
REFORMS, ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE, CITY INVESTMENT PLAN, PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
16.0 MUNICIPAL REFORMS AND IMPROVEMENT IN URBAN GOVERNANCE 223

16.1 State Level Reforms 223
16.2 City Level Reforms 225
16.3 Urban Reforms on the Anvil 226
17.0 FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 231

17.1 Structure and Finances of Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation 231
17.1.1 Organization Structure of Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram 231
17.1.2 Finances of Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation (TMC) 239
17.2 Structure & Finances of the Panchayats in the UA 249
17.2.1 Organization Structure 249
17.2.2 Finances 250
17.3 Finances of Kerala Water Authority (KWA) 250
17.3.1 Mandate and Sources of Finance 250
17.3.2 Financial Performance in Thiruvananthapuram 252
17.3.3 Key Issues 253
17.3.4 Integrating ADB Assisted KSUDP into JNNURM. 254
17.4 City Investment Plan for Thiruvananthapuram UA 255
17.4.1 Financial Plan under JNNURM for providing GOK & TMC
share of contribution 255
17.4.2 City Investment Plan 257
17.4.3 Financial Statement: Thiruvananthapuram. 258
18.0 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM 260

18.1 Implementing Agencies 260
18.2 Project Implementation Unit 260
Annexure
Annexure 1 : Core Committee
Annexure 2 : Minutes of Consultation Meetings
Annexure 3 : Schedule of Consultation Meetings
Annexure 4 : Maps
List of Tables
Table 1.1: Development Plan (2001) Status 8
Table 3.1: Urban Population of India 38
Table 3.2: Details of Urban Population In Kerala 39
Table 3.3: Demographic Details of TRIDA Area 39
Table 3.4: Demographic Details of TRIDA Area, 2001 39
Table 3.5: Demographic Details of Thiruvananthapuram Urban Agglomeration, 2001 40
Table 3.6: Population Projection for Thiruvananthapuram Ua
(MC and the Five Panchayats in Full) 41
Table 3.7: Category of Workers in the Urban Areas of Thiruvananthapuram District 43
Table 3.8: Category of Workers in Thiruvananthapuram Urban Agglomeration 44
Table 3.9: Distribution of Main Workers in Thiruvananthapuram UA 44
Table 3.10: Work Participation Rate in Urban Slums in Kerala 45
Table 3.11: Trends in State Net Domestic Product 45
Table 3.12: Trends in District Net Domestic Product 46
Table 3.13: Trends In Per Capita Income (At Constant Price) 46
Table 3.14: Land Use Pattern (2001) 49
Table 5.1: Thiruvananthapuram Water Supply Scheme 64
Table 5.2: Salient Features of Existing Water Supply Scheme 66
Table 5.3: Details of Water Tariff for Domestic Connections 66
Table 5.4: Details of Water Tariff for Non-Domestic Connections 67
Table 5.5: Details of Water Tariff for Industrial Connections 67
Table 5.6: Broad Costing and Phasing for Water Supply 74
Table 6.1: Broad Costing and Phasing for Sewerage 81
Table 7.1: Broad Costing and Phasing for Storm Water Drainage 98
Table 8.1: Broad Costing and Phasing for Environment 107
Table 9.1: Source of Solid Waste Generation 108
Table 9.2: Households Covered Under Capital City Clean City Project 110
Table 9.3: Composition of Hospital Waste in Percentage 112
Table 9.4: Guidelines for Bio-Medical Waste Collection 112
Table 9.5: Time Frame for Implementing Goals 113
Table 9.6: Broad Costing and Phasing for Solid Waste Management 117
Table 10.1: Road Network in Thiruvananthapuram City 121
Table 10.2: Classification of Major Roads in Thiruvananthapuram 122
Table 10.3: Peak Hour Traffic Distribution at Selected Locations 123
Table 10.4: Peak-Hour Traffic Volume on Selected Road Stretches 124
Table 10.5: Traffic Growth Rate during 2000-04 124
Table 10.6: Speed and Delay Characteristics at Selected Links 124
Table 10.7: Details Of Through Traffic of Commercial Vehicles 125
Table 10.8: Mid-Block Pedestrian Count at Selected Outer City Locations 126
Table 10.9: District Level Growth Trend of Motor Vehicles 126
Table 10.10: Modal Distributions in the City and Panchayat Area 127
Table 10.11: Peak Hour On–Street Parking Accumulation 131
Table 10.12: Parking Deficiencies on MG Road 131
Table 10.13: Details of Road Accidents in Thiruvananthapuram District 133
Table 10.14: Details of Street Light Availability at Selected Road Sections 134
Table 10.15: Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement Projects 135
Table 10.16: Road Projects under KSUDP with ADB Assistance. 135
Table 10.17: Broad Costing and Phasing For Traffic and Transportation 144
Table 12.1: Heritage Projects for Fort Area Heritage Zone 159
Table 12.2: Heritage Projects for Palayam Heritage Zone 160
Table 12.3: Heritage Projects for Shanghumugham Heritage Area 160
Table 12.4: Heritage Projects for Thycaud Area 160
Table 12.5: Heritage Projects for Other Buildings 161
Table 12.6: Phasing of Heritage Projects 161
Table 12.7: Details of Tourists Arrival 162
Table 12.8: Proposed Projects under Tourism 166
Table 12.9: Phasing of Tourism Projects 167

Table 13.1: Phasing of Projects under Market Development 176
Table 13.2: Phasing of Projects under Service Abattoirs 178
Table 13.3: Phasing of Projects under Cremation Grounds 179
Table 13.4: Phasing of Projects under Leisure and Recreation 183
Table 14.1: Access to Urban Services 186
Table 14.2: Poverty Reduction Programmes 187
Table 15.1: Ward wise population details of fishermen settlement 204
Table 15.2: Cost 205
Table 15.3: Project Components and Broad Costing 211
Table 15.4: Project components and Broad Costing 212
Table 15.5: Project components and Broad Costing 214
Table 15.6: Thiruvananthapuram District- Data on Disability 215
Table 15.11: Broad Costing and Phasing for Basic Services to the Urban Poor 220
Table 16.1: Implementation of Reforms at the ULB and State Levels 228
Table 17.1: Revenue Account 241
Table 17.2: Capital Account 243
Table 17.3: Estimated Financial Plan of Thiruvananthapuram Municipal
Corporation for Year 2006-12 248
Table 17.4: KWA Sewerage Connection Fee 252
Table 17.5: Water and Sewerage Operations – Thiruvananthapuram 252
Table 17.6: Project Component and Approximate Cost under Urban
Infrastructure Sector 254
Table 17.7: Estimated Outlay of ADB Assisted KSUD Project for Thiruvananthapuram 255
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
India’s growth is synonymous with the growth of Indian cities and towns. The cities and
towns are acting as major growth centers and act as the hub of many social and economic
activities. According to the 2001 Census, the urban content of the Country’s population was
about 28 percent of the total population of the country. This is estimated to increase to about
40 percent by the year 2021. The current contribution of the cities towards the country’s
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is about 50-55 percent, which is likely to grow with the
increasing urban population and concentration of productive economic sectors in the cities.
Due to increasing pressures of growing urban population, most of the cities and towns are
lacking in basic services and the quality of life in the cities degenerate. The Urban Local
Bodies and other institutions, who are the service providers, face acute shortage of capacity
and resources, notwithstanding the 74th Constitutional Amendment. Unplanned growth, over
stressed and non-reliable civic infrastructure, inadequate financial resources and
dissatisfying urban governance would have a significant impact if not addressed timely and
in a planned manner.
Considering that this state of cities is incompatible with the country’s socio-economic
development objectives and considering the country’s growing role in the world economy,
Government of India has launched a major urban infrastructure development programme
viz., Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), for promoting reforms
and investments in the selected 63 cities. Thiruvananthapuram is one of the eligible cities
under the programme.
Thiruvananthapuram –Historical Background

Thiruvananthapuram, which was previously called Trivandrum, is an ancient city with
tradition dating back to 1000 BC. Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Travancore in
1750. The city gets its name from the word, Thiru-anantha-puram, meaning the city of
Anantha or "the town of Lord ANANTHA", the abode of the sacred Serpent Anantha on
which Lord Vishnu, the preserver of the Hindu trinity, reclines. The town has a history of
supporting fine arts and culture and as a seat of learning.
During the beginning of this century, Travancore Kings made women education compulsory
and free. 15 percent of the state budget was allocated to education, laying the foundation for
100% literacy, which Kerala achieved a few years ago. We can see vivid proof of the
religious tolerance of this state with the location of mosque, temple, and church within yards
of each other at Palayam Junction in Thiruvananthapuram City.
Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of the state of Kerala is a beautiful seaside city built on
seven hills. The city is characterized by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills with narrow
winding lanes and busy commercial alleys. Thiruvananthapuram and its famous beaches are
one of the top tourist destinations in India.
1
Major Transport linkages to Thiruvananthapuram

By Air: Thiruvananthapuram Airport (International) is linked by flights to Cochin, Chennai,
Delhi, Goa, Bangalore and Mumbai. International flights also operate to Colombo, Mali,
Dubai, Abudhabi and Kuwait.
By Rail: Thiruvananthapuram is well connected to every part of the country by train. There
are trains from Mangalore, Ernakulam, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Goa, Mumbai,
Kanyakumari and many other places. Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi cities, the two most
important cities in Kerala are well connected by commuter trains.
By Road: Long distance buses depart from the Central Bus Station (KSRTC Bus Terminal)
at Thampanoor, opposite the Central Railway Station. Buses operate from Chennai,
Madurai, Bangalore and Kanyakumari via Nagercoil to Thiruvananthapuram. Similarly,
Thiruvananthapuram is well connected to the northern parts of the State by buses.
Geography
Thiruvananthapuram is located at 8.5oN 76.9o E on the west coast, near the southern tip of
mainland India. The city is sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.
The city is built on hills by the sea shore. The region can be divided into three geographical
regions, the lowlands, the midlands and the high lands. The lowland is a narrow stretch
comprising of shorelines, rivers and deltas, dotted with coconut palms. The midland region
comprises of low hills and valleys adjoining the Ghats. The highlands form the eastern
suburbs of the city. Ponmudi and Mukkunimala are hill-resorts near the city.
Climate
The city has a tropical climate and therefore does not experience distinct seasons. The
mean maximum temperature 34 °C and the mean minimum temperature is 21 °C. The
humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the monsoon season.
Importance of the City and Future prospects

The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the Vikram Sarabhai Space
Centre (VSSC) located in the outskirts of the city in 1966. Several establishments of the
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram.
The first Master Plan for Trivandrum City was prepared by the Department of Town Planning
and approved by the Government of Kerala in 1971. In order to co-ordinate implementation
of the various projects envisaged in the Master Plan, the Government had constituted the
Town Planning Trust in 1974, which was later on transformed into the Trivandrum
(Thiruvananthapuram) Development Authority (TRIDA) in 1980. TRIDA published the
Development Plan for Trivandrum in 1991.
A major milestone in the city's recent history was the establishment in 1995 of Techno Park,
India's first IT Park. Technopark has developed into the largest and greenest IT Park in
2
India. This placed Thiruvananthapuram on the IT map of India and it is today one of the most
promising in the country in terms of competitiveness and capability.
The construction of the mega Deep Water Container Trans-shipment Port at Vizhinjam is
expected to begin in 2007. It is to be built in three phases, and expected to be a key
competitor in the ports business (especially for container transshipment), with the
international shipping lanes between Europe and the Far East very close to the port, and
also with major ports like Colombo, Kochi and Tuticorin in close proximity.
The exponential growth of the services and IT based sectors coupled with its prominence as
the state capital and tourist centre has caused considerable strain on the transport
infrastructure of the city. To tackle this crisis, several multi-million dollar construction projects
are now underway including the construction of several new underpasses and flyovers,
scheduled to be completed by early 2007.
Thiruvananthapuram, apart from being the capital of India’s most literate and socially
developed State, is a strategically important city in Southern India. Being the biggest city
with a credible infrastructure in India’s deep south, it is an important city for both military
logistics and civil aviation in the southern part of the country. It is the headquarters of the
Southern Air Command of the Indian Air Force and a base for the Military.
The future prospects of Thiruvananthapuram are manifold. Potential future growth areas
include Tourism (medical and eco-tourism), civil aviation and air-cargo, commercial activity
through upcoming port (at Vizhinjam), software development parks, media and the arts, etc.
Beach resorts and also ayurveda resorts are coming up at a rapid pace, especially along the
International Beach of Kovalam and Varkala coast.
1.2 Objective and Scope of City Development Plan

JNNURM is an opportunity for the city of Thiruvananthapuram to take much-needed
measures in order to improve the quality of life in the city. The objectives of preparing City
Development Plan for Thiruvananthapuram are:
Focused attention for the integrated development of infrastructure in the city ;
Undertake reforms based on the JNNURM guidelines for long-term project
sustainability;
Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services;
Planned development of Thiruvananthapuram Urban Agglomeration;
Scale-up level of service in delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with
emphasis on universal access to the urban poor;
Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas to reduce
congestion; and to improve the quality of infrastructure; and
Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at
affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring
delivery of other existing universal services of the government for education, health
and social security.
3
The CDP for Thiruvananthapuram helps to identify and plan the future economic growth of
the city and to reduce urban poverty. This can be achieved by developing proper framework,
enhancing the creditworthiness of the municipal corporation and integrating the urban poor
with the service delivery systems.
Through this opportunity the municipal corporation plans to look at the various financing
options for city development including private sector participation, thereby inviting
participation of business, industries, civic groups, NGOs, and communities in local decision
making.
The CDP is both a perspective and a vision for the future development of
Thiruvananthapuram city. It presents the following:
An in-depth analysis of the existing situation, covering the demographic, economic,
financial, infrastructure, physical, environmental and institutional aspects;
Identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the city’s development, in consultation
with the stakeholders and civil society;
Outlines the issues faced by the poor in the city and its peripheries;
Develops a vision of the city for a long-term perspective;
Formulates sector specific goals and strategies to achieve the vision;
Formulates a city investment plan and a financing strategy, considering alternative
sources of financing the projects to be derived based on the vision and
accompanying strategy and programmes; and
Focus of the reforms to be carried out at the state level and local level to ensure
improvement in urban governance and service delivery.
1.3 Process of Preparation of CDP

The Ministry of Urban Development and the Ministry of Urban Employment & Poverty
Alleviation, Government of India has identified Thiruvananthapuram Urban Agglomeration for
coverage under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).
Accordingly Government of Kerala directed Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation to
arrange for preparation of the City Development Plan for Thiruvananthapuram, as required
under JNNURM.
The guidelines issued by GOI under the submissions on Urban Infrastructure and
Governance and Basic Services to the Urban Poor were explained to the Corporation
Council by Sri S.M. Vijayanand I.A.S., Principal Secretary to Govt., Local Self Govt.
Department, Government of Kerala. It was decided to constitute a Core Committee for
preparation of CDP and to utilise the services of officials in service, experts from scientific
organisations, experienced senior experts and NGOs for the same. In the light of this, the
Corporation Council resolved to form a Core Committee comprising of expert officials drawn
from various line departments, viz. PWD, Irrigation, Kerala Water Authority, Tourism, Dept.
of Town and Country Planning, experts from NATPAC (National Transport Planning and
Research Centre), senior experts (retired from service) and representatives of a few NGOs
4
under the chairmanship of the worshipful Mayor Sri C. Jayan Babu; and to go ahead with the
preparation of CDP utilising the services of the Core Committee members.
The list of members of the Core Committee is given in Annexure 1.
The Core Committee in its first meeting decided to prepare the CDP assigning the specific
tasks among the members themselves and also to constitute Working Groups co-opting
members who are experts in the respective fields.
The basic planning concepts were discussed in the core committee meeting. The issues to
be addressed in general pertaining to the various sectors of development in tune with the
growth direction, the development activities that are already on the anvil, development
potential etc. were taken in to consideration. Approach papers for individual sectors were
prepared by the working groups concerned to throw light on the issues in the discussions.
Simultaneously, all the earlier studies and project reports pertaining to the development
sectors in Thiruvananthapuram were collected and reviewed.
A small team was formed as a Rapid Action Group (RAG) comprising of the Mayor/
Representative of Mayor, Deputy Mayor, a senior experienced spatial planning expert,
Project Engineer of the Corporation as representative of the Corporation Secretary, two
Planners to assist and Convenor of the Core Committee, who is also a Spatial Planner.
These experts also debated at length on the strengths and weaknesses of the city region,
development potential of the city region, Development Vision of the city and the possible
strategies to be adopted for attaining the Vision of Development. A draft paper on this was
also prepared and discussed in the Core Committee.
The RAG met daily and decided on the modus operandi to be followed in the formulation of
CDP, which was approved in the subsequent Core Committee meetings. Accordingly a
series of stakeholder consultations were planned. The first discussion was held with the
Councillors of the Corporation, where the approach papers were presented for each sector
separately, raising the major issues to be discussed. The Councillors interacted well and
came up with many suggestions. Even though some of the suggestions were ward specific,
the issues confronting the City as a whole were also discussed suggesting suitable
alternative propositions. Table showing all consultation meetings held with various groups is
appended in Annexure 2.
Consultations were held as detailed, with the Heads of Institutions and Government
Departments, Chamber of Commerce, Professional Organisations of Architects, Engineers,
Town Planners and Builders, Bar Association, Federation of Residents’ Associations
Thiruvananthapuram (FRAT), Senior Citizens, NGOs, representatives of the centres of
physically & mentally challenged, representatives of INTACH, IMA, ADS, CDS, CBOs,
Women’s Organisations, Bank Officials, Political Leaders, Media Personnel etc.
Individual consultations were also held with the former Chief Secretaries of the State, District
Collector and top level officials / citizens having stake in the development of the City. Apart
from these the MPs and MLAs were also contacted and their valuable opinions were
recorded.
The Presidents of those Panchayats, which form part of the Urban Agglomeration, were
consulted separately and their requirements as part of urban agglomeration,
5
interrelationships with the city area and integrated planning issues to be addressed were
discussed and considered for action.
All consultations were recorded and tabulated according to the focus areas that emerged out
of the discussions. The Core Committee members attended all consultation meetings and
explained the draft approach paper for each sector. The discussions were very fruitful and
the draft approach papers could be improved finally leading to derivation of strategies and
identification of priority projects under each sector. The suggestions put forth during
consultations were incorporated suitably in the CDP while formulating proposals. The RAG
interacted with the members of the Core Committee and working groups frequently who
supplemented the additional information in filling the identified gaps.
Table showing the various discussions held and the major suggestions is appended.
(Annexure 3).
In the meanwhile the existing national level and state level policies in the identified thrust
areas were listed and reviewed in the context of development of Thiruvananthapuram. The
identified project components for inclusion under JNNURM could thus be substantiated with
specific reference to the relevant aspects of these policies.
The Vision 2010 of H.E. the President of India envisages an integrated high quality
improvement in infrastructure sector, in tune with provisions of basic services to the urban
poor.
The draft Vision Documents prepared earlier for Thiruvananthapuram Capital Region and
the planning attempts made so far were reviewed apart from making an evaluation of the
decentralisation process in the Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram. All sectoral studies
made by different agencies were also looked into in this connection. The recommendations
contained in these studies and the outcome of the planning efforts are given due weightage
while formulating proposals for the CDP.
The process of formulating proposals were cross checked with the aspirations of the ward
sabhas/ward committees held during late 2005 and the beginning of 2006. The
recommendations of the standing committees and the Development Seminar are also used
as inputs to refine the outcome.
Ultimately a general vision was developed for the planning area with focus on the potential
development areas followed by sector specific goals and strategies. The Vision Statement
has been coined keeping in view the SWOT analysis of the urban agglomeration. In spite of
these, sectoral studies highlighting the situation analysis, problems, potentials, and
strategies leading to project identification with broad cost estimates have also been included
in the report.
A generally satisfying task in the CDP preparation has been a long debate on the poor and
their problems and issues. Based on such detailed discussions with the various groups and
based on collection of all available data and studies on the Urban Poor, priority action
programmes were identified and listed. The task included identifying all categories of the
poor population in the city region.
The integrated development package detailing each project and phasing out the
implementation process over the further plan period of 6 years is prepared along with the
6
City Investment Plan. Phasing has been proposed such that Projects for which Detailed
Project Reports are already available and hence can be implemented easily are covered in
the initial stage of implementation.
An attempt is also made to engender the CDP suggesting in brief how best gender
mainstreaming can be brought in urban governance with focus on the urban poor.
Another important component which attracted a lot of debate was the area of improvements
in Urban Reforms and Governance, improvement in Municipal Finances and bringing about
better Financial Discipline in the TMC.
1.4 City Planning Efforts - An Overview

1.4.1 Master Plan/ Development Plan for Thiruvananthapuram
The first Master Plan for Thiruvananthapuram city was prepared in 1966 with a plan period
of 20 years, in accordance with the then prevailing Town Planning Act; Government of
Kerala approved the Master Plan in 1971. This Master Plan (1971) estimated a growth in
population to 6,00,000 persons by 1986. The Main objectives of the Master Plan (1971)
were:
To achieve optimum utilization of the developable land in the city;
To evolve a judicious pattern of land use; and
To develop a good network of roads to allow smooth traffic flow.
However, rapid urbanization trends in the city’s periphery called for a larger planning area to
be considered under a Development Plan for 2001. The Development Plan (2001) or second
Master Plan covers an area of 148 sq. km with a projected population of 9,30,000 in 2001.
The above area was considered as the functional urban area of Thiruvananthapuram,
against the city area of 75 sq. km. The main proposals and status of the Development Plan
(2001) are detailed in Table 1.1.
The Development Plan (2001) indicates a pattern for development by “allocating” areas on
the map for future residential, commercial industrial, recreational, transportation, utility,
public and semi-public, agriculture and water bodies. The DP (2001) also identifies areas for
relocation of incompatible uses and development of vacant land, redevelopment,
regeneration, conservation and preservation.
The Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD), Thiruvananthapuram Municipal
Corporation (TMC) and Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority (TRIDA), have
undertaken the preparation of a new Development Plan for 2025. In this Development Plan
(2025), various analyses like land use and land survey are being carried out on the basis of
revenue maps.
The major problem in preparation of Development Plans is up-dating town base maps and
existing land use maps, which are used as a basis for formulating development proposals.
The existing land use (1986) map available is outdated and of insufficient accuracy for
proper physical planning. Recent developments and extension of the cities are often not
included. Aerial photographs and high resolution satellite images are potential data sources
for spatial information for future planning activities.
7
Table 1.1: Development Plan (2001) Status

Component Proposals Status
Growth Pattern Redevelopment of central Most of the area has been
market area near Chalai and developed near Palayam.
Palayam and its surroundings.
Population Distribution DP for TVM-2001 has Detail Town Planning Schemes

suggested areas in the vicinity were prepared and have been
of N. H. by-pass and Veli published.
Tourist Complex kept for low
density development.
Industries About 100 Ha proposed for Very few industries have been
industrial development. located in Northwest region
(Panchayat Area covering 33
Ha) This is due to lack of
infrastructure.
Shifting of old industries from This is in process

the central area of the city
(which pose nuisance to the
surroundings)
Transportation Terminal facilities for inter city Land acquisition of intercity

traffic terminal is in process
Improvement of existing Shifting of existing bus terminal

KSRTC bus terminals at from East Fort to Ambalathara
Peroorkada, Pappanamcode is ongoing
and shifting existing bus
terminal from East fort to
Ambalathara
A lorry terminal to be located It is in the process of

on southern side of Chalai development at Sreevaraham.
Bazar at Kuriathy
Water ways: T S Canal should Will be implemented under

be deepened to facilitate Theerapatham Urban
navigation. It is proposed to Development Project
provide loading and unloading
facilities for country boats at
Chakkai and Vallakkadavu.
T.S. Canal, Veli-Akkulam lake
and Edayar Island are to be
developed as places of tourism
importance.
Traffic Improvement Porojects Widening of the existing road A total road length of nearly 42
(12 roads have been selected) from Kesavadasapuram to km selected by PWD & TRIDA
Attakulangara (Via Pattom, for upgrading is under
Palayam, East Fort etc.) (Width implementation of which about
21 m to 24m) Widening of the 12 km has been completed
existing road from Ulloor to
Sreekanteswaram and
Sreekanteswaram to
Killippalam connecting Ulloor,
Medical College, Nalumukku,
Uppilammodu Bridge,
8
Component Proposals Status

Sreekanteswaram Junction,
Thakaraparambu, Power
House Junction,
Choorakattupalayam and
Killippalam (Width 21 m to 24
m.). Widening of the existing
road from Peroorkkada, Chalai
via Kowdiar, Vellyambalam,
Vazhuthacaud, Mettukkada
and Aryasala, Widening of
Palayam Sankhumugham road
via Pattoor, Nalumukku and
Chakai.
Widening of Killippalam Completed

Karamana road (21 to 24 m)
Widening of road from Commenced in 2004

Palayam to Poojappura via
Bakery Junction,
Vazhuthacaud and Jagathy
width 15 to 18 m from Bakery
junction to Poojappura and 21
to 24 m from Palayam to
Bakery Junction.
Formation of N.H 47 bypass to From Kazhakuttom to

be completed to a width of 45m Vizhinjam it is completed.
Source: Development Plan for Thiruvananthapuram 2001.
1.4.2 Studies on Transportation by NATPAC

The NATPAC carried out necessary surveys related to the studies in 1977. The study
reports were published in 1979. The studies were published in eight reports / volumes as
noted below:
Intercity Traffic/ Cordons;
Travel Characteristics;
Intra city Traffic;
Goods Traffic;
Travel Time and Delay;
Intersections;
Parking; and
Traffic Analysis and Road Development Plan.
These studies carried out by NATPAC in 1977 are outdated since the traffic characteristics
in the city have substantially changed. However considering these as the base work and
depending on the present trend of developments, NATPAC is capacitated to conduct further
studies and come out with suitable solutions in this sector.
9
The parking studies conducted by NATPAC in 2003 in identified road stretches and the
studies on Inland Water Transport can be considered under JNNURM.
1.4.3 Report on Urban Slums in Kerala

The Department of Town & Country Planning, Government of Kerala had prepared and
published a report on urban slums in Kerala in 1985 and later in 1995 it was updated. Aiming
at a comprehensive picture of the urban slums in Kerala, the Dept of Town &Country
Planning had conducted a survey for collecting information on the socio-economic aspects
and environmental characteristics of slums. The survey concentrated on the following
aspects viz,
Identification particulars of the slums in all the Municipalities, Corporations and
Townships in the State;
General amenities available in the slums;
Details of Households, population etc., in the slum;
Housing conditions in the slums; and
Occupation and income of the slum dwellers.
Settlements on the roadside, railway side and other puramboke (revenue) lands and the
fishermen settlements at the coastal belts within the towns were also included in the survey.
For the identification of the slums the quality of environmental conditions of an area was
assessed based on the availability of basic amenities, density of population, number of SC/
ST population and the structural conditions of the dwelling units in the area. These indicators
of backwards were assigned weightages and slums were identified accordingly. The figures
were updated in a study in 1995-96. A total of 37 slums were identified in the Corporation
area in 1995, covering a population of 29681 in 6506 households.
Revision of the report is underway in the Department in the light of the developments that
have taken place recently especially with respect to the decentralisation efforts in the State.
1.4.4 Kerala Urban Development Project (KUDP)

The Kerala Urban Development Project (KUDP) was a multi-city, multi-component and multi-
agency project started in 1990. It was conceived as a World Bank assisted Urban
Development project for the three cities of Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode.
The following four major components were included in the Project:
Road Development and Traffic Management;
Water Supply Improvements / Augmentation;
Sewerage and Sanitation; and
Surface Water Drainage.
The departments/agencies/organisations of the State Government involved were Public
Works Department, Kerala Water Authority, Irrigation, Town Planning Department, Police
and the City Corporations of Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode.
10
The KUDP was limited to the former city area of Thiruvananthapuram (75 sq. km) and it
envisaged projects for implementation within 5 years, i.e., short-range proposals only. Under
the Road Development and Traffic Management component, KUDP proposed only Road
Development study for identification of candidate roads, which could be taken up for
improvement immediately. Study of Comprehensive Transport Systems was not undertaken
under KUDP.
KUDP was project oriented, i.e., identification of certain road projects for immediate
implementation.
Road Development study under KUDP did not include large scale land acquisition.
Therefore, even for the selected important roads for ‘major road construction programmes,
only limited widening proposal was suggested. (M.G. Road was proposed for widening to
18m and Chalai by-pass to 15m, whereas Master Plan and Detailed Town Planning
Schemes proposed 24m and 21m respectively for these two roads.)
1.4.5 Theerapatham Urban Development Project

The Theerapatham Urban Development Project, 2000 envisages cleaning up of 16.5 km
stretch of T.S Canal connecting two important tourist centres, Veli-Akkulam and Kovalam.
Project objectives were:
Ecological restoration of Veli-Akkulam lake and Parvathy Puthanar (T.S) canal;
Environmental regeneration of the project area; and
Developing tourism and urban facilities, thereby creating a development corridor on
either side of the canal.
The scheme envisaged cleaning up of canal, introducing pleasure boating along the canal
and improving the sides of the canal by providing a walk way of 16.50 km length through the
proposed 50m wide garden strip. The entire stretch on the two sides of the canal will be
developed into a natural garden suitable to the nearby surroundings. Government of Kerala
decided to prepare a Master Plan for Theerapatham Urban Development Project area,
declaring the project area as a controlled area in accordance with the provisions of the
Travancore Town Planning Act 1120 .The project was estimated to cost Rs.950 crores.
Detailed Project Report has already been prepared for this.
1.4.6 Comprehensive Traffic & Transportation Study (CTTS) Report-CES

Comprehensive Traffic and Transportation Study (CTTS) was carried out by the Consultants
M/S Consulting Engineering Services (India) Private Limited, New Delhi in year 2002. Road
Development and Traffic Management projects were prepared during 1992-95 for the three
cities of Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode. CTTS for Thiruvananthapuram was for
the TRIDA area of 296 sq. km.
The CTTS considers the entire traffic and transportation systems of Thiruvananthapuram
and proposals include short-term, medium-term and long-term measures both in road
improvements, junction improvements, pedestrian facilities and transport improvements.
CTTS also proposes Mass Transport System options, which can be developed gradually for
11
the long-term, as the traffic volume increases and the financial resources become sound to
fund such mass transportation systems.
Major corridors for development have been identified in this study including the options for
MRTS which can be considered under JNNURM.
1.4.7 Report on Solid Waste Management – Vilappilsala

The Municipal Corporation has one solid waste disposal site located at Vilappilsala, in
Vilappil Panchayat, 16 km east of the city. This composting plant has capacity for waste
disposal till 2035. The Municipal Corporation acquired 12.35 Ha of land of which 4.25 Ha has
been provided to M/s POABS Envirotech, the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) waste treatment
operator appointed for composting waste. Presently only 20% of the land transferred to the
BOT Operator (about 1.6 Ha) is being used effectively because of the undulating terrain. The
approach road is bituminous topped and is in good condition. The existing compost plant is
designed to handle 300 tons per day and can be augmented to 500 tons per day.
The plant has sufficient capacity to handle the biodegradable portion of the total solid waste
generated in the city. However, due to non-segregation of waste at source, the BOT
Operator has to segregate the waste twice or thrice before it can be biologically processed.
At present proper sanitary land filling is not practiced at the disposal site. The rejects of the
plant are dumped along the valley slopes.
1.4.8 Preliminary Report on Thiruvananthapuram Development Vision-CES

The study was conducted in the year 2003 to prepare a Vision Document for
Thiruvananthapuram region spanning thirty years from 2003 to 2033.
The objective of the study was to concretize the development vision together with an
implementation strategy, a holistic development perspective including the physical,
environmental, social, economic and cultural traits of the region. Given the current
importance of Thiruvananthapuram as a business and cultural centre, planned development
of the region is essential to promote growth and facilitate substantial change in various
spheres like demographic, social, economic, physical and environmental. The on-going
process of globalization makes it imperative that the city becomes competitive and viable
and transforms itself into a vibrant world city. Preparation of a Vision Document for
Thiruvananthapuram Capital Region (TCR) has been undertaken in this back drop.
The Study Area included Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority (TRIDA) area, four
municipal towns located on the radial arteries of Thiruvananthapuram i.e., Attingal,
Nedumangadu, Neyyattinkara and Varkala, the tourist spot of Ponmudi and the beach
stretch from Vizhinjam to Varkala. TRIDA covers an area of 296.17 sq. km including the area
under the City Corporation (141.74 sq. km) and the adjoining 10 Panchayats.
The study was approached by reviewing the existing situation to understand the growth
trends of the region. A SWOT analysis was conducted to base the vision on the region’s
inherent strengths, weaknesses, available opportunities as well as likely threats to it.
Consultation workshops were held with various stakeholders to analyze growth trends and to
12
formulate objectives, action plans, economic base, urban and regional environment,
transportation and infrastructure services.
TCR Vision Statement

Based on the situation analysis of the region, the growth trends and discussions with various
stakeholders, the following vision statement for TCR 2033 emerged:
“In the next 30 years, TCR to emerge as world class metropolitan region, by making
A Knowledge hub of international significance;
Economically competent vibrant region;
High quality of urban life;
Unique urban image; and
Transparent, participative hassle free e-governance.
The TCR Vision statement for 2033 was further elaborated as:
Knowledge hub of international significance
A Knowledge Region that values Knowledge and treats the pursuit and utilization of
knowledge as its most important business, making it a knowledge hub of international
significance. Knowledge is the primary ingredient in TCR Vision 2033. This has two parts
Quality School Education; and
Professional and higher education to provide skills to the inhabitant and as export
good.
Competitive Vibrant Economy
Economically competitive region, attracting investment and providing employment for all in
the working age group. This consists of
Promoting a vibrant economy to provide diverse employment opportunities;
Provision of and increase in appropriate jobs in the TCR;
Economic activity sectors identified to be promoted; and
Efficient tourist management and techniques to attract quality tourism.
Quality of Life
With a high quality of life producing convenient Intra and Inter regional mobility, clean
drinking water and sanitation facilities for all.
Unique Urban Image
Unique urban image by Urban and Regional Development, conserving natural and built
heritage.
Enable efficient town and country planning and conservation of natural and built
heritage.
e-Governance
With transparent, participative, hassle free e-governance for smooth people-government
interaction.
13
Facilitate transparent and participative e-governance

This task entrusted to CES was not preceded further due to certain reasons.
1.4.9 Draft Final Report on Thiruvananthapuram Development Vision – Ernst &

Young
Subsequent to the CES attempt, the task was entrusted to Ernst & Young Consultants.
This study on Thiruvananthapuram Capital Region (TCR) Vision 2033 was conducted in the
year 2004 for a thirty year plan period. The Government of Kerala (GoK) identified Urban
Development as a priority component of a long-term development plan. Importance of the
city as a historical, economic and cultural capital in the region, required a visioning exercise
in order to facilitate planned development of Thiruvananthapuram and its adjuncts as the
Thiruvananthapuram Capital Region (TCR). The objective of the study was to identify the
core areas for economic growth opportunities. The comprehensive development exercise
also aimed at preserving the city’s ecological and cultural heritage and respond proactively
to the short-term and long-term needs of growth.
While there had been parallel and disjoint planning efforts for development of the region in
the past, the driver for this initiative was the felt need for a focused and integrated approach
to planning.
The planning area consists of region covering the Thiruvananthapuram Development
Authority (TRIDA) area and the municipal towns of Attingal, Nedumangadu, Neyyattinkara
and Varkala, the tourist spot of Ponmudi and the beach stretch from Vizhinjam to Varkala.
The Vision 2033 has been developed by identifying the emerging opportunities in the global
economy and evaluating the strengths and characteristics of the region to capture value for
these opportunities. The approach taken was:
Identifying the emerging paradigms in the Global Economy;
Evaluating India’s position to benefit from these emerging global trends, and;
Assessing Kerala and TCR’s position to capture value from these emerging
opportunities.
Emerging Opportunities in Kerala and TCR
The study has detailed the growing opportunities emerging in the world and the country,
resulting from increasing integration of trade and commerce. A review of current state of the
TCR was conducted to analyse its geographic and demographic profile, economic indicators
and industrialization status. Strengths and weaknesses were then identified based on the
detailed assessment of growing opportunities at international, national and state level.
Meetings were also conducted with various stakeholders to seek their inputs and discuss the
findings of the analysis.
Based on the strengths and constraints of the region, it was prima facie concluded that the
region was well positioned to capture emerging opportunities from the following sectors:
Health care;
Tourism;
14
Off-shoring of services; and

Organic farming.
Thrust Areas
The short-listed sectors were further filtered on certain criteria to evolve one central / core
theme that would derive development, with other themes revolving around this Core Theme.
The criteria included potential economic impact, multiplier effect on other sectors,
uniqueness of positioning and existing brand equity. Healthcare emerged as the most
appropriate theme for developing the vision for TCR.
Proposed Vision 2033 for TCR
“By 2033, TCR would develop as a preferred destination for healthcare and rejuvenation,
offering variety of world class preventive and restorative solutions for the body and mind”.
The thrust areas of this core theme would be Medicare, Research and Education.
Government did not conclude this study and take it beyond the DFR stage.
1.4.10 JBIC Report on Water Supply up Gradation Project

The existing water supply scheme for Thiruvananthapuram City Corporation and adjoining
panchayats provides a supply of 190mld of water as against the present demand of 246mld.
In order to augment the water supply, a project has been formulated to provide a supply of
74mld of water and the JBIC assistance has been obtained to implement the Water Supply
Improvements to Thiruvananthapuram City Region, 2005 to cater to the demand of the
projected population of year 2021/2036)
The total project area comprises 183.76 sq. km covering Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
(141.74 sq. km), Sreekariyam panchayat (23.73 sq. km), Kudappanakunnu panchayat (7.69
sq km) and Vattiyoorkavu panchayat (10.61 sq. km). As per the 2001 Census, the population
of Thiruvananthapuram, Sreekariyam, Kudappanakunnu and Vattiyoorkavu is 7.45 lakhs,
0.49 lakh, 0.38 lakh and 0.42 lakh respectively. The present service level provided is 150
litres per capita per day (lpcd) for urban areas and 100 lpcd for rural areas. The projected
water demand for 2036, at the rate of 195 lpcd for urban, 150 lpcd for rural areas along with
a provision for non domestic and industrial requirement, works out to be 410 mld. The salient
features of the proposed project are outlined below.
Project in Brief
In the Project, provision has been made to install additional raw water pump sets, pumping
main to the water treatment plant, construction of a 74 mld treatment plant, additional
storage sump near the treatment plant, connecting it to the existing storage sump and
installation of additional treated water pumps. Besides, providing a new transmission main
aligning through a route different from the existing congested route at Kummi area (where
already three transmission mains of 33”, 48” diameter cast iron and 48” diameter PSC pipes
are provided) to the reservoir sites, construction of new reservoirs, supplying and laying of
distribution lines to improve the existing areas as well as covering new areas within the
project area, rehabilitation of the existing old water treatment plant components at
Vellayambalam and Aruvikkara (constructed during 1933 and 1972) are also proposed in the
15
Project so as to improve to achieve the desired performance. Another unique feature of the
project is the provision of telemetry stations and SCADA system along with the transmission
main work. (The telemetry station will pick up data signals from the SCADA system and will
send to the regional control centre for monitoring the operation of the various units).
For the convenient and effective implementation of the project, the above project
components have been grouped under five packages viz. Intake Works and Treatment
Plant, Transmission Main, Distribution System, Service Reservoirs and Rehabilitation Works.
This JBIC Project is under implementation.
The proposals envisaged in the JBIC Report have been considered while formulating the
vision in the CDP under the Water Supply Scheme.
1.4.11 Evaluation of Decentralisation Process in Thiruvananthapuram Municipal

Corporation
Kerala has achieved notable progress in different areas of socio-economic development
such as literacy, education and public health in the past decades. These achievements in
the social sector of the state of Kerala have been widely acclaimed. The relative stagnation
in the spheres of material production and productivity are not well known out side. The
Economic Stagnation has been undermining the welfare gains of the past. This alarming
situation compelled us to emphasise a development strategy that would make the best use
of legacy of collective social interventions and organised strength of the people in order to
achieve economic growth in small scale production sector and improve the quality of social
infrastructure. Decentralised planning is a structural pre requisite for unleashing local
initiatives with people’s participation and mobilisation of local resources. It would also
facilitate formulation of integrated development programmes more responsive to the local
needs and conditions.
The exercise of decentralisation gradually strengthened the local self governments. LSGIs
received 30% to 40% of the plan fund from the state government. The process of plan
preparation and implementation with the massive participation of people changed the socio-
economic activities of the state. The production and productivity in agriculture and
small/micro level production units considerably increased.
Infrastructure in the undeveloped areas increased amazingly with peoples’ participation.
Socially backward sections such as women and scheduled castes are organized, motivated,
trained and provided opportunities to acquire technical skills, job, land, houses and toilets. It
helped people to have a sustainable – developed life.
A new development culture is leading us. This pace of development culture demands on
integrated and sustainable development approach for the capital city, so that grass root level
planning and development action can be dovetailed within a Sustainable Development Plan.
Thiruvananthapuram city is the capital of the state of Kerala. Nearly eight lakhs people live in
the city. Numerous economic activities are going on round the clock. The geographic
specialities as well as the demographic nature of the city are changing fast. The
developmental need of the city is also changing. A face lift of the city in all its sense is
inevitable. Emphasis in the production of vegetables and horticulture and small-micro self
16
employments units is necessary. Milk based products also invite our attention. Fishing and
its trade should be scientifically reorganised. The quality of education and public health
should be enhanced. More investments are required for the development of Infrastructure
and for Slum Improvement.
1.4.12 Review of Existing National and State Level Policies

a) National Environment Policy 2006, Ministry of Environment & Forest,
Government of India
The policy lays down that Natural heritage sites are to be protected as they are nature's
laboratories for evolution of wild species in response to change in environmental conditions.
The policy calls for adoption of a comprehensive approach to Integrated Coastal
Management by addressing linkages between coastal areas, wetlands, and river systems, in
relevant policies, regulation, & programs and preparation & implementation of action plans
for major cities for addressing water pollution, comprising regulatory systems relying on a
appropriate combination of fiats and incentive based instruments, projects implemented
through public agencies as well as public-private partnerships for treatment, reuse, and
recycle where applicable, of sewage and wastewater from municipal and industrial sources,
before final discharge to water bodies.
The policy states that Integrated regional development plans should be drawn up, with
participation of the local community, to shift polluting activities or render them much less
polluting, to treat waste streams, to review transportation options, and adopt building norms
which maintain the overall heritage ambience of the area.
With this view, the Government of Kerala has already taken action to formulate a Regulation
for ensuring and promoting conservation of heritage buildings, precincts and natural
heritage. Also an attempt has been made to list the heritage sites in the state including the
planning area from which projects have been identified for coverage under JNNURM.
b) National Urban Transport Policy, 2006, Ministry of Urban Development,

Government of India
The policy was laid down with a vision to recognize that people occupy centre stage in our
cities and all plans would be for their common benefit and well being; to make our cities the
most livable in the world and enable them to become the “engines of economic growth” that
power India’s development in the 21st century; to allow our cities to evolve into an urban form
that is best suited for the unique geography of their locations and is best placed to support
the main social and economic activities that take place in the city. The objective of the policy
is to ensure safe, affordable, quick, comfortable, reliable and sustainable access for the
growing number of city residents to jobs, education, recreation and such other needs within
our cities.
This is sought to be achieved by incorporating urban transportation as an important
parameter at the urban planning stage rather than being a consequential requirement;
encouraging integrated land use and transport planning in all cities so that travel distances
17
are minimized and access to livelihoods, education, and other social needs, especially for
the marginal segments of the urban population is improved; improving access of business to
markets and the various factors of production; bringing about a more equitable allocation of
road space with people, rather than vehicles, as its main focus; encourage greater use of
public transport and non motorized modes by offering Central financial assistance for this
purpose; enabling the establishment of quality focused multi-modal public transport systems
that are well integrated, providing seamless travel across modes; establishing effective
regulatory and enforcement mechanisms that allow a level playing field for all operators of
transport services and enhanced safety for the transport system users; establishing
institutional mechanisms for enhanced coordination in the planning and management of
transport systems; introducing Intelligent Transport Systems for traffic management;
addressing concerns of road safety and trauma response; reducing pollution levels through
changes in traveling practices, better enforcement, strict norms, technological improvements
etc.; building capacity (institutional and man power) to plan for sustainable urban transport
and establishing knowledge management systems that would service the needs of all urban
transport professionals; promoting the use of cleaner technologies; raising finances, through
innovative mechanisms that tap land as resource for investments in urban transport
infrastructure, associating the private sector in activities where their strengths can be
beneficially tapped; taking up pilot projects that demonstrate the potential as possible best
practices in sustainable urban transport.
The vision formulated under the traffic &transportation sector as part of CDP is well within
the broad framework of this Policy.
c) National Policy for Inland Water Transport, 2001, Ministry of Shipping,

Government of India
The policy identifies Inland Water Transport (IWT) as an economic, fuel efficient and
environment friendly mode of transport. The policy aims to support development of an
extensive network of rivers, lakes and canal in the country for shipping and navigation to
provide efficient network of inland transportation. While the thrust so far has been in
developing road and rail sectors, through this policy, Government recognizes the need to
actively promote the IWT sector for it to take a reasonable share in the inter-modal mix of
inland transport.
Under the Inland Water Authority of India Act, 1985,out of the three National Water ways
developed so far, the National Waterway no.3 West Coast Canal from Kottapuram to Kollam
is in Kerala. These waterways are being developed for shipping and navigation by the
Central Government.
In order to revive the IWT, the policy recognizes the need for budgetary support for
development of IWT sector and gives equal importance to large scale private sector
participation, both for creation of infrastructure and for fleet operations. The IWT strategy
aims at generating a more pro-active role by various agencies for the development of this
sector, by enlarging the scope of the role of Government as a provider, facilitator and
regulator and at the same time, offer various concessions to the private sector for their
18
effective participation by way of investment for creation of enhanced IWT infrastructure and
fleet operations.
The policy supports for accelerated IWT growth by authorizing Inland Water Authority of
India (IWAI) to raise bonds and / or enter into joint ventures. It also gives in-principle
approval for equity participation by Government / IWAI in BOT projects and levying minimum
customs duty on imported equipments and machinery for development of inland water ways.
It supports the development of IWT by giving tax exemption to investors in this sector similar
to National Highways and by enhancing depreciation rate for inland vessels.
Keeping this policy in view, projects have been identified under the traffic and transportation
sector to develop the existing waterways in the project area for the purpose of shipping and
navigation and also to integrate the waterways to the roadways, railways and airport.
d) National Policy for Urban Street Vendors 2004, Ministry of Urban

Development & Poverty Alleviation, Government of India.
Street vendors provide valuable services to the urban population while trying to earn a
livelihood and it is the duty of the State to protect the right of this segment of population to
earn their livelihood. This policy aims to ensure that this important section of the urban
population finds recognition for its contribution to society, and is conceived of as a major
initiative for urban poverty alleviation.
The overarching objective to be achieved through this policy is to:
Provide and promote a supportive environment for earning livelihoods to the Street
vendors, as well as ensure absence of congestion and maintenance of hygiene in
public spaces and streets.
Street vendors are vulnerable to loss of goods due to natural as well as manmade
disturbances that adversely hampers their economic situation. There should be
special insurance schemes to cover their products.
Street vendors should be provided with training to upgrade their technical and
business skills so as to increase their income as well as to look for alternatives
All State Governments should ensure that institutional arrangements, legislative frameworks
and other necessary actions achieve conformity with the National Policy for Street Vendors.
The policy states that a comprehensive survey of street vendors to build an adequate
database on street vendors particularly in large and medium cities should be undertaken by
the State Governments.
e) Tourism Vision 2025

The main aim of Tourism Vision 2025 is to serve as a guiding force which will provide a clear
vision and direction for optimising the tourism potential of the State in a sustainable manner.
The Government has declared tourism as an industry far back in 1986 and offers incentives
and concessions to the industry to promote tourism products in the State and to attract
private investment.
19
The objectives of the Vision include the following.

Make tourism Kerala’s core competency sector;
Generate employment and enhance productivity;
Promote and market Kerala Tourism products at national and international level
thereby making Kerala a premier global tourism destination;
Define and endorse the role of the Government as a catalyst and facilitator for the
growth of tourism industry;
National tourism related legislations and policies of the Government so that it is
tourism friendly and promotes tourism growth;
Create awareness and tourism consciousness among the people in general and
among the taxi drivers, policemen, bus conductors, porters, customs and emigration
officers, and others with whom tourists interact in particular thereby removing
prejudices and misconceptions and to make Kerala society a tourism friendly
society;
Develop and improve roads, drinking water supply, electricity and power supply,
sewage and sanitation systems, signages, transport systems like roads, rail, sea,
inland water and air for selected tourist centres;
Promote sustainable and eco-friendly tourism in the State based on the carrying
capacity of the destinations;
Conserve and preserve the art, culture and heritage of the State;
Develop and promote new innovative tourism products, lesser-known destinations,
art forms, cuisines, monuments and handicrafts;
Identify, conserve and preserve special tourism zones;
Develop and promote KITTS, KIHMS and IHMCT into institutions par excellence in
India and regulate the syllabi and training facilities of other institutions to maintain
quality standards; and
Involve PRIs and NGOs in the development of tourism infrastructure and tourism
awareness.
f) Tourism Policy for Kerala

State Tourism Policy document ‘Tourism Vision 2025’ states the vision statement as "To
make Kerala, the God’s Own Country, an up-market high quality tourist destination through
rational utilization of resources with focus on integrated development of infrastructure sector
conserving and preserving the heritage and environment and enhancing productivity,
income, creating employment opportunities, alleviating poverty thereby making tourism the
most important sector for the socio-economic development and environment protection of
the State." The focus here is to attract quality tourists by developing quality tourism
infrastructure with private sector participation with sustainable development as the key
concept.
The objectives of the vision are:
To make tourism, Kerala’s core competency sector;
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To generate employment and enhance productivity;

To promote and market Kerala Tourism products at national and international level
thereby making Kerala as a premier global tourism destination;
To define and endorse the role of the Government as a catalyst and facilitator for the
growth of tourism industry;
To rationalize tourism related legislations and policies of the Government so that it is
tourism friendly and promotes tourism growth;
To create awareness and tourism consciousness among the people in general and
among the taxi drivers, policemen, bus conductors, porters, customs and emigration
officers, and others with whom tourists interact thereby removing prejudices and
misconceptions and to make Kerala society a tourism friendly society;
To develop and improve roads, drinking water supply, electricity and power supply,
sewage and sanitation systems, signages, transport systems like roads, rail, sea,
inland water and air for selected tourist centres;
To promote sustainable and eco-friendly tourism in the State based on the carrying
capacity of the destinations;
To conserve and preserve the art, culture and heritage of the State;
To develop and promote new innovative tourism products, lesser-known
destinations, art forms, cuisines, monuments and handicrafts;
To identify, conserve and preserve special tourism zones;
To develop and promote KITTS, KIHMS and IHMCT into the institutions par
excellence in India and regulate the syllabi and training facilities of other institutions
to maintain the quality standards; and
To involve PRIs and NGOs in the development of tourism infrastructure and tourism
awareness
The contents of the Tourism Policy have been well taken care of while formulating sectoral
strategies especially with respect to traffic and transportation, water supply, sewerage,
surface water drainage, environment and heritage and tourism.
g) IT Policy for Kerala

The IT Policy has been conceived keeping in view the fact that Information Technology
constitutes the primary instrument for facilitating Kerala’s emergence as a leading
knowledge society in the region. The blueprint for IT development has been formulated in
the context of emerging developmental trends that are relevant to the growth strategy of the
State:
IT has opened out new channels for service delivery in areas such as e-Governance,
education, e-health and information dissemination. IT can serve as the platform for widening
the reach of the advances made by the State in domains like health, education, and
participatory local governance. Kerala offers fertile ground for the effective utilization of these
new technologies; on account of its densely networked communities which possess high
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awareness and literacy levels, its superior telecom connectivity, and its propensity for quick
technology absorption.
The objective of the Government is to put in place a package of policy measures and
incentives, which will make Kerala one of the most attractive investment destinations in IT.
The Policy initiatives delineated in this document comprise a three pronged strategy aimed
at:
Creating an appropriate pro-business, pro-enterprise, legal, regulatory and
commercial framework to facilitate the rapid growth of the IT industry in the state;
Establishing Kerala as a global centre for excellence in Human Resources, through
the creation of a large pool of diverse, multi-skilled technically competent manpower
in the State; and
Establishing an internationally competitive business infrastructure and environment
for the IT industry in the State, on par with the best facilities and practices
worldwide.
Objectives
In line with this broad strategy, the Government has set the following immediate objectives
for the promotion of the IT industry in the State.
To establish Kerala as a leading IT destination in the country within the next five
years;
To provide a nurturing and enabling environment conducive to the vigorous growth
of the local IT industry in the State;
To significantly enhance direct and indirect employment creation in the IT sector;
To attain a minimum growth level of 100% every year in IT;
To significantly accelerate the levels of investment inflows including foreign capital
into the hardware, software and ITES sectors;
To aggressively promote the State as the destination of choice for emerging IT
business opportunities including IT Enabled Services, new media products and E-
services. To establish ITES as the definitive core competence of the State;
To develop Kochi as an international media and ICT hub; and
To consolidate and expand the Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram as a leading
software and HR Centre in the region.
IT Infrastructure
The policy envisages developing IT infrastructure on the following lines.
Government Parks Initiative:
The city of Kochi will be promoted as an IT hub where facilities offered will match the
best available worldwide. A Hi-tech park will be developed here, comprising an area
of 200 acres. An IT Corridor connecting the new international airport at
Nedumbassery with the city will also be established as part of the larger proposed
Special Economic Zone continuum. These facilities shall be developed through Joint
Venture partnerships with the private sector and shall endeavour to provide an
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international business infrastructure and environment at Kochi. Kochi has all the
necessary enablers in place including virtually unlimited bandwidth on tap from the
VSNL gateway, concentration of quality, technical and non-technical human
resources, a cosmopolitan social infrastructure and environment, and excellent air
connections. These advantages shall be leveraged to make the city amongst the
most preferred IT investment destinations of India.
The total space availability for IT industry shall be augmented by a minimum of
750,000 sq.ft annually for the next two years. Thereafter, for the next three years a
minimum of 1.5 million sq.ft space capacity shall be created annually. These
additional capacities will be created through 100% private sector investments as
well as Joint Venture projects between the Govt. and the private sector.
The Technopark, Trivandrum with about 1 million sq. ft of built up area, has
established itself as one of the leading IT parks in the country. The campus is now
home to several SEI-CMM companies and centres of HR excellence. The IIITM-K,
which commenced functioning in the last year and which offers high-end training in
emerging technologies is expected to move over to an independent campus shortly.
In the second phase of expansion of the park, it is proposed to develop 26 acres
with the participation of the private sector.
The IT Department shall shortly initiate with the help of leading consultants the
exercise of preparation of Master Plans for each of the designated IT parks/ zones.
These Master Plans shall delineate the blueprint for park development and
framework for facilitating private sector participation.
Govt. shall endeavour to maintain uniform, international quality standards for park
infrastructure and services across all State promoted and managed IT parks. A
professional Parks’ Management team will be set up under the Kerala IT
Department for ensuring this.
Built-up space for IT industry shall be classified under a new category “IT Industry”
under the Kerala Building Rules with applicable FAR of 5. This classification shall
apply only for newly built-up space that shall be used predominantly (at least 80% of
carpet area) for IT software industry for a minimum period of 5 years from the date
of first occupation/commissioning.
Govt. shall proactively encourage and facilitate the development of ancillary social
infrastructure in a planned manner including hotels, restaurants, entertainment
multiplexes, hospitals, schools, colleges etc within and appurtenant to the IT parks.
Private Parks Scheme:

To accelerate the process of private sector led IT infrastructure development, Govt.
shall, in association with reputed global IT parks’ developers/consultants, announce
a minimum set of standards to qualify as ‘Parks’ Standard’ certified IT park.
Compliance shall be assessed, on formal request, at the pre-construction/design
stage and thereafter on project completion. The State IT Parks’ Management team
shall serve as the nodal agency for compliance assessment and administration of
the ‘Private IT Parks Scheme’.
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All Parks’ standard compliant IT parks shall be entitled to the FAR classification as
applicable to IT industry under Kerala Building Rules. For other compliant IT parks
that are either entirely for IT hardware industry or for both IT hardware and IT
software industry companies, classified under ‘Industrial’ category of the Kerala
Building Rules, additional FAR of 50% shall be permitted (over currently applicable
FAR of 1.5).
The Kerala State Electricity Board, the Kerala Water Authority, and the Office of the
Chief Town Planning Authority shall each designate a Nodal Officer who shall
facilitate the process of inspection, application processing, and application closure,
for their respective responsibility areas. Response standards shall be announced by
these agencies for the fast track clearance process.
A certified private IT park shall be governed by the same set of industry enabling
regulations that are applicable for the State promoted IT parks.
A private park that qualifies for certification under this scheme shall be promoted by
the State Govt. as an integral part of the State’s IT Infrastructure provided the
promoter of the park so desires.
The scope of the ‘Private IT Parks’ scheme shall be restricted to projects that seek
to provide a minimum of 50,000 sq. ft per project either through creation of fresh
built up space or through conversion of existing space for use by IT industry.
Projects less than the 50,000 sq.ft qualifying stipulation shall still have the benefit of
FAR provided under point 1 provided they are otherwise compliant with the Parks’
standard.
The Government is aware that rapid change and transformation is the essence of this
sector, and acknowledge the need for a dynamically evolving policy that caters to the
changing I.T environment. Hence this policy document is envisaged as an evolving
blueprint that sets out an indicative roadmap. Government will endeavour to improve
upon the components of this policy on the basis of suggestions from stakeholders and
the changing requirements of the sector.
h) Industrial Policy for Kerala
The policy provides for exploring the scope of developing small scale industries, Traditional
Industries, Textiles, Sick Units, Food processing, Biotechnology, Infrastructure. & Service
Sector Industries.
Holistic and eco-friendly projects will be encouraged in tourism as the sector has already
been accepted as an instrument for generation of foreign exchange, employment, poverty
alleviation and sustainable social and economic development. The Government shall
endeavour to facilitate notified Special Economic Zones and bring in a special legal
dispensation enabling a more liberalized environment within specified industrial parks,
estates and notified areas.
The waterways in the State shall be developed with the participation of the private sector
and made navigable particularly for barge transport.
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i) Kerala Port Policy

The policy on Ports and Shipping Development announced by the Government of Kerala
envisages private participation in building up a wide variety of infrastructure for ports and
shipping. The Government will encourage development of special ports and berths for
handling petrol and oil, transhipment ports, multipurpose jetties and passenger terminal by
private agencies.
The policy also promises promotion of facilities for passenger ships, roll on and roll off
vessels, inland terminals and amusement parks besides port based industries including ship
yards and dry docks. The tax breaks promised in the industrial policy will be extended for
such ventures. Private agencies will be allowed to undertake development of state highways
and bridges to minor ports and collect toll to recover their investment. Leasing of existing
ports and provision of various services such as loading and pilotage and navigation will also
be permitted.
The government will take steps to encourage goods transport through waterways to reduce
congestion in highways and costs. A Maritime University is proposed to set up for ensuring
supply of trained man power.
Objectives of the Government of Kerala Port Policy:
Kerala shall target a place among the top three marine States of the country in
terms of cargo handled in the next ten years;
Facilitate achievement of optimal multi-model transport and logistic chain outcomes
by establishing an efficient and commercially viable transport system. This will be
achieved by carrying out co-ordinated development of multi-purpose ports,
transhipment bunks, inland water ways, coastal shipping inland terminal cargo
handling and storage facilities, railways and road linkages;
Promote port based and Maritime Industries;
Ensure protection of environment and coastal zones; and
Promote establishment of passenger terminals and marinas.
j) People Centred Service Delivery Policy for Kerala
The Service Delivery Policy approved by the Government is intended to establish the mode
and manner in which services are delivered to citizens. In a broad sense it covers the whole
range of interface between Government and the people and the whole gamut of the
interaction between people and their Government.
The objective of the Policy is to provide a systematic approach to ensure that adequate level
of public services of prescribed quality are provided by the various departments and
implementing agencies in the State and Local Self Governments of Kerala.
The public services include civic services like water supply and sanitation, welfare services
like social security, human development services like health, nutrition and education and
basic minimum services like housing. In addition, Government and Local Governments
provide several regulatory and administrative services.
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It is hoped that a Service Delivery Policy will help develop and put service standards in place
which would enable citizens, policy makers and service providers to track service
performance and take corrective measures.
1.4.13 Vision 2010 – On the Lines of Mission Initiated by President of India

His Excellency the President of India Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam has outlined 10 Missions for
Kerala’s Prosperity in his address to the Kerala Legislative Assembly on 28.07.2005
considering the core competence of the State. Subsequently six more visions were added by
the State Government and Legislative Assembly to address priorities for Kerala’s
Development and Poverty alleviation covering agriculture, poverty alleviation, traditional
industries, revitalization of public sector, strengthening decentralization and environmental
conservation. A number of strategies proposed under Vision 2010 fall within the programmes
of the Mission.
The Vision statement included the following:

Economic prosperity for all, with equality of status, facilities and opportunities;
minimal inequalities of income; and ownership and control of material resources of
the communities so distributed as best to sub serve the common goal;
Social justice, social equality, gender justice and individual freedom reflecting the
Constitutional values; communal harmony and peace; protection of our diverse
culture, heritage; and conservation of our natural environment;
Strong and vibrant institutions of democratic self-government based on Panchayati
Raj;
High quality infrastructure and public services including health, water, sanitation,
power, housing and education, accessible to all; and
Efficient, corruption free, transparent, responsive and accountable public
administration.
The five goals of the vision to be achieved in five years are -

Double our per capita income and State GDP, with emphasis on agriculture,
traditional industries and manufacturing as well as the knowledge economy;
Reduce unemployment by half;
Provide quality higher education accessible to all. Triple higher education
opportunity for our youth, with a view to universalize higher education;
Bring absolute poverty down to zero, strengthen social protection and assure
freedom from hunger; and
Improve quality of public services (health, education, power and water supply,
sanitation and housing), strengthen Panchayati Raj Institutions as effective units of
26
self government, and enhance efficient, responsive, transparent, accountable and

corruption- free public administration.
The CDP for Thiruvananthapuram is envisaged to be in such a manner as to attain the goals
of the vision, especially by way of providing high quality infrastructure, providing basic
services to the urban poor and extending targeted assistance to eradicate poverty.
1.5 Structure of the Report

The report is divided into four parts.
PART A. Deals with the introductory parts, brief note on the earlier planning and
development efforts, study of Thiruvananthapuram City Region and the logic of Development
Vision and Development Strategies.
PART B. Deals with the various priority sectors included under the Project Package in
Urban Infrastructure under JNNURM.
PART C. Deals with a study of the urban poor in Thiruvananthapuram City Region and
the various priority project components included under the Project Package in Basic
Services to the Urban Poor under JNNURM
PART D. Deals with Urban Reforms already implemented and reforms proposed for
implementation, the financial status of Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation (TMC)
and the immediate Grama Panchayats adjoining TMC and a comprehensive picture of the
City Investment Plan under JNNURM. This part also discusses the Project Management and
Implementation Mechanism, suggested for JNNURM under TMC & State Government.
The four parts of the CDP are divided into 17 chapters with continuous numbering of
chapters to enable easy reference. The first chapter gives an introduction about the
JNNURM. It describes the Objective and Scope of CDP for Thiruvananthapuram and the
process adopted by the Municipal Corporation to prepare it. The chapter also reviews the
relevant city planning studies conducted in the last 10-15 years and relevant national / state
level policies.
The second chapter gives the Profile of Thiruvananthapuram in terms of demography,
economic base and land use with respect to the State, district and region with specific
reference to the planning area which is the Urban Agglomeration of Thiruvananthapuram.
Chapter three details the Vision and Development Strategies for the city based on SWOT
analysis of Thiruvananthapuram City Region
Chapter 4 to 12 of Part B analyses the development of urban infrastructure in
Thiruvananthapuram like water supply, sewerage, storm water drainage, environment, solid
waste management, traffic and transportation, urban regeneration, heritage & tourism and
social infrastructure. Each chapter deals with one component of urban infrastructure.
Description of existing situation, key issues & challenges in the sector and the priority project
components are listed in each sector along with broad costing & phasing.
Under Part C on basic services to urban poor, Chapter 13 gives a profile of urban poor in the
project area, interventions by state / local governments and identifies the key issues and
27
challenges. A poverty reduction strategy plan is also outlined in this chapter. Chapter 14
includes the Priority Project Components identified for inclusion under the JNNURM. Project
costing and phasing of implementation are also attempted. The major segment of the urban
poor like urban slums, coastal population, informal sectors and other vulnerable sections are
studied and projects required to address their problems are highlighted.
Chapter 15 gives the status of urban governance and existing / proposed reforms at State &
City level.
Chapter 16 describes the structure and finances of the local governments with
Thiruvananthapuram urban agglomeration and a parastatal body viz. Kerala Water Authority.
Chapter sixteen also gives the City Investment Plan giving sector-wise project identification
and costing.
The CDP concludes with an attempt to identify institutional structure and mechanism for
Project Management and Monitoring. Chapter seventeen deals wholly with the Management
& Implementation Mechanism, this being important for the success of JNNURM.
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2.0 STRENGTHENING DECENTRALIZATION AND URBAN

LOCAL GOVERNANCE
THE PIONEERING INITIATIVES OF KERALA
2.1 Introduction
After the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Indian Constitution, Kerala has achieved rapid
strides in realizing the constitutional vision of transforming Local Bodies into institutions of
Local Self Government. Among the States in the country, Kerala is the acknowledged leader
in strengthening and institutionalizing decentralized governance both in rural and urban
areas, with several pioneering innovations and basic reforms.
As part of decentralization in addition to the traditional functions of street lighting, water

supply, solid waste management and secondary roads, a range of functions has been
transferred to Urban Local Governments. They manage primary and secondary health
institutions, primary and secondary schools, anganwadis, care institutions, krishi bhavans
and veterinary hospitals; i.e., the core of the human development responsibilities is now with
the Urban Local Governments including the City Corporations. In addition poverty reduction,
women and child development and a major portion of the responsibility for development of
the disadvantaged groups have become Local Government functions. Local economic
development is also fast becoming a subject of Local Governments.
In order to match the functions, the functionaries previously carrying out the functions have
been placed under the control of the Local Governments. Also commensurate funds have
been transferred to them to discharge the functions effectively. Thus beyond civic duties and
running of utilities, Corporations have become veritable City Governments in charge of
overall development.
Kerala has used decentralization as a vehicle for bringing about fundamental reforms in
different spheres. These are outlined below:
2.1.1 Development Reforms

Participatory budgeting has become a reality in Kerala and a sound methodology has been
evolved applicable even in the urban environment including needs assessment through
Ward Sabhas, situation analysis through comprehensive Development Reports akin to City
Development Plans, consultation with stakeholders, involvement of professionals from within
and outside the Government in plan and project preparation. This has helped the
Corporations in understanding the development issues confronting them and given them
capacity to deal with them strategically. An important component of participatory
development is poverty reduction. Every poor family within the City Corporation is identified
through a socially understood set of transparent non-monetary criteria. At the local level all
29
such families below poverty line are brought together into a Neighbourhood Group (NHG),
with each family being represented only by a woman, making the system a vehicle for
empowerment of women as well. NHGs in a Ward are organized into an Area Development
Society (ADS) and all the ADSs within a city are federated into a registered organization
called Community Development Society (CDS). At each level of this three-tier networked
organization there are a set of volunteers from among the women who look after health,
education, community infrastructure, economic development and general management.
Thus this inclusive organization of the poor has become a powerful medium for poverty
reduction. It has strengthened the poor to access entitlements and gain capabilities to move
towards social and economic empowerment. It is this community based organization of the
poor which plans from below for an integrated Anti Poverty Sub-plan in the Corporation. It
has succeeded in generating well-articulated demand for pro-poor public services.
Ten percent of the Government grants given to a Corporation has to be set apart for a
Women Component Plan. This has opened up possibilities of engendering development at
the local level. Similarly a good portion of the allocation to the Corporation is earmarked for
development of Scheduled Castes for which it has to prepare a Special Component Plan.
The City has also to develop a proper plan for the children, the aged and the challenged. A
new initiative has just been launched to identify the destitutes who are expected to constitute
about two percent of the population and prepare an integrated plan to tackle it. This initiative
called “Asraya” has the potential of inducing the City Corporation to be compassionate and
care giving.
All Corporations now have to prepare a Service Delivery Plan listing out the various services
which they provide to citizens, determining the present quality and quantity of the services,
setting realistic target for their improvement and developing a plan of action for attaining
them.
Since a lot of assets have been transferred from Government to the Corporations in addition
to their own assets, Corporations have been directed to prepare Maintenance Plans for
managing their physical assets in a scientific manner utilizing their own funds as well as the
earmarked Maintenance Fund devolved by Government.
2.1.2 Financial Reforms

In order to strengthen the financial position of Corporations Government of Kerala provides
grants in three streams – Development, Maintenance and General Purpose. The allocations
have been finalized for five years starting from 2006-07 and the flow would be as follows:
30
(Rs. Lakh)
Corporation Year Development Maintenance Fund General
Fund Non-road Road Purpose
Assets Assets Fund
Thiruvananthapuram 2006-07 3276.75 495.20 254.81 1098.09
2007-08 3604.42 544.72 280.29 1207.89
2008-09 3964.86 599.20 308.31 1328.68
2009-10 4361.35 659.12 339.15 1461.55
2010-11 4797.49 725.03 373.06 1607.71
These funds have been earmarked on the basis of transparent criteria. The Local
Government-wise allocation is shown in a separate document of the budget ensuring
legislative approval and preventing whimsical diversions or non-transfer by the executive.
The funds are given in monthly installments and are untied and the Local Government can
decide their application. Thus the devolution satisfies the key criteria of fiscal
decentralization like predictability, sufficiency, freedom of use, equitability of sharing and
timely flow.
Kerala is the only State where three State Finance Commission Reports have been
submitted and action taken on all of them. Some of the important ongoing fiscal reforms
emerging out of the State Finance Commissions are:
i. Introduction of plinth area based Property Taxation to be effective from the second half of
2006-07;
ii. Introduction of seating capacity-linked taxation for Entertainment Tax;
iii. Introduction of presumptive taxes for certain categories of professions under Profession
Tax;
iv. Introduction of a new Service Tax to realize the cost of providing special services to
localities, as a kind of benefits tax;
v. Linking general non-tax revenues like rents, license fees to the value of money through a
system of graduated automatic increases linked to indices reflecting value of money;
vi. Linking devolution of a portion of the Development Fund to increased revenue efforts on
the part of the local governments;
vii. Tax mapping to reduce escaped tax; and
viii. Updation of asset registers.
As part of the ADB supported Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project (KSUDP) a
Technical Assistance programme has just been approved to convert the cash based
accounts of City Corporations into a modified accrual system. This exercise is to be
preceded by updation of accounts.
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In order to concurrently audit Local Governments a Performance Audit system is in vogue

headed by an officer of the Indian Audit and Accounts Service. It works within the Local Self
Government Department and audits, all Local Governments once in six months with the
primary objective of ensuring that the financial processes and procedures are adhered to
and registers and accounts are properly written up.
To enable the Local Governments to tap institutional finance as well as funds from the
market, the Local Authorities Loans Act is in force. Also there is a Kerala Urban and Rural
Development Finance Corporation (KURDFC) which was set up in the early seventies, the
first of its kind in the country exclusively for Local Governments. Now a policy decision has
been taken to restructure it into the Kerala Local Government Fund on the lines of the Tamil
Nadu Urban Development Fund.
In order to improve fiscal governance and ensure fiscal accountability certain important
initiatives are currently on. They include:
1. Preparation of modern manuals for budgeting, accounting and auditing; and

2. Preparation of a new procurement manual for local governments.
Government have decided in principle to set up a independent Audit Commission for Local
Governments on the lines of the Audit Commission for Local Governments in UK.
Thus the fiscal reforms of Local Governments undertaken in Kerala are fundamental and
pioneering with the potential of transforming fiscal governance.
2.1.3 Governance Reforms

Several participatory structures have been set up as appropriate to the urban scenario.
These range from Neighbourhood Groups and Community Development Society to Ward
Sabhas and Ward Committees.
The Ward Committee shall consist of the following members, namely:-
1. The Councillor of that ward who shall be its Chairman;

2. Fifteen persons to be elected in the manner prescribed, from among the members of the
resident’s association of that Ward, which are registered in the Municipality;
3. Twenty members to be elected in the manner prescribed from among the members of the
registered neighbourhood groups of that Ward which are registered in the Municipality;
4. One person each nominated by every political party having representation in the
Municipality;
5. The Heads of all recognized educational institutions functioning in that Ward;
32
6. Twenty persons nominated jointly by the Chairperson and Councillor of the Ward, of
whom, -
Ten shall be from the persons representing the cultural organizations, voluntary
organizations, educational institutions, industrial – commercial establishments which
are functioning in that Ward;
Five shall be from persons representing those working in that Ward as professionals
(experts in agriculture, industry, health, education, engineering etc.); and
Five shall be from persons in the registered trade unions.
Provided that, the members nominated under items (i) and (ii) need not be the residents of
that Ward.”
This shows that Ward Committees are democratic institutions representing different
stakeholders and there is very less of nomination. Even in big cities Ward Sabhas are held
to elicit suggestions for development schemes akin to the Grama Sabhas in rural areas. In
order to ensure involvement of non-government professionals and activists in the local
planning process Working Groups are set up by the City Corporations consisting of elected
councilors, officials and experts from all walks of life including practitioners and activists.
This helps a kind of triangulation of development ideas and project proposals.
These mechanisms have enhanced Citizen engagements and improved citizen interface
with Urban Local Governments. But the quality of participation in urban areas still needs
considerable up gradation. To address this focus is on evolving city- specific models of
practice, through carefully- structured action research with special reference to micro-
planning, social audit and community- based monitoring.
Even before the Right to Information Act, the Kerala Municipality Act had provisions since
1999 for guaranteeing the right to information which is almost total. Matching this right is a
legal provision to come out with Citizen Charters. This process is undergoing refinement with
the involvement of the Centre for Good Governance Hyderabad. Naturally in such a scenario
service delivery assumes importance and all Corporations are experimenting with the
Service Delivery Plans. Social audit completes the picture of citizen control. Here again an
action research project is under way to evolve a suitable methodology facilitating easy and
effective practice.
The Kerala Municipality Act has provision for a Code of Conduct governing the relationship
between officials and elected members. The Code of Conduct is now being elaborated.
Interestingly it is an enforceable Code of Conduct. Formal engagement of NGOs in
development matters is another innovative feature in the local government system in Kerala.
Eminent NGOs having expertise in different fields like water supply, sanitation, slum
development, non-conventional energy, cost effective engineering etc., are accredited after a
due process and such NGOs can take up implementation of works related to their expertise
33
on a no-profit no-loss basis without going through the open bidding process. The Community
Development Society of women below poverty line is deemed to be an NGO in this respect
so that it can take up small works for the development of the poor especially in slums.
As part of improving governance a system is under development for a modern Office

Management system. Also a new, Public Works Manual facilitating community contracting
and total transparency is under finalization. Gradually e-governance is being introduced in
Corporations. Already Birth and Death registration has been made almost on-line through
the system of hospital kiosks. Soon monitoring of development works and accounting would
be computerized. An interesting area of work taken up for electronic application is e-
verification of building plans.
The Trivandrum City Corporation has tied up with the Quality Circle Forum of India to
develop quality circles and bring about an improvement in the overall functioning of the
office. This has had very promising initial results. The Government of Kerala as part of its
Modernizing Government Programme has launched an initiative called Sevana Mudra, akin
to the Charter Mark initiative of UK. This has been tried out in some Village Panchayats and
is to be up-scaled to be applied Corporations also.
The Local Governments in Kerala enjoy a high degree of autonomy. The Government has
no direct executive control over the Local Governments. In order to ensure accountability
two unique institutions are in place. The first is the Ombudsman for Local Self Government
institutions who is a High Court Judge. All issues related to mal-administration, corruption
and non-performance of duties are referred to Ombudsman who has sufficient power to
direct rectification and in cases involving corruption, even to disqualify elected members.
Appeals against administrative / regulatory decisions of Local Governments like issue of
licenses, permits and punitive action have to be preferred before the Appellate Tribunal who
is a District Judge. A recent initiative has been to develop a grievance redressal system in
local governments.
2.1.4 Policy Back-Up

In order to improve the performance of local governments several policies have been
formally enunciated by the State. They include the following:
1. A Service Delivery Policy stipulating preparation of Service Delivery Plans through a

participatory process to improve the quality of delivery of public services;
2. A Social Audit Policy to facilitate transparency and accountability to citizens;
3. A Training Strategy to strengthen the capabilities of elected members and officials;
4. A Strategy for Community-Based Monitoring of poverty to track the performance of anti-
poverty programme which empowers the poor by enabling them to track public
expenditure meant for their benefit;
34
5. An Asset Management Policy to ensure that every Local Government is able to ensure the
upkeep of its public assets including the one transferred by the Government through
preparation of proper Maintenance Plans;
6. A framework for Public-Private Participation in Local Governments has been developed
which enables Local Governments to enter into different kinds of Public Private
Partnership (PPP) arrangements; and
7. A Sanitation Policy is under preparation to provide for total sanitation covering different
aspects like solid and liquid waste management, environmental hygiene and overall
cleanliness.
2.1.5 Institutional Back-Up

Several institutions and mechanisms have been set up to ensure local level development
and help in strengthening of Local Governments. The constitutionally mandated institutions
like the State Election Commission, the State Finance Commission and the District Planning
Committee of Kerala have been rated as the most effective in the country. The State
Election Commission is in full control of the election process right from delimitation up to
disqualification of members for defection or non-submission of accounts. Even the DPC is
elected by the State Election Commission which also oversees conduct of no confidence
motions in Local Governments. As regards the State Finance Commission the State has so
far had three SFCs and the third one has also submitted its report, the first to do so in the
country. Practically every recommendation of the three SFCs has been accepted by
Government and the Action Taken Reports placed in the Legislature. As far as the DPC is
concerned it coordinates preparation of development plans by local governments and clears
them at its level without sending it to Government. DPCs in Kerala have been fully functional
from 1995.
In order to add to the technical expertise of Local Governments there are two Committees –
a Technical Advisory Committee which has experts drawn from different walks of life
including from outside government to vet the projects prepared by Corporations and a
Technical Committee which accords Technical Sanction. Technical Committees consist of
engineers drawn from Government, academic institutions and non-government
organizations. Issue of Technical Sanction by a joint Committee has the advantage of
multiple check by responsible professionals. These arrangements facilitate the induction of
any professional to upgrade the quality of technical vetting and approval of projects- a
unique way of strengthening Local Government capacity of Kudumbashree.
The State Poverty Eradication Mission is a top quality organization of national acclaim which
acts as a live wire facilitator of anti-poverty programme in Local Governments. It has a team
of highly dedicated and competent officials. The Mission has been declared as the nodal
agency for IHSDP and will play a central role in the BSUP Sub-Mission under JNNURM. A
similar organization is the Information Kerala Mission which is dedicated solely for the
development of IT-based solutions and e-governance initiatives in Local Governments. It has
35
a rich domain expertise and has succeeded in developing 15 IT-based applications for Local
Governments. It is the key facilitator of computerization in the Corporations.
A new Mission to provide technical assistance to Local Governments in preparing an

implementing waste management plans is the Clean Kerala Mission.
For building capacity of elected members and officials, the State has a unique institution
called the Kerala Institute of Local Administration. It is rated as the best institution in the
country for providing training to elected representatives with special emphasis on
participatory planning and local governance. It is fast developing into an international
institution with regular tie up with the Government of Sri Lanka for training its Councillors.
Efforts are on to raise it to the level of a South Asian Centre of Excellence for capacity
building of Local Governments.
Kerala has a rich tradition of Local Government Associations which are gaining in
importance in acting as a collective of elected local governments. The Chamber of Municipal
Chairpersons and the Mayors Council are effective organizations, assigned an expanding
role in giving policy feed back to government and expressing the demand for capacity
building.
Kerala also has a unique institution for Local Governments called the State Development
Council modelled on the lines of the National Development Council, headed by the Chief
Minister. Its members include all the Cabinet Ministers, Vice Chairman of the State Planning
Board, Chief Secretary, all Mayors, Presidents of the District Panchayats and
representatives of Local Government associations at the Village Panchayat, Block
Panchayat and Municipality levels. This is a forum for discussing policy issues and
coordination issues.
A very effective mechanism to sort out issues related to decentralization, almost on-line, is
the Coordination Committee headed by the Minister for Local Self Government and having
the Secretaries in charge of Local Self Government, Finance, Planning and SC/ST
Development as permanent members and other Ministers and Secretaries as invitees when
issues related to their portfolio are discussed. It has been empowered by the Council of
Ministers to take all decisions necessary to sort out issues related to decentralization and
Local Governments except creation of staff. This has been a very effective institution in
pushing decentralization to the current levels of achievement.
36
2.2 Summing Up
Continuous policy support in favour of decentralization right from 1995 spanning across the
ten years of different governments of different political persuasions has been the strong point
of Kerala’s decentralization. Though it followed a big bang approach the State was quick to
settle down to the tasks of developing suitable process and procedure, and setting up
appropriate systems and institutions. After deliberately adopting, a ‘learning by doing’
approach, now it has started crafting appropriate operating systems to run its local
governments efficiently. After a successful People’s Plan Campaign which set the agenda,
the institutionalization phase is on.
As clear from the above description, it is clear that the classical principles of devolution of
functionaries, powers and funds to Local Governments have been fully followed in Kerala-
and ONLY IN KERALA. Thus the state has gone a long way in realizing the core objectives
of JNNURM, that of transforming the 74th Amendment into a replicable and sustainable
model- with critical lessons for all states and cities in decentralization reforms.
The Local Governments of Kerala have attained adequate capacity for participatory
development and the JNNURM offers the right opportunity for attaining their full potential.
37
3.0 PROFILE OF THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
3.1 Planning Area and Demography

3.1.1 Urban Scenario
State Level
In Kerala, unlike in the other parts of the country, the population is distributed more or less
evenly over the entire area of the State in scattered homesteads with rural-urban continuum.
The migration to urban areas is not substantial. However, daily commutation is more from
the surrounding regions to the urban centers.
As per 2001 Census, urban population of Kerala is 26 percent of the total population and the
State ranks twelfth in urbanisation rate in the country. State’s population in comparison to
India’s population is shown in the table below.
Table 3.1: Urban population of India
Country / State Total population Urban population % of Urban
Population
India 102,52,51,059 28,49,95,688 27.8%
Kerala 3,18,38,619 82,57,135 26%
Source: Census of India, 2001.
Census of India, 2001, shows that the total urban settlements in Kerala have decreased from
197 in 1991 to 159 in 2001. This is because the jurisdiction of a few of the urban settlements
in the state has expanded accommodating the surrounding census towns. The urban
agglomeration however increased from 9 in 1981 to 16 in 1991 and to 17 in 2001. Out of the
159 towns, there are 5 municipal corporations, 53 municipalities, 1 cantonment, 1 township
and 99 non-municipal census towns.
The percentage of urban population of India increased from 10.84 in 1991 to 27.80 in 2001,
whereas, Kerala’s urban population did not show any substantial variation in the last decade.
The total urban population in Kerala varied from 26.4% in 1991 to 26.0 % in 2001. According
to Census 2001, Kerala is administratively divided into 14 districts, 63 taluks, 1364 villages
and 159 towns including 58 statutory towns and 101 census towns. It is observed that the
main cause of urbanization in Kerala is the development of tertiary sectors, unlike in the
States like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka, where urbanization is
the result of accelerated industrialization.
District Level
As per Census 2001, Thiruvananthapuram district covers an area of 5.60 percent of the total
area of the State and has about 10.31 percent of the total population. The urban population
of Thiruvananthapuram district is 33.80 percent of the total population and ranks fifth out of
the total 14 districts in the State. The population of Thiruvananthapuram district with respect
to State is as shown in the table below.
38
Table 3.2: Details of Urban Population in Kerala

State / District Area Urban Total % Urban Density
(sq. km) (Popu/sq.
km)
Kerala State 38863 82,66,925 3,18,41,37 26.0 819
4
Thiruvananthapuram 2192 10,91,661 32,34,356 33.8 1475
Thiruvananthapuram district has five urban areas namely, Thiruvananthapuram City, and
Neyyattinkara, Nedumangad, Attingal and Varkala towns. The availability of major
transportation corridors and importance with respect to tourism, marketing facilities, religious
institutions etc. has accelerated the development of these urban centres. The statutory
towns are located along the major transportation corridors, with Neyyattinkara and Attingal
towns along the NH-47 at about 20 km and 28 km to the south and north respectively from
Thiruvananthapuram city. Nedumangad town is about 20 km to the north east side of the city
along Shencottah road and Varkala town is at 40 km to the north – west along broad gauge
railway lines.
3.1.2 Thiruvananthapuram City Region (TRIDA Area)

The jurisdiction of Thiruvananthapuram Developmental Authority having an area of 296 .35
sq. km encompasses 141.74 sq. km of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation area and 154 sq.
km of ten neighbouring Grama Panchayats with urban characteristics. The population of
TRIDA area is given in table 2.3. The figures indicate that the population is increasing at a
decreasing rate.
Table 3.3: Demographic Details of TRIDA Area
Year Population Percentage growth (%)
1971 7,46,139 -
1981 9,07,040 17.74
1991 10,35,481 12.4
2001 11,32,394 8.6
Source: Census of India.
Table 3.4: Demographic details of TRIDA Area, 2001

Sl. Town / UA Area Population Density No. of
No (sq. km) Male Female Total (Persons/ H/Hs
sq. km)
1 Thiruvananthapuram 141.74 366235 378748 744983 5256 174670
(M.C)
2 Kazhakkoottam 19.47 16826 17305 34131 1753 7755
3 Sreekaryam 23.73 24088 25057 49145 2071 11794
4 Kudappanakkunnu 7.69 18643 19532 38175 4964 9263
5 Vattiyoorkkavu 10.61 20433 21457 41890 3948 9996
6 Kalliyoor 17.23 18176 18660 36836 2137 9007
7 Vilavoorkkal 12.02 13528 13967 27495 2287 6441
8 Vilappil 19.42 16740 17339 34079 1755 8174
9 Pallichal 21.7 22252 22866 45118 2079 10807
10 Venganoor 10.12 16452 16920 33372 3298 8205
11 Vizhinjam 12.62 23922 23248 47170 3738 9273
Total 296.35 557295 575099 1132394 (Avg.) 265385
3026
39
The area and population details of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation and 10 Panchayats

falling under TRIDA area are given in table 2.4. The Municipal Corporation alone had a
population of 7.45 lakh in year 2001 and is the most populous local body in the district, with
an area of 141.74 sq. km. The average population density in TRIDA area is 3026 persons
per sq. km. The population density and number of households is the highest in
Thiruvananthapuram Corporation.
3.1.3 Thiruvananthapuram Urban Agglomeration

Thiruvananthapuram Urban Agglomeration (UA) as per Census 1981 had a population of
5.20 lakhs and included Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, one out growth (Thumba) and
one census town (Kadakampally).
As per 1991 census, the population of Thiruvananthapuram Urban Agglomeration was 8.26
lakhs which included Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation with an area of 74.93 sq.
km, seven outgrowths of Kazhakoottam, Thumba, Sreekaryam, Cheruvikkal, Vattiyoorkavu,
Thiruvallam & Kovalam and four census towns of Ulloor, Kudappanakkummu, Anayara &
Nemom.
In 2001, Thiruvananthapuram Urban Agglomeration accounts for 81.40% of the total urban
population of the district, indicating strong influence the city exerts on the district. The total
area of Thiruvananthapuram Urban Agglomeration as per census 2001is 178 sq. km. Prior to
2001 census, the panchayats of Attipra, Ulloor, Nemom, Thiruvallam and Kadakampally
were annexed to the Corporation area of 1991 census and the extent of Corporation area
became 141.74 sq. km. In 2001, Thiruvananthapuram UA consists of Thiruvananthapuram
Corporation and five outgrowths of Kazhakkottam, Sreekaryan, Kudappanakkunnu,
Vattiyoorkkavu and Kovalam.
The National Commission on Urbanization (1988) had identified Thiruvananthapuram as one
of the National Priority Cities in the country. The demographic details of Thiruvananthapuram
UA, 2001are given in the table below.
Table 3.5: Demographic details of Thiruvananthapuram Urban Agglomeration, 2001
S. Town / UA Area Population Density No. of
No (sq. km) Male Female Total (Persons Househo
/ sq. km) lds
1 Thiruvananthapuram 141.74 366235 378748 744983 5256 174670
(M.C)
2 Kazhakkoottam (OG) 5.03 6922 7488 14410 2865 3310
3 Sreekaryam (OG) 8.87 10437 10994 21431 2416 5251
4 Kudappanakkunnu 7.69 18643 19532 38175 4964 9263
(OG)
5 Vattiyoorkkavu (OG) 1.11 20433 21457 41890 37739 9996
6 Kovalam (OG) 3.33 14737 14009 28746 8632 4970
Total 177.77 437407 452228 889635 (Avg.) 207460
5004
Source: Census of India, 2001
Accordingly, the average population density of the UA is 5004 persons per sq. km and that
of the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation is 5256 persons per sq. km.
40
The Thiruvananthapuram City witnessed population growths of 45.6 %, 70.8% and 42.1%
during 1941-51, 1961-71 and 1991-2001, respectively. This growth is mainly attributed to the
extension of city boundaries and merging of adjoining Panchayats to the city.
Sex Ratio
Sex ratio in Thiruvananthapuram Urban Agglomeration is 1034 female to 1000 male in 2001
and remains below the state average of 1058.
Literacy Rate
The literacy rate in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation is 83.82 percent which is less than the
State average of 90.92 percent.
Slum Population
The total slum population in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation is 11667 which accounts to
1.57 percent of the total population. This contributes to 25 per cent of the slum population in
the state. The literacy rate of the slum population in comparison to state population is only
1.28 percent. This is much below the average literacy rate of the State.
3.1.4 Population Growth Trends

Thiruvananthapuram city population growth indicates a decadal population growth rate of
5.70%. A conservative pessimistic assumption is that the 1991-2001 decadal growth rate of
5.7% may reduce to 5% during 2001-2011, further decreasing to 4.5% during 2011-21. This
growth rate may further reduce to 4% during 2021 to 2031. By such an estimate, the 2031
population of the city is presumed to be only 8.5 lakhs. The total population of the TMC area
and the five Panchayats around together is estimated to be only 11.45 lakhs in 2031.
However, this estimate considering only
Population Projection for
the decreasing past trend of growth rate Thiruvananthapuram District
3746936
and considering a conservative estimate 4000000 3490648
3234356
2946650
does not take into account the growth
Population
3000000
2596112
potential of the city region, the activity 2000000
nodes which are proposed and the jobs 1000000
that these nodes and the city in general 0
1981 1991 2001 2011 2021
that may be generated in the future.
Year
Table 3.6: Population Projection for Thiruvananthapuram UA (MC and the five panchayats in
full)
Sl. Name Year
No. 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031
1 Thiruvananthapuram MC 633481 704375 744983 770448 795913 850130
2 Kazhakkuttam 24895 29469 34131 38837 43543 48770
3 Kudappanakunnu 27118 33534 38175 41929 45682 49340
4 Sreekariyam 34551 42050 49145 56038 62931 70480
5 Vattiyoorkavu 24249 33653 41890 49544 57197 65780
6 Vizhinjam 37298 42402 47170 51770 56370 60880
Total 781592 885483 955494 1008566 1061636 1145380
41
Population Projection for Population Projection for

Thiruvananthapuram UA Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
1500000 1000000 850130
1061636 1145380 744983 770448 795913
800000 704375
Population
Population
1000000
600000
885483 955494 1008566 633481
500000 781592 400000
200000
0 2031 0 2031
1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021
Years Year
As per this estimate the population of both Thiruvananthapuram UA and the city show
declining growth rate.
Population projection taking into consideration the growth prospects of the
major activity nodes/zones.
As far as Thiruvananthapuram city region is concerned, population projection based on the
past growth tends and with the concept that in future the natural increase will show a
declining growth trend, in view of the fairly highly improved health sector and high rate of
awareness among the people, may not correctly reflect the future scenario. This statement is
due to the fact that the city is sharing a remarkable potential in attracting major activities,
which may open out tremendous job opportunities in skilled, semi skilled and also unskilled
categories.
In view of this, population projections have to be made with a different and unconventional
approach compared to many traditional approaches that demographers normally adopt. The
approach suggested is as follows.
a) Consider the various new aspiring major activities and the zones where these are
likely to be located;
b) For each activity zone, estimate the probable investment and scale of development;
c) Based on the nature, type and the scale of development, estimate the number of jobs
in the skilled, semi skilled and unskilled categories that may be created;
d) Assumptions to be made on the percentage of jobs that may be availed by the local
population and the percentage of jobs that may require skills from outside the city
region;
e) Out of the jobs which are taken by workers migrating in to the city region, what
percentage would be lone migrants and what percentage would be family migrants;
f) Estimate the total population that would migrate in to the city region and to which part
of the city region;
g) Estimated the number of service sector jobs that may be additionally created for the
activity zone and for the additional population;
h) Estimate the quantum of in-migration for service sector jobs;
42
i) Estimate the impacts in terms of population increase that may be created in the city
on account of all the above; and
j) Compile the total population of the city region based on the additional in migration
and additional impact with in the city, taking together all the possible potential
development of all the proposed activities and their effect on the growth of existing
activities.
Based on the natural increase of population and assumptions of growth prospects in major
activity nodes / zones like IT and other hi-tech related developments near Kazhakuttom,
Vizhinjam ICTT Zone, Veli-Kovalam tourism zone and Kudappanakkunnu, the population of
Thiruvananthapuram UA is estimated to be 14 lakhs.
3.2 Economic Base

3.2.1 Occupational Structure
Occupational structure is one of the most important analyses in demographic characteristics
which indicate the sustaining capacity of different economic sectors like primary, secondary
and tertiary activities. The work participation rate for the State and Thiruvananthapuram
district are almost equal with 32.30% and 32.40% respectively. The percentage of main
workers to total workers for Kerala State is 80.10 and that for Thiruvananthapuram District is
78.10, which is slightly less than that of the State. The percentage of other workers to total
workers for Kerala State is 73.60% and that of Thiruvananthapuram District is 80%.The work
participation rate is more or less similar to that of the State but the percentage of other
workers to total workers is above the State average.
The category of workers in the urban areas of Thiruvananthapuram district given in the table
shows that maximum numbers of workers fall in the category of other workers. This indicates
that the activities in agriculture and household sector are comparatively less in the district.
Table 3.7: Category of workers in the urban areas of Thiruvananthapuram district

Person/ Total Cultivators Agricultural Workers in Other Workers
Male/ Workers labourers household
Female (Main+ Number (%) Number (%) Number (%) Number (%)
Marginal)
P 356329 19229 (5.4) 39249 (11.0) 18889 (5.3) 278962 (78.3)
M 272502 14472 (5.3) 30420 (11.2) 8360 (3.1) 219250 (80.4)
F 83827 4757 (5.7) 8829 (10.5) 10529 (12.6) 59752 (71.2)
Source: Census of India, 2001 (Provisional Figures).
The category of workers for Thiruvananthapuram urban agglomeration indicates that almost
83% of the total workers in the district are from Thiruvananthapuram urban agglomeration.
Looking at the distribution of workers in the urban agglomeration, Thiruvananthapuram City
has the highest number of agricultural labourers and the lowest number of other workers,
compared to the panchayats in the UA. The number of other workers is above ninety percent
in the outgrowths of Kudappanakkunnu, Kovalam, Vattiyoorkkavu and Sreekaryam. This
might be due to the nearness to the city and the dominance of tertiary sectors like tourism,
institutions, IT, etc.
43
Table 3.8: Category of workers in Thiruvananthapuram Urban Agglomeration

Name Total Cultivators Agricultural Household Other Workers
Workers labourers Industries
(Main+
Marginal) Number (%) Number (%) Number (%) Number (%)
Thiruvananthapuram P 248054 16789 (6.8) 30952 (12.5) 15664 (6.3) 184649 (74.4)
(MC) M 187385 12416 (6.6) 23438 (12.5) 6318 (3.4) 145213 (77.5)
F 60669 4373 (7.2) 7514 (12.4) 9346 (15.4) 39436 (65)
Kazhakkuttam P 4506 313 (7.0) 248 (5.5) 38 (0.8) 39.7 (86.7)
(OG) M 3515 229 (6.5) 207 (5.9) 18 (0.5) 3061 (87.1)
F 991 84 (8.5) 41(4.1) 20 (2.0) 846 (85.4)
Sreekaryam P 7001 176 (2.5) 308 (4.4) 130 (1.9) 6387 (91.2)
(OG) M 5250 163 (3.1) 287 (5.5) 69 (1.8) 4704 (89.6)
F 1751 13 (0.8) 21 (1.2) 34 (1.9) 1683 (96.1)
Kudappanakkunnu P 12258 128 (1.0) 336 (2.7) 143 (1.2) 11651 (95.1)
(OG) M 9160 114 (1.2) 299 (3.3) 91 (1.0) 8656 (94.5)
F 3098 14 (0.4) 37 (1.2) 52 (1.7) 2995 (96.7)
Vattiyoorkkavu P 14068 95 (0.7) 402 (2.9) 299 (2.1) 13272 (94.3)
(OG) M 10940 81 (0.7) 352 (3.2) 215 (2.0) 10292 (94.1)
F 3198 14 (0.4) 50 (1.6) 84 (2.7) 2980 (95.3)
Kovalam P 8386 53 (0.6) 66 (0.8) 326 (3.9) 7941 (94.7)
(OG) M 7533 33 (0.5) 54 (0.7) 296 (3.9) 7150 (94.9)
F 853 20 (2.4) 12 (1.2) 30 (3.5) 791 (92.7)
Total P 294273 17554 32312 16600 223939
M 223783 13036 24637 7007 179076
F 70490 4518 7675 9566 48731
Source: Census of India, 2001 (Provisional Figures); * P-Persons; M-Male; F-Female.
Proper comparison of data on the distribution of workers (category wise) could not be done
due to the difference in the categorisation of the main workers in 1971, 1981, 1991 & 2001
Census. However, out of the total main workers 25.61% are engaged in activities other than
agricultural labourers, cultivators and household industries as shown in the table. The
percentage of main workers in the urban agglomeration is increasing almost at a constant
rate.
Table 3.9: Distribution of main workers in Thiruvananthapuram UA
Sl. Type of works Total % of total Total % of total Total % of total
No main main main main main main
workers workers workers workers workers workers
1981 1981 1991 1991 2001 2001
1 Cultivators 957 0.18 6991 0.85 17554 1.97
2 Agricultural labours 8974 1.73 25222 3.05 32312 3.6
3 Livestock, fishing, 17189 2.08 -
forestry
4 Mining & Quarrying 907 0.10
5 Household industries 3056 0.59 31189 3.77 16600 1.86
6 Other than H.I
7 Construction 13096 1.59
8 Trade and 44487 5.38
Commerce
9 Transport and 23757 2.88
communication
10 Others 124668 23.97 81760 9.90 227807 25.61
Total 137655 26.47 244598 29.60 294273 33.09
44
30.10 percent of the total workers in the slum areas fall in the category of main workers.
Maximum workers are engaged in activities other than the cultivators, agricultural labourers
and household industries. The table below (2.10) shows that almost 78% of the working
slum population is male.
Table 3.10: Work Participation Rate in Urban Slums in Kerala
Person Male Female
Total Population 11667 5863 5804
Total workers 3993 3106 887
Work Participation Rate of workers (%) 34.2 53 15.3
Work Participation Rate of main workers (%) 30.1 46.8 13.2
Work Participation Rate of marginal workers (%) 4.1 6.2 2.1
Cultivators Nil Nil Nil
Agricultural labourers (%) 0.00 Nil 0.1
Household industry workers (%) 0.1 1.3 1.4
Other workers (%) 98.7 98.7 98.5
3.2.2 Major Sectors of Economic Growth

Due to non-availability of city-level data, district-level data is considered for analysis.
Thiruvananthapuram district houses 10% of the State’s population and contributes to 11% of
the State’s income. Sectoral contribution and its changes in Thiruvananthapuram district
during the period 2002-05 were similar to the trend exhibited by the State. The trend of net
domestic product for the State as well as the district shows that the growth in primary sector
is less but stabilized over the last two years. The declining trend in the secondary sector is
substantial. Both the state and the district show growth in the tertiary sector.
Table 3.11: Trends in State Net Domestic Product
Components 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
NDP (Rs. Million at constant prices)
Primary 694,278 713,796 731,511
Secondary 734,608 812,953 823,226
Tertiary 2,326,063 2,506,007 2,850,735
Total 3,754,949 4,032,756 4,405,472
Growth NSDP (% over preceding year)
Primary 2.8 2.5
Secondary 10.7 1.3
Tertiary 7.3 13.6
Total 7.4 9.2
Composition (% of NDP at current prices)
Primary 19.70% 18.80% 16.80%
Secondary 22.20% 21.20% 22.20%
Tertiary 58.10% 60.00% 61.00%
Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Source: Economic Review, 2005, State Planning Board
Performance of total net domestic product and the per capita income are higher for
Thiruvananthapuram district compared to the corresponding figures of the State. The overall
net domestic product for the district and the state are showing positive growth and in line
with the structural pattern of a developing economy.
45
Table 3.12: Trends in District Net Domestic Product

Components 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
NDP (Rs. Million at constant prices)
Primary 45,468 46,620 47,606
Secondary 79,500 88,772 91,971
Tertiary 283,887 303,465 346,779
Total 408,855 438,857 486,356
Growth NDP (% over preceding year)
Primary -8.0 2.5 2.1
Secondary 13.9 11.7 3.6
Tertiary 8.9 6.9 14.3
Total 7.4 7.3 10.8
Composition (% of NDP at current prices)
Primary 12.20% 11.60% 10.30%
Secondary 22.40% 21.70% 23.00%
Tertiary 65.40% 66.60% 66.70%
Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Source: Economic Review, 2005, State Planning Board.
The per capita income of Thiruvananthapuram district is higher than that of the State. The
trend shows that the per capita income of both the district and the state is increasing at
almost similar rates.
Table 3.13: Trends in Per Capita Income (at constant price)
Year State District
Trends of Per Capita Income
20000
Per capita Incom e
Amount Growth Amount Growth 14471

12439 13203
(Rs.) Rate % (Rs.) Rate % 15000
2002-03 11605 12439 13321
(Rs.)
10000 12328
2003-04 12328 6.2 13203 6.1 11605
5000
2004-05 13321 8.1 14471 9.6
Source: Economic Review, 2005, State Planning Board. 0
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
State District
Industrial Development
In the recent past, the State has made serious efforts to identify new opportunities and equip
it to meet the emerging challenges. While traditional industries like handlooms, coir and
cashew are in a difficult phase of development with their inherent problems, the present
Industrial Policy and other related policies of the State are aimed at enhancing investment
opportunities in the State, especially in the industrial sector. Emphasis is on Information
Technology, which has started showing positive signs through promotion of IT enabled
services.
Industrial Parks and Estates
The industrial infrastructure & facilities offered by the State include industrial parks and
industrial estates. About 50 ha of land was developed under this category in the TRIDA area,
of which 25 ha have been allotted, creating employment for 3,500 persons. Apart from
industrial estates, there are mini industrial estates, which come under the Kerala Small
46
Industries Development Corporation Ltd. (SIDCO) for provision of infrastructure facilities to

the small-scale sector – there are four mini industrial estates in Thiruvananthapuram District.
There was a marginal growth in working factories within the Thiruvananthapuram District
during the year 2004-2005. The Economic Review, 2005 indicates that:
Average annual growth of registered factories and employment in
Thiruvananthapuram District (2.60%) is less than that of the State (4.90%); and
The composition of registered industries and employment in Thiruvananthapuram
District to that of State is declining. During the period 1995-2002, the district share of
registered factories and employment in the State was about 5% and 7%,
respectively.
Small-scale industrial units registered in Thiruvananthapuram District along with their
associated investment and employment provided has declined in the past few years; a
similar trend is witnessed for the State. Thiruvananthapuram District has 10.69% of the total
small-scale industries in the State.
The Economic Review 2005 report reveals that the average growth of registered small-scale
units in Thiruvananthapuram District is declining compared to that of the State. Employment
provided in Thiruvananthapuram District is also declining but at a lesser rate than that of the
State.
Traditional handloom products of Kerala are extremely popular for their distinct blend of
elegance, simplicity and excellence in design. This sector employs about 175,000 persons
and is the second largest employer after the coir industry, among the traditional based
industries of the State. Thiruvananthapuram District has 360 handloom cooperative
societies, which is 48% of the State’s total. Various agencies such as KSIDC, KINFRA, and
KFC are involved in industrial promotion by providing financial and infrastructure assistance
to industrial units.
Tourism Growth and Potential
Tourism sector plays an important role in the local economic development and contributes a
significant share to the State’s economy. Tourism sector is identified as an alternative
economic growth source for the State. Thiruvananthapuram, however, functions mostly as a
transit point for domestic and foreign tourists. There are a large number of tourist locations in
the district and tourists visiting Thiruvananthapuram are attracted more towards leisure
tourism including beaches, ecotourism and historical monuments.
Foreign tourists in Thiruvananthapuram district comprise 28% and 32% of the State’s foreign
tourist population in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The corresponding figures for domestic
tourist are 14% and 18%. The number of foreign and domestic tourists in
Thiruvananthapuram district has grown significantly in the year 2004-2005.
3.2.3 Informal Sector

Street vendors are the major component of the informal sector of Thiruvananthapuram City.
People in the informal sector are increasing in the Thiruvananthapuram City. The trade
carried out by the informal sector in the city is mainly in ready made garments, fruits,
47
vegetables & flowers, cooked food (through Thattukada), cigarettes, beedi, pan etc.,
stainless steel and plastic household utensils, toys & fancy goods, electronic goods,
cassettes, foot ware, lottery tickets, office stationery, books & periodicals, old & used books,
watch repairing, repairing of optical, umbrella, bags etc., through street vending.
3.2.4 Key Issues & Challenges

The economic growth pattern in Thiruvananthapuram district shows a positive overall trend.
The tertiary sector is increasing at a substantial rate in both the state as well as in the
district. The growth of industrial sector is less than growth of primary sector in the district.
This indicates that serious measures are required to improve the growth trend in the
secondary sector. The growth in the primary sector, though less, has stabilized in the last
two years. Maximum number of workers are engaged in activities other than cultivation,
agriculture and households.
Issues in informal sector:
Absence of Town Vending Committee
Lack of facilities provided by civic authorities at vendor market
Lack of registration system in informal sector
Laws existing against street vending
Non-access to credit and social security schemes
Lack of training and skill up-gradation
3.3 Land Use

3.3.1 Physical Characteristics
The district can be divided into three geographical regions viz. highlands, midlands and
lowlands. Natural growth and urban development takes place in the midland and low land
regions, while the high lands mostly have plantation cash crops, scattered settlements and
reserved forests.
Thiruvananthapuram is a city of hills and valleys, the ground level varying from 0 to 76 m
above mean sea level. The city region consists of a number of rivers and canals, both
natural and man made. Karamana and Killi are the major rivers passing through the city.
Both the rivers run from north-east to south-west skirting the city and before meeting the sea
form some islands, mainly Edayar Island and water lagoons. The major storm water
drainage collection basins in the city region are Veli and Aakulam lakes in the north as well
as Edayar and Vellayani lakes in the south. The T.S Canal (Thiruvananthapuram- Shornur
canal) also called Parvathy Puthanar runs along the north-south direction connecting the
Edayar and Aakulam lakes and continues to flow towards the north. The valleys also consist
of paddy fields that constitute about 10 percent of the total area of the Panchayats and 9
percent of the city area.
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Geologically the city is characterized by sandy soil along the west coast and red laterite soil
in the eastern regions. Granite deposits exist in some parts of the city especially at
Peroorkada and Thirumala.
3.3.2 Land Use Pattern
The land use of Thiruvananthapuram city has changed due to the impact of urbanization.
Various physical, social, political and economical factors have played their decisive roles in
forming the city’s land use pattern. The table provides a break-up of different land use in the
city.
Table 3.14: Land Use Pattern (2001)
Land Use Area (sq.Km) Distribution (%)
Residential area 54.5 38.4
Commercial area 5.3 3.7
Indutrial area 6.9 4.8
Public & semi public 12.2 8.6
Transportation area 9.3 6.5
Agriculture 43.3 30.5
Water course 3.1 2.3
Parks & open spaces 7.3 5.1
Total 141.9 100.0
Source: Development Plan for Thiruvananthapuram, 2001.
3.3.3 Growth Pattern

In general, the physical growth of Thiruvananthapuram city and the surrounding Panchayats
is along the major transportation corridors, with concentration of urban development in a few
major nodal points.
Being the administrative capital of the State, most of the major institutions and the
Secretariat are present in the central area of the city. Recreational centres such as zoo,
museum, parks, open spaces and other socio-cultural centres are also located in the central
city zone. The major commercial centres are at Chalai, Palayam and along the Palayam –
Kesavadasapuram road corridor.
Thiruvananthapuram being located in the southern most part of the State, the major
transport corridors radiate towards the north and north-east of the city. Major institutions are
located along these major transport corridors. The north and north-west zone of the city has
attracted a large number of institutions of higher learning and research. Kerala University
main campus is at Karyavattom and next to that is Technopark. South-east of Karyavattom
is the College of Engineering and Loyola College of Social Sciences. On the west of these
institutions is the Centre for Development Studies (CDS), Centre for Earth Science Studies
(CESS) and Southern Air Command (SAC) at Akkulam. At Kazhakuttam, near Technopark,
are the international Apparel Park and the Film & Video Park, both promoted by KINFRA
(Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation). Technopark, one of the first IT
Parks of the country, is in the process of expansion. A few I.T majors are setting up their
own software parks, adjacent to Technopark.
Comparatively less development has taken place towards the south and south-east of the
project area, except for Kovalam which is a major tourist destination. However, with the
49
proposed development of Vizhinjam port as an International Container Transhipment

Terminal, this area could witness growth in future.
Arabian Sea to the west is a physical barrier for growth of the city. And the presence of the
International Airport near the sea and the Coastal Zone Regulations have imposed
restrictions on the developments on the western zone of the city. The hilly terrain to the east
of the city is also a physical barrier to growth.
There is a shortage of land for housing the urban poor at an affordable price, which has
resulted in the growth of slums and squatter settlements. The Thiruvananthapuram
Municipal Corporation and the Department of Town and Country Planning had identified 31
slums and squatter settlements in 1995. Subsequent to the increase in the city area in 2000,
it is identified unofficially that there are about 350 slums like residential areas in the city. This
growth of slum like settlements in the city is a major concern in urban development.
3.3.4 Key Issues & Challenges

Key development issues include:
a) Unplanned development in the Fringe Areas: Areas like Sreekariyam, Kazhakuttom
and Kudappanakunnu are under pressure for further urban growth but do not have a
sufficient level of infrastructure and development control. This has resulted in the conversion
of agricultural land and filling / reclamation of water bodies for urban use. Tracts of
Government land available in these areas are easily susceptible to encroachment. Normally,
land is sub-divided according to Land Sub division Regulations and sold by private
developers to private individuals, which remain un-serviced or unused for many years and
without adequate infrastructure. Though enforcement powers exist under the KM Act, 1994,
action is rarely taken to remove unauthorized developments. Extensive areas of
unauthorized developments freeze land resources and thereby exert a negative impact on
the economic functioning of the city.
b) Shelter: There is shortage of affordable housing in the planning area. The urban poor find
it difficult to get developed sites for house construction at an affordable price because of high
land cost. This has resulted in the growth of slums and Economically Weaker Section (EWS)
colonies. The draft Development Plan (2001) has identified present deficiencies in the
housing stock and has estimated future requirements but it has not indicated how shelter
and land requirements for the urban poor should be met. It is essential to estimate based on
affordability the actual housing needs of the people, particularly for those Below Poverty Line
(BPL).
c) Dearth of Infrastructure: In Thiruvananthapuram, significant areas of land are
subdivided, sold and developed for urban uses. As a result, service demand exceeds
infrastructure capacity and the condition of infrastructure provided in the area has
deteriorated. One of the major areas of concern is that individual plots are being developed
into multi-storied apartment / commercial buildings, thereby exerting lot of strain on the
existing infrastructure. The number of vehicles far exceeds the road capacity, inadequacy in
water supply and sewerage, lack of mass transport system to cope with the growing
demands etc are problems experienced now. The growth trends demand additional
infrastructure and a higher level of service.
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d) Poor Management of Water Bodies/Tanks: Karamana River and Killi River used to be
the life lines of the city. Thiruvananthapuram Water Supply Scheme exists on the water
source in Karamana River. Both these rivers are now polluted. The river boundaries are
encroached. Solid wastes are dumped in the rivers. Raw sewage from the individual plots
and occasionally from the City Sewerage System is let off into these rivers. There is urgent
need to clean these rivers, clear the encroachments, prevent waste dumping into the rivers,
propose only planned developments on either side of these rivers and implement 100
percent coverage with sanitation projects for the river front developments.
There are five canals in the city which receive surface water runoff and carry the water to the
sea. They are Ulloor thodu, Pattom thodu, Vanchiyoor thodu, Thekkinakkara thodu, and T.S
canal. All these canals have to be cleaned and conserved, preventing sewage and solid
waste being dumped into these canals.
There are atleast a hundred ponds existing at various places in the city. Most of these ponds
are in an abandoned stage. Like many other ponds which have been encroached upon and
filled up, these existing ponds are also threatened. It is necessary to conserve and develop
these ponds in the city.
Ground water is the primary source for domestic consumption in the newly developed areas
but over extraction has resulted in brackish water, especially along the coastal belt. Ground
water exploitation should be effectively monitored and controlled.
e) Lack of Co-ordination in Planning: Industrial, residential and infrastructure investment
decisions are uncoordinated particularly in the fringe areas where pressures for urban
expansion are increasing and becoming increasingly difficult to monitor and control
development. There is a lack of clarity over departmental responsibilities for land use
planning, development, maintenance and enforcement. This has resulted in ineffective and
uncoordinated decision making processes and actions.
f) Inadequate open space: Most of the public and semi-public spaces are concentrated in
and around the central area of the city. There is lack of adequate organised open spaces at
zonal levels. It is necessary to adopt planned utilisation of the available public open spaces
in every ward of the city as play grounds, parks and gardens allowing space for active and
passive recreation for people. There is also need to bring more land under planned parks
and open spaces.
3.4 Gender in Urban Infrastructure Development, Governance & Poverty

Alleviation
Women form more than half of the urban citizens, especially of the urban poor.
Understanding and addressing their specific needs is crucial to the success of development.
It is clear that women in urban areas are more vulnerable than men and they remain unequal
to men in terms of employment opportunities, access to resources and representation. All
the essential services for the urban poor such as security of tenure, improved housing,
water supply, sanitation, education, health care and social security have a gender dimension
to it which needs to be kept in mind while planning programmes and projects.
51
The roles and activities of men and women in an urban milieu are different. Since women
are often under represented in decision making process, their issues hardly get any
attention.
A. Women in the Economy
Most of the women from urban households are working women, either in the formal or in the
informal sectors. There are many women who work in the services sectors-in government
offices, schools, hospitals, in the newly emerging IT sectors etc. Thiruvananthapuram being
the capital city has the presence and visibility of women working in the formal sectors. Their
specific problems need to find a place in urban planning exercise.
Many women work in the informal sector. There are vendors (fish, vegetables, fruits, flowers
etc). Basic services which the city needs like garbage collection, cleaning etc are performed
by women. A large number of poor women work as domestic maids, sales girls, and in
similar service sectors. All these women bear the double work burden of performing their
own household duties, and also work as earners and providers of the family. So these
differential needs and priorities need to be considered in planning urban infrastructure as
well as basic services for the poor.
Since women are responsible for provision of basic needs in households, there is need to
assist women in reducing their domestic work burden by providing access to safe water, fuel,
facilities for waste disposal, and access to essential requirements to run a home.
As workers and wage earners outside their homefront, they need transportation at the right
time, security while travelling and safe working environment. Most women in the informal
sector may be the sole earners in their families and providing facilities for them clearly
reduces poverty in the households. In Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, there are many
women headed households and also single women households.
B.Poverty Eradication and Women
Kerala has gone a long way in addressing issues of poverty, especially through women. Like
in many places micro credit initiatives have successfully brought many women into public
spaces and have helped them to initiate savings and credit programmes. Some groups have
moved to the next level of starting micro enterprises. But a review of such programmes by
several scholars in Kerala reveal the need for adequate forward and backward linkages like
management skills, marketing support, networking etc. Moreover, product diversification,
quality assurance etc also have to be provided. These are critical in sustaining the process.
These aspects have to be kept in mind while planning the urban infrastructure as well as
basic services for the poor. A centre for women to sell their products, storage spaces,
working spaces etc can be provided for women’s micro –enterprises. Women vendors need
to be consulted in planning markets and shopping complexes.
Another crucial aspect is that, poverty eradication in general does not necessarily address
gender inequalities. Hence conscious efforts are needed to bring in the gender dimension.
Women are not to be viewed as passive beneficiaries but active agents in poverty
eradication. Their capacity to articulate needs and priorities should be enhanced and such
needs should get reflected in budgeting and resource allocation. Women should also be
involved in monitoring and auditing of projects and programmes from a gender angle.
52
C. Women in Governance
Kerala has legislated that one third of all elected members of the 3 tier Panchayati local
bodies and the municipalities should be women. The 33% elected women members or a
large number of women in Ayalkoottams or ADS/CDS structures do not necessarily mean
that their specific needs and interests are identified and addressed. For women who have
been socialised in the patriarchal society and has internalised its values, it is not ‘automatic
or natural’ to identify their strategic gender interests or those that help to change their status
in society. Identification and articulation of such needs requires broader gender sensitization
and capacity building to undertake institutional gender analysis.
Hence capacity building of elected women and leadership development among grassroot
women’s organizations (ayalkootams, ADS/CDS and other organizations) should form an
integral part of the governance agenda of urban planning. Networking and back up support,
necessary structures for this in the planning of urban infrastructure also is called for. A
resource centre cum meeting place for women under the control of the city corporation may
help partially to achieve this goal.
Such a resource centre for women can act as a strong base to help women achieve their
social and economic rights and also legal awareness to move towards accountability
(awareness raising, legal aid, resources for land titling etc).
D. Women in Transport
In the city of Thiruvananthapuram with large number of working women, transport is a major
issue which has a gender dimension. Transport planning often disregards women's priorities
because the focus is on mobility for all people and the preoccupation is with the journey and
itinerary of formal sector workers and students. Accessibility is often not considered.
Women's travel needs frequently require transport outside of peak hours and to alternative
destinations from those of men. And yet cost cutting inevitably involves a reduction in off-
peak services, a consequence of the economy evaluation made by planners using
conventional cost/benefit measures which ignore the value of the trips women make in their
reproductive role (Levy 1991). It should be noted here that it is not only the priorities of
women that are overlooked by conventional transport planning, but also those of men
outside of centrally located, formal sector employment.
Women engaged in informal sector activities are often burdened with heavy loads like fish or
vegetables. There are many women who carry this by head load because the existing
transportation system does not provide for them. Moreover, working women usually combine
paid work with their domestic responsibilities. Women depend more than men on public
transport and walking than on private cars or two wheelers. Affordable transport systems
circumvent critical destinations; they are overcrowded and sometimes dangerous and are
often unreliable and irregular. This hinders women in their domestic and caring
responsibilities.
Safety while travelling is of paramount importance to women. Measures to ensure safety in
public transport, in bus shelters and on streets should receive special attention. Adequate
street lighting, aid posts in bus stands etc should be planned. Drivers and conductors of
transport vehicles should be sensitized to the specific needs of girls and women and help
lines can be established, information about which can be displayed at major bus
53
stations/railway stations. This helpline can also provide information regarding safe
accommodation facilities for women who are travelling alone for various needs to the capital
city and who are at risk.
Pedestrians are the most neglected in the planning process which include men, women,
children and the elderly. Foot paths are often reduced to widen roads, which has direct
relation to the safety of women. In a crowded street, if pedestrian space is very narrow and
enclosed with barricades, women are often harassed while walking. Elderly find it very
difficult to walk through a footpath which is uneven.
E. Women in Housing
Most women from among the poor use the house also as their workplace. Women spend
more time at home than men and if the kitchen has no adequate ventilation and lighting, and
if firewood is used for cooking, this can lead to health problems. Consultation with women is
also important for the design, delivery and maintenance of urban services and communal
facilities. Women's responsibility for household and community management gives them a
particular vested interest in safe water supply, efficient sanitation, solid waste removal and
the provision of affordable and reliable sources of energy.
While Kudumbashree units are enlisted for waste management, care should be taken to
increase their skills and capacities by teaching them to drive vehicles, providing necessary
safety precautions etc. Health insurance should be arranged as the job involves many
occupational health hazards like slipping and falling, dog bites, contamination from the
waste being handled, back pain due to the weight carrying etc.
F. Social Infrastructure
Education, health, recreation etc are areas where specific gender concerns exist.
Addressing the social needs of poor families is a question of life and death. Special efforts
need to be made to identify vulnerable families whose education, health and social security
are to be addressed and provided for. Various programmes can be initiated through public
private partnership (PPP).
The quality of services in the institutions under the municipal city corporation has to be
ensured, with special focus on schools where children from marginalized communities study
especially in coastal areas, slums etc. Supervised study after school hours with the help of
parent teacher associations (PTA) will help the education of girls, who otherwise will be
burdened with household tasks preventing them from focusing on studies.
There is overcrowding in hospitals, lack of privacy in examination rooms and a host of other
problems which require urgent attention.
Recreation is a basic need of human beings and often such a need of women is not
recognized. Public spaces have to be free from harassment and basic facilities like toilets
need to be provided, so that women also can enjoy free time.
Night life activities and Sunday markets need to be promoted. When preparing Detailed
Project Reports this aspects need to be given due consideration so as to ensure gender
mainstreaming in Urban Infrastructure Development, Governance & Poverty Alleviation.
54
DEVELOPMENT VISION AND DEVELOPMENT

STRATEGIES
55
4.0 DEVELOPMENT VISION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

FOR THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
4.1 Development Vision

4.1.1 Vision Statement
The traditional dignified Capital City of Thiruvananthapuram aspires to

become a national city with its strength as a centre of advanced studies, as
the hub of modern technology based industries and as a national harbour
city, offering high quality of environment for living, working and visiting
4.1.2 Comprehensive Development Vision

The seven aspects of the vision statement are spelt out below.
Thiruvananthapuram has been the capital of the princely state of Travancore and continues
to be the capital of Kerala. The city of Thiruvananthapuram has its authority and dignified
status as the Capital City of the State and will continue to be so.
1 The City of Thiruvananthapuram would be an effective and efficient Capital

City adding value to its rich heritage and inheritance, providing quality
infrastructure and services to the citizens and to the people within and
outside the State who visit the city for various functions and services
From time immemorial, Thiruvananthapuram has been a centre of learning. It is said that
‘Kanthalloor Sala’ which could be equated to the Nalanda and Takshasila existed in the city.
Large number of institutions of higher learning and advanced research institutions are
located in the city and surroundings. These institutions now attract scholars and researchers
from all over the country. This is one of the key strengths of the Capital City Region.
2 Thiruvananthapuram City Region aspires to be a knowledge hub providing

opportunities for learning and research in advanced fields of new and
emerging horizons of science and also providing opportunities to work and
develop in such fields.
The Techno-Park in Thiruvananthapuram is one of the first IT Parks developed in the

country. Currently around fifty IT companies are operating from here. A few of them are in
the process of establishing their own premises in the vicinity of the existing IT Park. KINFRA
has established a Film and Video Park and an Apparel Park in this zone. Government of
Kerala has envisioned establishment of a Techno-city in the zone. These developments and
the availability of technical skills in the Capital City Region enlarge the potential for
56
information technology, bio-technology and similar other non-polluting advanced industrial

sectors, which would contribute to a high quality economic development of the region.
3 Promoting Thiruvananthapuram City Region as an attractive destination for

non-polluting advanced industrial sectors like information technology, bio
technology, nano-technology and similar others by banking upon the
greenery and amiable climate through out the year and utilizing technical
skills of the state, supported by un-interrupted supply of essential services
like water, power and fast moving corridors.
Kovalam has been a world-class tourist destination, contributing to a large number of foreign
tourist arrivals. The strength of Thiruvananthapuram district in Tourism development lies in
its beaches, backwaters, rich cultural heritage and hill resorts. With the Thiruvananthapuram
International Airport providing the gateway to tourism in Kerala, a substantial increase in
foreign and domestic tourist arrivals in Thiruvananthapuram is envisioned. This would
necessitate substantial upgrading of the tourism infrastructure in the City.
4 Thiruvananthapuram aspires to be the gateway of International and

Domestic Tourism in Kerala, providing opportunities with varied tourism
products from Beach Tourism to Hill Area Tourism supported by World
Class Tourism Infrastructure in accommodation, food, transportation and
services.
Vizhinjam seacoast 15 km to the south of the city is naturally endowed. The calm waters
with a natural draft of more than 20 meters and within a distance of 7 nautical miles from the
International Shipping route offers a unique location unlike any existing harbours on the
eastern or western coast of India to be developed as an International Container
Transshipment Terminal (ICTT) which would compete with the ICTTs of Colombo, Dubai and
Singapore where transshipment now happens for the Cargo destined to India. With the
commissioning of the ICTT at Vizhinjam the International Cargo arriving in India may cost
much less than what it costs now, contributing to substantial gain in foreign exchange.
Innumerable number of direct and indirect jobs would be created by the harbour. Bunkering
facilities would provide many additional service jobs.
5 Thiruvananthapuram is naturally endowed to be developed as an International

Container Transhipment Terminal, serving the whole of the country.
Vizhinjam in the influence region of Thiruvananthapuram aspires to be
developed as the shipping hub of the country offering substantial economic
gains in International Trade. Vizhinjam would, in the next two decades
become the most aspiring activity node of Thiruvananthapuram City Region,
which the entire country would be proud of.
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The music – composer – king Maharaja Swatithirunal of the erstwhile kingdom of Travancore
heralded modern medical institutions in the city, by constructing hospitals offering Allopathic
(English) medical facilities. Thiruvananthapuram Medical College, the first medical institution
in the State, the Sree Chithira Thirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology, the
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Bio-Technology and a host of hospitals and related medical
institutions situated in the city offer world class facilities for treatment. The inherited strength
of Thiruvananthapuram for ages has been in the field of ayurvedic health facilities, which not
only provide curative facilities but also for holistic health care. A large number of yoga
centres are also located in the city region. These have attracted people from all over the
country and abroad to visit Thiruvananthapuram for health care. The long waiting period and
the heavy expenditure on health care in Europe and America have made
Thiruvananthapuram a destination for health care where the westerners combine this with
tourism. This strength of Thiruvananthapuram can be further expanded in the next decade to
elevate Thiruvananthapuram city as a destination for World Health Tourism.
6 Thiruvananthapuram City Region would develop as a preferred destination

for curative and preventive health care and rejuvenation offering a variety of
world-class Health Care facilities, which as a holistic health care serves
both the Body and the Mind.
Being a State capital with varied employment opportunities, the City Region has attracted a
large number of people in the service sectors. Quite a few of them are absorbed in the
informal sector without access to quality housing and basic amenities.
7 The Thiruvananthapuram city development envisions improvement in

quality of life of the economically weaker sections of the urban
population through adequate interventions of the state and local
governments, thereby empowering them to improve their income and
also contribute to the economic activities of the city.
4.2 Development Strategies for Thiruvananthapuram City Region

The CDP envisages a Development Horizon of 25 years commencing from the year 2006.
This Development Vision for the Thiruvananthapuram City Region envisaged in the CDP is
proposed to be accomplished through a multi dimensional Development Strategy, which will
encompass many development sectors and lead to an improved urban management system.
The Development Strategy acknowledges the fact that the Project Proposals in the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) are multi- component, multi -
sectoral and multi - agency in nature.
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The proposed Development Strategy takes into consideration the following parameters:
The Development Vision for the City region;
The Infrastructure required to support and service the major activity nodes
envisioned in the Development Vision are considered to be prioritized for
development;
The status of the existing infrastructure with regard to Transport, Water Supply,
Sewerage, Surface Water Drainage, Sanitation including Solid Waste Management,
Urban renewal, Conservation etc., their deficiencies and the aspirations of the
stakeholders in improving the level of services are considered in the strategy for
improvement of urban infrastructure;
Infrastructure study based on the network, coverage and level of service in relation
to the development of the city and environs as studied in the Development Plans
and the Sectoral Plans prepared earlier were studied to draft sectoral level
development strategies;
The development potential of the city level resources and the urban governance
machinery are considered in drafting a long term development strategy for the city;
and
The expertise and capability of the various implementing agencies and their
potential to assume additional capacities are considered in adopting a City
Development Strategy and also Sectoral Development Strategies.
The following are the development strategies proposed for Thiruvananthapuram City Region
4.2.1 Strategies for Comprehensive Long Range Development of the City Region
Preparation of a Comprehensive Long Range Urban Development Plan for
Thiruvananthapuram City Region (UDP);
Preparation of Zonal Development Plans (ZDP) for all the identified Development
Nodes within the broad framework of the City Region level Development Plan; and
Preparation of a Priority Action Plan (PAP) for phased implementation of the
identified priority development programmes.
4.2.2 Programmes for the Development Nodes

Kudappanakunnu Civil Station Area
Government of Kerala has decided to shift the District Collectorate to Kudappanakunnu
Panchayat lying adjacent to the city on the north side. This establishment will be followed by
about 60 district level offices of various Government departments which in turn would
generate large scale housing demand in the zone. These would attract a large increase in
commercial activities and service jobs.
All these developments would require substantial up gradation in quality and quantity of
infrastructure, improvements in road access, transport facilities, land development for
housing, augmentation in water supply, establishment of sewerage system, improvement in
59
solid waste management, etc. The ZDP shall take into account all these. Compatibility of
land uses and making available developed land for various competing uses being a primary
need, the ZDP shall have an acceptable Land Use Plan, notified as a statutory document
and followed religiously.
Kazhakuttam Techno Zone
The Techno Park in Kazhakuttam is the first IT Park of its kind set up in India. The Techno
Park now has about 35000 employees and it attracts 4000 visitors daily. In the near future
the number of IT companies operating from Techno Park may substantially increase. In
addition, a few IT majors like Infosys are developing their own campuses near the Techno
Park. On completion of these, the additional employment that may be generated is about
33000. After the phase 3 developments also are realized the total number of jobs may be
around one lakh.
The State Government has recently decided to establish a Techno City about 5 km north of
Techno Park on the Kazhakuttam – Attingal NH Corridor. It is estimated that this premises
may provide nearly hundred thousand jobs.
The Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation (KINFRA) has developed a
Film and Video Park near Kazhakuttam, which is considered a successful venture. KINFRA
has also developed an Apparel Park on the west of Kazhakuttam. This industrial park is also
fully occupied. These activities have attracted a large number of commercial activities and
service sectors to this zone. The demand for housing has substantially increased.
In spite of these developments happening in this zone, a statutory Development Plan for this
Zone is absent. This is a prime necessity. The CDP shall address all the development issues
and shall prioritise the requirements and lead to Project Preparation for phased
implementation.
Vizhinjam ICTT
Vizhinjam, 15 km south of the city and 5 km south of Kovalam, is the location for Vizhinjam
Harbour proposed to be constructed as an International Container Transshipment Terminal
(ICTT). This Project is in the final stages of clearance and is getting ready for construction on
Public - Private Partnership (PPP) basis. Expected to cost Rs.4000 crores, this Project may
create 10,000 direct jobs and nearly 50,000 indirect jobs. The land based developments may
require container and passenger transport facilities, rail link, commercial activities, service
sector activities, housing etc. Such a development may require infrastructure development
as required for a small town of 100,000 people.
Zonal Development Plan for Vizhinjam Node shall address all these issues.
New Airport Terminal, Second Railway Terminal and Water Transport Terminal
The new Airport Terminal is under construction on the NH Bypass side at Chackai. The
present terminal on the western side of the runway is being shifted to the eastern side of the
runway to facilitate easy access from the city. The Airport Authority of India who has
undertaken the construction of the new terminal has stated that the related facilities required
for the terminal shall be developed by the State Government by acquiring land required for
these.
60
The related facilities are:

Access road from the NH bypass across the T.S. canal;
Commercial developments required for the airport terminal;
Transit hotels;
VIP lounges for relaxing and for press conferences;
Facilities for security personnel; and
Staff Housing etc.
About 40 ha of additional land need to be acquired for these facilities and developed based
on a detailed Master Plan.
The second Railway Terminal at Kochuveli is under construction. The Railways have
proposed to terminate the long distance trains at this second terminal, considering the space
constraints at the Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station situated in the heart of the
city. In addition to the passenger terminal, the Kochuveli terminal may also accommodate
Cargo Terminal attracting heavy volume of road traffic.
The terminal premises thus need road transport terminal, truck terminals, road development,
parking facilities for private vehicles, good transport linkage with the central city etc.
These activities may also attract quite a few commercial and service activities which call for
planned land development with appropriate land use controls. All these point to the fact that
Kochuveli railway terminal area may require a sub-Master Plan for ordering the development
activities anticipated in the area.
Veli Water Transport Terminal: About two kilometres from the Kochuveli railway terminal is
the Veli lake, which is linked to Edayar lake on the south west of the city with a manmade
canal called T.S. Canal (Parvathy Puthanar). Government of India has declared Kollam –
Kottapuram canal as National Waterway III. The State has proposed to extend this NW III
towards south up to Thiruvananthapuram. This water way would need Thiruvananthapuram
water transport terminal at Veli. Veli – Akkulam backwater have already demonstrated great
potential for development of tourism. Many tourism related activities have been established
at Veli – Akkulam lakes. The water transport terminal may not only provide alternative
transport facility, but would also provide a boost to tourism. This Water transport terminal at
Veli is adjacent to NH bypass and is near the International Airport. This water transport
Terminal together with the other activities in the proximity may need a Zonal Development
Plan for identifying, prioritizing and implementing all the development activities in this Zone.
The Infrastructure needs of the above zones are considered in the project packages evolved
under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).
4.2.3 Infrastructure Development In The City

Inadequacy of infrastructure coverage, poor level of service, non-availability in certain areas
of the city, lack of access to city level infrastructure for the urban poor and other similar
61
aspects related to Thiruvananthapuram were often projected in many a forum and in media.
This scenario of infrastructure was the focus of discussions in many Development Seminars
conducted in the city, since it was felt that such a situation is quite demeaning to the capital
city of the State of Kerala.
Subsequent to this, GOK adopted the development agenda for Thiruvananthapuram Capital
Region (TCR). Though problem solving measures, improvement and augmentation of many
a sector was considered under the TCR Development Agenda, the first initiative was taken
with Priority Road Improvement, under which 14 road corridors are considered for widening
and improvement.
The major infrastructure sectors considered for improvement under the JNNURM, based on
the study and analysis of the existing status and the future estimated needs are:
Transport – road development, improvement in road transport terminals,
development of parking facilities, pedestrian facilities, water transport, mass
transport system improvement etc.
Railways have become the main life line of movement of people and goods from
and to the capital city. The inadequacies of the existing rail facilities were highlighted
in the many consultation meetings. The future development needs in terms of
infrastructure needs for the railway systems are included in the project.
Water Supply – improvement of existing distribution system, improvement to
transmission mains, improvement to treatment facilities, development of new
sources, increase in coverage, improvements in quality and level of service,
integration with the ongoing projects, addressing the needs of the urban poor.
Sewerage and sanitation – provision of sewerage system in the uncovered areas of
the city, extending to the adjoining Panchayats and new development areas
addressing the needs of the urban poor.
Storm water drainage – addressing the drainage problem of the City with a
wholesome approach.
4.2.4 Urban Poor

A major thrust area of development under the CDP is ‘URBAN POOR”. The sector on urban
poor considers all categories of groups which come to be referred to as poor, demanding
special attention.
The programmes under the CDP addresses the issues pertaining to the urban poor with
focus on urban slums, coastal population, vendors, destitute, pavement dwellers, physically
& mentally challenged , women in distress , geriatric care etc.
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P
PAAR
RTT B
B
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DEEV
VEELLO
OPPM
MEEN
NTT O
OFF U
URRB
BAAN
N IIN
NFFR
RAAS
STTR
RUUC UR
CTTU RE
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WATER SUPPLY
SEWERAGE
STORM WATER DRAINAGE
ENVIRONMENT
SOLUID WASTE MANAGEMENT
TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION
URBAN REGENERATION
HERITAGE AND TOURISM
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
63
5.0 WATER SUPPLY
5.1 Existing Water Supply Scheme

a. Background: Source of Water Supply and Sustainability
Thiruvananthapuram Water supply scheme is one of the oldest Water Supply Schemes in
India. This was initially commissioned in 1933 and is widely known as Wellington Water
Works. Karamana River is the source of water for the Thiruvananthapuram water supply
scheme. This is a perennial river with a very large catchment area. A reservoir constructed
at Aruvikkara panchayat, about 13 km east of Thiruvananthapuram city formed the source of
the system. The capacity of Aruvikkara reservoir is 2 million cubic metres. The capacity of
Aruvikkara reservoir was augmented with the construction of Peppara dam at the upstream
of Karamana River.
The Peppara dam site is located in the reserve forest and has a storage capacity of 70
million cubic metres. The entire head works of the Thiruvananthapuram Water Supply
Scheme is located near Aruvikkara dam.
Peppara Dam Peppara Dam Catchment
The dam at Peppara ensures a steady discharge of water as and when required in to the
Aruvikkara reservoir through the river Karamana. The details of the Water Treatment Plants,
Pumping Mains and Reservoirs of Thiruvananthapuram Water Supply Scheme are shown in
the table 5.1.
Table 5.1: Thiruvananthapuram Water Supply Scheme
Sl.No. Items Details
1 Water Treatment Location Year of
Plants Commissioning Capacity (mld)
1933
a. Vellayambalam 20 Augmented to 36
1962
1972 Augmented to 48
b. Aruvikkara 1983 Augmented to 72
1999 Augmented to 154
1992
c. P.T.P Nagar 14 Augmented to 30
2004
d. Paramala 2006 5
Total 225
2 Pumping Mains Item Length
(high sizes only) 1200 mm CI 8900 m
1200 mm PSC 2422 m
1100 mm PSC 5611 m
64
Sl.No. Items Details

1000 mm PSC 4905 m
900 mm PSC 1728 m
3 Reservoirs Location Capacity (ml)
a. Vellayambalam (under ground) 19.4
b. Observatory (over head) 5.00 Ml + 7.00
c. Peroorkada (over head) 13
d. P.T.P Nagar (over head) 8
e. Manvila (over head) 6.9
It is estimated that the consumers of Thiruvananthapuram enjoy water consumption @ 174

lpcd. Water is being supplied through 1,50,000 odd house service connections, 22,000 non-
domestic connections, 34 industrial connections and 4260 public stand posts. All the
connections, except the stand posts, are metered connections and are being billed
according to actual water consumption measured by water meters. The scheme is fully
owned and maintained by the Kerala Water Authority, a Government of Kerala undertaking.
b. Present Scheme area
The present scheme area comprises 183.76 sq. km. with complete coverage of
Thiruvananthapuram City (141.74 Sq.km). The scheme also partially covers the adjoining
Panchayats viz. Sreekaryam, Kudappanakunnu and Vattiyoorkavu.
c. Water Treatment Process
The intake works are located in the Aruvikkara reservoir and the treatment plant in the
nearby area. The head works is designed according to the standards laid down in the Water
Supply Manual of CPHEEO, MOEF, Government of India and the code of practice for water
supply in India.
The details of the process include Pre chlorination, PH adjustment with lime, Coagulation
with Aluminium Sulphate, Flocculation, Clarification, Rapid gravity filters and Post
chlorination.
d. Transmission of Water in the City
There are three existing pipelines in the transmission main system.
1. Cast Iron 838 / 762mm diameter raw water main supplying to Vellayambalam
treatment works located in Thiruvananthapuram;
2. 1200mm cast iron main supplying treated water to service reservoirs; and
3. 1200 / 1000 / 900mm pre-stressed concrete main supplying treated water to the
service reservoirs
e. Storage of water
There are 5 zonal service reservoirs constructed at various locations depending upon the
geographic pattern of the city. The service area is broadly divided into the following viz.
Peroorkada Zone, PTP Nagar Zone, Low Level Zone, Observatory Zone and Manvila Zone.
The hydraulics is designed such that the reservoirs act as balancing reservoirs.
65
f. Distribution System
The distribution system consists of a complicated network with a total length of 2,280 km.
The length of the large size (300mm to 700mm) transmission main is 72 km. The network is
designed for 24hrs water supply. Online boosters are not common in the distribution network
and are not recommended. Booster pumps direct from the network to the consumer tank is
also not permitted.
g. Physical losses
The recent study on Leak Detection under the Japan Bank for International Cooperation
(JBIC) assisted Kerala Water Supply Project reveals that there is a distribution loss of
35.50%, amounting to 80 mld of treated water. Most of the leaks detected are from the old
corroded system of service connections.
h. Salient features
Table 5.2: Salient features of existing water supply scheme
1 Year of commissioning 1931
2 Capacity - original (1931) 20 mld
3 Capacity Augmented (2006) 225 mld
Two dams in Karamana river
4 Source
70mm3 & 2 mm3 capacity
5 Present Scheme Area 183.76 sq.km
6 Population served (Corporation area) 8.61 lakhs
7 Coastal Population served 0.50 lakhs
8 Status of coverage 75% (Corporation area)
9 Status of supply 24 hrs / 7 days
10 Total number of water connections 172000
11 Distribution network 2280km
12 Transmission main 72km
13 Average per capita supply 174 lpcd
14 Average physical losses 35.50%
5.2 Water Tariff

The monthly water tariff for the domestic, non-domestic and industrial uses with effect from
1-4-1999 is given in Table 5.3.
a. Domestic
Table 5.3: Details of Water Tariff for Domestic connections
Upto 10 kl Rs. 2 per kl + Service charges Rs. 2
(minimum Rs.22)
Above 10 kl and up to 30 kl Rs.22/- + 3/- per kl for above 10 kl
Above 30 kl and up to 50 kl Rs. 82/- + Rs. 5/- per kl for above 30 kl
Above 50 kl Rs. 182/- + Rs. 7.35 per kl for above 50 kl
66
b. Non- Domestic
Table 5.4: Details of Water Tariff for Non-Domestic connections
Up to 50 kl Rs. 7.35 per kl+ Service charge Rs. 2
(minimum Rs. 102/-)
Above 50 kl Rs. 10.60 per each addl. kl
c. Industrial
Table: 5.5: Details of Water Tariff for Industrial connections
Up to 10 kl Rs. 10.60 per kl+ Service charge Rs. 2
(minimum Rs.202)
5.3 Integartion With Ongoing JBIC Project

A new project for the augmentation of the scheme has been taken up by the KWA at a cost
of Rs 275.7 crores (revised cost Rs. 311.91 crores) with loan assistance from JBIC. The
execution of works is expected to start within 3 months. This project envisages additional
production of 74 mld of water at Aruvikkara and transmission to the Service Reservoirs in the
city.
The components include, 74 mld treatment plant and pumping installations, new pumping
main from Aruvikkara to reservoirs which can transmit up to 144 mld, partial extension of the
distribution network, construction of service reservoirs, MIS with network connectivity,
cadastral survey of the existing network, leak detection studies, etc.
Project in brief:
In the Project, provision has been made to install additional raw water pump sets, pumping
main to the water treatment plant, construction of a 74 mld treatment plant, additional
storage sump near the treatment plant, connecting it to the existing storage sump and
installation of additional clear water pumps. Besides, providing a new transmission main
aligning through a route different from the existing congested route at Kummi area (where
already three transmission mains of 33”, 48” dia cast iron and 48” dia psc pipes are
provided) to the reservoir sites, construction of new reservoirs, supplying and laying of
distribution lines to improve the existing areas as well as covering new areas within the
project area, rehabilitation of the existing old water treatment plant components at
Vellayambalam and Aruvikkara (constructed during 1933 and 1972) so as to improve to
achieve the desired performance has been envisaged in the project. Another unique feature
of the project is the provision of telemetry stations, SCADA system along with the
transmission main work. (The telemetry station will pick up data signals from the SCADA
system and will send to regional control centre for monitoring the operation of various units).
For the convenient and effective implementation of the project, the above items of work have
been grouped into 5 packages viz. Intake Works and Treatment Plant, Transmission Main,
Distribution System, Service Reservoirs and Rehabilitation Works.
It is proposed to pool the projects under JBIC also under the JNNURM (as it is an externally
assisted project) so as to achieve the desired objective of 100% coverage with 24/7 water
supply.
67
5.4 Growth Trends, Future Demand & Scope for Augmentation of Source
The projected water demand for 2031, at the rate of 200 lpcd for urban domestic use along
with a provision of non-domestic and industrial requirements has been considered for the
development plan. This is taken as 135 lpcd for the adjoining Panchayats in the urban
agglomeration.
The population projection has been worked out in detail as part of the ongoing JBIC project
and also incorporating modifications based on the city development in the area. Drastic
developments in IT Sector in and around Techno Park, Kinfra Park, expansion of Railways,
Tourism potentials, ensuing Vizhinjam port and other development corridors are also
envisaged. The ultimate water demand by 2031 is 410 mld. This reflects a wide supply-
demand gap of 185 mld by 2031. The ongoing JBIC project when commissioned by 2009,
can supplement 74 mld still leaving a gap of 111 mld. This gap is proposed to be
compensated by a three-way approach.
(i) Augment the system by 76 mld to bring more water to the city.
(ii) Bring down the Unaccounted for Water (UFW) losses to the range of 15% by
adequate rehabilitation measures. At present the UFW, which is the sum total of
leakage losses, theft, losses in scouring of lines, unmetered connections etc, is
estimated to be as high as 35.5 %.
(iii) Cut off some boundary areas from the city WSS by providing small WSS exclusively
for these areas.
Out of the supply-demand gap of 185 mld, 74 mld will be taken care of by 2009 on
comissioning of the JBIC project; 76 mld will be taken care of by (i) above and the balance
35 mld by (ii) and (iii) . The ultimate aim on completion of the JNNURM Project is 100%
coverage of the service area with 24/7 water supply till 2031.
5.5 Key Issues, Challenges and Goals.

a. There is a gap of 185 mld of water between production and demand. The city water
supply scheme is one of the oldest schemes in India. Rehabilitation of transmission
lines and strengthening of under sized mains were not taken up till now due to
insufficient budget allocation. Hence shortage of water is commonly felt in the
coastal belt, elevated areas and some of the outer peripherral areas.
b. Panchayat areas merged to Corporation boundary in 2001 are not well connected
with proper distribution network. Hence such areas face shortage of water.
c. Distribution network along the coastal belt is insufficient due to growth in population.
d. The adjoining panchayats of Kazhakuttom, Sreekaryam, Kudappanakkunnu and
Vattiyoorkavu are subjected to drastic urbanization. The ensuing development of
Technocity at Kazhakkuttom and the shifting of the Collectorate to Kudappanakkunnu
would attract substantial increase in population growth in these two zones, which
need to be addressed. A part of the city water supply is diverted to that area by
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extending the existing network without strengthening transmission mains. A well-

designed distribution network is also to be established urgently to cope with the
increasing demand in these zones.
e. The development of the International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT) at
Vizhinjam would also bring in substantial growth in population by way of the port
activities as well as the related developments therein. The attraction of the tourists to
Kovalam and the requirement of the population expected around Vizhinjam also have
to be taken into consideration in the total Water Supply System for the City.
f. The total physical loss calculated is 35.5%. 75% of the physical loss of water is due
to the leakages in old house service connections. A major cause of leak in the
service connections is the deterioration of old service pipes. Leaks of pipe joints of
transmission and distribution net work also account for the leakage loss.
g. Lack of efficient cost recovery approaches
h. Lack of effective communication and modern complaint redressal system
i. Being a very old water supply system, net work mapping of distribution system is not
updated.
GOAL
To provide continuous and safe water supply in equitable, efficient, sufficient and
sustainable manner to the utmost satisfaction of the customers by introducing the
latest technologies and management techniques.
5.6 Priority Project Components

Considering the current challenges and identified key priorities, strategy for water supply
sector has been evolved in such a way as to make Thiruvannathapuram an enviably self-
sufficient city, where the most precious amenity of good and safe drinking water is available
round the clock at adequate pressures. A brief outline of the proposals is given below which
depicts the frame work of activities.
A. Planning reforms and institutional strengthening
This portion comprises of the following activities intended for overall development of water
supply sector.
(i) Preparation of a Water Supply Master Plan taking into account the future population
densities in the various zones and the future land use zoning within the city and
peripheral areas.
(ii) Energy Audit studies intended for optimization of equipments and reduction in power
charges.
(iii) Water Quality monitoring using the latest equipments for intense monitoring and
corrective measures so as to ensure quality water even at the farthest points from the
plants.
69
(iv) Communication strategy development and implementation for providing online

complaint redressal and also to avoid delay in timely maintenance using high-tide
systems.
(v) Human Resources Development aimed at capacity building at different levels.
(vi) Establishment of regulatory authority for timely review and modifications in tariff
structure in order to bring about total self reliance to the TWSS.
(vii) GIS Mapping of Water Supply utility since it is felt that this essential practice of
documentation is now totally non-existent in the sector. This can be the first step
towards automation.
(viii) Community initiative support aiming at providing financial supports for the
establishment of small independent Water Supply Schemes intended for use of
speific areas like coastal belts.
(ix) Management Information System (MIS) which will ensure more transparency and
timely responses in solving problems.
(x) E-governance aimed at networking different offices so that capturing data and
processing data, which consumes many precious man hours now, can be made
much easier.
B. Service delivery
The activities under service delivery are intended for the replacement of house service
connections which are very old and are a cause of concern in terms of expenses on frequent
leakages as well as transmission losses.
C. Water resources management
The activities envisaged are reduction in UFW and ensuring revenue. UFW, which is
presently estimated as high as 35.5 %, is aimed to be brought down to 15% by establishing
leak detection units, repairs and replacement of leaking pipe lines, total replacement of
pipelines in problem areas in distribution system and total replacement of very old service
connections.
D. System expansion
This is very much essential to make our vision a reality. The works envisaged are source
augmentation, refurbishment of Water Supply Projects, introduction of small W.S.S to
selected areas for reducing the load of TWSS, refurbishment of transmission mains aiming
at bringing down UFW and revamping water supply equipments and pipelines in 10 major
Hospitals and the Medical College Hospital in Thiruvananthapuram. Details of works
envisaged under system expansion are as follows:
i) Intake works and a 76 Mld capacity water treatment plant at Aruvikkara; and
ii) Expansion of distribution network to enhance water supply level to the present
service areas and also to cover unserved areas within the project area.
Distribution network is not well developed to the newly merged areas of the City Corporation.
A part only has been taken up under the JBIC project. Also the distribution zones are
70
proposed to be expanded to OGs of adjoining Panchayats like Kazhakkoottam,

Sreekariyam, Kudappanakunnu, Vattiyoorkavu, and the tourist centre Kovalam.
iii) Refurbishment / Replacement of components
The capacity of the existing old Wellington Water Supply Scheme (1933) and the Phase I
(1962) and Phase II (1999) augmentation systems are far below their optimum efficiency
levels because of old-age and due to the continuous round the clock run. Rehabilitation of
different components of these systems will definitely bring about reduction in losses and
better efficiency. A part of the rehabilitation of components is included in the JBIC project.
The network is about 73 years old in many parts of the service area and the residual
pressures are reported to be very low or nil during certain hours. This can mainly be
attributed to the reduction in carrying capacity of the old pipes due to scaling of inner walls.
This is a critical issue, especially in the 400mm CI/Premo to 80mm CI/AC size in the
distribution network. Replacement of components is proposed in the Thiruvananthapuram
Municipal Corporation area and the outgrowths of adjoining panchayats of Kazhakkoottam,
Sreekariyam, Kudappanakunnu, Vattiyoorkavu, and Vizhinjam.
The total rehabilitation package comprises of the following
1. Refurbishments of the existing 86 mld treatment plant;
2. Replacement / Rehabilitation of the 1200mm/900mmPSC pumping main to suit the
augmentation;
3. Replacement of the 700mm/400mm old Premo (concrete) pipes (45 km);
4. Replacement of old 300mm/225mm (1933) CI pipes (50 km);
5. Replacement / strengthening of 200mm/100mm old (1933) CI pipes (500 km);
6. Replacement / strengthening of 100mm/80mm old CI /AC (600 km);
7. Replacement of nearly 65500 old consumer water connections;
8. Refurbishments of Kundamankadavu pump house with the Water Treatment Plant
at PTP Nagar;
9. Construction of a conventional Water Treatment Plant at Thiruvallom;
10. Rehabilitation of water supply system of the Thiruvananthapuram Medical College
Hospital; and
11. Rehabilitation of water supply systems in 10 major Government hospitals in the
city.
iv) Water Supply Scheme to Kovalam Tourist Area -
Kovalam is a world famous tourist centre. Water supply is not adequate in the Kovalam area.
City Water Supply Scheme was extended to the area, which is far from satisfactory due to
rapid urbanization of the coastal region. Hotels at present mainly depend on tanker lorries for
drinking water.
A comprehensive Water Supply Scheme benefiting Kovalam, adjoining 6 wards of
Venganoor Panchayath, 6 wards of Vizhinjam Panchayath and 3 wards of Kottukal
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Panchayath coming within the tourism zone has been proposed with Vellayani lake as
source. Lake Vellayani is a famous fresh water lake near the city.
A well cum pump house having 9 metre diameter is proposed in the lake. Raw water
Pumping main, 16 mld treatment plant, transmission main, service reservoirs and distribution
net work are included in the project.
v) Improvement of Water Supply Scheme to Pappanamcode & Nemom areas
Pappanamcode and Nemom areas are located on the south-east of the city. This area
includes Pappanamcode Estate, Nemom, Melankode, Ponnumangalam and part of
Thiruvallam ward covering a population of 50,000. This area is presently being catered by a
small Water Supply Scheme with an infiltration gallery in Karamana river at
Thrikkannapuram. Absence of a Water Treatment Plant creates quality problems in the
water supplied. Also shortage of water results in supplies to certain areas on alternate days.
A new project is proposed to cover the above area using nearby source viz Karamana River.
vi) Water Supply Improvements to Vandithadam
The present status of the Vandithadam Water Supply Scheme, which caters to the areas
nearby Kovalam, is far from satisfactory. There exists an old intake well in the Vellayani
Lake and the pressure filter installed is out of order and beyond repairs. Quality of water
supplied is also not good. The scheme can be rehabilitated to serve the coastal population.
It is proposed to construct a new intake well and a 5 mld full-fledged water treatment plant in
the public land nearby. The pump and pumping mains are also to be replaced to meet the
enhanced capacity.
vii) Water Supply Scheme to International Transshipment Terminal at Vizhinjam
Government of Kerala has embarked on an ambitious project for development of an
International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT) at Vizhinjam in Thiruvananthapuram.
An exclusive Water Supply Scheme to cater to the needs of Vizhinjam area considering the
vast demand projections due to this development are proposed to be included under the
JNNURM.
The proposal is to collect raw water from a well cum pump house of 6m diameter at
Vellayani lake, to treat the water in a 3 mld plant near it, collect water in a 1.33 lakh sump
and pump clear water to the proposed OHSR near the Coast Guard station, and to distribute
water by gravity mains.
The total cost of the project works out to Rs. 4.00 crores.
E. Citizen relation management
The activities envisaged are modernization and extension of the pilot complaint redressal
system of TWSS using better communication systems aimed at providing total consumer
satisfaction.
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5.7 Broad Costing and Phasing

Assumptions in phasing
The ongoing JBIC assisted project is considered in the first phase with top priority.
Planning reforms and institutional strengthening which require detailed studies are
considered in the first phase.
Replacement of the existing system for which some data is already available and
which require minimum data collection are also considered in the beginning years.
Expansion of the existing system to cover unserved areas, new development areas
etc are considered in the later stage, allocating minimum provision in the initial
years.
73
Water Supply - Investment Plan (Rupees Crores)

Table 5.6: Broad costing and phasing for water supply
Component Activity 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Total
Planning Reforms & 1. Development of Master Plan 2.50 1.00 3.50
Institutional Strengthening 2. Energy audit study 1.00 0.50 0.50 2.00
3. Water Quality monitoring 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 5.50
4.Communication strategy 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 3.50
5. Human Resources Development 1.50 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.50 10.00
6. Establishment of Regulatory Authority 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 5.00
7. GIS Mapping of Water Supply and 1.50 0.75 0.25 0.25 0.25 3.00
Sewerage utility
8. Community initiative support 0.50 0.25 0.25 1.00
9. Management Information System 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 2.00 1.00 10.00
10. E-Governance 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.50 2.50
Sub-Total 11.40 7.40 7.90 7.65 7.15 4.50 46.00
Service Delivery Replacement of house service connections 1.00 0.50 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.50 5.00
Water Resources 1. Unaccounted For Water
Management a. Leakages in Trunk mains and Distribution 5.00 5.00 7.00 7.00 3.00 3.00 30.00
system
b. Replacement of old service connections 2.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 4.00 1.75 27.75
c. Establishing leak detection units and 2.00 2.00 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 5.25
Procurement of modern leak detection
equipments
2. Metering
a. Changing non working meters (85000 0.50 0.50 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 6.00
nos)
b. Providing Bulk meters in transmission and 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 10.00
distribution lines
3. Mechanization and modernization 1.50 2.00 1.50 1.50 0.50 0.50 7.50
Sub Total 12.00 16.50 19.00 19.75 10.75 8.50 86.50
System expansion 1 a. Source augmentation - Intake works 3.00 8.00 14.00 16.00 13.00 2.50 56.50
and sub stations , Treatment Plants,
Electrical installations
b. Protection of Peppara Dam 0.50 4.00 3.00 2.00 0.50 10.00

2 Expansion of net work in merged areas 5.00 15.00 15.00 18.00 18.00 4.00 75.00
and urban agglomeration.
3. Water Supply to Kovalam Tourist area 2.00 6.00 6.00 8.00 6.00 2.00 30.00
4. Water Supply to Nemom and 1.25 2.00 2.00 3.00 1.50 0.25 10.00
74

Pappanamcodu zones
5. Construction of WTP at Vandithadom 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 6.00
6. WSS to International Transhipment 0.50 1.50 1.50 0.50 0.00 0.00 4.00
Terminal at Vizhinjam.
7.Refurbishments of treatment plants of 0.75 1.00 3.00 2.00 0.75 0.00 7.50
86mld (Aruvikkara), 16mld (PTP) and
pumphouses
8.Rehabilitation/ replacement of 1200mm to 3.00 6.00 12.00 10.00 3.00 1.00 35.00
900mm PVC pipes 11 km
9. Replacement of old Premo Pipes 700mm 8.00 12.00 24.00 28.00 20.00 1.00 93.00
to 400mm - 45 km
10. Strengthening and replacement of 5.00 12.00 25.00 22.00 7.00 4.00 75.00
undersized main 300mm to 225mm very old
(1933) CI Pipes - 50km
11. Strengthening undersized pipe lines - 10.00 15.00 30.00 40.00 45.00 34.00 174.00
distribution network.
12. Rehabilitation of WSS in Medical 2.00 3.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 10.00
College Compound
13. Rehabilitation of Water Supply system to 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 2.00
10 Major Hospitals
Sub-Total 47.25 82.00 141.0 153.0 116.0 48.75 588.0
Citizen Relation Establishing modern Complaint Redressel 0.50 1.00 2.00 0.50 4.00
Management System
Communication Systems 1.00 1.00
Sub Total 0.00 0.50 1.00 3.00 0.50 0.00 5.00
Total 71.65 106.9 170.4 184.4 134.9 62.25 730.5
JBIC project (74 mld Treatment plant , pumping installations, new pumping 311.91
main from Aruvikkara to reservoirs which can transit upto 144 mld etc)
Grand Total 1042.41
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6.0 SEWERAGE
6.1 Existing Sewerage Scheme

In 1931, action was taken to start an “Investigation for a comprehensive Sewerage Scheme”
on modern lines based on the principle of separate system, which would cater to the
demand of Thiruvananthapuram City. The proposal was formulated, and the number of
Blocks required for effectively draining the whole of Thiruvananthapuram town, with pumping
stations were fixed, and the method and site for disposal works was also decided upon.
Thiruvananthapuram Sewerage Scheme [TSS] covers the old city area, having an extent of
74.93 sq.km with 50 wards. The scheme area is divided into seven blocks viz. A, B, C, D, E,
F and G, for the convenience of execution of sewerage system. Among the above blocks
sewerage facility is available fully or partially in the blocks A to E.
Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation presently comprises an area of 141.74 sq.km of
which 30% is covered by piped sewerage system, which serves the core city area. Sewage
disposal methods from the households in un-sewered areas of the Corporation include
septic tanks, borehole latrines and community toilets. There are also many houses without
any sanitation facilities.
Block A. Sewerage system was first introduced in this Block. The total area of the
Block is 13.84 sq.km and comprises the most important parts of the city such as Kowdiar,
Vellayambalam, Thycaud, Thampanoor, Pazhavangady, Chalai, Manacaud, Puthenchanthai,
Jagathy and Palayam. This block was commissioned way back in 1945. There are 3 lifting
stations under this block at Thaliyal, Mudavanmughal and Arannoor. The main pumping
station in this block is at Kuriyathy from where sewage is pumped to the sewage farm at
Valiyathura. Block ‘A’ has been augmented recently by providing a new 1200mm Gravity
Main, pump house and pumping main.
Block B. The total area of the Block is 5.51 sq.km. It includes area of the city covering
Sreekanteswaram, Pettah (east of railway line), Rishimangalam, Vanchiyoor, Kaithamukku,
Pattom Valley, Nanthancode and Barton Hill. Block ‘B’ was commissioned in 1965. There is
a main pumping station in this block at Pattoor from where sewage is pumped to Valiyathura
Sewage Farm.
Block C. The total area of the Block is 4.12sq.km and the block was partially
commissioned in 1970. It covers the low lying areas of the city which includes Chackai,
Pettah (west of railway line), Palkulangara, south west part of Fort area, Puthen Street,
Sreevaraham and Manacaud portion. There is a main pumping station at Enchackal
from where sewage is pumped to the sewage farm at Valiyathura. A lifting station is
proposed at Kalpaka Nagar (Chackai) for connecting areas located on the north-west of this
block such as Kalpakanagar, part of Chackai, Kanjiravilakom, remaining part of Pettah,
Palkulangara, Anayara and then to pump sewage to the pump house at Enchackal, from
where pumping is to be done to Valiyathura. The balance pipe laying works, a screen
chamber in the pump house at Kalpakanagar, and erection of pump and motors are to be
executed for commissioning of sewer network in the area.
Block D. The area in Block ‘D’ is divided into two zones namely Zone- I & Zone- II
which are located on either side of the National Highway. Zone-I on the east side of NH is
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further divided into two sub zones viz. (a) Kowdiar and (b) Ambalamukku-Muttada. Main
sewers in Zone-I are Kowdiar Main, Ambalamukku Main, Muttada Main and
Kesavadasapuram Main. Zone-II on the west side of NH is further subdivided into three
zones viz. (a) Kumarapuram-Kannammoola, (b) Kesavadasapuram-Ulloor and (c) Medical
College sub zones.
This block has four pumping stations. The Medical College lifting station catering to the
needs of the Medical College Complex, Plamoodu lifting station and the Murinjapalam lifting
station discharges sewage to Kannammoola pump house. The sewage is pumped to the
Sewage Farm at Valiyathura from the pumphouse at Kannammoola. Block ‘D’ was partially
commissioned in 2004. Works to provide coverage to the unsewered area in Block D is in
progress. Land acquisition works are also being completed.
Block E. This block includes four zones as detailed below.
(i) Zone-I: Comprising areas of Sasthamangalam, Kowdiar, Peroorkada and
Mannammoola was commissioned during 2004;
(ii) Zone-II: Comprising areas of Maruthankuzhy, Vettamukku, Pangode, Edapazhanji,
Chadiyara and part of Poojappura. Commissioning of Zone-II can be done after the
land acquisition process is completed;
(iii) Zone-III: This zone consists of Vattiyoorkavu, PTP Nagar, and Kanjirampara area.
Land acquisition process has to be completed for the completion of the sewer pipe line
laying works; and
(iv) Zone-IV: This consists of Valiyavila area. The work of this zone has not been started.
Land acquisition work for the pump house site at Valiyavila is to be completed.
6.2 Major Developments and Initiatives

(i) The laying of sewer pipe line in uncovered areas of Block ‘D’ and ‘E’, as envisaged in
the Master Plan of Sewerage Scheme for Thiruvananthapuram Corporation area, is in
progress.
(ii) A proposal intended to benefit residents of the City Corporation wards of Attukal,
Kalady and Kalippankulam is intended to be taken up at a cost of Rs.14.55 crores for
which Administrative Sanction has been received.
6.3 Key Issues, Challenges And Goals

Key Issues and Challenges
The existing Sewerage network is very old and requires urgent rehabilitation, since
frequent overflows are common.
Sewage overflow from the unsewered areas of the city and adjoining area into the
water bodies creates nuisance and unhygienic conditions.
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The existing sewage farm at Valiyathura is overloaded, resulting in overflow to the

Parvathy Puthanar Canal and results in causing pollution of the water body. This
necessitates the need for a modern Sewage Treatment Plant at Valiyathura.
Vision.
A healthy and satisfied community forms the foundation for a progressive nation. Our
Vision is to provide a well planned, eco-friendly and hygienic sewerage facility, which
would facilitate achievement of the above goal.

A. Rehabilitation of the existing network and pump houses in Blocks A, B & C
The Design period of the sewer network in Blocks A, B and C is over and as the network is
overloaded rehabilitation is necessitated. The growth in population and increase in
commercial activities resulted in increase in the load of sewage in the sewer lines, resulting
in overflow through the manholes in the network. In order to meet the demand as per the
present day population and to arrest the overflow, it is highly essential to rehabilitate the
existing system.
Continuous pumping without interruption is to be maintained in order to ensure that
overflows are kept to the minimum. In order to ensure continuous pumping, uninterrupted
power supply is to be ensured, for which dedicated power lines and generators are to be
installed.
B. Rehabilitation of sewerage facility in Government Hospitals
i) Medical College Campus, Thiruvananthapuram
The sewerage network catering to the requirement of Medical College Campus is in a
dilapidated condition resulting in unhygienic conditions. In order to avoid inconvenience to
the public and to retain a healthy environment, the sewerage network including inside
installations need to be rehabilitated. A 10 mld Sewage Treatment Plant is also proposed to
be constructed exclusively for the Medical College campus, where seven health related
institutions are located.
ii). Other Government Hospitals
Rehabilitation and Improvements to the Sewerage network in General Hospital, Women &
Children Thycaud Hospital, Peroorkada Hospital, Santhivila Hospital, Ayurveda College,
Homeo College, TB Sanatorium, Opthalmic Hospital are also proposed.
C. Providing sewerage system in unsewered areas of Blocks A ,B & C
Areas of Thirumala, Thrikkannapuram and Mudavanmughal are proposed to be provided
with Sewerage facilities.
Block ‘C’, which covers Pettah, Palkulangara and Enchackal, has been partially
commissioned. A lifting station is proposed at Kalpaka nagar for connecting areas located
on the north-west of this block, such as Kalpakanagar, part of Chackai, Kanjiravilakom,
remaining part of Pettah, Palkulangara, Anayara and then to pump the sewage to the pump
house at Enchackal, from where it is to be pumped to Valiyathura. The balance pipe laying
78
works, a screen chamber in the pump house at Kalpakanagar, and erection of pump and
motors are to be executed for commissioning of sewer network in the area.
D. Providing sewerage system in unsewered areas of Blocks D & E
Block ‘D’ covering areas of Ambalamukku, Pattom, Muttada, Kesavadasapuram,
Kannammoola; and Block ‘E’ which covers areas of Peroorkada, and Sasthamangalam, has
been partially commissioned. The work to provide coverage to the unsewered areas of
Blocks D and E is in progress. Land acquisition works are to be completed.
E. Extension of sewerage system to Blocks F & G - Coastal Area
Blocks F&G consist of the coastal area and the area is presently not covered by sewerage
network. Sewer network coverage is to be provided to the coastal belt which is thickly
populated.
F. Sewerage system to the extended Corporation Area
Thiruvananthapuram City is now spread to cover 141.74sq.km with 86 wards and the entire
area is proposed to be covered with sewerage network. The extended area includes –
erstwhile Ulloor panchayat with an area of 16.67 sq.km; Attipra panchayat with an area of
16.03 sq.km; and Kadakampally panchayat with an area of 8.14 sq.km. The former Nemom
panchayat with an area of 12.18 sq.km and the former Thiruvallam Panchayat with an area
of 13.60 sq.km have also been merged to the Corporation.
The anticipated sewage load from the extended area as estimated for 2031 is 100 mld and
the sewage load from the old city area is 150 mld.
Thiruvananthapuram Sewerage Scheme [TSS] presently covers the old city corporation area
having an extent of 74.93 sq.km with 50 wards. The areas newly added to the Corporation
limit are to be covered with sewerage facility.
G. Sewerage system to adjoining Panchayats in the Urban Agglomeration
i) The adjoining panchayat areas of Kazhakkuttam with an area of 19.47 sq.km;
Sreekaryam with an area of 23.73 sq.km; Kudappanakkunnu with an area of 7.69sq.km;
and Vattiyoorkavu with an area of 11.11 sq.km are considered for provision of sewerage
facilities. The anticipated sewage load from the area is 45 mld.
ii.) The proposed International Container Transhipment Terminal, at Vizhinjam is expected
to contribute to increased activity in the area. Kovalam which is an important tourist
centre is also proposed to be provided with sewerage network. Vizhinjam panchayat with
an area of 12.62 sq.km, which also includes the above centres, is proposed to be
covered with sewerage network. A 30 mld Sewage Treatment Plant is proposed to be
constructed to cater to the demand of the area.
H. Procurement of equipment for maintenance of sewerage system.
Parallel to strengthening of the Sewerage System, the maintenance facilities will also have
to be strengthened to ensure proper functioning of the system. Machinery and equipment
required to facilitate carrying out of cleaning and repair works are proposed to be procured.
79
I. Construction of sewage treatment plant.

Presently the sewage generated in the city is conveyed through a number of gravity mains
and pumping mains to the stilling chamber at Muttathara. From the stilling chamber, the
sewage flows by gravity to the sewage farm on the other bank of Parvathy Puthanar Canal
and is let off into open drains for use in fodder cultivation. During the late sixties and early
seventies the system was functioning well. But with the increase in population, the quantity
of sewage increased and the capacity of soil to absorb the sewage decreased, resulting in
increase of outfall to the Parvathy Puthanar Canal polluting the water course.
In future as the city grows, the condition will be worsened, resulting in large-scale
contamination of surface and ground water. It is proposed to set up a modern Sewage
Treatment Plant, to treat the Sewage being pumped to Muttathara. The total sewage load of
the extended Corporation area is 250 mld.
Full fledged Sewage Treatment Plants are also to be constructed to cater to the requirement
of areas of Kazhakkuttom, Sreekaryam, Kudappanakkunnu, Vattiyoorkavu and Vizhinjam
and the anticipated sewage load is 75 mld.
A Sewage Treatment Plant of 10 mld is proposed to be constructed to serve the Medical
College campus.
J. Preparation of master plan
a. In order to enable execution of the various works proposed in an effective manner, a
detailed survey and study is to be conducted. The study should include determination
of alignment of sewer lines including levels, location of lifting stations and Sewage
Treatment Plants. The zoning and preparation of Master Plan shall be made, taking
advantage of the contours.
b. The cost estimate does not include the cost of land required for the execution of
works, as the same has to be made available by the concerned local body.
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6.5 Broad Costing & Phasing

SEWERAGE - INVESTMENT PLAN (Rupees Crores)(
(This includes projects envisaged under ADB assisted KSUDP).

Table 6.1: Broad costing and phasing for sewerage
Design & Comprehensive Sewerage Master Plan 10.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.00
Implementation of Energy Audit 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00
Communication Strategy Sewerage Quality Studies & Monitoring 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 3.00
Design and Communication Strategy 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 7.00
Human Resource Development 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 9.00
Community Initiative Support 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 6.00
Sub-Total 17.50 9.50 4.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 42.00
Service Delivery Household Coverage 6.00 5.50 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 18.00
Sub-Total 6.00 5.50 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 18.00
Sewage Treatment and Rehabilitation of existing network and 10.00 40.00 40.00 20.00 10.00 5.00 125.00
Management pump houses in Blocks A,B and C
Rehabilitation of Sewerage facility in 4.00 7.00 6.00 6.00 1.00 0.50 24.50
Government Hospitals
Providing of Sewerage System in 8.00 14.00 13.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 50.00
unsewered areas of Blocks A, B & C
Providing of Sewerage System in 3.00 8.00 7.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 25.00
unsewered areas of Blocks D & E
Extension of Sewerage System to 3.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 2.00 2.00 47.00
Block F&G - coastal belt
Sewerage System to the extended 15.00 80.00 75.00 60.00 20.00 10.00 260.00
Corporation area
Sewerage System to adjoining 15.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 60.00 13.00 298.00
panchayats
Procurement of equipment for 6.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
maintenanace of Sewerage System
Construction of Sewage Treatment 18.00 60.00 56.00 30.00 5.00 0.50 169.50
Plant
Mechanisation and Modernisation 5.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 12.00
Sub-Total 87.00 299.00 286.00 208.00 104.50 36.50 1021.00
Grand Total 110.50 314.00 293.50 213.50 109.00 40.50 1081.00
81
7.0 STORM WATER DRAINAGE
7.1 Existing Drainage Network

Recurrent floods as a result of insufficient drainage are the perpetual problems faced by
Thiruvananthapuram city since several years. Transitory measures to tide over the situations
are tried from time to time to ease the graveness of the situation. Even now, it can be seen
that an abrupt rain of high intensity disrupts the city life considerably. Deterioration of water
quality as well as the problems associated with stagnation and pollution are being faced by
the city. Water bodies and low-lying marshy areas are being reclaimed due to demand for
land for development. Most of the flood moderation zones inside the city had already been
converted into concrete dwellings and apartments resulting in excessive run off. Improper
maintenance of the already existing drains coupled with excessive run off is the root cause
of flooding inside the city. In-depth study of the present status of the drains, their carrying
capacity, anticipated flood discharge and the probable routing / rerouting may be devised
and implemented for restoring / enhancing the status of drainage network inside the city to
solve the issue to a significant extent.
The drainage network of the city consists of two major rivers, few canals, their feeders and
lakes.
A. Karamana River
Karmana river starts from Chemmutty at Agastyarkudam at an altitude of 1717m and flows
through, Aryanad, Aruvikkara, Vattiyoorkavu and enters the city area. The Thodayar,
Veyyappadiyar, Kaviyar, Attayar are the main forest rivers merging into this river. Lots of
other small water bodies are also joining this river at various places. The Killiyar merges with
Karamana river at Pallathukadavu. The Vellayani thodu which orginates from the
Vellayanikayal (the fresh water lake of the city) also joins the Karamana river at
Moolakkadavu near Thiruvallom. The Karamana river and Killiyar flow together from
Pallathukadavu up to the downstream of Thiruvallom bridge where the river again splits as
two tributaries one of which falls into the Arabian Sea and other joins the Parvathy Puthanar
forming an island in between known as Edayar island. Karamana River is 68 km, of which
about 17 km flows through city area.
Karamana river is the only major river flowing through the city and there is no doubt that it is
the live wire of the city. A dam is built across this river at Aruvikkara and from this reservoir
all the domestic as well as industrial and agricultural water requirement of the city is being
met. Over exploitation of the river on account of the alarming rate of increase in population is
the main reason for the present status of most of the rivers. Karamana river is no exemption
to this general status. Dumping of domestic and non domestic wastes and discharge of
sewage directly into the river add to the situation. Waste from slaughter houses, markets and
hotels and domestic wastes are dumped into this river daily. Unscientific and indiscriminate
methods of sand mining result in bed and bank erosion and leads to water shortage and salt-
water intrusion. In some places the domestic sewage is openly let out into this river through
underground pipes. This results in pollution of the river and increase in E-coli count. As the
river had already lost its regime and reduced the cross sectional area considerably flooding
of Karamana river is also experienced.
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B. Killi river
The Killi river originates from Nedumangad area. The river is having a width of 20 to 25m
with bed slope of 1:750 to 1:1000 up to the city limit and thereafter maintaining a bed slope
of 1:2000 to 1:3000. The Killi river merges in to the Karamana river at Pallathukadavu. The
river passes through the city for a length of 12.50 km and then flows into the sea through
Edayar island in Thiruvallom panchayat.
The river reaches in Maruthankuzhy, Pangode, Vivekanandanagar, Jagathy, Iranimuttom,
Pallathukadavu are the important reaches inside the city. The river needs protection as the
river passes through highly residential area. Major portion of the river reaches inside the city
have already been taken up for stabilization. The left over areas need to be attended. For
the entire stretch of 12.50 km, passing through the city on either bank, the density of
population is very high. Hence, disposal of waste into the river is a major issue as in the
case of Karamana river. The waste so deposited settles on the down stream and reduces
the depth of the river. Due to the sharp meandering of the river, the bank erosion is
experienced. This eroded material also gets deposited in the river bed and results in the
formation of small islands thereby reducing the capacity of the river resulting in flash floods
during down pour.
All wastes and debris generated in the city area like dismantled waste during demolishing of
structures, during construction, wastes from hotels and hospitals are conveniently dumped in
to the river. The disposal of drainage and organic and inorganic waste from the household
into the river by the local inhabitants, markets and poultry waste also contribute to the
degradation of the river system. Sand mining from the river is also noticed in several parts of
the river. The health hazard and unhygienic situation in Killi river is very serious and
repeated clamour for the upkeep still remain unheard.
C. Drains and leading drains in the city area
Flooding is usually noticed in Thampanoor and East Fort areas. The canal starting from
observatory hills carries the surface water of the upstream reaches and passes through
Thampanoor, crosses the railway line and reaches East Fort area. This stretch of canal
seems to be tricky. Detailed analysis of the drainage pattern of the catchments of this drain
reveals the following:
The carrying capacity of the canal reach at Thampanoor is sufficient to discharge the run off
of its catchments along with the run off of the area adjacent to the railway station and bus
stand. The water collected during a down pour in the area adjacent to the railway station and
bus stand is not being discharged to this drain quickly as the carrying capacity of the leading
drains including the one around Ponnara Sreedharan Park is not sufficient. So the water
collected in the area gets stagnated for a period of time and that causes flooding in
Thampanoor area. So also the cross sectional area of the drain passing through the railway
yard is being reduced year after year due to the accumulation of debris and silt inside the
canal.
The leading drains to Pazhavangadi thodu from the area adjacent to the railway station and
bus stand should be redesigned and reconstructed to carry the water and drain off the area
to the thodu without any stagnation. It is to be ensured that the railway culverts as well as
the canal portion below the railway tracks are frequently cleared off the silt and debris.
83
The capacity of the drain downstream of Ganapathy temple up to Thakaraparambu is

sufficient to carry the flood discharge of the upstream catchments only. The storm water
collected in Putharikandam maidan and adjacent areas were directed to the drain leading to
Thekkenakara thodu through the drain under the present Lucia Hotel and the nearby
buildings. All the leading drains in the area are either chocked or defunct resulting in the
flash flow of storm water to Pazhavangadi thodu, which does not have the carrying capacity
for this additional flow too. Moreover the water collected in the built up areas like
Padmanagar colony also find its way to the Pazhavangadi thodu
The network of drains in the East Fort, City Bus stand area is to be restored and revamped
so that a major share of the storm water is directed to Thekkenakara thodu. A new scheme
is to be worked out to link Pazhavangadi thodu and Thekkenankara thodu at East Fort, so
that a portion of storm water will be carried by Thekkenakara thodu as was done in earlier
days. Cross section of the canal reach downstream of Ganapathi temple in Pazhavangadi is
to be increased to accommodate the balance flow also. The culverts and cross drainage
works are also to be remodelled to carry the additional discharge.
Chain link fencing on both sides of the city canals to prevent dumping of debris and wastes
in the canal are also to be provided in a continuous fashion.
Other important drains contributing storm water to the city canals are Amayizhanchan thodu,
Kannamoola thodu, Ulloor thodu, Pattom thodu, Kariyil thodu, Choozhampala thodu,
Anathanathodu, Edanada thodu, Arayalloor Ela thodu, Thiruvallom Pallathukadavu thodu,
Azhankal thodu, Koori thodu.
Along with the increase in population, the need for housing complexes and colonies also
increased. Connected development activities intruded with the drainage system and fresh
drains have become the imperative need of the day to cleanse the locality.
Out of the 86 wards in the city, additional drains at an average of 1 km per ward (Details to
be worked out from field study) may suffice for the proper draining of the area.
1. Pazhavangadi thodu
Pazhavangadi thodu starts from observatory hills and merges into Amayizhanjan thodu near
Kannamoola and is having a length of about 5.6 km. It is the main discharge channel of
Thiruvananthapuram City and it traverses through the key areas like Thampannoor,
Pazhavangadi, Thakaraparambu, Vanchiyoor, Pattoor etc. The width of the thodu varies
from 3 to 6 m. Many road drains discharge into this thodu. The road culverts, which were
noticed to be the main hindrance for the free flow of discharge through the thodu have been
re-constructed to ensure free flow. The re-construction of the culvert and desilting of the
thodu has decreased the hazards of flooding to a certain limit. But periodic desilting is
essential in this portion since it passes through the heart of the Trivandrum City covering
Bakery jn, Bus stand, Railway station, Vanchiyoor, Patoor etc.
2. Uloor thodu
Uloor thodu had its orgin from Pothencodu area and passes through the northern part of the
city namely Mannanthala, Ulloor, Chalakuzhy, Murinjapalam and reaches Kannamoola
where it joins the Amayizhanjan thodu. The city area from Edavakode to Kannanmoola is
having a length of 8km and an average width of 10 to 15 m. This portion is highly polluted
84
and the flow is stagnant in several reaches. During rainy season due to the solid wastes and
heavy mass of silt deposit inside the thodu flooding occurs in the low lying areas. The dhobis
in the city area are polluting this thodu by washing and in slum areas drainage disposal is
diverted into this canal making the contamination level high.
Several housing colonies, houses, commercial establishments, slums are located on the
banks of this thodu and also in certain places semi permanent huts are seen encroached
into the thodu. Whenever the flash flood occurs in the rainy season the thodu overflows at
certain specific locations and cause havoc to the residents. This thodu is having several
rivulets before it reaches Kannanmoola to join the Amayizhanjan thodu. These rivulets also
bring enough silt and other solid wastes. Due to the facts explained above an urgent
restoration is necessary in this reach.
3. Pattom thodu
Pattom thodu is a natural drain having an average width of 12m and has a length of 6.5 km.
It starts from the upper reaches of Kudappanakunnu, on the eastern part of the city and
passes through the major parts of the Thiruvananthapuram City. It collects surface water as
well as storm water from the city area and finally connects to the Amayizhanjan thodu at
Kannammoola. This drain has a major role in controlling the flood in Thiruvananthapuram
City. This thodu is now fully silted and it causes flooding in the city during the monsoon.
Also there is a tendency of public encroachment on the silted area inside the canal which
in turn reduces the carrying capacity of the canal. Hence this drain is to be urgently desilted
and the sides protected.
4. Kannanmoola thodu (Amayizhanjan thodu)
Kannanmoola thodu other wise called Amayizhanjan thodu starts from the up stream side of
Kannanmoola bridge and ends in Akkulam lake .The Kannanmoola thodu is having a width
of 20m to 30m and a length of 6km. Pazhavangadi thodu, Ullor thodu and Pattom thodu join
this thodu near pump house on the upstream side of Kannanmoola bridge. As in the other
canals Kannanmoola thodu is also in a very poor condition in view of its carrying capacity,
bank erosion and low velocity. Unless the condition is improved flooding in these areas are
most likely and the hygienic condition will further worsen.
5. Thekkenekara canal
The Thekkenekara canal is one of the main flood water canals which starts from Karimadom
colony at East Fort and passes through the most populous areas like East Fort,
Padamanabhaswamy Temple,Sreevaraham, Muttathara, N H bye pass and ends in
Parvathy Puthanar near Puthenpalam. The entire stretch is now choked with silt and debris
.About half of the portion is covered with slab and desilting is very tedious in this stretch.
Thekkenekara canal is having a length of 2.5 km and and an average width of 2.5m to 5m
.Several small drains join this canal in various portions and in many places these are to be
reconstructed. The flood water passing through Pazhavangadi thodu can be diverted to this
canal at East Fort and flooding in the city area can be reduced to a certain extent if a
connecting canal is constructed.
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6. Kariyil Thodu
Kariyil thodu is a natural drain having an average width of 4m and has a length of 6.00km. It
starts from the upper reaches of Iranimuttom and is passing through Muttathara and
Manacadu villages of Thiruvananthapuram City. It collects drain water as well as storm
water from the city area and finally ends at Parvathy Puthanar. The main branches of the
thodu are Nilama ela thodu and Punnassery ela thodu. These thodus are now fully water
logged due to the silting in the Kariyil thodu. Hence the Kariyil thodu has a major role in
controlling the flood in Thiruvananthapuram City. Hence this drain is to be urgently desilted
and the sides should be protected.
7. Natural drains
Tettiyar and Pangapparathodu are natural drains which, if restored may help drain out water
from the marshy and waterlogged areas near Technopark and College of Engineering,
Thiruvananthapuram.
(i) Tettiyar thodu
The Thettiyar thodu is running in the premises of Technopark and is being silted up.
Protection of this thodu will prevent flooding and water logging in the surroundings of the
Technopark area. Also this thodu is passing through the boundary of Thiruvananthapuram
City.
(ii) Pangappara thodu
This thodu is running in the proximity of Kariyavattom campus and College of Engineering
Thiruvananthapuram. Major portion of the thodu is not in a stable condition to sustain the
seasonal rain water flow. Protection of this thodu is a successful solution of the total flooding
problems in the area and may help prevent water logging.
(iii) Kaimanam-Azhamkal thodu
This drain starts from Kaimanam and runs parallel to Karamana river and finally discharges
into Karamana river. The drain has to be desilted and side protection works are required for
1km.
(iv) Amathara thodu
This drain runs through Nalanda Junction, Charachira and leads to Plamoodu via Kanaka
Nagar in the city. The drain is blocked and ineffective at several places and needs urgent
repairs.
(v) Koori thodu
This canal once used for navigation is one of the leading drains of Parvathy Puthanar. The
entire length is blocked now. This canal is essential for controlling the water logging in
Chakkai area.
(vi) Vattakkayal Thodu
This canal discharges into Paravathy puthanar. The canal starts from a big pond at Chackai
and covers a length of 500m.
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(vii) Additional drains

Several natural drains even inside the city had been chocked, defunct and even encroached
upon. As such even the traces of the original drains are not available. The influence areas
of these drains find their way to drain off water either creating a water stagnant condition or
flooding. For such redundant drains some suitable alternative leading drains are to be
constructed or the same located and restored. A rough assessment shows that an average
length of 2km per ward needs to be newly constructed for this purpose.
Other important drains contributing storm water to the city canals are Choozhampala thodu,
Anathanathodu, Edanada thodu, Arayalloor Ela thodu, Thiruvallom Pallathukadavu thodu.
Apart from this the road side drains carrying storm water also form part of the drainage
system in the city, the improvement of which has been included under the sector on traffic
and transportation.
8. Parvathy Puthanar (T.S. Canal)
Major man made drain in the city is Parvathy Puthanar. 36 small drains from the city
discharge into this canal. This canal runs parallel to
the sea in the coastal belt of Thiruvananthapuram
city. Badly damaged reaches of the canal need to
be protected. Certain reaches identified in Parvathy
puthanar for improvement include Moonnattumukku
to Vazhavila, Thekkenekara feeder canal, Kariyil
thodu and Panathura to Kovalam. Although
desilting of the canal has been arranged using other
funds, side protection and strengthening are to be
taken up.
9. Edayar Island
Karamana River and Killi river meet the upstream of Edayar near Thiruvallam and passes
around Edayar island. Edayar island is bounded by TS canal and Arabian sea on the west.
The river outlet at Poonthura (poonthura pozhi) is adjacent to this island and hence the back
flow of water at the pozhi causes damage to the island constantly eroding the island.
Moreover this island is fit to be developed as a tourist centre. Suitable retaining structures
are to be constructed to protect the island since this canal around this island is the discharge
route of two rivers into the sea.
10. Lanka Island
This island is situated near the famous Sree Parasurama swamy temple. Banks of the island
are prone to severe erosion and needs urgent stabilization. Smooth flow of flood water is
also obstructed due to the bank erosion.
7.2 Water Conservation

Inspite of the so called abundant water resources, the city is facing water scarcity. Studies
show that we are reaching water shortage condition in the very near future. So conservation
of water has become the need of the day and we are bound to conserve every drop of water.
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Awareness campaign throughout the city is to be held quite frequently and all possible
measures resorted to save as much water as possible. The dilapidated tanks, ponds and
wells are to be regenerated and new ones constructed wherever possible. Due to the fast
development in construction activities especially those associated with Technopark and its
surrounding areas, where large scale filling of wet lands have resulted in blockage of natural
drains and reduction in ground water recharge.
A. Conservation of Ponds (Tanks)
There are 350 ponds in Thiruvananthapuram taluk as per revenue records. Out of this, 212
tanks up to 0.5 ha area within the city need to be revamped to conserve water. The ponds in
the adjacent panchayats of the UA also need conservation.
B. Rain Water Harvesting
Coastal areas are devoid of drinking water facility and some provision for rainwater
harvesting mechanism will be very much appreciated. Rough assessment of the needs in
the coastal belt gives the requirements of 300 tanks/ward. Poundkadavu, Vettukadu.
Kannamthura, Sanghummugham, Chakkai, Vallakadavu, Valiyathura, Muttathara,
Beemapalli, Beemapalli East, Manikavilakom, Puthenpalli, Poonthura, Velar, are some of the
identified wards to be provided with water harvesting mechanisms.
Apart from the above, rain water harvesting needs to be promoted in Public buildings in the
city which can contribute to a substantial part of the water requirement which otherwise
would be discharged as surface runoff. Large number of buildings under the public and semi
public category exist in the city. Also the Kerala Municipality Building Rules 1999 provides
for rain water harvesting in all new constructions which would take care of this aspect in new
developments.
C. Vellayani lake
Vellayani lake, one of the largest fresh water lakes in the State, situated to the south-east of
Thiruvananthapuram city is one of the unique fresh water lakes of Kerala. It is located in
Venganoor, Kalliyoor panchayaths and in some parts of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation.
The exact location is towards north-west of Vellayani Temple and towards East of
Agricultural College surrounded by high lands.
The lake as well as the surrounding places are low lying areas with boundaries stretching
from Nemom on the North-East, Vellayani on the East, Kakkamoola on the South, Kalliyoor
and Vandithadam on the west and Karumom on the North side. Due to the geographical
conditions, the area surrounding the lake is always water logged. The original extent of the
lake was 750 Ha., of which 165 Ha was with Kerala Agricultural University with the reservoir
area of 28 Ha. The balance 557 Ha is with Government and private individuals. It is a fact
that, there is considerable reduction in the area of the lake due to various reasons such as
encroachments.
The main source of submergence is the runoff water getting accumulated in the above area
due to geographical conditions. Also the area being low lying the water table is above the
ground level thus creating the area permanently water logged.
The peculiarity of Vellayani Kayal is that the bed of the Kayal is comparatively at a higher
level than the surrounding submerged areas. This stimulates water percolation thereby
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keeping a steady water level which even in summer period will not come down. Even though
the original Kayal area comprises land below reservoir bund, the same is now dewatered to
make it suitable for cultivation. The area where cultivation is now practiced are Pandarakari,
Punjakari, Nilamelkari, Mankilikari and Kanjirathady. The present total area of all these
cultivated land is about 150 hectares.
Dewatering of the entire Kayal was done up to 1992 where third crop of paddy was
practiced. After 1992, cultivation is confined only in the lower part of reservoir bund and is
still continuing.
The main outlet canal Kannukalichal originates from the lake and joins Karamana river. This
is about 2.50 km long and 13 m wide. This water way is heavily silted up with thick growth of
vegetation, making smooth flow of water virtually impossible. The side bunds have been
eroded at many places and as the thodu flows at a higher level than the fields, it causes
flood and damage during rainy season. Similarly there are many canals for flood discharge,
which are also in a state of disrepair for the last several years. The de-watering process is
being carried out for cultivation around the kayal. There are at present four 50 H.P. motors
with petty and para for smooth operation. These are housed in four pump houses located in
both banks of Kannukalichal thodu.
D. Aakulam lake
Aakulam lake is one of the important tourist centres in the capital city and it attracts tourists
very much. Amayizhinjan thodu the major discharge canal drains into the Aakulam lake and
a heavy mass of silt and debris is deposited in this lake .Other main problems faced by the
lake are the weeds and erosion.
E. Kochar thodu
This is an artificial thodu constructed by the erstwhile Maharaja of Travancore.This drain
conveys fresh water from Maruthankuzy weir towards Padmatheertham of Sree
Padmanabha Swamy Temple. It is an artificial river diversion system used for cleaning and
refilling the holy temple tank at East Fort. During summer and rainy season it was used to
divert water from Maruthankuzhy river regulator. This artificial thodu has a length of 6.32km
and is flowing under gravity through a pipe line. Now it is damaged and no water is now
flowing through it. If it is maintained it will help to clean Padmanabha Swamy Temple tank
which is situated in the heart of the city and can keep the city cool and clean.
7.3 Key Issues, Challenges & Goals

Reduction in carrying capacity of the existing canals/ drains due to heavy silt
deposition, discharge of solid wastes into the canals/drains and growth of vegetation
in the canals/ drains and encroachments;
Inadequate cross-section in certain culverts that obstruct normal flow in the
canals/drains;
Poor condition of some of the existing culverts resulting in overflow and flooding of
adjoining areas;
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About 60 % of the storm water drains in the city are uncovered. These drains are
more prone to discharge of solid wastes and growth of vegetation resulting in
reduction/ stagnation of normal flow;
Missing links in the existing drainage network;
Lack of awareness and public responsibility regarding disposal of wastes;
Lack of co-ordination and maintenance of the existing canals and storm water drains
by the responsible agencies; and
Non separation of city wastes (both liquid and solid) from the storm water.
Goals
Achieve efficient storm water drainage for the city, avoid regional flooding;
Increase the life of the road network by providing adequate drains;
Assist and promote Inland Navigation wherever possible to match with our National
Inland Water Transport Policy;
Preservation of water bodies, environmental regeneration of water bodies,
protection of coastal belt; and
To achieve 100 % drainage coverage in the city.

A. Storm Water Drainage
1. Karamana River
In order to tide over the existing situations and to have a sustainable improvement of the
river condition the following suggestions are made.
i. River Training works for a length of about 20km on both sides
ii. Construction of flood bunds for a length of 14 km
iii. Construction of cross structures
iv. Construction of 4 two lane bridges to improve conveyance facilities
v. Construction of 25 foot bridges
vi. Construction of 2 cross weirs to recharge the subsurface water
vii. Plantation of Bamboo and other soil retaining plants on the river banks
viii. Putting up parks on river banks at 4 locations
ix. Repairs to the damaged retaining walls already constructed in Karamana river.
x. Easing of curves & removal of islands to facilitate easy and smooth flow
xi. Construction of cross drains for a length of 15 km in the river
xii. Detailed investigation for providing boundary stones
On implementation of the above proposal the present pathetic condition of the river may
change resulting in a healthier living environment in the city. Probable cost of the proposal is
worked out as follows, however detailed analysis of each item of work need to be done
before implementation.
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Cost Estimate:
1. River Training works (20 km) Rs.1500 lakhs
2. Construction of flood bunds (14 km) Rs.200 lakhs
3. Construction of Cross structures Rs.130 lakhs
4. Construction of bridges Rs.600 lakhs
5. Construction of foot bridge (25 nos) Rs.650 lakhs
6. Construction of Cross Weirs (2 nos) Rs.200 lakhs
7. Plantation of soil retaining plants Rs.20 lakhs
8. Construction of parks on river banks Rs.50 lakhs
9. Maintenance of damaged retaining walls Rs.200 lakhs
10. Easing of curve and removal of islands Rs.100 lakhs
11. Construction of cross drains Rs.150 lakhs
12. Detailed investigation Rs.20 lakhs
Total Rs.3820 lakhs
2. Killi River
The proposals for the upkeep of the river portion inside the city are as hereunder:
I. The river retaining structures for a length of 5 km has to be raised in order to protect the
bund at different locations;
II. Lack of sufficient leading drains to take storm water to the river constantly erodes the
river bunds. To tackle this issue, surface drains are to be constructed along the bund on
the land side to take the storm water for a length 5 km on either side at the required
locations along with inlet structures;
III. In order to reduce the velocity of flow and to retain water for retention and storage
construction of (10 Nos) cross bars are required in the river portion. This may act as silt
traps also;
IV. Crossing the bridge at three places are required to be provided to meet the increasing
demand of traffic. Also the provision of 15 foot bridges at different locations within the
city is included for public convenience; and
V. To curb dumping of waste in to the river at crossing portions like bridges fencings are to
be provided. Also lamp posts and benches are proposed at the bathing ghats to make
better ambience.
The civic sense among the people and the feeling of ownership of public property are to be
inculcated through constant awareness programmes and media. The implementation of
these proposals can yield sustainable benefits only if participation of its beneficiaries is
assured.
Cost Estimate:
1. Raising retaining structures for a length of 5 km : Rs.100 lakhs
2. Surface drains for a length 5 km on either side : Rs.25 lakhs
3. Construction of cross bar, 10 nos at various points : Rs.65 lakhs
4. Construction of 3 bridges across the river : Rs.200 lakhs
5. 15 foot bridges to make conveyance easier : Rs. 20 lakhs
6. Fencing at bridges to prevent dumping of waste : Rs.35 lakhs
7. Providing Lamp post toilets and benches at the bathing ghats : Rs.50 lakhs
8. Awareness program : Rs.5 lakhs
Total amount required for the project : Rs 500 lakhs
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3. Drains and leading drains in the city area

(i) Pazhavangadi Thodu
The proposal detailed below is aimed at the total restoration of the Pazhavangadi thodu .The
places where protective works are to be done are identified throughout the reach and
programme has been chalked out to arrest erosion. The entire length of thodu bed will be
desilted and the unwanted vegetative growths will be removed so as to ensure free flow of
surface water. Canal fencing has been recommended in the thickly populated areas near the
thodu to avoid solid waste dumping. Provision is also made for the construction of foot
bridges.
There will be a total face lift of the city drainage system once the above proposals are
implemented and the public made aware of the need and necessity of its upkeep.
Cost Estimate:
Desilting from observatory to Kannanmoola Rs.60.00 Lakhs
Construction of retaining wa ll Rs.43.00 Lakhs
Dismantling and reconstruction of damaged portion of Rs.23.00 Lakhs
retaining wall
Construction of silt pit (4 nos ) Rs.6.00 Lakhs
Providing fencing Rs.19.20 Lakhs
Providing foot slabs (4nos) Rs.8.00 Lakhs

Providing leading drains for 2 km Rs.88.00 Lakhs
Shifting of pipe lines from the main thodu, painting and Rs.20.00 Lakhs
repairing of the existing fencing, planting of trees, etc.
Providing concrete bed for 2 km length of the thodu Rs.80.00 Lakhs
Construction of sump at Thampanoor Ponnara Park with Rs.200.00Lakhs
facilities for pumping and construction of cross drains
Construction of cross drain to Thekkenakara canal for a Rs.50.00Lakhs

length of 500m
Total Rs.597.20 Lakhs
(ii) Uloor thodu

Proposal is for the improvement of the reach from Edavakode to Kannanmoola. The places
where protective works are to be done are identified at site through out the reach and
provision for arresting the side erosion has also been made. The silt deposit is proposed to
be removed from the entire stretch of the thodu. The cost estimate is prepared on the actual
requirements as hereunder.
Cost Estimate:
1. Cleaning and desilting of the thodu from Edavakode to Kannanmoola Rs.60.00 Lakhs
2km in length
2. Construction of retaining wall for 2.5 km Rs.107.50 Lakhs
3. Construction of foot bridge(7nos) Rs.14.00 Lakhs
4. Fencing in the junctions and the thickly populated areas Rs.10.00 Lakhs
5. Bund formation including turfing Rs.30.00 Lakhs
6. Construction of walkway and beautification Rs.25.00Lakhs
7. Construction of cross drains Rs.80.00Lakhs
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(iii) Pattom thodu

This drain is to be urgently desilted and the sides protected. The condition of the canal will
be improved considerably on implementation of the selected works in the canal. An
approximate proposal for the restoration works is listed below, which needs to be analysed
in detail for actual implementation.
Cost Estimate:
1. Cleaning and desilting of the thodu : Rs.20.00 Lakhs
2. Construction of retaining wall for 2.5 km : Rs.20.00 Lakhs
3. Construction of culverts (4nos) : Rs.75.00 Lakhs
4. Renovation/Construction of leading drains : Rs.5.00 Lakhs
Total : Rs.120.00 Lakhs
(iv) Kannanmoola thodu (Amayizhanjan thodu)

This proposal is aimed at the total restoration of the Kannanmoola thodu .The places where
protective works are to be done are identified through out the reach and provision to ease
the flow and arrest erosion has been made in the programme.
Cost Estimate:
1. Desilting from Kannanmoola to Akkulam Rs.250.00 Lakhs
2. Construction of retaining wall for 4km Rs.172.00 Lakhs
3. Construction of leading drains for 2 km Rs.88.00 Lakhs
4. Providing fencing on the sides 2 km Rs.24.00 Lakhs
5. Earthern bund formation for 3km Rs.60.00 Lakhs
6. Construction of foot bridge (4nos) Rs.24.00 Lakhs
7. Planting trees on the riverbank Rs.2.00 Lakhs
8. Construction of walkway and beautification Rs.50.00 Lakhs
(v) Thekkenekara canal

This proposal is aimed at the total restoration of the Thekkenekara canal. The places where
protective works are to be done are identified at site through out the reach and proposal has
been made to arrest the side erosion. The entire length of canal bed will be desilted and the
unwanted vegetation growth will be removed so as to ensure free flow of water. The thickly
populated areas near the canal where the public has access will be covered with fencing so
as to avoid solid waste dumping. Provision has been given for connecting the drains
between Thekkenekara and Pazhavangadi thodu.
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Cost Estimate:
1. Desilting canal, Karimadom pond and adjoining canals : Rs.54.00 Lakhs
2. Construction of retaining wall for 4 km length : Rs. 14.28 Lakhs
3. Construction of retaining wall of average height 2.30m on : Rs 40.50 Lakhs
the sides of canal 1500m
4. Providing fencing on the sides of canal 1.8km : Rs 21.60 Lakhs
5. Construction of leading drains
a. Thampanoor thodu to Thekkenekara Canal & : Rs 34.65 Lakhs
manacaud area to canal 550m
b. Leading branch canal at other places 1000m : Rs 21.00 Lakhs
6. Construction of foot bridges ( 4 nos ) : Rs.8.00 Lakhs
7. Planting trees and other beautification works at : Rs. 50.00Lakhs
Karimadom
(vi) Kariyil Thodu

Kariyil drain is to be urgently desilted and the sides should be protected.
Cost Estimate
1. Desilting Kariyil thodu approximately 6 km length : Rs.50.00 Lakhs
2. Construction of retaining wall for 4 km length : Rs 15.00 Lakhs
3. Construction of leading drains : Rs.25.00 Lakhs
4. Providing foot slabs and renovation of Canal bund : Rs.25.00 Lakhs
(vii) Natural drains

Maintenance of Tettiyar thodu, Pangappara thodu, Kaimanam-Azhamkal thodu, Amathara
thodu, Koori thodu, Vattakkayal Thodu and construction of additional drain is required.
Approximate amounts for these are shown below:
1. Tettiyar thodu : Rs. 300 lakhs
2. Pangappara thodu : Rs. 200 lakhs
3. Kaimanam-Azhamkal thodu (Desilting, side protection and : Rs.20 Lakhs
other essential works)
4. Amathara thodu (Desilting, protecting and other essential : Rs.20Lakhs
works)
5. Koori thodu (rejuvenating the canal) : Rs.50Lakhs
6. Vattakkayal Thodu (cleaning and protecting the canal) : Rs.20Lakhs
7. Additional drains (construction of additional drains) : Rs. 500 lakhs
Total : Rs 1110 lakhs
4. Parvathy Puthanar
Protection works are required at Kovalam to Panathura, Moonnattumukku to SM lock,
Vazhavila to Akkulam, fencing the canal to prevent pollution and Renovation of Poonthura to
Akkulam reach of Parvathy Puthanar is proposed.
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Cost Estimate:
Protection works from Kovalam to Panathura Rs.205.00Lakhs
Protection works from Moonnattumukku to SM lock Rs.82.00Lakhs
Protection works from Vazhavila to Akkulam Rs.150.00Lakhs
Fencing the canal to prevent pollution Rs.500.00Lakhs
Renovation of Poonthura - Akkulam reach of Parvathy
Puthanar Rs. 100 Lakhs
Construction of a walkway and beautification of canal bank Rs 600 lakhs
Total Rs.1637.00lakhs
5. Edayar Island
A proposal to improve the conditions of the island, its stabilization has been proposed in
detail costing nearly 400 lakhs.
6. Lanka Island
Urgent protective works would cost an amount of Rs.100.00Lakhs
Abstract of Cost estimate for drainage and flood control in the City:
1. Karamana River : Rs.3820.00 Lakhs
2. Killi River : Rs. 500.00 Lakhs
3. Pazhavangadi Thodu : Rs. 597.00 Lakhs
4. Ulloor Thodu : Rs. 326.50 Lakhs
5. Pattom Thodu : Rs. 120.00 Lakhs
6. Kannanmoola Thodu : Rs. 670.00 Lakhs
7. Thekkenenkara Thodu : Rs. 244.03 Lakhs
8. Kariyil Thodu : Rs. 115.00 Lakhs
9. Thettiyar : Rs. 300.00 Lakhs
10. Pangappara : Rs. 200.00 Lakhs
11. Kaimanam-Azhamkal thodu : Rs. 20.00 Lakhs
12. Amathara : Rs. 20.00 Lakhs
13. Koori thodu : Rs. 50.00 Lakhs
14. Vattakkayal : Rs. 20.00 Lakhs
15. Construction of additional drains : Rs. 500.00 Lakhs
16. Parvathy Puthanar : Rs 1637.00 lakhs
17. Edayar Island : Rs. 400.00 Lakhs
18. Lanka Island : Rs. 100.00 Lakhs
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B. Water Conservation
The projects on water conservation include:
1. Conservation of ponds (tanks) in the city area: Out of the 350 tanks present, 212
tanks up to 0.5 ha area within the city need to be revamped to conserve water. (112 Tanks
@ Rs.5lakhs and 100 tanks @ Rs.10 lakhs amounting to Rs.1560 Lakhs). Ponds in the city
which have heritage significance is not considered under this.
2. Conservation of ponds (tanks) in the adjacent panchayats in the UA : The

ponds in the adjacent panchayats in the UA also need to be improved, for which an amount
of Rs.800 lakhs is estimated.
3. Water harvesting:
Water harvesting in the coastal areas & Rain water harvesting in public & Semi public
buildings @ Rs 1 lakh per building. = Rs 1500 lakhs
4. Vellayani kayal conservation:
The major threat to the Vellayanin kayal is encroachments. To avoid it in future, construction
of boundary in pucca form and proper fencing to safegaurd against dumping of solid wastes
is required. A walkway on its outer periphery to enjoy its beauty and for enabling
maintenance in future is also required.
Contamination of water is yet another problem faced by the lake. The fertilisers and
pesticides used for agricultural activities in the nearby area get intruded into the lake, for
which necessary barriers need to be constructed. Desiltation of the lake is also necessary for
increasing its capacity. Desiltation and removal of age old wastes & rubbish thrown into it
will reduce the BOD level of water, thus helping to enhance the aquatic life in it. Fish
cultivation may also be started along with this, which inturn will be an added benefit to the
society.
The pump houses located on both banks of Kunnukalichal thodu need urgent Civil,
Mechanical and Electrical works for its proper functioning. In the present context the
cultivated area should be kept as such separated from the kayal for the effective
conservation of the Kayal.
The most important requirement is to dredge and deepen the lake, as it has been silted up
heavily. Silt traps and drains should be constructed wherever required along the periphery.
The main bund running East-West on the eastern side of the lake is about 980 m long. This
is the vital structure separating the lake and submerged fields from Pandarakari
padasekharam. This bund resists very high water pressure on one side which is about 3.65
T/m. During rainy season water level in the lake and submerged portions rise sharply
resulting in overflow. To prevent these, the sides have to be protected suitably. The
damaged bridge is also to be replaced by a two-span bridge for vehicle traffic 4 m. wide.
96
The worn out mechanical and electrical parts of the pumping systems is to be replaced
urgently for effective de-watering. There are 7 pump sets of 50 H.P. capacities installed near
Madhu Bridge to pump out excess water from the lake. The shutter arrangements are
meant to prevent the intrusion of salt water from the sea. For smooth functioning the pumps
and motor should be in an operational condition through out the year. The conservation of
Vellayani Lake including restoration and regeneration works out to Rs 2000 lakhs.
5. Aakulam Lake:
Proposal is given in this to desilt the lake, construction of walk way and planting of trees
Cost Estimate:
Providing walk way along the periphery of the lake : Rs.400.00 lakhs
Desilting the lake by dredging : Rs.1400.00 lakhs
Beautification & Landscaping : Rs.200.00 Lakhs
6. KocharThodu:
The approximate cost for maintenance of this artificial thodu comes to Rs.75 lakhs.
Cost Part for Water Conservation
1. Conservation of 212 ponds in the city : Rs.1560 lakhs
2. Conservation of ponds in the adjacent panchayats
in the UA : Rs.800 lakhs
2. Rain water harvesting : Rs.1500 lakhs
3. Vellayani kayal conservation : Rs.2000 lakhs
4. Akkulam lake conservation : Rs.2000 Lakhs
5. Kochar drain : Rs.75 Lakhs
Total : Rs.7935.00 lakhs
Grand total for storm water drainage : Rs 17574.53 lakhs
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7.5 Broad Costing & Phasing

STORM WATER DRAINAGE - INVESTMENT PLAN (Rupees Lakhs)
Table 7.1: Broad costing and phasing for storm water drainage
Sl. Name of Works 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Total
No.
I Drainage and Flood Control
1 Karamana Rivar 4.00 8.00 10.00 8.00 5.00 3.20 38.20
2 Killi Rivar 0.50 1.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.50 5.00
3 Pazhavangadi Thodu 0.60 1.20 1.80 1.80 0.57 0 5.97
4 Ulloor Thodu 0.30 1.00 1.00 0.70 0.26 0 3.27
5 Pattom Thodu 0.10 0.30 0.30 0.50 0 0 1.20
6 Kannanmoola thodu 0.70 2.00 2.00 2.00 0 6.70
7 Thekkanakkara Canal 0.25 1.00 1.19 0 0 0 2.44
8 Kariyil thodu 0.50 0.65 1.15
9 Thettiyar 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.10 3.00
10 Pangappara thodu 0.60 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.20 2.00
11 Kaimanam Azhamkal thodu 0.20 0.20
12 Amathara 0.20 0.20
13 Koori thodu 0.50 0.50
14 Vattakkayal 0.20 0.20
15 Additional drains 1.50 2.00 1.00 0.50 5.00
16 Parvathy Puthanar
a. Protection works from Kovalam to Panathura 0.50 0.45 0.50 0.60 2.05
b. Protection works from Moonnattumukku to SM 0.40 0.42 0.82
lock
c. Protection works from Vazhavila to Akkulam 0.40 0.50 0.60 1.50
d. Fencing the canal to prevent pollution 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 5.00
e. Renovation of Poonthura to Akkulam reach of 0.40 0.60 1.00
Parvathy Puthanar
f. Construction of a walkway and beautification of 1.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 6.00
canal bank
98
Sl. Name of Works 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Total
No.
17 Edayar island 1.00 2.50 0.50 4.00
18 Lanka island 0.25 0.50 0.25 1.00
Total 15.00 25.52 2454.03 18.00 8.54 4.80 96.4
2. Water Conservation
1 Repairs of 212 ponds (tanks) inside city 1.60 4.00 4.00 4.00 2.00 15.60
Repairs of ponds (tanks) in the adjacent 2.00 3.00 3.00 8.00
2
Panchayats in the UA
3 Rain water harvesting 3.00 5.00 5.00 2.00 15.00
Vellayani kayal conservation including 1.00 5.00 9.00 3.00 2.00 20.00
4
restoration and regeneration
5 Restoration and regeneration of Akkulam lake 2.00 6.00 6.00 3.00 3.00 20.00
6 Kochar drain 0.50 0.25 0.75
Total 10.10 23.75 27.00 12.00 7.00 79.35
Grand Total 25.10 48.77 51.54 30.00 15.54 4.80 175.75
99
8.0 ENVIRONMENT
8.1 Air Pollution

The causes for the contamination of air are the industrial operations, commercial
establishments and automobile emission. The major causes are increasing energy demand
and consumption, the use of poor quality fuels such as coal with high sulphur content,
inefficient methods of energy production and use, increasing number of vehicles, traffic
congestion, poor automobile and road conditions, use of leaded fuel, resulting in emission of
sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, suspended particle matter, lead, carbon monoxide.
The Kerala State Pollution Control Board is continuously monitoring the ambient air quality at
13 stations through out the State. Of these, 4 monitoring stations are located in
Thiruvananthapuram city area. While adopting ambient air quality standards at national level
the areas are classified into four according to the type of activity or the type of development.
These are the industrial area, the residential area, rural & other area and the sensitive area.
The 4 ambient air quality monitoring stations in Thiruvananthapuram are situated at the
premises of the High-tech, Chacka (Industrial area); SMV School Premises (Residential,
rural and other area); Residential Premises at Sasthamangalam (Residential area); and in
the premises of PRS Hospital (Sensitive area). National ambient air quality standards are
laid down for parameters including sulphurdioxide, oxides of nitrogen; Respirable suspended
Particulate Matter and Suspended Particulate Matter.
The monitoring results, obtained from the air quality monitoring stations in
Thiruvananthapuram show that the quality of air is satisfactory. In the case of
Thiruvananthapuram city the Respirable Particulate Matter & Particulate Matter are
occasionally exceeding the quality limits.
However the trend shows that the concentration of the pollution parameters are steadily
increasing mainly due to various developmental activities in the city area in general and the
increase in the density of automobile population and the road conditions in particular.
8.2 Water Pollution

The water pollution in the city can be broadly classified into two as pollution in the surface
water bodies and coastal pollution. The three main surface water bodies in
Thiruvananthapuram are the Karamana River, Killi River and the Parvathy Puthanar, a man
made canal. The Kerala State Pollution Control Board is continuously monitoring all the
three water bodies. All these water bodies are contaminated with coliform indicating the
contamination due to sewage. Particularly the quality of water in the lower reaches of the
rivers is not satisfactory.
A. Parvathy Puthanar
Major source of environmental pollution of the city is Parvathy Puthanar canal which was
being used in olden days for inland navigation. Parvathy Puthanar runs through the heart of
the city and discharges waste water in to the sea through the Veli pozhi and the Punthura
pozhy. The Parvathy Puthanar with its feeders is the main recipient of the storm water run off
100
from the southern part of the city. Kannamoola thodu, Thekkenakara canal, Kariyil thodu
and Karamana river are the major feeders of Parvathy Puthanar main canal. Now this canal
is the most polluted one seriously affecting the health and sanitation of the local inhabitants.
Even the untreated sewage from the Kuriathy sewage treatment plant finds its way to
Parvathy Puthanar canal through Karimadom tank. The untreated effluents from the local
households and the discharge of canals like highly polluted Thekkenekkara make the
situation far more worse. Added to this pathetic plight of the canal, solid wastes dumped in to
the canal like hotel and hospital wastes in sacs obstruct the flow and tend to be stagnant.
There are openings from this canal to the sea at Poonthura and Veli, which facilitate flushing
of the canal. But these openings will be closed most of the time adding concentration of the
pollutants. The Akkulam Veli lake is now a pool of grimy and mucky water due to the
stagnation of water behind the Veli sand bars. Veli and Akkulam lakes are potential tourist
centres and hence it is imperative to make them presentable by restoring their regime
condition and making them environmentally sound.
Problems identified
1. The living conditions of the local inhabitants are highly deplorable. It is estimated that
Akkulam Lake is degraded due to the ingress of 21 mld of sewage from the drains
inflowing in to the lake. The oxygen demand level of the water body is too high, indicating
unfair situation for the growth of biological and aquatic species. The only solution to the
dreadful condition is to improve the hygienic status of the canal and lake having an
approximate area of 64 ha, in all possible ways.
First and foremost is to treat the inflow in to the lake to have desired level of quality, and to
control the sewage inlet to the canal and inflow of domestic effluents. Badly damaged
reaches of the canal need to be protected. Certain reaches identified in Parvathy Puthanar
for improvement include Moonnattumukku to Vazhavila, Thekkenekara feeder canal, Kariyil
thodu, Panathura to Kovalam. Sewage treatment plants are to be energized. Processes of
supplementing the flushing system are to be ensured. Providing groynes at the mouth of the
inlets to the sea will be helpful in ensuring free flow of water from the stream to the sea.
Proper investigation and studies are to be carried out before designing the system. The lake
itself is to be desilted and cleaned. With the implementation of the above works, the
southern part of the city would have a direct benefit. The flood prone and waterlogged areas
that would be benefited are Ambalathura, Kamaleswaram, Muttathara, Srivaraham,
Poonthura and Edayar island affecting about 25% of the city population.
101
2. Coir Wretting activities in large scale are carried out by few societies and individuals
in the TS canal reach near Kovalam. It can be seen that the activity of wretting is spread
over major portion of Kovalam lagoon. The decayed coconut husk along with the resultant
polluted atmosphere causes environmental degradation of the area. The industries provide
food for many and it is not advisable to stop them, but alternatives to be worked out which
will not be detrimental to the local environment. Dry wretting with modern machinery can be
resorted to tide over the situation. Such machinery can be procured and given to the
societies on proper agreement so that the present state of wretting and the resultant ill
effects can be controlled.
3. Sanitation of the local residents by the side of Parvathy Puthanar is to be improved
considerably. Most of the households have simply kept the outlets of their toilets and latrines
direct to the canal for economic reasons.
B. Coastal Pollution
The major activities that are responsible for coastal pollution are discharge and
dispersal of untreated domestic and industrial wastes, discharge of coolant waters, harbour
activities such as dredging, cargo handling, dumping of ship wastes, spilling of cargo
chemicals, oil transport, fishing activities etc. Domestic wastes are discharged mostly in
untreated conditions due to lack of treatment facilities.
8.3 Noise Pollution

The activities of man generate sound. As high noise levels are causing lot of health
problems at present there is regulation to prevent unnecessary sound generation and control
the noise levels. Certain studies conducted in Thiruvananthapuram city area show the noise
levels are very high in certain areas. While laying noise level standards, the areas are
classified into four namely industrial area, commercial area, residential area and sensitive
area. The studies reveal that the high levels of noise in major streets and commercial areas
are due to crowding of automobiles resulting in blowing horns. This is due to paucity of
designated exclusive vehicle parking areas, narrow roads, road conditions, etc. In order to
avoid such noise generation, construction of adequate parking areas in all major commercial
areas is essential and near the vicinity of bus stations, railway stations, public office
complexes, etc. Projects under these are covered under Traffic and Transportation sector.
8.4 Industrial Pollution

Thiruvananthapuram city is not having many industries. Most of the industries are located at
Veli industrial area and its vicinity. The industries, which are making discharge of
wastewater, are brought under the consent administration of the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. There is full proof mechanism to deal with any violation from
the part of industries. In the case of emission from industries also all the industrial units
making emissions are brought under the purview of the Water (Prevention and control of
Pollution) Act 1981.
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8.5 Disaster Management

Kerala is a coastal State. Due to its location and geographical features, the state is
vulnerable to a number of natural disasters like coastal erosion, floods, land slides in high
ranges, earthquakes and Tsunami.
i. Coastal erosion
Kerala has a long coastal stretch of 590 kms, and more than half of it is subjected to coastal
erosion. Unlike other parts of the country, Kerala seacoast is thickly populated and as a
result the loss due to sea erosion is relatively very high.
Coastal Zone Management

The Government of India notification in 1991 declared 500 m of land from the High Tide Line
as Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) on the coasts of the seas, estuaries and backwaters.
Activities such as starting of new industries, dumping of wastes, reclamation etc are
prohibited. Construction of bridges is permissible. Environmentally sensitive areas like
mangrove ecosystem, fish spawning and breeding areas are protected by prohibiting all
types of construction activities.
The Kerala State Coastal Zone Management Authority (KCZMA), constituted in January
2002 has the powers to examine the proposals for changes or modifications in classification
of coastal regulation zone area and in the coastal zone management plan and making
specific recommendation to the National Coastal Zone Management Authority. The KCZMA
examines applications for development projects in the coastal areas and issue clearances
for the deserving cases. The Panchayats in the extended Corporation area are still in CRZ III
and needs to be modified and converted to CRZ II.
ii Flood:
The short duration intense rainfall, insufficient drainage etc. create conditions leading to
flood. Flood proofing and identifying the flood prone areas are more important in managing
the flood. In Thiruvananthapuram city region, domestic sewage is openly let out into the
Karamana river and Killi river. The waste so deposited settles on the down stream and
reduces the cross sectional area of the rivers. Also sharp meandering of the rivers leads to
bank erosion which results in the deposit of the eroded material in the river bed forming
small islands thereby reducing the capacity of the river. These result in flash floods during
heavy rain.
The water collected during a down pour in the area adjacent to Thampanoor and East Fort
are not quickly discharged to the canal discharging the runoff water, as the carrying
capacities of the leading drains are not sufficient. This causes stagnation of water for a
period of time and causes flooding in Thampanoor. Construction of flood bunds in Karamana
river & Killi river, construction of cross structures, easing of curves and removal of islands,
periodic desilting of thodus and removal of unwanted vegetative growths, reconstruction of
road culverts which hinders the discharge through the thodu etc are the solutions for
controlling flood. Projects under these are covered under the sector on storm water
drainage.
103
iii. Other Disasters

Landslides in High Ranges, earthquake and tsunami are the likely havocs in future.
8.6 Projects Identified and their Costing:

A. Air Pollution
In order to reduce air pollution, it is proposed to install 5 automatic ambient air
quality monitoring stations at major stations in the city with digital display
arrangements as the air quality deterioration directly affects the health of people.
The suggested stations are at Thampanoor, Palayam, East Fort, Ullor and
Vellayambalam. All results from these monitoring stations are proposed to be
transmitted to a control room in City Police Commissioner’s office. Based on the
information received necessary instructions such as diverting traffic, actions to avoid
congestion, etc. can be given according to the pollution level. The data also can be
utilised for the effective enforcement of automobile emission.
The trend clearly indicates the smoke or particulate matter emission from
automobiles is to be minimized. In this connection, detailed study has to be
conducted on the replacement of diesel with CNG.
Adequate attention will be given for maintaining better road condition, timely removal
of construction waste and debris from the roads, even taking action to remove small
amount of sand and soil from the road, etc.
Cost Estimate:
1. Installation of 5 automatic monitoring stations
@ Rs.90 lakh per station (90 X 5). = Rs.450 lakh.
2. Detailed study on the replacement of diesel
with CNG = Rs.50 lakh.
Total = Rs.500 lakhs
B. Water Pollution
Desilting of the Parvathy Puthanar canal has been arranged using other funds. Side
protection and strengthening are to be taken up. Protection works from Kovalam to
Panathura, Moonnattumukku to SM lock, Vazhavila to Akkulam and fencing the
canal to prevent pollution. Projects under these are covered under the sector on
surface water drainage.
The drainage connections to the Parvathy Puthanar canal and to all public water
bodies are necessarily to be cut off and septic tanks covered under the network to
be provided for all the houses. Details are to be worked out by thorough
investigation of the sites. The costing for this project has been included under this as
a special case of environment protection measure.
Planting trees along the river and canal banks and by the side of the roads are the
healthiest practices for keeping up fresh and free environment. It serves as shelter
104
to birds, shades to the pedestrians and sets control for dust spreading. The species
suiting the location and environment are to be selected carefully. The maintenance
and upkeep of these trees shall be entrusted with some agency lest the very
purpose will be defeated. The roads where there are no trees on the sides also need
to be covered under this (Rs.50 lakhs).
Modern machinery for dry wretting, in places of coir wretting on the sides of T.S
canal, can be procured and given to the societies on proper agreement so that the
present state of wretting and the resultant ill effects can be controlled.
Cost Estimate:
1. Sanitation latrines/septic tank : Rs.200 lakhs
2. Planting trees along canal/river banks : Rs.50 lakhs
3. Purchase of Coir wretting machines : Rs.200 lakhs
Total : Rs.450.00 lakhs
C. Disaster Management:
Shelter belts can be constructed as complementary structures along the coastal line
to provide adequate safety to coastal erosion. The entire coast of Kerala should be
protected by coastal belt and appropriate mechanical structure whenever needed.
The present practice of sea wall construction is to be supplemented with the
plantation of Mangroves, and other suitable species of trees/vegetation to suit the
soil condition which is most suited for stabilizing the banks. Mangrooves and other
trees can be used wherever the conditions are congenial. Havoc due to tsunami can
be addressed thus.
An alternate method for preventing sea erosion using artificial offshore reefs is an
environment friendly practice, which is much more sophisticated than simple rock
walls and groynes. This is a multi purpose perspective that goes beyond the simple
aim of protecting a stretch of the coast. It is constructed with large sand filled geo-
textile bags having life up to 40 years. These reefs are safe and secure during
storms and dampen wave activity so that the beach grows out and lost land is
recovered. The reef acts as fish aggregation device and increases fish stock through
extra habitat. The reefs promote tourism as it supports recreation, water sports and
surfing. Such reefs can be introduced in some areas nearer to the tourist spots.
Detailed study and consultancy is recommended. This issue has been addressed
under the costing for the Basic Services for Urban Poor.
Kerala falls in the Zone III of seismic map. Hence safety devices like fire hydrants
need to be provided in the identified congested areas in the city centre. Also in
newly developing areas strict adherence to the Kerala Municipality Building Rules
1999 can ensure availability of recreational open spaces in sub divisions for
residential development.
D. Other Projects
1) Environmental upgradation of coastal belt: In the coastal belts of the city, density of
population is more and due to lack of proper sanitation facilities, the locals do make the
105
beaches dirty and unhygienic. To avoid this, common sanitation facilities as well as
independent latrine facilities are proposed to be provided in all coastal wards. As this is
separately dealt with in the Basic Services to the Urban Poor, its cost is not included in this
section.
2) Construction of cut-off line Structures: To solve the problems like destruction of
houses built on encroachments to the beaches, arised due to roughness of sea, a
permenant gabion wall is proposed to be constructed along the beach. This will make a line
of cut off to future encroachments, leaving maximum wide beach thereafter towards sea.
This structure can also be used as a walkway, as an extension to the existing walkway at
Sankhumugham beach, towards both sides. Towards south, it can be extended upto
Valiyathura Kadalpalam and from there to Poonthura. Towards north, it is proposed to be
extended upto Kannanthura, Vettukad, Kochuveli and Veli. This will also help in to have a
direct link between the two tourist centres -Sankhumugham beach and Veli Tourist Village.
An amount of Rs.900 lakhs is estimated for this.
3) Fishermen Park: Three parks adjacent to the proposed walkway could be constructed for
the fishermen community in the coastal area. An amount of Rs 60 lakhs is estimated for this.
4) Bathing Ghats: Three bathing ghats with proper dressing rooms are also proposed to be
constructed along the shore. This will add facilities to the tourists as well. An amount of Rs
60 lakhs is estimated for this.
5) Coastal afforestation: Planting of trees is proposed along the entire 20 km stretch of
coastal belt. Rs 50 lakhs is estimated for afforestation.
6) Creating Artificial Forests in the City: Plants and trees control the ecological balance.
Forests are normally too far off from the city and young/ future generations of the city seldom
get any chance for acquaintance with forests. Hence artificial forests are proposed to be
created in the city. The surplus government land available in sewage farm & in Chitranjali
Studio Complex and Edayar island can be utilised for this. In Sewage farm alone, 75 acres
of land can be made available for this purpose. Besides ecological and environmental
upgradation, it also helps in conserving water. An amount of Rs 400 lakhs is estimated for
this project.
Cost estimate:
Mangroves : Rs.13 lakhs
Canal cut off line structure : Rs.900 lakhs
Fishermen Park : Rs.60 lakhs
Bathing ghats : Rs.60 lakhs
Afforestation : Rs.50 lakhs
Total : Rs.1070 lakhs
Creating artificial forests in the City
(Sewage farm, Chitranjali studio etc) : Rs.400 lakhs
Total : Rs.1483 lakhs
106

ENVIRONMENT – INVESTMENT PLAN (Rupees Crores)
Table 8.1: Broad costing and phasing for environment
SL Components 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Total
NO
1 Five automatic ambient air quality 0.10 2.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 5.00
monitoring stations
Other works
2 Sanitation latrines/septic tank 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.30 2.00
3 Coir wretting machines 0.40 1.40 0.20 2.00
4 Planting trees along canal/river 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.50

banks
5 Mangroves 0.13 0.13
6 Canal cut off line structure, 0.70 3.00 3.00 4.00 10.70
Fishermen Park, Bathing ghats &
afforestation
7 Creating artificial forests in the City 0.60 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.40 4.00
(Sewage farm, Chitranjali studio
etc)
Total 2.40 8.63 5.70 6.00 1.60 24.33
107
9.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
9.1 Generation of Solid Waste in the City

Solid Waste Management is one of the most important mandatory functions of the Urban
Local Bodies. ULB is the only agency involved in solid waste management. However, the
performance of ULBs in Kerala in this area of work is only average resulting in problems of
health, sanitation and environmental degradation. Though there has been a lot of
developments in this sector during the last decade, lack of political will, inadequate financial
resources, lack of commitment, absence of appropriate technology, institutional weakness,
lack of manpower, lack of proper training and public apathy had contributed to improper solid
waste collection and disposal. However, during the last few years there has been a quantum
shift in ULB attitudes towards collection and disposal of solid waste. Attempts have been
made in this field. More concerted efforts are needed to improve SWM system to ensure a
better urban environment.
Sources and quantity of solid waste generated
About 270 MT of Municipal solid waste is generated in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
every day. The per capita waste generation is estimated to be 350 g/cap/day. Out of this
about 200 tons is collected by the Corporation every day.
The major sources of solid waste generation are as given in table 9.1
Table 9.1: Source of solid waste generation
S Source Waste generated % to Total
No tons/day
1 Domestic 140.95 53.03
2 Commercial 20.59 7.75
3 Marriage & function halls 1.56 0.59
4 Restaurants 11.85 4.46
5 Hotels 4.85 1.82
6 Lodges 0.65 0.24
7 Markets 15.43 5.79
8 Slaughter houses 2.50 0.94
9 Schools & Institutions 3.50 1.32
10 Street sweepings 48.11 18.10
11 Temples 0.60 0.23
12 Museum & zoo 3.00 1.13
13 Domestic component of BMW 9.72 3.66
14 Construction 2.50 0.94
Total 265.81 100.00
108
Domestic waste accounts for more than 50% of the municipal solid waste produced in
Thiruvananthapuram. Street sweeping accounts for 18% of the waste. Commercial waste
and waste from hotels and markets are also significant.
Classification of waste based on its components has not been done. The wastes generated
from the various sources are shown in the figure given below.
Domestic
Source of Solid Waste
1.1% 3.7% Commercial
0.9%
0.2% Marriage & function halls
Restaurants
18.1%
Hotels
Lodges
1.3%
Markets
0.9% Slaughter houses
5.8%
Schools & Institutions
53.0% Street sweepings
0.2%
T emples
1.8%
Museum & zoo
4.5%
0.6% Domestic component of BMW
7.8% Construction
9.2 Present Practices Of Solid Waste Management

The Thiruvananthapuram Corporation area can be considered
as 3 specific areas with respect to SWM. The first area includes
25 wards where comprehensive door to door collection is being
carried out under the “Capital City Clean City” (CCCC) project.
Here the principle of beneficiary contribution towards cost of
operation is being applied. This has resulted in cleaner streets
and better management of Solid waste from household level to
its ultimate disposal.
The second part of the city consist of wards belonging to the old
city corporation area which are not included under Capital City
Clean City project at present. In these wards collection of waste
is being done from identified open collection points, located mainly on the sides of roads.
The third area comprises of wards from the panchayats that had been merged with the
Corporation in 2000. Here also collection of waste is done at regular intervals (one to four
times a week) from identified open collection points located at various points.
A. Waste storage and segregation at household level
The urban local body is responsible for collection,
transportation and disposal of solid waste except
untreated bio-medical waste and hazardous industrial
wastes. Storage and segregation of waste at source is
109
being practiced in 25 selected wards since June 2006. For this purpose the Corporation has
provided 2 types of buckets to each household – green bucket for biodegradable waste and
white bucket for non biodegradable waste. The waste is segregated and collected at source
in these buckets. A massive awareness programme has also been launched to make people
aware of the management of solid waste at household level. Initial feedbacks indicate that
the programme is well received by the people. The activities are to be streamlined and
sustained. The number of households covered in each ward is given in table 9.2.
Table 9.2: Households covered under Capital City Clean City project
Sl. Name of ward Total Households Households % of
No households surveyed supplied with households
buckets covered
1 Nanthancode 2343 1714 1211 59.06
2 Kuravankonam 2013 1846 1521 72.52
3 Sasthamangalam 2664 1812 1566 78.91
4 Kaudiar 1807 1595 1595 82.22
5 PTP Nagar 2343 1268 808 44.00
6 Vazhuthacaud 1830 1830 1350 57.37
7 Palayam 1966 1441 1362 70.25
8 Kunnukuzhi 1926 1161 913 53.82
9 Jagathy 2179 1856 1243 97.85
10 Poojapura 2217 1125 742 59.05
11 Vanchiyoor 1057 1752 1185 60.51
12 Sreekanteswaram 1892 1133 1323 77.68
13 Fort 1314 1219 1101 42.02
14 Chalai 1380 1100 825 66.87
15 Thycaud 1821 1104 832 50.95
16 Aranoor 2074 1465 1430 59.24
17 Karamana 2015 1957 1725 42.96
18 Secretariat 1759 395 331 74.45
19 Thampanoor 1465 1007 901 65.81
20 Valiyasala 1721 1321 806 47.41
21 Medical College 2020 1920 1140 64.92
22 Kannamoola 2218 2100 2144 62.47
23 Kesavadasapuram 2158 1890 1545 15.87
24 Pattom 1181 2130 1660 52.64
25 Gowreesapattom 2478 2300 965 67.19
TOTAL 47410 38441 30224 63.75
B. Collection at the ULB Level

Collection of waste in 25 wards covered at present by
the “Capital City Clean City” project is carried out by
direct door to door collection by women groups
formed under the Kudumbashree project and similar
groups of other organisations. The waste so collected
is directly transferred to Corporation vehicles at
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specific transfer points at scheduled time without touching the ground.

In all other wards the collection is done from identified collection points which are roadside
points specially earmarked for dumping of waste. At present there are no dustbins at these
sites and the wastes are being dumped in the open from where they are directly collected in
Corporation lorries manually.
C. Transportation to Treatment Plant
The waste collected from the various wards is
then transported to the processing centre at
Vilappilsala for treatment. 34 garbage trucks
are used for transportation of waste.
Transportation of waste to Vilappilsala waste
treatment centre, located in the adjacent
Panchayat of Vilappil is done only during
night hours so as not to disturb the regular
activities of the Panchayat area during day
time.
D. Processing and Disposal
A mechanical compost treatment plant is set
up and operated by a private operator
(Poabs) at Vilappilsala. The plant was set up
for an estimated 300 tons of waste every day.
The plant is located about 16 km from the
city. There is no engineered landfill site in
Thiruvananthapuram.
There are no recycling plants within the city.
The city corporation also does not operate
any recycling plant. Waste suitable for recycling are collected from the households and from
commercial establishments by private sector agents and transported to centres outside the
State.
E. Solid Waste Generation Trends
Even though no studies are available on the per capita waste generation trends, there is no
doubt that the quantity of waste generated is bound to increase substantially in future. But
the trend during the last 3 years show a quantum increase in quantity of waste collected and
transported from 132 tons/ day in 2003 to over 200 tons/day now. Perhaps this is mainly due
to a better collection and transportation arrangement and not due to increase in quantity of
waste generated. However since the compost treatment plant can cater to a maximum of
300 tons per day, any increase above this point can cause problems. Therefore the practice
of reduce, reuse and recycle has to be propagated in a big way. Localized at source
treatment of waste including community initiatives should also be encouraged.
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9.3 Bio-Medical Waste Management

There are 159 government and private clinics, hospitals and nursing homes with 8,639 beds
in Thiruvananthapuram City. Of these 70% are private hospitals comprising of around 35 %
of the total bed strength. Medical College Hospital is the largest public medical institution
with 1,439 beds. Treatment and disposal of the bio-medical wastes generated from hospitals
should be done as per the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and handling) (Second
Amendment) Rules, 2000. It is the responsibility of the waste generator to treat and dispose
of the bio-medical waste. Whereas local governments have to assist the hospitals if they
come forward for establishment of a Common Treatment facility, by identifying suitable land.
It is the responsibility of the local bodies to treat and dispose the non-biomedical waste
generated in the healthcare institutions. The Kerala State Pollution Control Board (PCB) is
the nominated authority to implement the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling)
Rules in the State.
About 85% of the waste generated in the hospitals is general waste and can be handled as
other solid wastes. The remaining 15% constitutes infectious and toxic wastes. More often
than not, the general wastes in the hospitals and the bio medical wastes are allowed to mix
thereby rendering the general waste also toxic and hazardous.
Table 9.3: Composition of hospital waste in percentage
Sl. Type of Waste Percentage
No.
1 Infectious Waste 10
2 Toxic Waste 5
3 General Waste 85
As per rules, bio-medical waste is to be collected in different coloured bags.

Table 9.4: Guidelines for bio-medical waste collection
Sl Type of waste Type of container Method of disposal
No
1. Human body parts Yellow coloured Incineration

bags
2. Disposable items like i.v. Red coloured bags Autoclaving / Chemical treatment, cut
sets, blood & urine bags into small pieces & disposal
etc
3. Waste sharps Blue / White Autoclaving/Microwaving/ Chemical

(used / unused needles, translucent bags Treatment and destruction/shredding
syringes)
4. Discarded medicines, Black coloured Disposed of in secured landfill sites

incinerator ash, chemical bags
waste etc.
Minimum required facilities to be installed in a hospital for biomedical waste treatment

include one incinerator, one Autoclave and one Shredder. According to a rough cost
estimate each hospital may have to make a capital investment of Rs 10 lakhs for acquiring
these facilities. Therefore, installation of Common Treatment Facility for a selected group of
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hospitals appears to be a more viable option. In a 5,000 bedded hospital, 7.5 tons of waste
is generated per day. Out of this 1.25 tons would be bio-medical waste. The estimated
capital cost for establishing a common treatment facility for biomedical waste generated from
5,000 hospital beds comes to Rs 130 lakhs. The annual O& M cost will come to Rs 30 lakhs
per year.
9.4 Key Issues & Challenges

Key issues
Non segregation of waste at source
Incomplete collection & transportation
Unscientifically designed transport vehicles
Environmental issues in relation to the compost plant
Lack of sanitary landfill
Challenges
Bringing about behavioral change in the people
Designing of proper equipments & vehicles
Solving issues related to compost plant & sale of compost

9.5 Goals, Strategies & Projects

It is proposed to implement an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan in the city. The
Capital City Clean City programme already successfully implemented in 25 wards is to be
extended to cover all 86 wards with regional modifications considering the local nature of
land holdings and behavior of the population.
Goals
Table 9.5: Time frame for implementing goals
Time Frame 2006 2011 2016 2026
Source Segregation 30% 100% 100% 100%
Door to Door Collection 50% 100% 100% 100%
Collection 100% 100% 100% 100%
Treatment & Disposal 60% 100% 100% 100%
Cost Recovery of O & M 0% 30% 40% 70%
Strategies
To achieve these goals the following strategies are planned:
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1. Training
One of the areas which have not gained attention except in very recent period is the training
of all involved in SWM. There are any number of instances where a person has joined
service worked in SWM for 25 to 30 years and left service without having any training on
SWM. There is an urgent need to start training the personal involved in SWM. A beginning
has been made in Capital City Clean City project but this has to be institutionalized with
provision for regular training of persons directly involved in SWM.
2. Awareness Campaign
A sustained regular periodic (pulse like) awareness campaign is needed to bring about
significant change in the attitude of the people towards SWM. Reduction, Reuse, Recycle,
Recover concepts have to be emphasized so that the quantity of SWM coming for
processing is kept stable. Moreover segregated storage at source also requires sustained
campaign
3. Storage of Waste at Source
Storage of waste at source is the most important pre-requisite of a successful solid waste
management system. Segregated storage at source was not practiced in
Thiruvananthapuram city till recently. But under the Capital City Clean City project the same
has been introduced in about 40,000 households at present. It is suggested that it should be
made 100% at the earliest. Two bin system of Solid Waste storage already established in
about 40,000 households is expected to be extended to about 150000 households by the
end of the current financial year.
4. Collection
Waste is deposited by households and other waste generators at various open collection
points in the city except in 25 wards where Capital City Clean City project has been
launched. In these wards door to door collection through community organizations is
implemented. The community door to door collection has to be strengthened and extended
to cover the entire city in the coming years. The door to door collection is to be implemented
in households were there is no chance of treatment at source. In case of larger land holdings
especially in the peripheral parts of the city at source management of waste is to be
encouraged so as to reduce the quantity of waste to be collected and transported. In low
income areas and slums community storage bins are to be introduced within the area (slum).
It has been generally decided not to put storage bins in the streets. Sufficient number of
dumper containers is to be placed in the markets also wherever localized treatment as
biogas plant is not possible. Debris service for collection of building waste and system for
collection of garden waste on payment basis is to be introduced. In order to facilitate easy
primary collection autos and push carts are envisaged. All existing wheel barrows are to be
replaced by containerized push carts or autos
5. Transportation
Transportation is a very critical area in SWM. This is more important in areas where door to
door collection is implemented as waste collected by community groups are to be handed
over to the vehicles at a specified transfer point at a specified time. The success will depend
114
on precise co-ordination between the door to door collector and the vehicle. For this it is
absolutely necessary to have a vehicle tracking cum communication system.
There is shortage of vehicles and the same has to be rectified with purchase of vehicles and
replacement of old vehicles. 30% additional vehicles are to be made available to meet break
downs as waste collected on door to door basis cannot be carried away even if one vehicle
does not operate leading to collapse of the system. Additional vehicles are needed for debris
services as well as for removal of garden waste as per demand on payment basis. The O &
M cost of vehicles used for debris collection and garden waste collection are to be met from
the payment collected. A separate system can be considered for operating the paid services
to avoid bottlenecks and speed up service delivery
Dumper containers are necessary in slums, markets and institutions producing bulk waste.
Dumper placers to lift the dumper containers are also needed and the same has to be
procured. There is also an urgent need to establish few transfer stations where the contents
of dumper containers can be transferred to bigger vehicles for optimum utilization of
resources. These transfer stations can also receive waste from door to door collection teams
if needed.
A workshop for maintenance of the vehicles is also proposed.
6. Processing & Disposal
Thiruvananthapuram is fortunate to have a state of the art compost production unit at
Vilappilsala which can process Solid Waste Management. The plant is expected to process
300 tons/day. At present it is processing the entire waste collected by the Corporation which
varies from 190 to 220 tons/ day. There has been a drastic increase in quantity of waste
collected in areas where door to door collection is implemented. The compost produced is
about 30% of the waste collected. Thus there is a substantial non compostible component in
the waste which is being dumped at present leading to environmental problems. With the
introduction of segregated collection and transportation the production efficiency of the plant
is expected to improve.
Yet there is an urgent need to scientifically cap the existing waste dump to overcome the
environmental problems. The process of capping has been already planned and initiated. A
scientifically designed engineered sanitary landfill is also absolutely essential for the rejects
of the compost plant. In order to reduce the quantity of waste being used for land fill thereby
prolonging its life it is proposed to have a plastic recycling unit as well as a secondary sale
market where rejects which can be reused can be sold off at an acceptable minimum cost.
Establishment of a sorting and storage facility for recyclable waste is also essential. As far
as possible all recoverable materials should be used. Other recycling units can also be
promoted. Community initiatives are to be encouraged in this field also.
7. Framing of byelaws
There is a need for a comprehensive byelaw with regard to management of solid waste. This
will be prepared as part of the project taking into consideration the relevant provisions of the
Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules and finalized by due process of law
as per the Kerala Municipality Act 1999.
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8. Decentralised SWM
The compost treatment plant was planned for 300 MT of waste every day. There has been a
drastic increase in the quantity of waste collected and reaching the compost facility during
the last few years increasing from 111 MT reaching the plant in 2002 to an average of 210
MT now (2006). It is not desirable to increase the quantity of waste reaching the streets.
Hence a concerted effort to reduce the waste at source should be planned. Decentralised
treatment of waste should also be given priority so as to save on cost and to mitigate the ill
effects of big plants. Various options are available for household process of biodegradable
solid waste. This includes household burial, aerobic / anaerobic composting, vermi
composting, bio-gas production etc. Ward level decentralised vermi composting or biogas
production can also be considered. Biogas plants (waste to energy plants) can be
considered in markets, slaughter house, schools and other such institutions based on
quantity & nature of waste. Decentralised SWM requires massive awareness campaign to
bring about a change in behaviour of the public.
9. SWM in surrounding panchayats- Kazhakuttam, Sreekariyam,
Kudappanakunnu, Vattiyoorkavu and Vizhinjam
The Solid waste from the surrounding panchayats which are part of the urban agglomeration
is simply being dumped on the streets at present and there is no collection system. The
decentralised approach is to be adopted in these panchayats wherein a massive awareness
programme for treatment of waste at source is to be launched. The principles of 4 R’s -
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle & Resource recovery shall be an integral part of the awareness
programme. Household vermi composting, biogas, aerobic / anaerobic composting is to be
encouraged. Necessary training and equipments may be provided. One or more market
based integrated SWM plants can also be set up. Each integrated SWM plant shall have a
biogas plant, vermi composting unit and a waste segregation facility. Each panchayat will
also set up a collection facility for non biodegradable waste which is to be sorted out and
sold off for recycling. This work can be entrusted to CBOs or NGOs. Payment may be
collected from each household for removal of such waste.
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Solid Waste Management – Investment Plan (Rupees Crores)
Table 9.6: Broad costing and phasing for solid waste management
Sl. Components 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 TOTAL
No
TRAINING
1 Training of functionaries 0.15 0.30 0.31 0.33 0.35 0.35 1.79
IEC
2 Awareness Campaign 0.15 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.25 1.50
PRIMARY COLLECTION
3 Door to door collection 1.00 1.18 - 0.20 - - 2.38
STREET SWEEPING
4 Equipments for SWM (brooms, gum boots, plate etc) 0.06 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.70
5 Containerised push carts 0.25 0.25 - 0.15 - 0.10 0.75
6 Drain cleaning equipments - 0.13 - - 0.13 - 0.26
7 Road sweeping machine 0.30 - - 0.30 - - 0.60
STORAGE & TRANSPORTATION
8 Establishment of transfer stations 0.15 0.30 - 0.15 - - 0.60
9 Autos with tipping facility - 0.20 0.20 - - - 0.40
10 Cutting machine for cutting of heavy pieces of wood etc - 0.03 - - 0.03 - 0.06
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No
11 Lorries for SWM transportation 1.50 3.00 - 1.50 1.50 1.50 9.00
12 Tipper lorries for removal of sand & debris 0.24 0.60 - 0.36 - - 1.20
13 Excavator cum Loader (JCB) 0.24 - 0.24 - - - 0.48
14 Mini JCB - 0.30 - - 0.30 - 0.60
15 Bob cat - 0.20 - 0.20 - - 0.40
16 Dumper placers 0.24 0.36 - 0.36 0.24 - 1.20
17 Dumper containers 0.06 0.09 - 0.09 0.06 - 0.30
18 Vehicle service centre 0.10 0.15 - - - - 0.25
19 Vehicle maintenece workshop - 0.15 0.10 - 0.10 - 0.35
20 Vehicle parking facility 0.20 0.30 010 0.10 0.10 0.80
MONITORING
21 Vehicle for SWM monitoring 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.35
22 Establishment of vehicle weighing system - 0.08 - - - - 0.08
23 Establishment of complaint redressel mechanism - 0.10 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.26
24 Development of Computerised monitoring system & MIS - 0.40 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.46
25 Vehicle tracking cum communication system & GIS 0.25 0.50 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.40
RESOURCE RECOVERY
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No
26 Secondary market for reusables 0.20 0.30 - - 0.40 - 0.90
27 Plastic recycling unit - 0.20 - - - - 0.20
28 Scientific closure of abandoned dump site 0.40 1.10 - - - - 1.50
29 Engineered Sanitary landfill - - 1.00 1.00 - - 2.00
30 Common facility for hospital waste management - 1.60 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 2.80
(including O & M cost)
31 Health surveillance of sanitation & community workers 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.35 1.50
DECENTRALISED WASTE MANAGEMENT
32 Support ot community initiatives 0.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 5.25
33 Decentralised waste management in extended area 1.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 10.00
VECTOR CONTROL ACTIVITIES
34 Vector control activities 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.44
35 Vehicle mounted Fogging machine - 0.12 - - 0.12 - 0.24
TOTAL 6.99 16.66 6.13 9.14 6.67 5.41 51.00
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10.0 TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION
10.1 Importance of Transportation in Thiruvananthapuram City Region

The importance of the City region of Thiruvananthapuram can be assessed from the
following major activities/ functions located in the city and its environs.
State capital with all top level decision making authorities located in the city
As a city of higher learning – with the existence of a large number of educational
institutions of advanced studies and central and state level research institutions
As a world tourism destination with famed Kovalam Beach, backwaters, heritage
areas/buildings, forest, ecotourism and unspoilt mountain resort of Ponmudi
I.T hub with techno park, the first I.T Park in India now an SEZ and Techno city, on
the anvil
Space Research Centre with VSSC / ISRO employing many scientists and
supporting personnel
World health tourism destination with ayurvedic spas and health clinics, providing
traditional holistic health care with modern comforts and ambience
International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT) comming up at Vizhinjam,
20 km south of the city – at an investment of Rs.8,000 crores in 2 phases, offering
thousands of direct and indirect jobs.
Development of new civil station premises at Kudappanakkunnu which would boost
up the supporting developmental activities in and around Kudappanakkunnu.
There is increasing demand to make quantitative and qualitative improvement to transport
facilities. Traffic volume is increasing in geometric proportions in the city road corridors and
in the regional corridors. Rail networks are also stressed beyond capacity.
It is in this context that the Government of Kerala took up Thiruvananthapuram Capital
Region Development (TCRD) in 2004. The Comprehensive Traffic & Transportation Study
(CTTS) prepared for Thiruvananthapuram Urban Region (TRIDA area) in 2002 came handy
to prioritize Thiruvananthapuram City road improvements as the first task under TCRD. 13
road corridors were identified for widening and improvement based on the road network
study carried out under CTTS. This work is now under implementation.
The present city road improvement project is only a partial attempt to tackle the traffic &
transportation issues in the Capital City. A comprehensive approach, not only for problem
solving measures but also for developing transportation systems, needed for the future
growth of the Capital City is now envisaged under JNNURM.
10.2 Road Network

The road network within the TMC and TRIDA area is generally of ring and radial pattern. The
city has five major regional roads:
120
NH 47 (Kanyakumari-Salem) passing through Thiruvananthapuram-Kollam-

Alappuzha & Ernakulam – entering the city from the south from Nagercoil and
exiting on the north-west towards Kollam.
SH 1- M.C. Road (Main Central Road) taking off from Kesavadasapuram in the city
and leading to Kottayam & Angamali through Nalanchira and Mannanthala located
in the north of the city.
State Highway to Shenkottah (in Tamil Nadu border) via Peroorkkada in the city and
through Nedumangad town situated within 20 km of the city.
Thiruvananthapuram-Kattakada road taking off from Poojappura in the city towards
east via Thirumala and Malayinkeezh
Thiruvananthapuram-Vizhinjam-Poovar road taking off from East Fort (in the city
centre) towards south-west and acting as a coastal road in Thiruvallam,
Ambalathara and Kovalam
All these five regional roads radiate from the city and the other major roads of the city
connect these roads as ring roads. The Thiruvananthapuram city by-pass for NH47 is
aligned along the coast from Kazhakuttam Junction to Kovalam-Vizhinjam and Parasala –
meeting NH47 at Parasala. Kazhakuttam-Kovalam stretch is completed now with two-lane
carriageway and service roads on either side. Other major roads in the city are Mahatma
Gandhi road, Palayam-Ulloor/ Nalanchira road, Palayam-Peroorkada road, Pettah-Medical
College-Ulloor road, Vellayambalam-Sasthamangala-Vattiyoorkavu road and Chalai by pass.
10.2.1 Existing Roads

The total road length in TMC area is 2586 km of which 56% are surfaced. As per the existing
land use plan, the roads in the TMC area cover nearly 7% of urban land area with road
density of 18 km per sq. km area. In the TRIDA area (the city area and surrounding 10
Panchayat areas), the share of roads in the land use is only 3%1. This indicates that the
outer region has less road network. Most of the roads in the city are narrow and are unable
to cater to the growing traffic volumes, often resulting in transportation gridlocks during peak
hours. As per the Comprehensive Traffic & Transportation Study (2002), about 76% of major
roads have right of way (ROW) between 7m and 14m and 10% with ROW between 14m and
21 m. Only 0.3% of the major roads have a divided carriageway. About 40% roads have
shoulders up to 2m wide on either side. Footpaths are inadequate or absent in most of the
roads as only 25 km of roads have footpaths. Generally, the road surface was found to be
poor with cracks, rutting and potholes.
Table 10.1: Road Network in Thiruvananthapuram City
Road Category Length (Km) % Share
Black Top Road 901 34.84
Metal Road 305 11.79
Concrete Road 560 21.66
Others 820 31.71
Total 2,586 100.00
Development Plan for Trivandrum (2001), Department of Town Planning, Government of Kerala.
121
Source: Directorate of Urban Affairs, Govt. of Kerala.

Thiruvananthapuram Road Improvement Project now under implementation considers 42 km
length of city roads as 4-lane / 3-lane or 2-lane roads based on projected traffic volume for
15 years and based on a road network pattern.
10.2.2 Road Hierarchy and Ownership

Most arterial and sub-arterial roads are under Public Works Department (Roads and
Buildings Division and National Highways Division) with collector roads under the TMC.
Each agency is responsible for its own road development and maintenance. Of the available
road network, a length of 390 km constitutes major roads and is classified as indicated in the
table below.
Table 10.2: Classification of Major Roads in Thiruvananthapuram

Road Classification Length (Km) Distribution (%)
Arterial roads 74.9 19.2
Sub arterial roads 103.7 26.6
Collector roads 211.4 54.2
Total 390.0 100.0
Source: 'Draft Report on Short, Medium & Long Term Measures and Feasibility for Integrated Mass
Transport System', July 2002 under Thiruvananthapuram CTTS submitted to the Department of
Transport (DoT), GoK.
10.2.3 Major Issues

Problem of congestion on main roads and intersections is a result of a combination of
factors. Most of the arterial roads have inadequate capacity, substandard road geometry and
carry a significant amount of intercity traffic in addition to the local traffic.
Prime issues include:
a) Inadequate parking facilities, resulting in on street parking, reducing capacity of the
available carriage way
b) Inefficient management of road space;
c) Absence of pedestrian facilities;
d) Poor geometry for the roads connecting important activity centers.
e) Absence of by-pass or ring roads, because of which a major percentage of traffic is
made to go through the central city roads, adding to traffic congestion.
f) Absence of delineated hawker zones leading to increased street vendors using
precious road space for conducting petty trade activities.
g) Regular traffic blockages due to demonstrations and other similar events,
Thiruvananthapuram being the capital of the State.
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10.3 Traffic Flow and Travel Demand

10.3.1 Traffic Flow
The average annual daily traffic (AADT) on some of the main roads indicate that traffic was
in the range of 35,000 to 53,000 passenger car units (PCU) in the inner city road sections,
18,000 to 24,000 PCU for intermediate city road sections and in the range of 10,000 to
18,000 PCU on roads in the city’s periphery. It is estimated that the AADT on inner city roads
would reach 43,000-64,000 PCU during the year 2004. This high traffic volume exerts
pressure on the existing narrow urban roads, causing frequent congestion and accidents.
Table 10.3: Peak Hour Traffic Distribution at Selected Locations
Sl. Road Section AADT Peak Peak Estimated Estimated
No. (PCU)- Hour Hour AADT Peak Hour
2000 Traffic Factor (PCU)- Traffic
(PCU)- (%)-2000 2004 (PCU) -
2000 2004*
1.0 Outer City Sections
1.1 Manacaud-Vizhinjam 17,755 1,521 8.6 21,581 1,849
1.2 Sasthamangalam - 17,759 1,730 9.7 21,586 2,103
Vattiyoorkavu
1.3 Vazhuthacaud- 10,532 1,184 11.2 12,802 1,439
Pangode
2.0 Intermediate City Sections
2.1 Karamana-Poojapura 18,021 1,640 9.1 21,905 1,993
2.2 Uppilamoodu- 24,304 2,432 10.0 29,542 2,956
Kaithamukku
2.3 Palayam-Pettah Road 24,369 2,533 10.4 29,621 3,079
2.4 Jagathy-Poojapura 24,433 2,211 9.0 29,698 2,687
Road
3.0 Inner City Sections
3.1 Thampanoor-Killipalam 35,088 2,947 8.4 42,650 3,582
3.2 Killipalam-Karamana 34,900 3,101 8.9 42,421 3,769
3.3 Over bridge-East Fort 52,802 3,848 7.3 64,181 4,677
* - Estimated with 5% annual growth rate.
Source: 'Draft Report on Short, Medium and Long Term Measures and Feasibility for Integrated Mass
Transport System', July 2002 submitted to Department of Transport, Govt. of Kerala.
As per the studies under the Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project (ADB assisted
project) - City Report for Thiruvananthapuram, most of the road sections have reached their
maximum capacity and need widening. The details of some of the road stretches are
mentioned below.
123
Table 10.4: Peak-hour Traffic Volume on Selected Road Stretches

Sl. No. Link Name Peak-hour traffic Capacity in PCU
volume (PCU)
1 Manacaud-Kamaleswaram Section 2,650 2,143
2 Ulloor-Karyavattom Section of NH 47 4,676 2,143
3 Ulloor-Kesavadasapuram Section of NH 47 3,068 2,143
4 Poojapura-Pangode Section 4,106 1,714
5 Sasthamangalam-Maruthankuzhi Section 3,13 1,714
6 Paruthipara-Ambalamukku Section 2,433 1,714
7 Pettah-Anayara Road 1,673 800
8 Anayara-Veli Road 280 800
Source: Primary survey by ADB PPTA (2004).
The average annual traffic growth rate for the city roads during the period 2000-04 is 5.2%.
This growth rate is only indicative as it is based on a few road sections.
Table 10.5: Traffic Growth Rate during 2000-04
Sl. Location Peak hour traffic
No PCU (2000)* PCU (2004)** Annual Growth Rate
during 2000-04 (%)
1 Manacaud Junction 2,918 3,187 2.23
2 Vazhuthacaud-Pangode Road 1,184 1,570 7.31
Sasthamangalam-Vattiyoorkavu 1,730 2,105 5.03
3
Road
4 Pettah-Aanayara Road 588 1,007 14.40
* - CES Study Traffic Survey in 2000
** - Primary Survey under ADB PPTA in 2004
Various issues like on-street parking, street vendors, etc. result in speed reduction during
peak-hours on city roads. The average peak-hour speed at the outer city road sections is
only in the range of 16 to 23 km per hour against a desired peak-hour speed of about 30 to
35 km per hour.
Table 10.6: Speed and Delay Characteristics at Selected Links

Sl Name of the Road Length Peak Hour Off-peak Hour
No (Km)
Journey Delay Running Journey Delay Running
Speed (Sec) Speed Speed (Sec) Speed
(Km/hr) (Km/hr) (Km/hr) (Km/hr)
1 Kazhakoottam-Kesavadasapuram 8.4 18.72 533 27.95 27.77 21 28.31
Road
2 Paruthippara-Ambalamukku Road 2.3 23.46 58 28.07 38.69 13 41.19
3 Nettayam-Shasthamangalam Road 5.2 23.03 84 25.68 26.29 10 26.67
4 Karamana-Peyad Road 8.2 21.92 196 25.65 26.19 56 27.56
5 Venpalavattom-West Fort Road 5.8 16.04 521 26.73 25.13 79 27.77
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Sl Name of the Road Length Peak Hour Off-peak Hour

No (Km)
Journey Delay Running Journey Delay Running
Speed (Sec) Speed Speed (Sec) Speed
(Km/hr) (Km/hr) (Km/hr) (Km/hr)
6 Attakkulangara-Thiruvallam Road 4.7 23.83 96 27.56 38.37 31 41.27
7 PMG-Pottakuzhi Road 1.6 28.80 10 30.32 43.97 6 46.08
8 Venpalavattom-Veli Road 2.4 21.65 110 29.90 27.69 4 28.05
Source: Primary Survey under ADB PPTA (2004).
10.3.2 Through Traffic

Volume of commercial vehicles passing through the city is estimated as 2,000 vehicles per
day with 19% of commercial traffic passing through the city in the absence of a bypass. 87%
of through traffic plies along major radial roads.
Of the existing radial roads, five roads are on major corridors with high inter-city vehicular
traffic entering / leaving the city. Traffic on these five roads constitutes 83% of the total inter-
city vehicular traffic. These roads are:
a) NH 47, towards Neyyatinkara;
b) NH 47, towards Kollam;
c) Peroorkada - Nedumangadu Road (Thiruvananthapuram Shenkottah road);
d) Main Central Road (Thiruvananthapuram - Kottayam road); and
e) Poojapura - Kottakada Road.
Table 10.7: Details of through traffic of commercial vehicles
Sl. Outer Cordon Road Section Commercial Traffic (No. of Estimated Commercial Traffic
No. vehicles) – 2000 (No. of vehicles) –2004
Total External - % Total External - %
per day External Share per day External Share
Traffic Traffic
1 Vizhinjam-Balaramapuram Road 320 19 5.9 389 23 5.9
2 NH 47 towards Neyyatinkara 3,403 690 20.3 4,136 839 20.3
3 Peyad-Malayinkeezhu Road 733 88 12.0 891 107 12.0
4 Vattiyoorkavu-Nettayam Road 530 54 10.2 644 66 10.2
5 Peroorkada-Nedumangadu Road 722 88 12.2 878 107 12.2
6 MC Road 610 94 15.4 741 114 15.4
7 Kattaikonam-Pothencodu Road 235 26 11.1 286 32 11.1
8 NH 47 towards Kollam 2,239 578 25.8 2,722 703 25.8
9 Station kadavu-Perumathurai 83 2 2.4 101 2 2.4
(Coastal Road)
Total 8,875 1,639 18.5 10,788 1,992 18.5
125
10.3.3 Pedestrian Facilities

Apart from all the major road corridors in the inner and intermediate city area, the locations
of commercial, hospital and educational activities in the city indicated heavy pedestrian
traffic for parallel and crossing movement. Even the outer city road sections indicated
considerable pedestrian traffic, particularly during peak hours, as indicated in the Table
below. Critical sections with heavy pedestrian traffic include Chalai, Railway Station Road,
VJT Hall, Secretariat, Power House Road, Palayam, East Fort and Cotton Hill School. Peak
hour pedestrian traffic at these locations is projected to cross 6,000 persons by 20062.
Except a few sections, many of the roads do not have footpaths.
Table 10.8: Mid-block Pedestrian Count at Selected Outer City Locations

Sl. Section Name Peak Hour Pedestrian Volume
No. (No)
1 Manacaud-Kamaleswaram Section 3.15-4.15 PM 638
2 Paruthippara-Ambalamukku Section 3.15-4.15 PM 618
3 Ulloor-Kesavadasapuram 8.30-9.30 AM 621
4 Ulloor-Karyavattam 4.45-5.45 PM 375
5 Sasthamangalam-Maruthakhuzhi 8.30-9.30 AM 900
6 Poojappura-Pangode 8.00-9.00 AM 774
Source: Primary Survey under ADB PPTA 2004.
10.4 Vehicular Growth and Composition

Due to lack of data at city level, district level growth trend of motor vehicles during the last
five years was studied. The trend shows that the percentage increase in 2005 is highest in
case of 2-wheelers (12.64%) followed by car/jeep/taxi (11.34%), buses (9.90%) and goods
vehicle (9.29%). The lowest increase was observed in the growth of 3-wheelers (5.19%).
Table 10.9: District level growth trend of motor vehicles

Year 2-wheeler Car/Jeep/ 3-Wheeler Buses Goods Others Total
Taxi Vehicles
2005 281382 78143 31551 16909 21676 3807 433468
2004 249817 70183 29993 15386 19834 3550 388763
2003 224274 62668 28042 13862 18460 3149 350455
2002 203658 56163 26750 12717 17657 3116 320061
2001 184519 52064 25386 11877 16485 2868 293199
2000 165615 48266 23673 10312 15565 2742 266173
Source: Motor Vehicles Department, Government of Kerala.
10.5 Mode Split and Modal Split

The modal distribution of the trips performed by the residents show a heavy dependence on
personalized vehicles inside the city area.
2
Traffic Engineering and Management Study – Trivandrum, December 1991, KUDP (CES, New Delhi).
126
Table 10.10: Modal Distributions in the City and Panchayat area

Region Personalized IPT Mass Total
Vehicles Transport
City Corporation 50.74 13.90 35.36 100.00
Panchayats 33.65 4.11 62.24 100.00
TRIDA 42.65 9.32 48.03 100.00
Source: Comprehensive Traffic and Transportation Study of Thiruvananthapuram Urban Area, conducted by CES
in association with ICF Kaiser and PEMS for Department of Transport, Government of Kerala, 2003
The overall share of mass transport, including institutional vehicles does not appeal in the
modal distribution. This result in a high share of personalized vehicles which makes the
roads congested and indicates the operational problems of public transport.
10.6 Public Transport System

Though the recent years have seen tremendous effort in improving the transport network in
the region, lot needs to be done to provide an efficient public transport system. Road
improvement projects are in progress under the KSUDP and the City Road Improvement
Project. The traffic condition is expected to show some sign of relief in a few of the busy
corridors once these projects are completed. Recent years have seen doubling of the rail
lines providing better rail connectivity to Thiruvananthapuram. Electrification of the rail line,
which is underway, will further improve the rail system. But the economic benefits
achievable through these partial improvements of the transport system would multiply
several folds by improvement of the public transport system. The issues currently faced by
the road system and inadequacy of public transport system needs to be resolved. The city
badly needs a mass transport system to provide connectivity to the outskirts where large
scale activities concentrate in a few development zones. It also needs an improved, clean,
cost efficient public transport system to provide service within the city area.
10.6.1 Bus Transport

The city bus service is mainly operated by the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
(KSRTC) and supplemented by private bus operators. KSRTC also operates both inter-city
and intra-city services. There are five depots for city bus services and one regional terminal
at Thampanoor for inter-city / inter-state services. Some of the areas with city bus depots are
very crowded and congested and need redevelopment or shifting of depots to better
locations. All the buses ply on the same carriageway as that of other private vehicles and
thus the level of service offered by bus system is severely limited by the congested road
network. The mode split of KSRTC is 9% and the modal split share caters to more than
35%3. This indicates that the existing bus system is unable to cater to the peak hour
passenger demand, resulting in over crowded buses, long waiting time and slower speeds.
In total KSRTC operates 449 buses in 790 routes with a total trip length of 95680 km
3
Motor Vehicles Department, Government of Kerala
127
(average trip length of 16 km)4 and private buses operate 103 buses (1714 trips per day)
with a total route length of 1770 km (average route length of 16.2 km)5.
As an effort to improve the quality of services, KSRTC is in the process of reducing the
average age of buses put to operation. Thiruvananthapuram district was among the three
districts that showed the highest General Accident Proneness (GAP) index. Studies
available reveal that majority of the bus accidents are linked with road conditions and driver
behaviour.
Performance of KSRTC was also studied by NATPAC. (Source: “Performance Analysis of
Kerala State Road Transport Corporation”, NATPAC, Thiruvananthapuram, April 1994).
Compared to the operation of KSRTC at state level, performance of Thiruvananthapuram
city bus operations were poorer. The study brought out issues like high level average load
factor, low fleet/ vehicle utilisation, high staff ratio and low punctuality for corrective actions.
Some of the areas that need development of bus depots or construction of new ones have
been identified in consultation with various stakeholders. They are listed as below.
Redevelopment of KSRTC bus terminal at Thampanoor for city and district level
services
Shifting the city bus terminal from East Fort to KSRTC bus terminal at Thampanoor
and maintaining a sub-operating terminal at East Fort.
Development of inter-district and inter-State bus terminal at Eanchakkal, by the side
of the NH bypass.
Development of city-level sub-operating terminals at Kochuveli, Medical College /
Ulloor, Thirumala, Nalanchira, Kudappanakunnu, Ponnumangalam and near the
proposed international airport terminal, by the side of NH bypass.
10.6.2 Rail Transport

Thiruvananthapuram is connected by a broad gauge railway line running north-south, linking
Nagercoil-Kanyakumari on the south to Kollam-Kochi on the north. The city is well connected
to other parts of the State and the country through the rail network. On an average around
50 trains are serving the city every day. The daily commuter traffic coming from the north
and south of the city mainly depend upon the rail transport system. The railway line divides
the city into two parts. The old city is on the south and the new development of the city
aremainly on the north. The growth of the city is taking place along the railway line towards
the north.
There are three railway stations serving the city, which are, Trivandrum Central at
Thampanoor (city centre), Pettah (secondary station in the city) and Kochuveli (on the
outskirts). The second terminal of the city is being developed at Kochuveli (Veli) to allow a
few long distance trains to terminate at this station without entering the city centre. Other
small stations in the TRIDA area include Kazhakkoottam, Nemom and Balaramapuram.
4
Economic Review 2003, State Planning Board, Govt. of Kerala
5
Compiled by National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC), Thiruvananthapuram
128
Six rail-over-bridges (ROBs) provide uninterrupted access between the two parts of the city.
Three level crossings at Melarannur, Pettah and Kochuveli in the city obstructs road traffic
due to frequent gate closures. Traffic at Pettah level crossing is about 0.63 million train
vehicle unit (TVU) per day, whereas Kochuveli and Melarannur level crossings will reach 0.1
million TVU soon. This justifies the requirement of ROBs at these locations.
Development proposals with regards to Railways to improve rail travel facilities to
Thiruvananthapuram include the following:
(a) Double laning of Thiruvananthapuram-Nagercoil route;
(b) Running of commuter trains between Thiruvananthapuram & Kollam and
Thiruvananthapuram & Parassala (perhaps Nagercoild-Kollam EMUs based on traffic
surveys);
(c) To encourage further inter-relationships between Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi, as
the two prime activity nodes of the state, fast train connections, with less than three
hour travel time and better comforts, need to be established between these two
cities;
(d) Establishment of Thiruvananthapuram-Vizhinjam rail link to serve ICTT at Vizhinjam
Port; and
(e) Establishment of Thiruvananthapuram-Nedumangad-Palode-Thenmala rail link to
serve the north-eastern corridor and to link with Kollam-Shencottah rail line, which is
undergoing gauge conversion (in the second phase, this link can be connected to
Kollam-Kottayam railway line).
Terminal facilities
(a) Redevelopment of Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station with the following
features:
Construction of a multi-level vehicle parking facility, separate areas for four-wheeler
and two-wheeler parking, and separate areas for long duration and short duration
parking with computerized parking ticket facility and also monthly parking fee
arrangement;
Lift and ramp facilities to link all the platforms (PPP);
Free service luggage trolleys which can be operated by the passengers;
Better traffic management in the front yard with taxi parking area shifted from front
yard to the old Arya Bhayan – C.P. Sathram area; and
Pedestrian over bridge to be extended up to KSRTC bus terminal.
(b) Development of Kochuveli (Veli) second terminal with good passenger facilities and
also with facilities for overnight stay;
(c) Rail coach and engine serving facility at Nemom;
(d) Kochuveli-Kazhakuttom transport facility along the NH bypass; and
(e) Goods terminal at Kochuveli and at Vizhinjam.
129
10.6.3 Air Transport

Thiruvananthapuram has an International Airport catering to both domestic and international
flights. During the year 2002-2003, 10,524 flights were operated from this airport of which
62% were international. Little more than one million air passengers boarded or alighted at
this airport and this was 5.6% more than the air traffic in the previous year. The new airport
terminal is being developed with access from NH bypass. The increasing air traffic exerts
pressure on the city road network. Adequate mode change facilities to public transport are
required from the airport.
10.6.4 Water Transport

Except for tourism, water transport is seldom used in the region, though an inland water
network of about 16 km exists on the western part of the city.connecting the north and south
of Kerala.
The Kovalam - Veli reach of the West Coast Canal has a length of about 16 km. The
waterway is passing through Veli, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram city, Poonthura and
Moonnattumukku near Kovalam. Veli and Poonthura are the two sea openings in this
section. Some of the portions of the canal are presently navigable by small country boats.
This stretch of land in the city has tremendous potential as it also provides connectivity
between the airport and the famous tourist destination at Kovalam on the south and to the
Technopark at Kazhakuttam.
10.6.5 Intermediate Public Transport (IPT)

Lack of efficiency in intra-city Public Transport System has forced people in the middle and
lower income groups to opt for IPT. The most popular mode of IPT is the three-wheeler
(autorickshaw). However, increasing use of autorickshaws within the city area tend to
increase traffic congestion and accidents.
There are a few intra-city road corridors, which are not well served by KSRTC buses. It is
roughly assessed that about 40 percent of jobs in the organized sector and about 60 percent
of jobs in the unorganized sectors (especially in the construction industry) are availed by
worker community daily from the immediate region around. They depend partly on the
illegally operated IPT modes like vans and mini buses. These vehicles regularly operate in
the following corridors:
(a) Thiruvananthapuram – Kattakada;
(b) Thiruvananthapuram – Vizhinjam;
(c) Thiruvananthapuram – Nedumangad and;
(d) Thiruvananthapuram – Attingal
These IPT operations need to be brought under surveillance.
The Airport does not have Public Transport linkage and the proposed railway terminal at Veli
also need road transport transfer facilities.
130
10.7 Vehicular Parking

10.7.1 Problems and Issues
On-street parking is a major issue due to the absence of off-street parking facilities. Heavy
parking demands on the major corridors reduce the usage of carriageway, causing
congestion and blocking connecting roads. In most of the critical areas the mode
predominant on the on-street parking is two-wheeler as shown in the table below.
Table 10.11: Peak Hour On–Street Parking Accumulation
Location Predominant Mode Peak Hour Parking Predominant Mode
in Peak Hour Accumulation Accumulation in
(No.) Peak Hour (No.)
Vazhuthacaud Car 247 85
Power House Road 2 wheeler 205 109
Pulimoodu-MG Road 2 wheeler 112 70
Pulimoodu-Press Road 2 wheeler 108 55
SMV High School-MG Road 2 wheeler 86 52
Pulimoodu-Kaithamukku Road 2 wheeler 82 63
Secretariat 2 wheeler 78 38
Vellayambalam-Sasthamangalam Road 2 wheeler 77 67
East Fort Car 70 35
Museum 2 wheeler 70 39
Station Road 2 wheeler 55 33
Palayam 2 wheeler 54 37
VJT Hall 2 wheeler 52 44
10.7.2 Parking Demand and Critical Areas

The life line of Thiruvananthapuram is the MG Road passing through the central area. The
volume of traffic moving through this road is very high because it cuts across the CBD and
commercial centres and administrative offices of the State including the State Secretariat are
located on this road. A parking demand study conducted in 20036 estimated a deficiency of
1867 Equivalent Car Spaces (ECS) on the MG Road alone. The study projected the parking
deficiency as below.
Table 10.12: Parking Deficiencies on MG Road
Year Demand in ECS Supply in ECS Deficiency in ECS
2003 4108 2241 1867
2008 5092 2459 2633
2013 6232 2671 3561
2018 7260 2738 4522
2023 8215 2738 5477
2028 9170 2738 6432
Source: Parking Management Plan for MG Road, prepared by National Transportation Planning and Research
Centre (NATPAC), Kerala State Science, Technology and Environment Council, Government of Kerala.
6
Parking Management Plan for MG Road, prepared by National Transportation Planning and Research Centre
(NATPAC), Kerala State Science, Technology and Environment Council, Government of Kerala
131
The inability to supply parking spaces to meet the parking demand on the arterial roads
within the city, in areas like Medical College, East Fort, the markets in Palayam, Chalai,
Manakkadu and Edappazhanji have resulted in the use of scarce road space for parking
thus reducing the effective road width for moving traffic.
Major parking demand corridors in the city are at:
East Fort,
Thampanoor,
Statue,
Vellayambalam,
Sasthamangalam,
Vazhuthacaud,
Palayam,
Pulimoodu,
Over bridge,
Power House Road,
Museum,
Medical College,
Pattom,
Peroorkada,
Kesavadasapuram,
Pazhavangadi and,
Fort area
The concentration of commercial and institutional activities along the MG Road between
Palayam and East Fort has generated heavy on-street parking demand on this section and
its connector roads.
TMC has identified three locations along the MG Road and one at Pattom for providing multi-
level off-street parking facilities. The three locations identified along MG Road are:
Statue area;
Near G.P.O. junction; and
Near Overbridge junction.
10.8 Traffic and Transportation Safety

In 2003, Thiruvananthapuram District had 350,455 registered motor vehicles, of which
majority of them were in the city region. This suggests that on average, there are 106 motor
vehicles for every 1,000 persons and 160 vehicles per sq. km of area. This is significantly
higher than the State average (78 motor vehicles per 1,000 persons and 65 vehicles per sq.
132
km area). During the period 1991-2003, the average annual growth of vehicle population
was 11%. From 2001 to 2003 a declining trend is seen (9.30%)7.
Table 10.13: Details of Road Accidents in Thiruvananthapuram District
Sl Year / Annual Growth Rate Annual Growth Rate
No. Accidents (%) Persons Persons killed
injured (%) (%)
1 2001-02 -0.71 -0.79 5.68
2 2002-03 14.63 29.83 3.58
Average Annual Growth Rate
1 2001-03 6.96 14.52 4.63
Source: Economic Review 2002 and 2003, State Planning Board, Govt. of Kerala.
Growth of motor vehicles and its pressure on the road network is significant, resulting in over
utilization of road network in the region with frequent traffic problems like congestion and
accidents. Available statistics indicate that road accidents are a major concern in
Thiruvananthapuram District with 7% average annual growth rate during 2001-03.
7000 6326
4929 6037
No. of persons affected
6000 4951
4687 4650
5000
4000
3000
2000
264 279 289
1000
0
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
No. of persons killed No. of persons injured Total no. of persons
Source: Economic Review 2002 and 2003, State Planning Board, Govt. of Kerala.
Out of the 4,662 accidents reported in

Others
Thiruvananthapuram district during
19.65 %
the year 2002, about 39% of the
Two wheelers
accidents (1,818 accidents involving Cars 46.37%
2,616 vehicles) were from 16.86 %
Thiruvananthapuram city. 58% of the
reported accidents in Autos
Thiruvananthapuram city occurred at 17.13 %

8
road junctions . Of the 2,616 vehicles Percentage vehicles involved in accidents
involved in city accidents, the major
share was that of two-wheelers (1,213 vehicles) followed by three wheelers (448 vehicles)
and car/jeep (441 vehicles). These three together constitute 80% of the total number of
vehicles involved in accidents. Available accident analysis indicates that pedestrians
7
Compiled from Economic Review 2002 and 2003, State Planning Board, Govt. of Kerala.
8
Hand Book on Road Accident Statistics, (2004), NATPAC.
133
(38.45%) and cyclists (10.19%) are the most affected persons in Thiruvananthapuram and
together constitute 49% of the total road accident victims.
10.9 Street Lighting

Urban roads are generally provided with streetlights of different categories. As per the CES
Study (2000), about 80% of major roads in the city are provided with adequate streetlights.
Thiruvananthapuram MC maintains the streetlights through Kerala State Electricity Board
(KSEB). Road inventory survey conducted under the PPTA at selected major roads, mostly
in the outer-city area, revealed that roads are adequately lit with tubes (45%) and Sodium
Vapour Lamps (51%). Average distance between lampposts on major roads was 39 m.
About 19% of streetlights at selected road sections were not working due to delay in
maintenance.
Table 10.14: Details of Street Light Availability at Selected Road Sections

Sl. Road Section Length No. of lights Avg. space Lights not
No. (km) between working on the
street lights survey day
(m)
Bulbs Tubes MVL SVL Total No. %
1. Attakulangara-Manacaud- 5.20 2 12 101 - 115 45 18 15.65
Thiruvallom Bypass Junction
2. Karamana-Pangode-Peyad 8.15 2 115 113 - 230 35 49 21.30
Section
3. Kesavadasapuram-Ulloor - 9.32 19 78 94 14 205 45 40 19.51
Kazhakootam Section
4. Paruthipara-Ambalamukku 2.27 - 56 4 - 60 38 15 25.00
Section
5. PMG-Pottakuzhi Section 1.63 - 25 26 - 51 32 13 25.49
6. Sasthamangalam-Vattiyoorkavu 5.06 2 33 107 - 142 36 26 18.31
- Nettayam Section
7. West Fort-Pettah-Anayara 5.35 4 109 59 - 172 31 27 15.70
Section
8. Anayara-Veli Section 2.40 1 28 7 - 36 67 6 16.67
Total 39.38 30 456 511 14 1,011 39 194 19.19
Source: Primary Survey under PPTA, 2004.
A few intersections and major road corridors, including the NH Bypass portion, are
insufficiently lit. The existing maintenance system needs improvement as 20% of the street
lights do not work or they lack maintenance. The Capital Region Road Development lays
emphasis on providing adequate streetlights. The 42 km of city roads are proposed for
widening and improvement under Thiruvananthapuram City Road Development Project,
which is now under implementation.
134
10.10 On-Going and Proposed Projects

10.10.1 On-Going Projects
Table 10.15: Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement Projects
Sl No Road description Length
(km)
1 Student centre – Vellayambalam – Kowdiar & Vellayambalam – Sasthamangalam 3.751
2 LMS – Attakulangara (MG Road) 3.37
3 Museum – Bakery Jn. - Thampanoor – Over bridge 3.905
(Including Bakery flyover & Palayam underpass)
4 Asan Square – Pettah – Airport 9.503
5 Collectorate – Pattoor and Uppidamoodu – Sreekanteswaram 4.485
6 Nalumukku –Sreekanteswaram – Mele pazhavangadi – Choorakkattu Palayam
7 Vanross - Oottukuzhy – Secretariat 1.42
8 Pattom – Marappalam – Kowdiar 2.3
9 Pattom –Medical College – Ulloor – Kochulloor 3.2
10 Kowdiar – Peroorkada – Vazhayila 3.473
11 Attakulangara – SreeVaraham - NH Bypass (Puthen Street) 1.47
12 Thakaramparambu to NH Bypass (Arat Road) 1.43
13 Murinjapalam to NH Bypass (Poonthi Road) 3.76
Total 42.067
Table 10.16: Road projects under KSUDP with ADB assistance.

Sl No Road description Length
(km)
A Road upgrading
1 NH Bypass – Veli Tourist Village road 1.90
2 PMG – Law College Junction 0.50
3 Peroorkada – Pipinmoodu – Sasthamangalam – Edapazhanji – Jagathy - Killipalam 8.10
4 Ulloor – Kesavadasapuram section of NH 47 1.00
5 Poojapura – Thirumala – Peyad road 5.80
6 Attakulangara – Manacadu – Thiruvallom – NH Bypass road 5.20
B Street Lighting
Total 22.50
10.10.2 Proposed Projects

Different agencies are involved in planning, construction and maintenance of the urban road
network in Thiruvananthapuram region. Recently, a major thrust on road improvement was
initiated through the Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement Project and other
initiatives. These include:
a) Under the Capital Region Road Development Program (through Kerala Urban
Development Project and Kerala Road Fund Board under PWD (R&B)), 13 major
road corridors covering 42 km are being widened (with improvements to 64
intersections and other road safety aspects) and another 52 km of access roads are
being improved at a cost of Rs.2,000 million;
135
b) Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority (TRIDA) road improvement schemes

(improvement to Bakery-Poojapura Road, and Manacaud-Attukal-Chiramukku-
Kaimanam Road);
c) PWD (R&B), City Roads Schemes capacity augmentation to Ulloor-Aakulam Road;
d) PWD (NH) scheme of widening Nalanchira-Kesavadasapuram-Plamoodu Section;
e) Tourism Department schemes - Model Road Scheme for Kesavadasapuram-Pattom
Section of NH 47 and improvements to the access road at Veli Tourist Complex.
10.11 Key Issues and Challenges

Various studies on traffic and transportation for the city and the city region have
been undertaken in different contexts which have brought out the salient issues,
which need to be tackled as short term measures and long term measures.
Therefore it is possible to directly identify the priorities for project preparation and
implementation.
A few major activity nodes have either already developed or are being developed
immediately around the city. These activity zones, which become major job
providers, attract heavy traffic converging to them from the city. Therefore it is
necessary to address the issue of improved connectivity to these development
zones.
Urban activities have a tendency to converge into the city centre causing increased
traffic density and greater stress on infrastructure. This trend can be positively
utilised for urban development if these new growth factors can be guided to selected
development corridors, which are planned and developed not only to accommodate
these activities, but also to provide for the required infrastructure support.
Road corridors which link to the regional roads should be prioritized for development
and these radial links should be interconnected by ring roads. Such a network would
avoid convergence of traffic unnecessarily to the city centre.
Maximisation of the available ROW (right of way) of roads, by suitable rehabilitation
measures and planned use of the road space avoiding non-traffic activities getting
located within the ROW.
Planned parking facilities for vehicles. The city does not generally have planned off-
street parking spaces, whether at grade or multilevel. As a result of this precious
road space is invaded for on-street parking, affecting traffic movement, especially in
a situation where 70 percent of the roads have V/C ratio (volume capacity ratio)
greater that 0.70. (Source: CTTS).
Surveys reveal that the share of public (mass) transport system in the city region is
only slightly more than 50 percent. This is decreasing every year. This results in the
city roads being flooded with single passenger occupied vehicles, invading precious
road space. This situation is due to various factors like, inefficiency of the existing
bus transport system and vehicle market getting flooded with two and four wheelers
luring the public with financial assistance. An efficient urban transport system has to
attract at least 60 to 70 percent of the travelling public to the mass transport system.
136
This would not only reduce traffic volume on the city roads, but would also reduce
accident rate and reduce expenditure on road development and maintenance.
High accident rate at the road intersections (junctions) – need for signalization of
intersections where traffic volumes are high.
‘Status hazard’ of being a capital city – attracting frequent demonstrations and road
blocks- always leading to ad hoc traffic diversion measures – lack of ‘intelligent
transport systems’.
Increasing road accidents.
Poor road lighting.
Inadequate pedestrian facilities.
Need for greater coordination of agencies / departments.

10.12 Vision and Strategies

Vision
Thiruvananthapuram Capital City aspires to have a road network with an efficient
transport system linking residential zones, work places, commercial centres and
recreational places providing safe, fast and affordable travel which pollutes little and
which contributes to the urban environment
Strategies
1. Thiruvananthapuram City Road Improvement Project which is under implementation
has prioritized a few road stretches, selected from the road network study carried out
under CTTS, for widening and improvement. If this project has to become effective it
is necessary to select some more road stretches for widening and improvement;
2. It is necessary to strengthen the linkages of the city roads with the regional roads;
3. It is imperative to improve connectivity to the development zones and also to improve
the road network within the development zones;
4. Roads which are important in the city road network and which are not considered for
widening and improvement on priority must be considered for total rehabilitation, by
removing obstructions, removing encroachments, maximizing utility of available
ROW, providing pedestrian facilities and road furniture and improving the service
networks under the road surface;
5. Effecting substantial improvements to Mass Transport Systems;
6. Improvements to road intersections;
7. Improvements to rail transport;
8. Better mode change transport facilities to and from airport, railway stations, and bus
terminals;
9. Establishing water transport facilities; and
10. Due importance for environment and greenery in transport projects.
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A. Projects that strengthen linkages with regional roads
i. Kesavadasapuram-Ulloor-Kochulloor-Sreekariam
– Chavadimukku road (part of NH 47) 4 km 4 lane road
ii. Ulloor – Akkulam – NH Bypass road 5 km 4 lane road
iii. Kariavattom – Thrippadapuram -
Arasummoodu – Kuzhivila – NH Bypass 8 km 3 lane road
iv. Manacaud – NH Bypass road 3 km Std.2 lane
vi. Mannanthala – Vattappara S.H. 1 6 km 4 lane road
B. Projects forming major links in the city road network
i. Pettah – Kannammoola – Kumarapuram 3.50 km 3 lane road
ii. Kumarapuram – Medical College Jn. 1.00 km 4 lane road
iii. R.B.I. Jn. - Vazhuthacaud - Jagathy-
Poojapura - Thirumala - Thachottkavu road 7 km 4 lane road
iv. Attakulangara – Thiruvallam road 6 km 4 lane road
v. Thycaud – Choorakkattupalayam – Aryasala road 2 km 4 lane road
vi. Aryasala – Chalai bypass road 1 km 2 lane road
vii. Poojapura – Mudavanmugal – Kunnapuzha 5 km 3 lane road
viii. Panavila Jn. – Oottukuzhy road 0.50 km 2 lane road
ix. Oottukuzhy – KSHB Jn.- SS Kovil 1.00 km 3 lane road
x. Model School Jn.-
Govt. Press- SMSM Jn. 0.50 km 3 lane road
xi. Karamana – Thaliyal – Kalady road 4 km 3 lane road
xii. Sasthamangalam – Maruthankuzhy road 0.50 km 4 lane road
xiii. Maruthankuzhy – Valiyavila – Peyad – Malayinkizh 7 km 3 lane road
xiv. Maruthankuzhy – Vattiyurkavu- Nettayam –
Vazhayila – Kudappanakunnu road 10.50 km 3 lane road
xv. Manacaud – Attukal – Kalady – Maruthoorkadavu 3.50 km Std. 2 lane
xvi. Ambalamukku – Muttada – Paruthippara 2.00 km 3 lane road
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C. Intermediate and Inner Ring Road

Intermediate ring road is the eastern outer ring road for the city opening out areas for
development with partial investment recovery mechanism by land development and disposal
& levy of development charges for non-acquired land abutting this development corridor
NH Byapass – Kulatur – Engineering College – Sreekariam – Poudikonam – Mannanthala –
Kudappanakunnu – Peroorkada – Vattiyoorkavu – Thirumala – Thrikkannapuram –
Kaimanom– Maruthoorkadavu – Thiruvallam NH Bypass.
The proposed inner ring road connects Killipalam – Melarannur – Jagathy – Edappazhanji –
Sasthamangalam – Pipinmoodu and Kowdiar, thus completing the inner ring with Kowdiar –
Killipalam link presently undertaken under City road improvement works.
Feasibility Study and Detailed Project Report are to be prepared.
D. Outer Ring Road for the City Region
Eastern outer ring road for the city region opening out areas for development activities
requiring large extent of land. Serviced land can be provided for such activities. This
development corridor can be constructed with full investment recovery mechanism by land
development and disposal and levy of development charges as envisaged in the Town
Planning Acts for non-acquired land abutting this development corridor.
N H 47 from Mangalapuram – Pothencode - Kanyakulangara – Karakulam – Kachani –
Vellaikadavu – Peyad – Pallichal- N H Bypass - Vizhinjam crossing N H Bypass
Feasibility Study and DPR are to be prepared.
E. Development of roads in and around the major activity Zones
To improve better accessibility to the development zones and for better traffic management
within the zone identified roads including secondary roads/streets would be considered for
widening / rehabilitation and improvement under a package. Such activity zones include
Kazhakuttam, Kudappanakunnu, Ulloor-Medical College Hospital, Vattiyoorkavu, Peyad,
Chackai – Airport zone (including three access roads across the TS canal to the new airport
terminal) and Vizhinjam.
The proposed port at Vizhinjam is expected to cater to the growing container transshipment
demand of the country. The port location at Vizhinjam has the advantage that it can cater to
the largest container vessels operating in the region and the natural water depth of more
than 20 meters available could attract future mega container carriers as well. This mega
project is estimated to cost Rs 4360 crores and is structured throgh PPP.
The project is to be provided with the following support infrastructure as envisaged in the
project report of Vizhinjam Port:
i) Road connectivity from Vizhinjam to NH bypass exclusively for container movement
ii) Road connectivity from Vizhinjam to NH bypass and connecting the outer ring road to
other traffic
iii) Two lane road parallel to NH bypass for container movement to and from Vizhinjam port
for about 30 km that falls within the JNNURM project area
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F. Reconstruction and new construction of road bridges

Widening and reconstruction of the following bridges:
a. Kundamankadavu
b. Mulavana kampipalam
c. Vallakadavu
d. Ponnara palam
Construction of the following new bridges:
a. Mudavanmukal – Vettikuzhi leading to NH 47
b. Parayilkadavu – Thrivikramangalam – Papanamcode
c. Vellayani – Kudathravilakom – Nemom
d. Bund road – Soman nagar
e. Kalady – Kalladimukhom
f. Edavancode –Kannanmoola – Ulloor thodu
g. Kulasekharam
h. Malamukal – Cheriyakonni
i. Myladikadavu
j. Footbridge at Ukkachavila slum to Kannettumukku
k. Railway overbridge near Karamana
G. Truck Terminals
The wholesale and warehousing activities in the CBD area of the city generates demand for
truck parking. Uncontrolled concentrations of goods carriers and transshipment activities
cause environmental and traffic problems. To facilitate efficient and economic operation of
goods transport, infrastructural facilities for truck terminals are proposed at Enchakkal
(major), Vallakadavu (minor) and Chalai Bypass (minor).
Facilities proposed include vehicle service facilities, booking offices, crew facilities like rest
rooms, changing rooms, toilets and eateries, fuel outlet, and storage facility.
H. Grade Separators for identified road intersection
In the Central Business area and places where major work centres are located, the
pedestrian is in sharp conflict with vehicular traffic. In Thiruvananthapuram, pedestrians
cross the roads at grade. Where a high volume of pedestrians cross a road of an equally
heavy volume of vehicular traffic, proper grade separated pedestrian facilities should be
provided. Atleast in some location, these grade separations could be constructed with
private participation by suitably incorporating commercial use attached to the facility. Traffic
studies in the city has identified a few road intersections on the major roads which now have
nearly 10000 PCUs per hour and the traffic projections show substantial increase in traffic
volume. At grade solutions like signaling have been counterproductive leading to queuing up
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of vehicles especially at peak hours, disruption of traffic flow and resulting in increase in
accidents.
Possible solution to this (apart from better mass transport facilities) is to construct grade
separators (flyovers or underpasses). Road junctions identified are:
Pattom, PMG Jn., Medical College Jn., Vellayambalam, Sreekariam, Ulloor Jn., Widening &
improvements to Thampanoor flyover, Pettah – Anayara road, Peroorkada etc.
I. Parking Facilities
Absence of off street parking facilities have caused traffic obstructions on many a road in the
city by on street haphazard vehicle parking. Off street parking facilities are proposed as
ground level facility, underground facility and/or multilevel facility.
A few critical locations are identified below.
Palayam, Statue – Secretariat area, Vazhuthcaud, near Museum & Zoo, Ulloor – Medical
College Hospital area, Peroorkada, East Fort – Chalai area, Thampanoor area &
Vellayambalam – Sasthamangalam road.
J. Pedestrian facilities
Improvements to pedestrian facilities include footpaths along the roads (for the road
corridors included in the widening / rehabilitation and improvement programme, provision of
footpaths is a component), foot over bridges, subways, at grade pedestrian road crossing
facilities, exclusive pedestrian pathways etc.
About 12 locations have been identified for providing pedestrian road crossing facilities.
They are Thampanoor, East Fort, SMV School, Statue, Medical College, Pattom,
Kesavadasapuram, Cotton Hill, General Hospital Jn., Karamana, Vazhuthcaud and
Manacaud.
K. Public Transport System Improvement
Proposed project components include improvement to existing bus transport facilities (fleet
strengthening, construction of bus terminals, improvements to depots/workshops,
computerization of organizational management & operational management etc.), introduction
of HCBS (high capacity bus system) in selected corridors, reservation of selected road
corridors only for mass transport system with improved level of service etc.
Construction of bus operating centres for private long distance omni buses - It is proposed
to construct such a facility by the side of N H By-pass near Enchakkal with bus parking
facilities, booking offices, passenger amenities and crew facilities.
Introduction of LRTS (Light Rail Transit System) or Electric Multiple Units (EMU) along
selected high density traffic corridors. Preferred stretch in the first phase is Kazhakuttam (I.T.
Centre) – along NH bypass – Veli – Akkulam (tourism centre, water transport terminal &
second railway terminal) – Airport – (Kovalam – Vizhinjam in the second phase) – Manacaud
– Chalai bypass – Killipalam.
This Mass Transport System can be extended from the Airport to Vizhinjam ICTT, when the
ICTT is commissioned. The MTS can also be extended from Kazhakuttam to Ulloor so as to
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enable linking with High Capacity Bus System (HCBS), proposed to be operated from Ulloor
to Palayam – East Fort – Peroorkada.
Thiruvananthapuram Capital City region Mass Transport System shall have the following
components:
The present bus system – with improvements
HCBS in selected corridors
City region rail transport system in selected stretches
Water transport system
In order to propose an integrated approach in planning, development and management of all
these mass public transport systems, it is proposed to constitute a single Transport Agency,
perhaps as ‘Thiruvananthapuram City Region Transport Authority’, suitably delinking with the
all Kerala single agency set up, but retaining interrelationships with KSTRC in certain
aspects.
Development of water transport facilities utilising the existing canal systems in the city, and
also taking into account the fact that the National Waterway (NW3) now terminating at
Kollam may in future be extended to Thiruvananthapuram, with a Water Transport Terminal
at Veli and further extending upto Kovalam via T.S.canal, now considered for improvement.
Improved rail connectivity and passenger facilities at Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway
Terminal, the second Terminal at Veli and Servicing Terminal at Nemom.
L. Projects for road rehabilitation and maintenance
Within Thiruvananthapuram City region, the major roads including highways, MDRs & ODRs
are with the State PWD for improvements and maintenance. Feeder roads, collector roads
and neighbourhood levels, which can grouped under secondary rooads are under the City
Corporation. Whenever new housing developments take place, those newly formed atreets
are also surrendered to the TMC for maintenance and upkeep.
The TMC now has about 2000 km length of roads for maintenance and management. About
450 km of these streets are concreted. Financial resources now available with the TMC do
not permit even resurfacing of the roads once in 5/7 years. Regular maintenance programme
has to be devised for these roads. Many of the roads require removal of obstructions,
construction of drains, adequate street lighting etc.
The project component identified under JNNURM envisages rehabilitation of 400 km of
roads and maintenence of 600 km of roads, now under the City Corporation.
M. Traffic Management and Environmental Management
The National Urban Transport Policy aims to introduce Intelligent Transport System for traffic
management. The policy is meant to improve safety, efficiency and economic productivity of
transport system in an urban area. Though the full adaptation of the ITS available today is
yet to get implemented in India, Area Traffic Control System (ATCS) which is one of the
components of ITS, is applied to manage traffic here. NATPAC has carried out a studyon the
various technologies which can be implemented in India in the Immediate future (Source:
“Intelligent Transport System”, NATPAC, Thiruvananthapuram, 2005). ATCS is implemented
in 63 intersections in Delhi. The same is under implementation in Mumbai. While both these
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systems rely on imported know how, CDAC, Thiruvananthapuram has already developed an
ATCS for Indian conditions and implemented in Pune. The system is in place for the last six
months and cover 38 intersections in the first phase. A similar traffic control system is
proposed in Thiruvananthapuram. Other specific projects required for traffic enforcement
and management, which become essential part of the Road Development & Transport
Improvement Programme are included are the following.
Capacity building by setting up a training institute under NATPAC, the R & D Centre
of Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Government of
Kerala. The training institute is meant to cater to all categories of road users and its
managers, including planners, engineers and police;
Traffic enforcement and monitoring with the help of camera stations and centralised
traffic regulation;
Planting suitable trees on and off the street with public transportation;
Ornamental and information gates to the city at Kazhakkuttam, Kovalam, Pallichal,
Malayinkeezhu, Karakulam, Vembayam and Pothencode. These gates will have an
information centre, police aid post and a camera system for surveillance;
Phased CNG conversion for public utility vehicles, signages etc.; and
Public utilities near high density pedestrian streets. Each unit of the proposed public
utilities will have two closets and two urinals, drinking water facilities, space for a
service person and an information centre.
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TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION – INVESTMENT PLAN (Rupees Crores)
Table 10.17: Broad costing and phasing for Traffic and Transportation
Sl. Components Cost (in Rs. 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011-
No Crores) 07 08 09 10 11 12
A Projects that strengthen linkages with NH & regional roads 26 km 65.00 5 15
@ Rs 2.50 crores per km
B Projects for improvement of major links in the city road network 53 106.00 5 15 20 30 30 06
km @ Rs 2.5 crores per km
C Intermediate and inner ring road 211.00 DPR 15 30 50 75 51
D Outer ring road for city region 231.00 DPR 15 30 70 85 31
E Development of roads in and around major activity zones - 75.00 5 10 15 15 15 15
Kazhakuttom, Chackai -Airport - Kochuveli, Vizhinjam,
Kudappanakunnu, Medical College Hospital, Karakulam & Peyad
F. Dedicated two-lane road connectivity from Vizhinjam Port to 210.00 DPR DPR 50 60 50 50
National Highway (parallel to NH by-pass) exclusively for container
movement (30 km) @Rs.7 crores per km
G Construction/ Reconstruction of Road Bridges 36.00 6 10 10 10 - -
H Truck Terminals - Vallakadavu, Chalai & Enchakkal 8.00 2 3 3 - - -
I Grade Separators - flyovers & underpasses 130.00 DPR 20 30 50 30 -
J Parking facilities for vehicles(at grade & multi level) 54.00 4 15 21 10 - -
K Pedestrian facilites - foot over bridges, sub ways, at grade 72.00 2 20 20 30 - -
crossing facilities, foot paths
L Public Transport System Improvement
i LRTS /EMU train from Kazhakuttam - Anayar - Air port - Manacaud - 780.00 DPR 20 60 200 300 200
Chalai - Killipalam (Ist phase) 12 km including Feasibility study & DPR
@ Rs. 65 crores per km
ii LRTS / EMU train / additional link to Ulloor 369.25 DPR 50 100 100 100 19.25
iii Introduction of HCBS (High Capacity Bus System) along selected 100.00 DPR 50 25 25 - -
corridors and regulation to discourage personal vehicles along these
road corridors (Feasibility studies & Implementation through PPP)
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No Crores) 07 08 09 10 11 12
iv Quality up gradation of KSRTC services
HR training 5.00
Improvement of existing infrastructure like bus depots, workshops 40.00 10 30 50 50 50 40.60
Computerisation of depots and corporate office 5.60
Augmentation and replacement of old buses 180.00
v Bus terminals (for KSRTC & Private Buses)
Upgradation of Thampanoor bus stand & new bus stand at Enchakkal 30.00
Kochu Veli, Kodappanakkunnu, Kovalam, Thirumala, Medical College 10.00 5 10 10 10 10 -
Construction of Operating Terminals for private long distance omni 5.00
buses
vi Development of Railway stations
Pettah IR
Kochu Veli IR
Augmentation of infrastructure facilities at Trivandrum Central Railway IR
Station
vii New rail link to Vizhinjam from Balaramapuram 16.00 DPR 10 6
viii Commuter trains between Neyyattinkara and Varkala IR
ix Inland Water Transport Sector
a Improvement of Kovalam to Veli section of WCC for navigation 7.26 3 3.26 - - - -
b Waterway development from Kovalam to Kolachal 142.00 DPR 2 40 50 50 -
c Waterway connection to airport 5.00 - 5 - - - -
Total (Public Transport System Improvement) 1325.86 18 170.26 295 441 510 259.253
M Projects for road rehabilitation & maintenance
i Mobile road repair units (Private participation) 5.00
ii Rehabilitation of TMC roads - secondary roads (400 km) @ Rs.50 lakhs 200.00
per km
iii Heavy maintenance of TMC roads - secondary roads (600 km) @ Rs.30 180.00
lakhs per km
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No Crores) 07 08 09 10 11 12
iv Rehabilitation of PWD roads (150 km) 210.00
v New footpaths by covering drains with RCC slabs, and providing service 20.00
ducts for all major roads for cables and pipes
Total (Projects for road rehabilitation & maintenance) 615.00 15 100 150 150 100 100
N Traffic Management
i Bus bays with shelter (100 nos) 3.00
ii Signal system in identified intersections (50 nos) 6.00
iii Intelligent transport system for the project area 135.00
Seed Capital for establishing Capital Region Transport Authority
iv Capacity Building: Training Institute for Road Users (under NATPAC) 30.00
v Enforcement & monitoring, Camera Stations, Centralised traffic 10.00
regulation
Total (Traffic Management) 184.00 14 50 50 50 20 -
O Projects for Environmental Management
i Erosion protection cum road (15 km) 37.5
ii Green Corridors
Planting of suitable trees on and off the streets 1.00
iii Ornamental and information gates to the city at 7 locations 0.28
iv Pollution control
CNG conversion of public transport vehicles 55.00
Providing public utilities near high density pedestrian areas (25 nos) 0.65
Total (Projects for Environmental Management) 94.43 5 20 20 20 20 9.43
Grand Total 3786.54
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11.0 URBAN REGENERATION
The central areas of any city undergo a process of gradual decay and incompetence to cope
with the changing land use and space requirements. The central areas often referred to as
the CBD (central business district) is the most sought after space for commercial interests.
Being the oldest area of the city, the CBD might have received the highest attention in
provision of infrastructure. Moreover the CBD area fetches the highest land value. In spite of
all these, very minimum redevelopment and reconstruction takes place in the central areas
of the city due to many factors. A few of them are noted below:
The land owners are scared to reconstruct the buildings since the existing Building
Byelaws may not permit the same plot coverage that they enjoy now and also that
during reconstruction they may have to provide vehicle parking facilities as required
under the rules.
Buildings belonging to different owners are joined together by common walls or
boundaries and demolition of one building may endanger the other building.
The land or shop owners might have leased the space to a tenant a few decades
ago and now the premises may fetch only low rent compared to the present rental
rates in the central area. With the liability of allotting the space to the same tenant at
a much lower rent than the market rent even after reconstruction, the land and
building owners consider it not a worthwhile exercise to take all the pains for
reconstruction.
Legal complications deter any owner from reconstruction. The tenant, who rented in
the space many years ago, might have sub let the premises to another and there
are cases where third or fourth successive tenants now occupy. The rightful tenants
in many cases are not alive leaving a host of inheritors. Land owners find it difficult
to resolve these legal complications.
During the process of road widening and development, as observed in the Pattom –
Kesavadasapuram stretch or in the Killipalam – Karamana stretch of the NH, new land
developers step in and reconstruct one plot depth of properties abutting the widened road,
leaving the vacant land or properties with old buildings and poor accesses in their old
conditions. This does not help wholesome regeneration of the central area properties.
The age old alternative was for a governmental agency like the municipal government or
Development Authority to step, acquire the entire land, reconstruct based on a Town
Planning Scheme and sell or lease the built spaces. This often results in area specific
development process and not people friendly development, since the old land owners,
tenants, sub tenants and persons who have been doing business in the area are thrown out
or considered on par with the new traders or business establishments.
Alternatively, a method of central city area regeneration can be evolved enabling all the land
owners, tenants and subtenants in a particular block to join together, under a mutually
agreed platform, and develop the area with due apportioning of rebuilt space. However, it is
seen that such an understanding and cooperative movement cannot originate from within,
due to the following factors:
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Complex tenancy, sub-tenancy problems.

Most of the present occupiers are tenants, many of whom already have long
pending litigations/ disputes with land owners.
Varying financial capabilitiy to participate in the development process- -some of the
tenants are financially not capable for putting in money for redevelopment.
General misapprehension/ distrust in a pooled development system.
To overcome such constarints and enable a process of participatory development, a
government agency like TMC or TRIDA has to step in as a catalyst promoting a discussion
among the various stakeholders, to draft an acceptable programme of participation, to detail
out a participatory funding programme, to cause preparation of a ‘Participatory
Reconstitution Plan’ as envisaged in the Town Planning Acts and to work out the
implementation mechanism. A dedicated project team handpicked from the Department of
Town & Country Planning, TMC, TRIDA and two experts with previous experience in Plot
Reconstitution Technique (PRT) / Schemes shall be constituted for the purpose.
The areas requiring such Land Pooling Schemes in the city are:
Land on either side of Chalai bazaar; and
Land on either side of M.G. Road from Statue junction upto Ayurveda College
junction.
For each block of area considered for Land Pooling and Development, a Special Purpose
Vehicle can be formed with the participation of the land owners and tenants within the block.
Though the entire development cost can be recouped after the development is completed,
part funding may be required during the construction phase. It may be necessary to
constitute a Revolving fund to support the PRT project.
With the adoption of Land Pooling Scheme using PRT, it is possible to avoid land
acquisition, but at the same time make available land required for roads & infrastructure.
This method of development results in optimum utilisation of land in the central city area.
PRT can be tried out for planned development in other areas also.
Revolving fund for Reconstitution Schemes in the Central City Area: Rs 200 crores
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12.0 HERITAGE & TOURISM
12.1 Heritage
12.1.1 Introduction
Thiruvananthapuram the capital city of Kerala State, has a continuous cultural heritage of
more than thousand years. It was an important town during the period of the kingdom of
Venad (between the 12th century and 18th century) and later it became the capital of
Travancore state from 1800 AD. The genesis of the town was around Sri Padmanabha
Swamy temple which had been referred to in an inscription of the 11th century AD. Even
before that the Aryasala temple, also known as Kanthallur Sala Mahadevar temple, had
been referred to in an inscription of the 9th century AD. The region in between these temples
and the surrounding area of these temples gradually developed as a town from 12th century
AD. The rulers of Venad patronized all these temples and allowed the growth of markets like
Pazhayangadi (Old market) and Chalai Bazaar. They constructed palaces and offices inside
the mud fort, which they built around the Padmanabha Swamy temple. At the same time
there were also settlements in coastal areas and interior regions. After the shifting of the
capital of Venad or Travancore around 1800 the town began to grow in all directions making
the temple and the fort (which had been converted as a granite – cum – burnt brick – cum –
mud fort) almost in the middle. The first step to the development of the town was the
construction of the Public Office Buildings or Hajur Kachery, which later became popular as
Secretariat after the Independence. Gradually the then rulers planned and constructed other
buildings to boost up public administration, education and health. Though the first public
building constructed by the then government with the direction of the British engineers was
in Western style all the subsequent buildings were built in a blended style of Eastern and
Western style of architecture – as a result of the advice given by the then Madras Governor
Lord Napier who attended the inaugural function of the Public Office Buildings in 1865. Thus
we inherit a number of beautiful buildings some of which were given a peculiar brick red
colour like the Napier Museum and its two entrance gates, University College, Fine Arts
College, Govt Arts College, Old S.M.V School Building (Present District Court Buildings at
Vanchiyoor), and the traditional style buildings like General Hospital, Ayurveda College
Hospital, Malayalam Department of University College etc.
Along with the construction of office buildings residential areas were also developed in the
surrounding area of the above public buildings. Simultaneously Temples, Churches and
Mosques also have been constructed in the suburban areas of the temple town of
Thiruvananthapuram, which gradually developed as a cosmopolitan township.
12.1.2 Situation Analysis

The heritage of the city covers traditional residential streets, planned fortified settlement,
temples, churches (during the colonial period), historic palaces, ponds/sacred tanks,
educational institutions, historic public buildings, historic public gardens and remains of old
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cantonment. An inventory on this has already been made and documented by the Art &
Heritage Commission of Government of Kerala during 2004-06.
The areas which require conservation of precincts including restoration and preservation of
heritage buildings and natural heritage in Thiruvananthapuram, can be broadly classified as
follows:
Fort Area Heritage Zone’
Palayam Area
Shanghumughom Area
Thycaud Area
Of the above Fort area is of prime importance.
Heritage Significance of Fort Area:
The significance of the settlement in the Fort area region reached its pinnacle, since the
capital of Travancore kingdom was shifted from Padmanabhapuram to Fort Area here during
the reign of Dharma Raja (1758-98 AD).
Inside of fort was a well-planned settlement surrounding
Padmanabha Swamy temple. This includes numerous
other temples, teertha (sacred tanks), centres of learning
& religious institution, places of food storage &
distribution, buildings to accommodate Tanthris, scholars
etc, palaces of the royal families & other aristocratic
families, row houses of Tamil & Tulu Brahmins and other
upper caste Hindu population. Cleanliness of public
places featured high priority during that period.
Sree Padmanabha Swamy temple, standing in the elevated
focal point of Kottakkakom (inside of the fort), is the best
specimen of the Dravidian architecture in Kerala State. At the
same time, it is also recognised as the splendid monument for
the fusion of Dravidian and Kerala architectural features.
Thiruvananthapuram was the spiritual capital of Venad
kingdom, being the seat of Sree Padmanabha, the family deity
of the rulers of Venad. The temple spreads in a compound
measuring 570 ft x 510 ft (around 7 acres) known as
Mathilakom. The 100 ft high, seven-storied gopuram on the
eastern entrance to the temple (built in granite and brick with
elaborate sculptures and ornamental works) dominates the
skyline of the Fort area and is the premier landmark of the capital.
The Fort Wall, originally constructed by H. H. Marthanda Varma the great in 1749 AD, was
partly demolished by the British after the uprising of Velu Thampi Dalawa so as to lessen the
security in an act of retribution and was reconstructed with mud. However, a good portion of
this historic mud wall portion was demolished in the post-independence period due to lack of
awareness on the importance of preserving such historic structure. Each of the seven gates
of the Fort depicts different architectural styles. The fort wall is a notified protected
150
monument by the state Archaeology Department and Stage I of its conservation was done
with the financial assistance of 11th Finance Commission.
The main Palace Complex in the Fort Area is located at the southeastern side of the Sree
Padmanabha Swamy temple. Palaces of royal family and their relatives are also located at
different locales within and outside the Fort. The layout and decoration of older palaces such
as those of H.H. Marthanda Varma the great and H.H. Swathi Thirunal; illustrate the
Padmanabhapuram style, though later buildings show influence of western style.
Being the capital of the erstwhile Travancore kingdom, the Fort area had to accommodate
various office buildings, most of which; including that of Peshkar
(Minister); are located on the south-eastern corner of the palace
complex. Though the Nithya Chelavu bungalow [office for daily
money transactions] is located in this area to the north of Thekke
Theruvu, the Chellamvaka [royal treasury] is located within the
palace complex precinct, closer to the street towards the main
entry to the temple of Sree Padmanabha Swamy; the absolute
ruler of the kingdom.
In addition to palaces, Madhoms especially those of Thantris of Sree Padmanabha Swamy
temple at Mithranandapuram, Agraharams of Thulu Brahmins, and residences of other upper
caste Hindu population often accompanied with individual temples dominate the rest of Fort
area and its immediate environs. Many other places of great heritage significance other than
residences adorn west and north-west areas such as the Vilwamangalm samadhi, Nelpura
(granary), Mithranandapuram pond, Fort School, Fort Hospital, old jail, Ramanamadhom
complex, Saraswathi Vilasom palace, Valiya Koyikkal Palace etc. These structures are not
only specimens of architectural practices, but also reflect the cultural traditions, festivities
and life styles during different periods.
Arat Road to the west of Fort, is characterised by residential buildings –Ammaveedu, on
both sides giving the street a unique character. Annually, festivals are held twice at the
temple and on the concluding day, the deity of Sree Padmanabha Swamy will be carried in
procession (lead by the Maharaja) through this road to Sanghumughom beach for bathing
and worshipping the deity.
Governmental Interventions for Conservation of Fort Area
The Government feels that immediate interventions are needed for the revitalisation of Fort
Area, as this is the premier heritage area in the state, which declares the ancient history,
culture and tradition of the state. The following are the governmental interventions in
conservation of heritage in the Fort Area and its environs:
1. The Department of Archaeology, Government of Kerala has declared 27
buildings/monuments within and around Fort Area as Protected Monuments under
Archaeological Sites and Remains Act.
2. First draft list of heritage buildings in Fort Area and environs were made and graded by
the Art & Heritage Commission, through the Department of Town & Country Planning,
Government of Kerala.
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3 The First Stage of Conservation Project was formulated by the Art & Heritage
Commission and has availed the 11th Finance commission grant for Rs. 200 lakhs. The
project, which focussed on restoration of portions of historic buildings, which required
immediate interventions, was successfully executed by the Department of
Archaeology, Government of Kerala. The portions of the main palace complex covered
under this conservation project include roof of Karuvelappura Malika, Portions on the
eastern side of main palace, part of the passage to the Neerazhi (pond), bath building,
padipuura towers, the outhouse abutting Thekke theruvu and portions of Nithya
Chelavu building. In addition, portions of Sreepadam palace and a few structures near
Ramana madom in the Vadakke Nada environs were restored under this project.
Portions of fort wall and all fort gates were also restored.
4. The Department of Archaeology has also executed restoration works using various
state government funds in the Fort area. This include parts of the historic palace
complex ( portions of Rangavilasom Palace, Bhajanappura Malika, Nithyachelavu
building), Portions of Old jail (Central Archives Building), Saraswathi vilasom palace,
Sundara vilasom palace, old Peshkar office, , Taluk office, excise office, KSRTC
buildings, revenue office buildings, and a few buildings adjoining Padma theertha
(including mandapams) in addition to portions of the fort wall. Works carried out to
promote heritage tourism include 'Paithruka Veedhi’ and paved pathway (partly) to
facilitate walking tour.
5. The Art and Heritage Commission for Kerala constituted by the state government treat
the Fort area as a Heritage Zone. Under provisions in the Kerala Municipal Building
Rules 1999, a committee constituted by the commission renders advice on individual
applications for building constructions in this area, regarding the architectural character
and façade treatment in addition to advice on protection of heritage buildings.
6. The restoration works in Fort Area, Thiruvananthapuram have already won many
national and international awards and recognition.
Conservation of Heritage: Strengths & Opportunities
1. Kerala is already recognized as an internationally reputed Tourist destination.
Thiruvananthapuram is the Gateway to South Kerala, with highest tourist inflow in the
region. Conservation of heritage will improve the imageability of the city and contribute
to sustainable tourism development of the region.
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2. Increased tourism activity can be effectively channeled to pave way for value addition
of heritage buildings, there by ensuring their better upkeep by the owners. Culture
Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram shall be given emphasis. The good number of heritage
buildings in this region can thus find out adaptive reuses, remunerative enough to
ensure their maintenance and upkeep.
3. In addition to conserving the rich historic, architectural and cultural heritage, the
economic base of the region can be improved considerably by way of sustainable
tourism.
4. The first phase of the Conservation Projects in Fort Area at Thiruvananthapuram was
successfully carried out by the Government of Kerala in the first half of this decade.
Many awards and recognitions at National and International level won for this project
point to the capability of the Government to undertake such a delicate task.
In general, investment in conservation of heritage in this region will have a
considerable positive impact on the economic development of the city.
Attempts On Conservation Of Heritage
A. Legislative Measures:
1. The Parasurama temple complex at Thiruvallom in the city corporation area is a
centrally protected monument. The buildings and precincts of archaeologically
significant areas (other than those notified by ASI) are notified as protected under the
Archaeological Sites and Remains Act The state also declared some buildings as
protected, most of which (27nos) are concentrated in and around the Old Fort area.
2. The Art & Heritage Commission was constituted in 2000 by the Government of
Kerala. The Commission has done listing of heritage in the district. Construction in
the Fort Area heritage zone in the city is being regulated with the advice of the
Commission under the provisions in the Kerala Municipality Building Rules, 1999.
3 A draft of regulation for ensuring and promoting conservation of heritage buildings,
heritage precincts and natural heritage’ was prepared by the Commission and is
under the consideration of Government. The Draft regulations once brought into
force, will pave way for listing and grading of heritage, regulatory and promotive
measures to conserve heritage. The first list for notification of heritage (once the
regulations come into force) has already been prepared by the Art & Heritage
Commission.
4. Town Planning Act 1108 ME has provisions to prepare Town Planning Schemes with
due consideration to conservation of heritage. Detailed Town Planning Schemes for
Fort area and Museum-Kaudiar Avenue are examples of such schemes prepared for
heritage significant areas.
B. Conservation Projects:
1. The First phase of the project for Conservation of Fort Area Heritage Zone was
carried out with the financial assistance (Rs. 200 lakhs) from the 11th Finance
Commission.
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2. Though piecemeal, conservation of heritage buildings in Government possession

such as Government Secretariat, VJT Hall etc. were also carried out by the
Government.
(i). Palayam Heritage Zone
The old cantonment area and its immediate environs constitute the Present Palayam Area
and today forms the heart of the city. The area assumes great significance being the location
of many historic buildings with great historic,
cultural and architectural significance.
The buildings and premises of heritage significance
in this area include: Kanakakkunnu Palace, Old
PHED office, Waterworks Compound, Public office
buildings, Napier Museum, Sreechitra Art Gallery,
Museum Gates, Natural Museum building,
University Men’s Hostel, Public Library, Fine Arts
College, University College Compound, Linguistic
Department Blocks, Kerala University old building,
Science & Technology Museum old building, AG’s
office old building, historic churches, garden furniture and structures in public gardens and
other historic premises etc. The compound walls of the premises in the street have distinct
character and needs to be restored/ transplanted/ reconstructed as the case may be.
(ii). Sanghumughom Area
Sanghumughom beach area assumes both historic, cultural and architectural heritage of the
city. This beachfront area is the place where the idols of the Sree Padmanabha temple are
carried in procession and ritually bathed (arat) twice annually. The rituals originally led by the
Maharajas themselves are practiced even today. The mandapams, palaces and
Sakratheertha Kulam and Devi temple are of historic, cultural and architectural significance.
At present the Airport road cuts across the middle part of the precinct. Hence, it is essential
to realign the road close to the airport boundary so as to make the larger part of the precinct
into a contiguous area. In order to sustain the present recreational use of the precinct, it is
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also proposed to develop infrastructure facilities for the visitors, without spoiling the heritage
value and in harmony with the precincts visual characteristics.
(iii). Thycaud Area
Residency Hills at Thycaud was the seat of the British resident. The precinct has the
Residents palace, Old flagpole used to hoist the British flag, an ancillary building currently
used as Stamp House are the major heritage structures within the compound. Many
buildings constructed during the rule of Travancore Kings and presently housing Model
school, Arts College, Swathi Thirunal Music College, Womens’ college, City Police
Commissioner’s office, PWD rest house, residences etc are a blend of native and colonial
architecture. The said buildings require restoration efforts, with due consideration to their
heritage value.
(iv). Other Buildings & Open Spaces
Considering the historic, architectural and cultural value of some of the public buildings built
by Travancore rulers or in their period but falling outside the areas mentioned above, are
also included in the conservation project; namely:
(1) Poojappura Mandapam and premises;
(2) Vanchiyoor Court (Old Buildings & its premises);
(3) Women and Childern Hospital, Thycaud (old building);
(4) General Hospital main old building, GH Jn.;
(5) Vellayambalam palace;
(6) Old main building of Police HQ;
(7) Bank House Building;
(8) TRIDA main building;
(9) Parasurama Temple, Thiruvallam (Centrally Protected Monument);
(10) A Grade Heritage Buildings in Private Sector in Thiruvananthapuram city;
(11) Churches in Thiruvananthapuram City including Palayam CSI Church, LMS Church
etc. and Palayam Mosque;
(12). Mandapams – wayside rest places – wooden as well as granite; wooden mandapam
at Mankattukadavu, madapam at Kaimanam, Karamana etc.;
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(13) Different heritage structures like railings and lamp posts around the statue of Sir T.
Madhava Rao, the Rama Rao Lamp at LMS Junciton, Chumatuthangis at Poojapura,
Pappanamkode etc, the Vallakkadavus at Karamana, Killippalam, Vallaakkadavu on
the way to Sankummukham, at Thiruvallam etc to be conserved scientifically.;
(14) The city of Thiruvananthapuram is replete with ancient temples, which may have
existence for more than thousand years. The temples of Mitranandapuram,
Padmanabhaswamy temples, Aryasala temple, Pazhaya Sreekanteswaram temple,
Karakanteswaram temple, Chenthitta Devi Temple, Neeramankara temple,
Chirakkara Vishnu temple etc are to be conserved scientifically;
(15) Putharikandam Maidan: Putharikandom Maidan is the open ground having an extent
of 8.5 acres adjacent to the CBD (Chalai area), opposite to East Fort wall. This area
is presently used for conducting conventions, exhibitions, trade fairs and other
meetings. This open area has to be preserved as such, without any constructions in
the future. Parking facilities, multi-purpose stage for conducting meetings and
conventions etc can be thought of as the revenue collected from these can be made
use of for maintaining the above maidan; and
(16) Creating Heritage Awareness & Preserving Our Cultural Remains:
The strength of a society lies in the depth of awareness the people have on their own
heritage. The evidences of the past culture like historic monuments and cultural
precincts can be preserved for the coming generations only with active support of
general public. Thiruvananthapuram is city of temples has numerous temples,
churches and mosques, which organize different rituals and festivals. Every aspect of
cultural heritage should be studied and preserved with the help of awareness
programmes which can be held by different institutions in the city. Educational
institutions like schools and colleges, residence associations and voluntary
organizations can donate to the cause. Heritage clubs can be formed in these
selected institutions and the project can be successfully implemented through them.
The functions of the heritage clubs should centralize the following areas.
Organising heritage awareness programmes in their respective areas, conducting
discussions and seminars on related matters, listing of heritage objects and
monuments in their area and organising detailed study of the same, collection of
material as well as verbal heritage materials (Folklore), small scale documentations
and preparing printed materials, preparing a volunteer force for the follow up etc.
Archaeology department can act as a nodal agency in this project. It is a long term
project in which heritage awareness programmes for different age groups have to be
carried out in different heritage aspects and the outcome should be assessed
properly. A well awared society will always be a strong back force for the protection
and preservation of our cultural and historic monuments and precincts.
12.1.3 Key Issues, Challenges and Vision
Lack of adequate regulatory mechanism to conserve heritage structures and
precincts and to notify them as protected.
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Making available the traditional building materials for the maintenance of heritage
structures and also services of skilled traditional craftsmen.
Threat due to climatic variation, termite attack, fire etc..
In order to maintain the heritage value of the city, owners of private heritage
buildings are often not permitted to build and earn in tune with the development
trend in that area which calls for incentives as compensatory measures.
Sensitisation on the need for conservation of Heritage buildings and precincts.
Vision
“Conserve heritage for us and the generations to come, tapping the potential for
sustainable tourism.”
Strategies
1. Most of the heritage buildings are located in the CBD and in areas with high
development potential under both public and private ownership. Due to the
commercial potential of such land parcels, the heritage structures are always under
the threat of demolition for maximum remunerative use of prime land. Since
economic factors are major players in deciding the sustainability and the very
existence of heritage buildings and precincts, proper regulatory mechanisms to
conserve heritage structures/precincts is essential, in addition to well-planned
approach towards tourism promotion. Besides, the buildings with archaeological
significance conserved in the project shall be notified as protected monuments under
the existing statutes.
2. Wood is a major structural as well as decorative element in all these heritage
buildings. The basic reason for deterioration of buildings is the heavy rains, coupled
with absence of timely repairs. This becomes significant, as there are two monsoon
seasons, with heavy seasons. Broken/missing tiles, gutters etc lead to leakage of
rainwater, affecting the strength of the wooden structural members. Hence, to over
come this issue, the new concept of providing aluminium sheet coats between the
reapers and rafters will be done in all buildings taken up for restoration. Wherever
necessary, the false ceiling will also be provided in missing areas to hide the
protective aluminium sheets.
3. In order to extend the life of masonry works in lime mortar/lime plastering,
inappropriate materials (such as cement mortar/ plaster) if any used will be replaced
with appropriate materials. In addition, removal/dismantling of recent/later
additions/constructions, which are not in harmony with the heritage structures or their
premises, will also form part of the project.
4. The climate also poses additional threats to the heritage structures. The showers are
accompanied by lightning, which calls for provisions for lightning arresters to safe
guard the buildings, which are rich in combustible materials such as wood.
Appropriate protective coatings for wooden members also have to be made, with due
regard to the climate. Another major issue in this area is termite attack. Wood is
highly prone to termite attack. Hence anti termite treatment to the buildings have to
be ensured.
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5. It is also worthwhile to mention that many of the heritage buildings proposed to be

conserved in this project are examples of exquisite craftsmanship in wood. This also
necessitates protective measures against fire in all the buildings. Hence fire-
extinguishing measures has been included as part of the conservation project.
Smoke detectors are also required for important buildings.
6. As part of the conservation work, it is also essential to lay pathways and provide
illumination works within the precincts to facilitate heritage tourism. Redoing the
electrical works are also necessary in most cases.
7. Often Heritage buildings are considered as ‘burdens’ due to high maintenance cost,
under-utilisation of prime land in relation to buildable floor space and their structural
safety- the ultimate result of long period of negligence in maintenance. It is sad to
notice that these reasons are put forward to pull down or disturb such invaluable
buildings to pave way for ‘modern well planned utilitarian’ buildings. The role of
Government in acquiring such monuments and areas for conservation has serious
limitations. Hence proper awareness measures shall be arranged. Tourism
department has also come out with schemes like Grihasthali, which in one way is
aimed at promoting conservation of heritage buildings.
12.1.4 Priority Project Components

The proposed projects are grouped under the following 4 Heritage zones for convenience;
1. Fort Area Heritage Zone;
2. Palayam heritage Zone;
3. Sanghumughom Area; and
4. Thycaud Area
The buildings/items which are not included in any of the above zones are grouped under
‘others’.
The proposed conservation works of buildings/area generally includes the following
components;
Replacement of decayed/ missing structural wooden members;
Restoration of laterite/brick masonry works in lime mortar;
Lime plastering;
Restoration of storm water drainage works;
Restoration of decorative works in wood;
Repairs of doors & windows and providing suitable fixtures;
Repairs & restoration of ceiling;
Aluminum sheet protective cover for roof; roof tiling;
Paving with appropriate flooring materials;
Electrification works;
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Removal of recent additions and alterations and surface coatings to/on the historic
structures & premises and corrections if any required with appropriate material;
Protective coatings on wood;
Correcting sunken basements;
Providing smoke detecting & fire extinguishment arrangements;
Protective mesh to prevent entry of bats;
Lightning arresters and anti-termite treatment;
Clearing away debris by lorry load far away from the vicinity of heritage zone;
Lighting & illuminating the buildings & premises;
Landscaping;
Restoration of water bodies;
Construction of protective retaining walls; and
Site clearance and removal of destructive vegetation; paving pathways etc.
12.1.5 Broad Costing and Phasing

The proposals with the project components and rough cost estimates under various heritage
zones are given in Table 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 and 11.5
1. FORT AREA HERITAGE ZONE
Table 12.1: Heritage Projects for Fort Area Heritage Zone
Sl. Proposed Conservation Work App. Cost
No (Rs. in crores)
i) Palace Complex Heritage Precinct
1 Kuthira Malika & Koppupura 5.00
2 Karuvelappura, portions of main palace and ancillary 4.00
3 Kuzhi Malika, Neerazhi & Ancillary Structures 1.00
4 Rangavilasom & Ancillary Structures 2.00
5 Levy Building, Ananthavilasom, Krishnavilasom & Ancillary Structures 3.00
6 Bhajanappura Malika, Valiya Neerazhi and bath building 1.00
ii) Valiya Koyikkal Heritage Precinct
1 Saraswathi Vilasom 0.50
2 Fort School, Hospital, Nelpura & Valiya Koyikkal 6.00
iii) Arat Road Heritage Precinct 5.00
iv) Vadakkenada environs heritage precinct 2.00
v) Others
1 Fort’s Girl’s High School Building 1.00
2 Court Building and Precincts 2.00
3 Iron Villa Park 0.50
4 Fort High School 1.00
5 Panchajanyam Kalyana Mandapam and Nelpura 1.00
6 Heritage street at chalai 5.00
Total 40.00
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2. PALAYAM HERITAGE ZONE

Table 12.2: Heritage Projects for Palayam Heritage Zone
No. (Rs. in crores)
1 AG’s office and improvement of precincts 1.00
2 Fine Arts College Building 1.50
3 CSI Church Palayam 0.50
4 Vellayambalam Palace and precincts 2.00
5 Heritage buildings in LMS compound 2.00
6 Napier Museum and precincts 2.00
7 Post Master general’s Office, Palayam 2.00
8 Government Secretariat and precincts 3.00
9 Public Library 1.00
10 Vadasserry Ammaveedu and surrounding heritage buildings 1.00
11 St. Joseph’s Cathedral, Palayam 2.00
12 General Hospital Building 2.00
13 University College and precincts 3.5
14 PWD Office, PMG 1.00
15 St. Joseph’s School Building 1.00
16 Science and Technology Museum and precincts 2.00
17 VJT Hall 0.50
18 Barton Hill Bungalow 1.00
19 University Boy’s Hostel 1.00
20 Palayam Mosque 0.50
TOTAL 30.50
3. SANGHUMUGHOM HERITAGE AREA

Table 12.3: Heritage Projects for Sanghumughom Heritage Area
No (Rs. in crores)
1 Valiathura Pier 2.00
2 Palace, Thoonila Kottaram building and precincts Shanghumukham 3.00
3 Total 5.00
4. THYCAUD AREA
Table 12.4: Heritage Projects for Thycaud Area
No (Rs. in crores)
1 Residency Bunglow (KITT’s building) 2.00
2 Government Art’s College Building and Model School 2.00
3 Bakthivilasam Bungalow, Vazhuthakad and precincts 1.00
4 City Police Commissioner’s Office 0.50
5 Bank House Building (Police H/Q) 2.00
6 Mudavan Mughal Kottaram, Poojappura (Sree Chitra Research Institute) 1.00
7 Swathi Tirunal Music College 2.00
8 Ayurveda maternity Hospital, Poojappura 0.50
9 Rose House 0.50
10 TRIDA Building 0.50
11 Xanadu, Vazhuthakad 0.50
12 Women’s College 2.00
13 W&C Hospital Thycaud 2.00
Total 16.50
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5. OTHER BUILDINGS
Table 12.5: Heritage Projects for other buildings
No (Rs. in crores)
1 Cliff House 1.00
2 Manmohan Bunglow 0.50
3 Vizhinjam cave temple and Bhagavathi temple 0.50
4 Parasurama Temple Thiruvallam 1.00
5 Golf Club and precincts 1.00
6 Restorations of kavus and kovils in and around Thiruvananthapuram 1.00
7 Restoration of village ponds 5.00
8 Restoration and up-keeping of various monuments and statues 2.00
9 Dynamic/heritage lighting of important heritage building and monuments 10.00
10 Heritage lighting in heritage streets and areas 5.00
11 Creating Heritage Awareness & Preserving Our Cultural Remains 1.00
12 Beautification of Putharikandam Maidan 5.40
Total 33.40
ABSTRACT OF PROJECT ESTIMATE

Fort Area Heritage Zone : Rs.40.00 crores
Palayam Heritage Zone : Rs.30.5 crores
Sanghumughom Area : Rs.5.00 Crores
Thycaud Area : Rs.16.50 Crores
Others : Rs.33.40 Crores
Total : Rs.125.40 Crores
(Rupees one hundred and twenty five crores)
Phasing of Projects
Table 12.6: Phasing of Heritage Projects
Sl. Name of Project 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- Total Cost
No: 08 09 10 11 12 (Rs. Crores)
1 Fort Area Heritage Zone 5.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 40.00
2 Palayam Heritage Zone 5.00 10.00 7.50 5.00 3.00 30.50
3 Sanghumughom Area 1.00 3.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
4 Thycaud Area 2.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 4.50 16.50
5 Others 6.00 7.40 9.00 7.00 4.00 33.40
Total 19.00 33.4 31.50 25.00 16.50 125.40
12.2 Tourism
12.2.1 Present Status
a. Tourism in the State of Kerala
Government of Kerala consider ‘Tourism’ as one of the few economic alternatives to develop
the State economy on account of its potential for generating income, creating employment
opportunities and helping regional development. In the context of poor prospects of the
manufacturing sector and the severe threats facing agricultural and traditional sectors,
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tourism is considered as one of the sectors, which can drive Kerala economy to take the
State to the pinnacle of socio-economic development.
Kerala, the God’s own country, is continuing as the prime tourist destination of South Asia. In
2005, the foreign tourist arrival to the state has crossed 3.46 lakhs and domestic tourist
arrivals crossed 59.46 lakhs. During the last 5 years from 2001 to 2005 the foreign tourist
arrivals alone has increased from 2.09 lakhs to 3.47 lakhs showing an annual growth rate of
13.19%. The domestic tourist arrival has increased from 52.4 lakhs in 2001 to 59.5 lakhs
showing an annual growth rate of 2.7%. According to the study of World Travel and Tourism
Council (WTTC) on tourism sector in the State, Travel and Tourism generates as much as
7.7% of GSP and 6.2 % of total employment. Visitor export (tourism receipts) is worked out
as14.3% of the total export of the State.
The importance of Travel and Tourism to Kerala’s economy is indisputable and current
forecast by WTTC projects a very rosy future for this industry in the State. According to
WTTC, over the next 10 years, the average annual growth in visitor exports is forecast at
13.8%, and the growth in Travel and Tourism economy GSP and employment will be 10.7%
and 10.9% respectively.
The tourism sector in the state attracts about Rs.1000 crores of investment per year and
provides employment to lakhs of persons. The income to the state from tourism is in the
order of Rs.7700 crores during the year 2005 with a foreign exchange earning of Rs.1550
crores.
b. Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram district
Thiruvananthapuram district is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the west and Tamil Nadu in
the east. The wooded highlands in the Western Ghats in the eastern and northeastern
borders give Thiruvananthapuram some of the most enchanting picnic spots. A long
shoreline, with internationally renowned beaches (Kovalam, Varkala), historic monuments,
backwater stretches, Hill Stations (Ponmudi) and a rich cultural heritage make this district a
much sought-after tourist destination.
Thiruvananthapuram is one of the leading districts on the basis of tourist arrival to Kerala. It
is continuing as the second leading district in terms of foreign tourist arrivals and third
leading district in terms of domestic tourist arrival to the State. The following table gives the
number of foreign and domestic tourist arrivals to the district and its share in the state.
Table 12.7: Details of Tourists arrival
Year Foreign Tourist Arrivals Domestic Tourist Arrivals
Number % contribution in Number % contribution in
the state the state
2001 63197 30.26 749968 14.31
2002 65240 28.05 775225 13.92
2003 94835 32.19 865048 14.73
2004 103558 29.97 855787 14.33
2005 119940 34.61 837211 14.08
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The tourist arrival to this district is showing an increasing trend over the years. The foreign
tourist arrival has increased from 0.63 lakhs in 2001 to 1.2 lakhs in 2005, an increase of
89.78%. The Domestic tourist arrival has increased from 7.5 lakhs in 2001 to 8.37 lakhs in
2005, an increase of 11.63%. Also this district is contributing to more than 34% of the total
foreign tourist arrivals and more than 14% of the Domestic tourist arrivals to the State.
12.2.2 Important Tourist Destinations in the District

1. Kovalam Beach: The internationally renowned
beach resort has been a favourite haunt of
tourists since the 1930s. It is located 16 km south
of Thiruvananthapuram.
2. Neyyar Dam: This popular picnic spot, located

32 km away from the town has a watch tower,
crocodile farm, lion safari park, and deer park.
Boating facilities are also available.
3. Varkala: Varkala is a seaside resort and spa. It

is also an important Hindu centre of pilgrimage as
it is the resting place of the great social reformer,
Sree Narayanaguru. The cliffs at Varkala are very
famous.
4. Ponmudi: Located at 61 kms away from
Thiruvananthapuram City, it is an idyllic hill resort
with narrow, winding pathways, and cool, green,
wooded environs. Ponmudi is located about 1000
m above mean sea level.
5. Padmanabha Swamy temple: The temple is

located inside the East Fort. Dedicated to Lord
Vishnu, the temple is a blend of the Kerala and
Dravidian style of architecture. It is known for its
Mural paintings and stone carvings.
6. Kuthiramalika Palace Museum: The palace
was built by Maharaja Swathi Thirunal Balarama
Varma – the king of Travancore, who was a great
poet, musician, social reformer and statesman.
This rare specimen of workmanship in the
traditional Travancore style of architecture also
has exquisite wood carvings.
The palace museum displays paintings and various priceless collections of the royal family
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7. Napier Museum: Built in the 19th century, the

Indo-Saracenic structure boasts of a natural air-
conditioning system and houses a rare
collection of archaeological and historic
artefacts, bronze idols, ancient ornaments,
temple chariot and ivory carvings.
8. Sree Chithra Art Gallery: This Art Gallery

displays select paintings of Raja Ravi Varma,
Svetlova, and Nicholas Roerich and exquisite
works from the Rajput, Mughal, and Tanjore
schools of art in India.
9. Shangumugham Beach: Just 8 km from the

city, this is a favourite haunt of sunset watchers.
An indoor recreation club, the Mermaid, Traffic
Park etc. are added attractions to this exotic
beach.
10. Veli Tourist Village: This picnic spot where

the Veli Lake meets the Arabian Sea offers
boating facilities, landscaped garden, floating
restaurant, swimming pools etc.
11. Akkulam Tourist Village: It is a picnic spot

with boating facilities and children’s park.
The other tourist attractions in the
Thiruvananthapuram city and surroundings
include Kanakakunnu Palace, Observatory Hills,
Zoological park apart from large number of
heritage buildings and monuments.
12.2.3 Key Issues and Challenges

The specific issues with respect to tourism in
Thiruvananthapuram city and surroundings
include:
1. Lack of drinking water, drainage, transportation, and sewage disposal schemes at
Kovalam;
2. Poor accessibility to Poovar, Akkulam, Neyyar Dam, Ponmudi etc.;
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3. Unplanned growths at Kovalam, Sangumughom etc.;

4. Lack of variety of tourism products;
5. Solid and liquid waste management issues at all the destinations
Connectivity between the destinations; and
6. Lack of sufficient accommodation, convention and recreation facilities.
12.2.4 Vision & Strategies

Vision
“Conserve heritage and promote tourism”
Strategies
The strategies in tourism development include the following;
Implementation of "Tourism Vision 2025" with focus on sustainable development
by conservation and preservation of heritage;
Development of selected tourist destination with proper planning for development so
as to retain high quality of aesthetic and environmental beauty and to develop the
destinations in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner;
Development of basic infrastructure and ensure cleanliness of tourist destinations;
Development of specialized tourism- eco-tourism, health tourism, rural tourism,
adventure tourism and plantation tourism besides back water tourism;
To develop Infrastructure through private sector and Public- Private Partnership with
Government acting as a facilitator and catalyst;
Continuation of extensive and aggressive marketing of Kerala at National and
International markets as a unique tourism destination for up-market clientele with
specific reference to Thiruvananthapuram;
Promotion of domestic tourism especially pilgrim tourism;
Strengthening local tourism initiated by local Governments;
Ensure quality in tourism services and facilities;
Human resource development;
To ensure the safety and security of tourists;
To develop and promote souvenir, handicrafts, artefacts & shopping industry; and
Formation of new tourism zones.
12.2.5 Proposed Projects, Costing and Phasing

As seen above the major problem faced by the tourism industry in the state is lack of quality
basic infrastructure at the destinations and the following infrastructure projects have to be
taken up on priority;
165
1. Development of Kovalam – Poovar Road;

2. Development of Akkulam Road;
3. Improving connectivity to surrounding destinations such as Neyyar Dam, Ponmudi,
Aruvikkara, Veli – Sankhumughom;
4. Water Supply Scheme at Kovalam;
5. Sewerage and STP at Kovalam;
6. Water Conservation at various centres;
7. Road, walkways and Junction improvement at Kovalam;
8. Parking areas and transport terminal at Kovalam;
9. Solid and Liquid waste management at various destinations;
10. Beach Conservation and Beach Front development from Kovalam to Veli;
11. Development of Parvathi Puthanar Canals from Akkulam to Kovalam;
12. Environmental regeneration of Akkulam – Veli backwater; and
13. Sewage Treatment Plants to treat the sewage and drainage discharged into Parvathi-
Puthanar canal and Akkulam backwater.
As all these projects are to be taken up by various line departments, the estimates are not
included under tourism. However the following specific tourism projects also need to be
given priority.
Table 12.8: Proposed projects under Tourism

Sl. Name of Project Cost
No (Rs Crores.)
1 Tourist Facilitation and entertainment complex at Kovalam 30.00
2 Beautification and landscaping of waterfront and other areas at Kovalam 20.00
3 Development of Edakkallu and surrounding at Kovalam 2.00
4 Development of Kerala Gramam at Kovalam 5.00
5 Development of various undeveloped beach stretches in and around 10.00
Kovalam for the dispersal of tourism activities
6 Beautification and providing Tourist facilities at Parvathi Puthanar 10.00
Canals from Akkulam to Kovalam
7 Beautification and providing tourist facilities at Karamana River including 10.00
facilities for river cruising
8 Development of Valiathura -Shanghumukom Beach as a leisure zone 10.00
including tourist facilities, childrens park, landscaped area etc
9 Development of veli including parking area, shopping malls, conference 20.00
facilities, children’s park, landscaping, fountains etc
10 Waterfront development at Akkulam including walkways 10.00
11 Development of Akkulam tourist village and surrounding 15.00
12 Development of Arts and Crafts Village 10.00
13 Development of Tourist facilitation complexes at Vizhinjam and 5.00
Kochuveli
14 Lighting of Tourist Destinations and enroute 10.00
15 Tourism Signages including welcoming arches, road Signages, 5.00

Signages at the destinations etc
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Sl. Name of Project Cost

No (Rs Crores.)
16 Improving tourist facilities such as facilitation centres, information 5.00
centres, quality toilets, and beautification of different public spaces
enroute
17 Development of Helicopter/Seaplane terminals at Kovalam and Akkulam 5.00
18 Development of Exhibition centres at Suryakanthi Utsavanagari 10.00
19 Facelifting of Public Office and other important public buildings abutting 5.00
major road corridors
Total 197.00
(Rupees One Hundred and ninety seven crores only)
Table 12.9: Phasing of Tourism Projects

Sl. Name of Project 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- Total
No: 08 09 10 11 12 Cost
(Rs in
crores.)
1 Tourist Facilitation and 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 0.00 30.00
entertainment complex at
Kovalam
2 Beautification and landscaping of 2.00 5.00 8.00 5.00 0.00 20.00
waterfront and other areas at
Kovalam
3 Development of Edakkallu and 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00
surrounding at Kovalam
4 Development of Kerala Gramam 0.00 0.00 3.00 2.00 0.00 5.00
at Kovalam
5 Development of various 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 10.00
undeveloped beach stretches in
and around Kovalam for the
dispersal of tourism activities
6 Beautification and providing 0.00 2.00 2.00 6.00 0.00 10.00
Tourist facilities at Parvathi
Puthanar Canals from Akkulam to
Kovalam
7 Beautification and providing 2.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
tourist facilities at Karamana
River including facilities for river
cruising
8 Development of Valiathura - 2.00 2.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 10.00
Shanghumukom Beach as a
leisure zone including tourist
facilities, childrens park,
landscaped area etc
9 Development of veli including 2.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 6.00 20.00
parking area, shopping malls,
conference facilities, children’s
park, landscaping, fountains etc
10 Waterfront development at 2.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
Akkulam including walkways
11 Development of Akkulam tourist 2.00 2.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 15.00
village and surrounding
12 Development of Arts and Crafts 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 5.00 10.00
Village
13 Development of Tourist 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 3.00 5.00
facilitation complexes at
Vizhinjam and Kochuveli
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14 Lighting of Tourist Destinations 2.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 10.00

and enroute
15 Tourism Signages including 0.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 5.00

welcoming arches, road
Signages, Signages at the
destinations etc
16 Improving tourist facilities such as 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 5.00
facilitation centres, information
centres, quality toilets, and
beautification of different public
spaces enroute
17 Development of 1.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
Helicopter/Seaplane terminals at
Kovalam and Akkulam
18 Development of Exhibition 0.00 2.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
centres at Suryakanthi
Utsavanagari
19 Facelifting of Public Office and 0.00 2.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 5.00
other important public buildings
abutting major road corridors
Total 19.00 46.00 63.00 49.00 20.00 197.00
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13.0 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
13.1 Development of Markets

A. Existing Market Activities in the City
There are two distinct locational factors which influence the market activities in
Thiruvananthapuram City. One is that the city is in the border district with the neighbouring
State of Tamil Nadu and the second is that Thiruvananthapuram is the mother city catering
to the service needs of a vast hinterland region consisting of the towns of Nedumangad,
Neyyattinkara, Attingal and Varkala.
The city has historically been acting as the collection and distribution centre of hill produces,
agricultural produces, consumer goods, fish and construction materials. In spite of
improvements in road and rail transport facilities, the status of Thiruvananthapuram as the
market centre for the wide region around continues.
B. Existing Markets for Agricultural Produces
Unpublished studies conducted earlier by Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority and
by the Department of Agriculture, Kerala have exposed that nearly 70 per cent of the
agricultural produces consumed in the city region arrive from the neighbouring states of
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Vegetables and fruits mainly arrive from Tamil
Nadu and Karnataka. Flowers arrive in huge quantities from these two states. Grains and
pulses arrive mainly from Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
The main agricultural produces market in the city is in Chalai area. Chalai main bazar road
has one side road exclusively dealing with grains & pulses. Another side road deals with
vegetables and fruits. The third side road has concentration of shops dealing with iron &
steel and other building materials. In the absence of exclusive areas earmarked for flowers,
this activity spreads to the narrow sub lanes inconveniencing pedestrian movements and
other activities. The main bazar road has a mix of all kinds of trades without any
specialisation.
The first side road is known as ‘Rice Bazar Road’ and the second side road is called
‘Vegetable Market Road’. One feature of the marketing activities here in Chalai is that both
whole sale and retail activities are mixed. Chalai market continues to be the prime market in
the city. The agricultural market network in the city is outlined below:
Main Market at Chalai;
Sub-Market at Palayam;
Sub-Market specialised in Plantains at Manacaud;
Zonal markets at Vattiyoorkavu, Peroorkkada, Pettah, Thirumala and Poojappura;
Vendor markets at Karamana, Kuravankonam;
Informal roadside markets at Vazhuthacaud, Kaithamukku, Kesavadasapuram,
Manacaud, Pettah, Secretariat (Chengalchoola) & Kumarapuram;
Vegetable & fruit stalls in various housing colonies; and
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Vendors carrying basket loads as head load or in bicycles to households.
It is roughly estimated that about 200 tons of vegetables & fruits are transacted in the city
everyday. The locally grown vegetables and fruits contribute to only 30% of the whole trade.
The market for rice and pulses are supported by FCI. However, the main player is the private
wholesale dealers who procure rice and other cereals and pulses from other states in the
country.
C. Earlier Market Development Activities
(a) The Department of Town Planning had prepared a Detailed Town Planning Scheme
for Chalai area. This DTP scheme approved by Government envisaged development
of a parallel road to Chalai bazar road (Chalai by-pass) and acquisition and
development of new markets by the side of this road.
The State PWD has since formed this road and the TRIDA has acquired land
received for market development. This land is low lying vacant; perhaps some
additional land required for market development is yet to be acquired. Steps are in
process for the acquisition of 1.50 acres. TRIDA has in possession 5.0 acres of
vacant land.
(b) The Department of Agriculture had in 1995 received assistance from the European
Economic Community (EEC) for agricultural market development. It was decided to
develop wholesale agricultural produces markets in Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and
Kozhikode. Based on some studies, it was decided to construct a major market in the
above 3 cities and sub markets in one of the peripheral towns of the cities. In
Thiruvananthapuram, the main market was constructed at Anayara by the side of NH
by-pass and the sub market in Nedumangad town. The wholesale agricultural
produces market constructed at Anayara is only partially operating due to various
reasons.
(c) Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation has taken steps to improve the zonal
markets at Thirumala, Pettah, Peroorkkada & Vattiyoorkavu. TMC has also carried
out improvements to sub-zone markets at Karamana, Kuravankonam, Anayara.
Projects Identified and Costing
The Chalai main market is far too congested without adequate pedestrian facilities, facilities
for petty vendors, carriageways blocked by
haphazard parking, loading and unloading
vehicles, encroachment by vendors and lack of
space for shops. The land behind this market
which was acquired by TRIDA has been opened
out with good road frontage from Chalai by-pass.
Chalai market is a nightmare for shop owners,
vendors, shoppers and traffic. The police is also
reluctant to bring about traffic discipline because
they are also aware of the physical constraints in
the area.
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1). Chalai Market extension and Redevelopment

Land area of 3 hectares (6.50 acres) acquired by the TRIDA. 5 acres of land is already in
possession of TRIDA.
a. Construction of new market building at FAR 1.50
Total built up area - 36000 sq.m
Cost of construction @ Rs. 10000/sq.m-Rs.3600 lakhs
b. Redevelopment of Existing chalai Market -Rs. 1000 lakhs.
c. Implementation of Traffic improvement.
Carriage way improvement, pedestrian traffic facilities Rs. 1500 lakhs
d. Improvement of surface water drainage facilities Rs.200 lakhs.
e. SWM improvements - considered under SWM
Estimated total cost - Rs.6300.lakhs.
2). Palayam sub-market

The market has trade in 3 types of commodities
(i) Vegetables and fruits
(ii) Fish and
(iii) General Merchandise.
This market area of 2 acres is owned and managed by Thiruvananthapuram Municipal
Corporation. The area surrounding this public market area is fully built up with shops selling
general merchandise, notable among them are textile shops, leather shops, restaurants and
electric shops. These old dilapidated buildings had only one or two floors height.
The TRIDA has formulated an ‘Urban
Renewal’ project for an area of 3.4 ha
comprising of the TMC market area of 0.8 ha
and the surrounding area of 2.6 ha of land.
TRIDA has already acquired 6.50acres and
two shopping blocks have been built
rehabilitating about 100 existing traders in
these blocks. As per the Master Plan prepared
for Palayam Urban Renewal Project. The
TMC is required to reconstruct the public
market in one ha of area earmarked for the
purpose. The advantage is that this land
portion is now vacant, so that TMC can construct this market, rehabilitate the traders and
then make available the present market area to the TRIDA for constructing shopping malls.
Government have issued orders for exchange of land between TMC and the TRIDA. This
proposed market development is a priority since it is part of the central city urban renewal
programme.
171
Palayam Market Urban Renewal Project

The TRIDA and the TMC have jointly
proposed Palayam Market area Urban
Renewal Project.TMC has a market area of
2.0 acres and TRIDA has acquired 6.50acres
of built up and vacant area for the project. As
per the master plan for Palayam Urban
Renewal Project the TMC would develop 2.0
acres of land for public market Development
which would include
Vegetable stalls;
Fish and Meat stalls
Stall for General merchandise; and
Open vending platform with roof.
Total built up area in 2 acres of land @ FAR of 1.50 =12000 sq.m
a. Cost of construction @Rs. 10,000/-sq.m Rs.1200 lakhs
b. Yard development, Water supply, Sewerage, Solid waste
management and Surface water drainage L.S. Rs.300 lakhs
Total = Rs.1500 lakhs
3). Redevelopment of Zonal Markets in the City

The TMC now manages the following zonal markets which operate from the various parts of
the city:
Pettah market
Peroorkada market
Vattiyoorkavu market
Thirumala market
Anayara market
Poojapura market
TMC has been carrying out improvement projects in
the above markets; though the improvements carried
out are inadequate, since the people feel that improved
and enlarged informal sector marketing facilities are
required in these markets, to cater to the needs of the
less affordable low and middle income customers.
TMC proposes to improve these markets and also to
build a few markets, to provide for paved yard with roof
for vendors, goods yard drainage, washing facilities
172
and toilet. Single storied facilities are sufficient for these vendors. However in order to make
the projects viable, shop buildings are also proposed.
4). Wayside Markets
The lower level of marketing of vegetables, fish and fruits is to carry them in pushcarts to
specific locations by the side of important road margins. In most of the cases, it is seen that
these pushcarts do not move eventually and they are slowly made permanent stalls. Another
prevalent method is to bring baskets of vegetables, fish and fruits by small time vendors and
to squat on the road margins to do brisk business during the morning hours or in the evening
hours. Such morning / evening bazaars operate in a few locations on the road margins on a
daily basis. These informal markets affect the pedestrians and automobile traffic. However
these markets are looked upon as a facility by the people. Therefore, TMC has to provide
organized spaces for such informal markets in various locations within the city. (Informal
roadside markets at Vazhuthacaud, Kaithamukku, Kesavadasapuram, Manacaud, Pettah,
Secretariat (Chengalchoola) & Kumarapuram).
The cost estimate of this is considered under Basic Services to the Urban Poor.
5). Development of zonal markets
TMC has proposals to develop the following existing markets, which are managed by TMC.
Name of Market Project cost
Main Markets
1. Manacaud market Rs.1000 lakhs
2. Peroorkada market Rs.150. lakhs
3.Vattiyurkkavu market Rs.500 lakhs
4.Punnakkamughal market Rs.200 lakhs
5. Pettah market Rs. 200 lakhs
Total Rs.2050 lakhs
Small Markets
1. Ulloor Market
2. Sreevaraham Market
3. Kadakompally Market
4. Poonkulam Market
5. Kuravankonam Market
6. Pachalloor Market
7. Mannanthala Market
8. Pongumudu Market
9. Poonthura Market
10. Vallakkadavu Market
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11. Valiyathura Market

12. Thirumala Market
13. Poojapura Market
@ Rs.10 lakhs each Rs.130 lakhs.
Total Cost Rs.2180 lakhs
6). Wholesale Market for Fish

Thiruvananthapuram has a major fish wholesale market at Pangode. Fish are transacted
here everyday. Fish is brought here in trucks from Vizhinjam (fishing harbour) in
Thiruvananthapuram district, Neendakara (fishing harbour) in Kollam district, Alappuzha and
from Mangalore, in Karnataka. About 25 truck loads of fish reach everyday.
This fish market lacks adequate space for loading and unloading, parking space for trucks,
cars, mini vans, motor cycles and cycles of traders and primary consumers. The wholesale
fish market also has a retail part, where lower level individual fish vendors operate.
The requirements for improvement of the fish market are listed below:
a. Auction platforms for wholesale trade;
b. Trade cubicles for negotiating sale;
c. Waiting area for traders;
d. Loading and unloading facilities;
e. Parking space for trucks;
f. Space for truck / booking agencies;
g. Dormitory and toilet facilities for truck operators;
h. Retail trading space;
i. Cold storage facility;
j. Space for safe keeping of fish trading baskets and other materials/ equipments of
traders;
k. Parking space for small vehicles of traders and consumers;
l. Facilities washing, drainage, fur fighting, etc.; and
m. Environmental Engineering.
TMC has arranged for preparation of a Project Design and Report through consultancy
services. It is estimated that the project cost may be Rs.1200 lakhs.
Redevelopment of whole sale fish market at Pangodu
Total cost of Redevelopment as per the project report already prepared = Rs.1200 lakhs.
174
7). Building Material Market

The TMC area has witnessed unprecedented construction boom in the last decade. It is
expected that with the pace of development activities projected for the city and surrounding
areas, the construction sector would be further strengthened. Large quantities of building
materials are brought in to the city. The city at present does not provide adequate space or
storing and trading such materials.
Two kinds of space requirements are posted:
Shop spaces for materials like sanitary wares, flooring and wall tiles, plumbing
materials, etc.
Yard space for heavy space intensive building materials like sand, crushed metal,
rubble, steel, bricks, cement, etc.
Built space for the first variety of construction materials are provided by private traders. But
open land, truck parking facilities, toilet facilities for the crew, trading space, storage
facilities, etc. for the second variety of materials are generally not available within the city.
Therefore, at many places traders and truck operators make use of road space for parking of
vehicles and for striking deals with consumers. This obstructs traffic flow along these
corridors. The police are constantly driving these traders away from the road margins, often
resulting in quarrels and bribing. This situation can be averted only if the Corporation is able
to provide space required for such trading. This is the lifeline of the construction sector and
therefore it is necessary to formalize trading in bulk building materials.
The proposal is to plan an open yard at various locations in the city for building materials
market supported by adequate amenities required for the traders, truck operators and the
consumers.
Construction of building Material Markets
4 numbers at 4 different locations in the city.
a) Ulloor
b) Ambalathara
c) Peroorkada
d) Pappanamcodu
Cost of construction (excluding land cost) :Rs. 300 lakhs each
Total cost = Rs.1200 lakhs
Total Cost for Market Development
Chalai Market extension and Redevelopment - Rs.6300.lakhs
Palayam Market Urban Renewal Project - Rs.1500 lakhs
Development of zonal markets - Rs.2180 lakhs
Redevelopment of whole sale fish market at Pangodu - Rs.1200 lakhs
Construction of building Material Markets - Rs.1200 lakhs
Grand Total = Rs.123.80 crores
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Phasing of projects under Market Development (Rs. Crores)

Table 13.1: Phasing of Projects under market development
Sl. Market 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010- Total Remarks
No -07 -08 -09 -10 11
1 Chalai Market - 10 20 20 13 63
acquired
TRIDA
Development
Land
by
2 Palayam Renewal - 5 5 5 - 15
Project
3 Zonal Markets – Main 1 5 6 6 3.5 20.5
Corporation
markets
available
Land
4 Zonal Markets- Small - 0.5 0.8 - - 1.3
with
Markets
5 Wholesale fish 1 2 3 3 3 12
market at Pangodu
6 Building Materials - 2 3 3 4 12 Land to be
Market mobilised
Total 2 24.5 37.8 37 23.5 123.8
13.2 Service Abattoirs Within the City

Thiruvananthapuram city area of 141.74 sq km accommodating a population of 7.44 lakhs is
at present served by only one Service Abattoir, maintained by the City Corporation. This is
wholly inadequate. Providing ‘service abattoirs’ is one of the mandatory responsibilities of
Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation. Service Abattoirs run under the supervision of
the health wing of the TMC and closely monitored and certified by Veterinary Surgeon
ensure hygienic meat to the citizens.
The present service abattoir at Kunnukuzhy is able to provide service to less than 20 percent
of the requirement of the city. It is estimated that on an average only 20 large animals and
50 small animals (goats) are brought to this abattoir, giving out less than 3000 kg. of meat,
whereas the average daily meat requirement in the city is about 10000 kg.
Due to non availability of service abattoirs in close proximity, unauthorized killing of animals
for meat is very prevalent in the city. In such centres killing of animals and collection of meat
is going on in unhygienic environs. The animals procured for killing are not examined for
illness or contamination. Moreover, the waste generated in the operation is haphazardly
strewn around with general garbage. This spoils the city environment. The situation in
Thiruvananthapuram is that the meat seller himself is the meat producer. He procures the
animals, takes them to the service abattoir maintained by the TMC and the staff in the
abattoir prepares the animals. The meat produced is collected by the seller on payment of
service charges prescribed by the TMC. He himself transports the meat to his shop for
selling to the consumers.
Based on the stipulations issued by the Supreme Court of India, Government of India has
issued guidelines with regard to killing of animals for meat, transport of meat, and for storage
of meat for sale. But these instructions are rarely followed. Any PIL pointing out specific
instances may lead to litigation against the TMC. To avoid such unpleasant happenings, the
TMC is duty bound to make arrangements for hygienic facilities for meat production.
176
Government has a responsibility on the health of the people. The LSGI has the responsibility
for overseeing health affairs and ensuring that the food consumed in the city by the people
are not contaminated. If the citizens have to get hygienic meat produced under the
supervision of veterinarians, the TMC has to construct 5 more abattoirs at different locations
in the city.
Construction of partially mechanized modern abattoirs in the different identified zones in the
city may considerably reduce ‘unauthorised slaughtering’. Such modern abattoirs shall have
the following facilities:
Clean built space with regular washing and cleaning arrangements
Lairage where animal are kept waiting (it is stipulated in the guidelines that the
animals waiting should not see an animal being stunned and killed)
Stun gun
Bleeding chamber and arrangement for collecting blood
Hoisting equipment and rails, to ensure the animals are not dragged on the floor and
also to facilitate the workmen (butchers) to stand by the side of the carcass for
beheading, embowelling, dehiding, removal of horns and hoof, cleaning etc.
Collection arrangement for disembowelled waste, viscera, hides, horns & hoof
Segregated clean areas after the above unclean operations
Cleaning with warm water (boilers)
Cutting and collection of meat
Storage facility for meat
Delivery counters and office space
Veterinarians chamber with changing rooms and wash rooms
Staff changing and wash rooms and staff resting rooms
Sanitary waste disposal arrangements, including incinerators
Separate abattoir chamber have to be provided for small animals (goats) and large animals
(oxen).
The TMC proposes that the existing abattoir at Kunnukuzhy may be modernized. In addition
construction of new abattoirs at the following locations is proposed:
Ambalathara;
Kadakampally / Attinkuzhy;
Kunchalummoodu; and
Kudappanakunnu
Nemom
In all the above locations the TMC hopes to provide adequate land required for construction
of abattoirs. It is hoped that with the TMC effort in making available the facility of service
abattoir close to the places where unauthorized slaughtering is going on in a big way, it
should be possible to considerably reduce the problem of unauthorized slaughtering.
177
Broad Costing
a. Modernisation of existing Abattoir at Kunnukuzhy: Rs.100 lakhs
b. Construction of 5 new abattoirs: Rs. 750 lakhs
c. Procurement of refrigerated Meat Vans
Five numbers @ Rs. 10 lakhs each Rs. 50 lakhs
Total Cost for six modern abattoirs Rs.900 lakhs
Phasing of projects (Rs. Crores)

Table13.2: Phasing of projects under service abattoirs
Sl. Abattoirs 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- Total
No 07 08 09 10 11 12
1 Modernisation of - 1.00 1.00
existing Abattoir at
Kunnukuzhy
2 Construction of 5 new - 2.00 2.50 1.00 7.50
abattoirs 2.00
3 Procurement of - 0.50 0.50
refrigerated Meat
Vans (five numbers)
Total 1.00 2.50 2.50 2.00 1.00 9.00
13.3 Cremation Grounds

Providing public cremation grounds within the city is one of the responsibilities of the TMC.
The need for such facility becomes essential when the percapita availabilty of land in the city
gets reduced every year. For a city of 141.74 sq.km accommodating a population of 7.44
lakhs (2001), the TMC maintains just 2 cremation grounds – one at Thycaud and the other at
Puthenkottah.
The TMC has undertaken reconstruction of Thycaud Crematoria, providing three electric
furnaces and other allied facilities. The cremation ground at PuthenKottah, perhaps the
oldest in the city, still functions without any improvement and is operated with fire wood or
coconut husk burning, polluting the densely populated residential area around.
In different parts of the city, specific communities / castes own land, which are used for
decades as cremation grounds. They are functioning without any regulations or TMC
interventions, with regard to pollution etc. Perhaps, with some financial subsidy for
improvement, these private cremation grounds can be made to provide enclosed furnaces
with non polluting fuel, high smoke flues, water & electricity facilities and landscaped
premises. Technical assistance can be provided by the TMC.
A few of the slum areas also have small cremation grounds within the slum area. They do
not have walled enclosures, water supply or buffer planting. These can be provided to
improve livability in the slum areas
The project components include:
178
i. Improvements/modernisation of Thycaud Crematorium : Rs 100 lakhs

ii. Improvements to Puthenkottah Public Crematorium : Rs 150 lakhs
iii. Subsidy to improve community cremation grounds
with specific projects with matching resource from
the community : Rs 400 lakhs
iv. Improvements to crematoria in slum areas : Rs 200 lakhs
Sub total of project cost : Rs 850 lakhs
Phasing of projects (Rs. Crores)

Table 13.3: Phasing of projects under cremation grounds
Sl. Cremation Grounds 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- Total
No 07 08 09 10 11 12
1 Improvements/ - 1.00 1.00
modernisation of
Thycaud Crematorium
2 Improvements to - 1.50 1.50
Puthenkottah Public
Crematorium
3 Subsidy to improve - 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.00
community cremation
grounds
with specific projects
with matching resource
from the community
4 Improvements to - 1.00 1.00 2.00
crematoria in slum
areas
Total 2.00 3.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 8.50
13.4 Education
Kerala has achieved a high literacy rate of 90.92% (Census 2001) as against an all India
average of 65.38%. Literacy rate of Thiruvananthapuram district is 89.22%. 57% of primary
school students study in government schools, 21% primary students depend on aided
schools and the remaining 22% depend on unaided schools (Vikasana Rekha 2002-07 of
TMC).
Adult Literacy Programme is being effectively implemented. Findings from the baseline
survey reveal that of the total respondents, there are 12% illiterate women and 8% illiterate
men. Majority illiterates are from the poor category. Schools exhibit a healthy enrolment and
retention rate up to secondary education; however, from the higher secondary level the
dropout rate is high, especially among the poor.
The Grandhasala Movement had taken roots years back and has grown ever since. In every
village, in almost all the wards of panchayats, there is invariably at least one library and a
reading room. The State Central Library, which came into existence in 1829, has a sizable
collection of valuable books and periodicals. The British Council Library and the University
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Library are the other two important libraries helping in study and research notable for
reference, in the city.
Thiruvananthapuram is a major academic hub. The University of Kerala is located here. The
city also has several professional education institutions including 15 engineering colleges, 3
medical colleges, 2 ayurveda colleges, 2 law colleges, 1 homeopathic college, 2 nursing
colleges, 1 dental college, 2 MCA college, I music college, 3 teacher education college , 1
agricultural college and 5 poly technic colleges. Thiruvananthapuram Medical College, the
premier health institute of the state is also ranked as one of the finest in the country. The
College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram is one of the prominent engineering institutions
in the country. The Asian School of Business and IIITM-K are two of the other top class
institutions in the city, both situated inside Technopark. The number of Arts and Science
colleges in the district is 20 and the strength of students is estimated to be 15,926. The
University of Kerala has its research and higher education centres at Kariavattom, 20 km
north of the capital city. There are 41 teaching and research departments in the University.
Colleges from Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta districts
numbering 87, are affiliated to the University. The Sree Sankaracharya University of
Sanskrit with Kalady as headquarters, has its regional centre in Thiruvananthapuram and
offers courses at degree and post graduate levels.
There are about 900 schools in Thiruvananthapuram district. The public schools are run
directly by the state government and follow the syllabus prescribed by the state government.
In addition to this there are also four Kendriya Vidyalayas run directly by the central
government, which follow the CBSE syllabus and private schools run by educational trusts or
boards which follow CBSE and/or ICSE syllabus. An international school is also located in
the suburbs.
13.5 Health
Kerala has the most extensive medical infrastructure among all states in India. In
Thiruvananthapuram, apart from the major health institutions in the Government set up like
Medical College, Sree Chithra Thirunal Institute of Science and Technology, Regional
Cancer Centre, Ayurveda Medical College and Homeo Medical College,
Thiruvananthapuram there are a number of private health care institutions which cater to the
curative needs of a large number of people from the city and outside. The other health
institutions in public sector which are managed by the Municipal Corporation include the
following
5 Hospitals - Peroorkada taluk headquarters hospital , Fort hospital, Nemom
hospital, Iranimuttam hospital and Sidha hospital, Vallakadavu.
2 Government dispensaries of modern medicine – one at Valiyathura and one at
Karamana.
5 Primary Health Centres at Poonthura, Veli, Kadakampally, Ulloor and Thiruvallam.
20 Maternity & Child Welfare Centres (MCWs) at Palkulangara, Perunthanni,
Kalippankulam, Chackai, Pettah, Valiyathura, Sankumugham, Attukal, Vettucad,
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Ambalathara, Poonthura, Thrikannapuram, Kanjirampara, Vattiyoorkavu, Karamana,

Secretariat, Kamaleswaram, Kannamoola, Barton hill and Bheemapally.
Apart from the allopathic health facilities, alternate medicine has its presence in the form of
7 ayurvedic dispensaries at Poojapura, Kalady, Kadakampally, Ulloor, Nemom,
Secretariat and Attipra.
7 homeo dispensaries at Valiyavila, Muttathara, Kadakampally, Thiruvallam,
Nemom, Beemapally and Attipra.
The Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and Maternity & Child Welfare Centres (MCWC) cater
to the primary health care of the population. The PHCs have reasonable staff strength and
facilities and are providing good service. The condition of MCWCs is not satisfactory. Each
MCWC has one Junior Public Health Nurse (JPHN) and one attender/ sweeper. Moreover
most of the JPHNs also function as Community Organizers of the Kudumbashree project.
There is no Medical Officer in the MCWC as there is only one post for all the 20 MCWC and
its functioning is intermittent and not capable of satisfying the health needs of the people.
Health care infrastructure needs to be strengthened.
13.6 Leisure & Recreation

Leisure: Thiruvananthapuram City is one of the important centres of recreational activities in
the Thiruvananthapuram district. Zoo, Museum, Art Gallery, Parks in the Water Works
compound, Science & Technology Museum, Kanakakkunnu Palace, Sanghumugham
Beach, Veli Lake, Putharikandam Maidanam etc are the major recreation centres in the city.
There are 29 cinema houses in the city. Most of the cinemas and other multipurpose halls
are located within the central zone of the city.
In the city region, the total extent under organised parks and play areas amounts to 52
hectares for 9.07 lakhs population. This works out to only about 0.06 hect/1000 population,
against a recommended standard of about 1.50 hectare per 1000 population. (i.e. 10 percent
of the city area)
There are good number of Kalyanamandapams (wedding halls) in the City Region. Tagore
Theatre, V.J.T Hall, Priyadarsini hall and a few other auditoria are other places of
congregation in the city.
The city does not have a civic centre accommodating big and small conference venues,
catering facilities, business venues, exhibition halls, press rooms etc. Similarly,
Thiruvananthapuram city also does not have a good convention centre, where state level,
national level and international levels conventions can be hosted.
The city lacks organised parks and open spaces. Details of existing open spaces are as
given below:
1. Organised open spaces and parks 56 ha
2. Stadium 10 ha
3. Open spaces attached to major institutions 62 ha
4. Uncultivable paddy fields 650 ha
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Sports
The most popular sports are football and cricket. Basketball, badminton and volleyball are
also popular, mostly in schools. The Kerala Cricket Association (KCA) is Head Quartered
in Thiruvananthapuram. The HQ complex of KCA, has training facilities including two
practice turfs with nets, bowling machines, gymnasium with multi-gym and equipment for
aerobic training, lecture hall and library, an astro-turf indoor coaching facility, fully furnished
accommodation for coaches and players, a physiotherapy clinic, functional office facilities
and guest rooms. KCA has decided to establish an international cricket stadium in the city
suburbs. Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium is a prominent football stadium and has hosted
both national and international matches. The facilities available are inadequate to host
national events. The University stadium has hosted two international cricket matches. This
stadium is under University of Kerala and is equipped with synthetic tracks for athletics and
games.
The Jimmy George Sports Complex, the GV Raja Sports School and Lakshmi Bhai National
College for Physical Education (LNCPE) are the other major sports establishments in the
city. The city also has a Golf Club, one of the oldest in India, and a Tennis Club (Trivandrum
Tennis Club/TTC) both located at Kaudiar. The golf course is widely accepted as the oldest
course outside Great Britain.
The city fields two football clubs SBT-Trivandrum and Titanium, both in the second division
of the National Football League.
Key Issues and Challenges:
Eventhough the status of the sectors under social infrastructure such as education, health
etc are discussed in this chapter, detailed studies have to be conducted for identifying the
issues pertaining to each of these sectors. While preparing Development Plan for the City,
all these issues need to be addressed coming out with suitable suggestions in consultation
with the departments concerned. However, the glaring issues under sports sector have been
highlighted here.
Sports Sector
In Thiruvananthapuram the infrastructure available for development of sports sector is far
below the required standards. There is no stadium satisfying International standards to
conduct International events. This is a major lacuna which if addressed properly would not
only solve this problem in the sports sector but also lead to enhancement in the quality of
basic infrastructure including promoting of Tourism which would boost the economic base of
Kerala in general and Thiruvananthapuram in particular.
The following projects need to be taken up on priority basis with a view to elevate the status
of sports sector in Thiruvananthapuram.
1. Provision of standard 8 lane synthetic track for the Central Stadium and the
Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium
2. Pavilion to the Central stadium (including changing rooms, dormitories and hall
for indoor games)
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3. Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) may be able to partly finance if land
required for the stadium can be made available for constructing International
Standard Cricket Stadium (25 to 30 acres of land is required).
4. Provision of playfields, volley ball, basket ball and Kabadi courts can be
considered in housing colonies.
5. Swimming pool under KWA premises may be improved and retained for district
and state level events and for trainers. The city shall have a major swimming
pool complex with practice pool, major event pools, ancillary facilities etc for
holding national and international events. Suitable site in the city suburbs can be
located for the purpose.
6. The indoor stadium at Sanghumugham housed in a prestigious building needs to
be improved with quality infrastructure.
7. The Kerala Olympic Association requires a training hostel.
8. Renovation of Jimmy George Stadium is necessary to make it fit for international
standard Table Tennis, Ball Badminton, Shuttle Badminton etc.
With in the frame work of the guidelines under JNNURM the following projects need to be
taken up on a priority basis for which costing has been incorporated.
1. Shankumugham Beach Development (Rs. 4 crores).
2. Development of selected school playgrounds as community open spaces (6
crores).
3. Development of selected neighbourhood level/zone level open spaces (5 crores).
Total = 15 crores
Table 13.4: Phasing of projects under Leisure and Recreation

Sl. Leisure and Recreation 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- Total
No 07 08 09 10 11 12
1 Shankumugham Beach 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.4 4.0
Development
2 Development of selected 0.6 1.2 1.8 1.2 0.6 0.6 6.0
school playgrounds as
community open spaces
3 Development of selected 0.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 5.0
neighbourhood level/zone
level open spaces
Total 1.5 3.0 4.5 3.0 1.5 1.5 15.0
Grand Total under social infrastructure = 156.30 crores
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PART - C
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14.0 STUDY OF URBAN POOR IN TMC AREA

14.1 Urban Poor in Thiruvananthapuram City
Discussion on Urban poor in the capital city of Thiruvananthapuram had till recently been
focusing mainly on the slums in the City. The universal characteristic of these slums
being poverty, it was justified that our actions on urban poor were earlier directed towards
urban slums. But during the last decade, the State and the Thiruvananthapuram
Municipal Corporation were concerned about the various groups who come under the
‘urban poor’ category.
• The population of urban poor in the City is 120367 (BPL Survey, 2001). This
accounts for 26.36 % of the total City population. Majority of the poor population
reside in slums and other squatter settlements, which are identified but un-notified
slums (Though Kerala has a Slum (Improvement & Clearance) Act issued in 1980,
slums have not been statutorily notified as per this Act due to the lack of adequate
Rules to enforce the same).
• Another major percentage of the remaining urban poor are in coastal areas in
scattered houses. Therefore, most of the programmes for the urban poor
addressed the issues of the coastal population, who are devoid of land ownership
rights, good houses, sanitation facilities, potable water & other basic amenities.
• In addition to these specific overcrowded slums and fisher folks scattered along
the long coastal area of the City, there are other groups of landless population,
who live in the City or make living in the City in abject poverty comprising of
vendors in the informal sector, pavement dwellers, wanderers, migrant workers,
beggars etc. They are not ‘space-specific’, but they depend on the City to make a
living and they depend on the City’s infrastructure. To address the problems of all
these categories of the urban poor population, the City needs a comprehensive
policy on urban poor with a mission mode approach.
A study published in 1995-96 by the Department of Town and Country Planning of the
State identified and officially recorded 37 slums in the City with a total population of
48,490. This study was based on the then City Corporation area of 74.93 sq. km. As per
the Census of India, 2001, the City area was expanded to 141.74 sq km with a total
population of 7.44 lakhs. This expansion of the City limits included 5 erstwhile adjacent
Panchayats to the City. It is roughly identified that now there are about 355 un-notified
slums and slum like housing areas within the city.
It is presumed that considering the Development Vision of the Capital City of

Thiruvananthapuram, the city and the peripheral areas are poised for substantial growth
and development in the next two decades attracting quite a few migrant labourers and
service providers into the city. A good percentage of them may form the poor category.
The city has to plan accordingly so that the living conditions of these poor can be
addressed and that the city does not witness increase in slums or slum-like situations.
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Kerala has generally shown good achievement in coverage of basic minimum services for
the poor population. Its social security systems in the form of pensions to vulnerable
groups and welfare funds for various categories of labourers are reasonably well spread.
The well-established public distribution system provides food security. These measures
have prevented abject poverty to a great extent.
Other dimensions of urban poverty include lack of access to basic amenities and
services, unsanitary living conditions, over crowding and exposure to various risks of
disease. A sample household survey, in the matter of provision of urban services in
Thiruvananthapuram, reveals the status as in Table 14.1.
Table 14.1: Access to Urban Services

Sl. Particulars
No.
Average Household size 4.4
Average Household income (in Rs.) 10,155
Diarrhea 2005 (%HH) 2.05
No legal tenure (%HH) 15.75
No pipe water (%HH) 49.77
No private toilet (%HH) 14.22
Open defecation (%HH) 6.77
Flooding problem (%HH) 16.20
Human Development Report 2005 of Kerala shows that the generalized non-income
deprivation index is as high as 37 for Thiruvananthapuram. This index is formulated on
the basis of deprivation in four basic necessities viz. housing quality, access to drinking
water, good sanitation and availability of electric connection.
14.2 Earlier Interventions of the Government & TMC

Planned attempts to fight poverty with community participation started in
Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation during 1995 with the formulation of Urban
Poverty Alleviation Cell (UPA Cell). Various central as well as state sponsored poverty
reduction programmes are being implemented in the Municipal Corporation area through
Community Based Organisations (CBOs) under the UPA Cell.
The CBO has a three-tier structure. At the

grass root level is the Neighbourhood
Groups (NHGs). Fifteen to forty women,
each representing a poor family, form a
neighbourhood group. At present the
number of NHGs in Thiruvananthapuram
Municipal Corporation is 1489. NHGs meet
weekly and discuss issues of the
neighbourhood. Needs are evolved through mutual interactions and are prioritised on felt
needs. The NHGs also act as thrift and credit societies. Thrift savings of the NHGs of
Thiruvanathapuram Corporation come to the tune of Rs 24.60 million and out of this
about Rs 20.60 million had been disbursed as loan to the members.
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At the ward level, the neighbourhood

groups are networked into Area
Development Societies (ADSs). There is
an Advisory Committee for the ADS at the
ward level and the ward councillor is the
Chairman of the Committee and a
Community Organizer act as Member
Secretary of the ADS. Community
Development Society (CDS) is the apex
body at the Municipal Corporation level. Altogether over 41000 families are covered
under the CBOs. A monitoring and advisory committee headed by the Mayor,
Thiruvananthapuram City Corporation co-ordinates the CDS activities. Thus good linkage
between the Municipal Corporation and the CBOs is ensured.
The felt needs of the NHGs are converted into ‘micro plans’ and the micro plans of
particular ADS are consolidated into a 'mini plan'. The mini plan from the ADSs, are
consolidated and prioritised at CDS level to form the ‘City Plan’ for poverty reduction.
For the implementation of the Centrally sponsored and State sponsored programmes
action plans are being prepared annually by the Community. Identification and selection
of beneficiaries under various State sponsored and Thiruvananthapuram Municipal
Corporation sponsored programmes are done by the NHGs.
The Poverty reduction programmes now being implemented by Thiruvananthapuram

Municipal Corporation are as detailed in Table. 14.2.
Table 14.2: Poverty Reduction Programmes

Nature of Details of the Project Benefits
funding
Centrally a) Swarna Jayanthi 2,800 poor families are benefited through self
Sponsored employment.
Shahari Rozgar
Programmes
Yojana (SJSRY) Individual enterprises: 1,163
Group enterprises - 158
b) National Slum Housing – 561

Development Individual toilets – 6000
Programme (NSDP) House wiring – 2000
c) Valmiki Ambedkar
Awas Yojana 1,707 new houses
(VAMBAY)
Corporation & a) Oushadam Anugraham Re-imbursement of cost of medicines to BPL
State Schemes families
b) Valsalyam Anugraham Medicines for senior citizens
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Nature of Details of the Project Benefits

funding
25% of the cost will be borne by the
c) Cancer control scheme Corporation for cancer treatment in RCC for
BPL families
To provide electric connection for BPL
d) Theerajoythi
families in the coastal area
e) Electric connection to
Rs 2,000/- per connection
weaker section
f) Pipe connection to weaker
Rs 1,800/- per connection
section
g) Prathyasa – Bhavana Housing project for women headed BPL
Pathathi. families.
h) Re-habilitation project for Providing shelter, food, medical and other
beggars- Sakshathkaram facilities for beggars - commenced
In addition to the above, various State Government Departments and State sponsored
agencies undertake poverty reduction programmes within the territorial limits of
Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation. The CBOs are involved in the selection of
beneficiaries, implementation of projects etc. in such programmes. However effective
linkage of these programmes with the CBO set up is yet to emerge.
Through 169 training programmes, Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation has been

able to impart training to 2831 members of NHGs on various developmental and public
health issues. One of the Area Development Societies in Thiruvananthapuram is running
a Gender Resource Centre (GRC) for providing counseling to mentally challenged
persons, substance dependants and those who have family problems. About 350
Anganwadis are functioning in Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation area to cater
to the needs of the women and children.
Institutional Structure
The Community Development Society (CDS) is the umbrella organization for the
implementation of various poverty reduction programmes in the City Corporation. All
these programmes are being implemented under the overall supervision of the Secretary
of the City Corporation. The CDS has a member secretary and a senior official drawn
from the health division of the Corporation. Apart from the Project Officer, there are 10
Community Organizers in the CDS.
14.3 Key Issues & Challenges
(1) Lack of authentic data: Lack of authentic and dependable data on the various
aspects of poverty including number and classification of slums, status of
infrastructure and access to services like water and sanitation, livelihood etc
(2) Notification of Slums: Though the Kerala Slum (Clearance & Improvement) Act,
1980 provide for notification of slums, the urban slums have not been notified till
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now. Rules have to be framed specifying norms for identification,

categorization/classification etc. of urban slums, based on which the slums can
be notified. The Act itself requires drastic change in view of the post enactment
developments and present day realities.
(3) Land Tenure: Land tenure is a critical issue in addressing the problems of the
poor. In the absence of tenure rights, the poor people living in slums are not in a
position to access social and economic benefits under poverty reduction
programmes. They also do not have freedom to upgrade their houses, as they do
not have title over the land on which they reside.
(4) Infrastructure Deficiency: Deficiency of infrastructure and deterioration of

existing infrastructure pose a serious problem due to poor maintenance.
(5) Neglect of informal sector: Poverty alleviation programmes, projects for housing
for the poor and projects for provision of infrastructure for the poor generally
consider only the identified housing areas. The informal settlements and the
scattered poor population are rarely taken as beneficiaries.
(6) Lack of Convergence: The convergence of programmes and co-ordination

between institutions to address the problems in an integrated and meaningful way
is a major challenge in effective implementation of poverty reduction programmes.
(7) Lack of Professionalism: The present manpower working in the Local

Government Institution and with the NGOs lack expertise to provide
professionalism in planning and implementation. They generally base the
strategies on experience and the felt need for short horizons.
(8) Lack of awareness among the poor on the opportunities for better living and
employment.
14.4 Formulation of Vision, Strategy and Identification of Projects

The approach adopted to identify the Vision for the urban poor, Strategies for achieving
the Vision and Priorities to be considered include the following:
• Study of the existing scenario/status of the urban poor in TMC area

• Study of ongoing programmes and assessment of their effectiveness through
discussions with corporators, officials and beneficiaries
• Consultations with –
Community based organizations (ADS & CDS functionaries)
People in the EWS categories, including Slum Dwellers
NGOs working for the cause of slum dwellers & fisherfolks
Interactive sessions with Councillors
Discussions with representatives of Political Parties
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14.4.1 Vision and Road Map for Basic Services to the Poor
(1) Vision
‘A Poverty Free Thiruvananthapuram City by the Year 2031’
About one fourth of the city population is living in slums or slum-like conditions. Urban
poverty is a major challenge due to its multi-faceted nature. The vision of
Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation is to transform the Capital City into a ‘Poverty
Free City by the Year 2031’.
(2) Road Map for Basic Services to the Poor

Sl. No Vision Outcomes 2006-07 2010 2015 2020 2031
1 Literacy (%) 80 90 95 100 100
2 Access to School 60 75 90 90 100
3 Access to Primary Health 40 65 85 90 100
4 Sanitation (%coverage) 30 55 75 90 100
5 Drinking Water 50 65 85 100 100
(% coverage)
6 Access to Housing (%) 30 80 100 100
7 Incidence of Poverty 25 20 15 0 0
8 Slums (%reduction) 0.5 25 50 85 100
(3) Goals and service outcomes

To achieve the vision, the following goals are formulated
• 100% Literacy;
• Total Sanitation;
• Housing to all poor families;
• Provision of safe drinking water within 150m;
• Universal access to health care through micro-insurance;
• Community empowerment through community mobilization and capacity building;
• Provision of basic infrastructure-Roads, Drainage, Sewerage;
• Access to qualitative and affordable basic services to the poor;
• Provision of land tenure security;
• Sustainable livelihood to all the urban poor; and
• Re-location of slums, located in hazardous and vulnerable areas.
14.4.2 Strategies
It is proposed to adopt a Mission mode strategy for the realization of goals through
effective implementation.
• Developing a database: To chalk out a time bound development action, a

comprehensive database is a pre–requisite. Hence preparation of a
database covering all aspects of slums, informal settlement areas and socio-
economic aspects of urban poor will be initiated. This database will be
regularly updated.
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• Participatory Planning Process: Development of a planning process with

the participation of the poor through community mobilization.
• Land tenure: To develop policy framework for land tenure for poor who
dwell in slums as well as in informal settlements. It is proposed to move the
State Revenue Department to adopt a phased programme of transfer of land
ownership rights to the Slum Households, who have squatted in areas where
in-situ developments are possible.
• Provision of clean environment by effective solid waste management and
providing proper drainage and sewerage system.
• Education: The standard of education of students from BPL families would
be improved through setting Remedial Education Centres (RECs).
• Preventing intergenerational transmission of poverty by organizing
Children’s Neighbourhood Groups (Balasabhas):
• Bala Nagarasabha (Children’s Corporation): To enable children to
participate in the development agenda of the city and to hear children’s
voice, a Children’s Forum at the City Corporation level is planned. The main
objective is to develop ‘children friendly city corporation’.
• Special packages for the coastal poor: About 30 percent of the urban
poor in the city are living in coastal areas, which are risk prone and
susceptible to serious vulnerability. The quality of life in the coastal areas
would be improved by providing better basic services – housing, sanitation,
drinking water, education, health care and infrastructure.
• Provision of self employment through sustainable, innovative enterprise
development programmes suiting the skills of the poor and local area
requirements.
• Special self employment programme for youth: To bring the poor youth
to the main stream of development, a special package of self employment
would be formulated based on detailed surveys.
• Geriatric Care: Provision of habitat based geriatric care with good facilities.
• Street Children: Developing a data base of street children and a planned
attempt for rehabilitation and bringing them to the main stream of the
community.
• Developing special packages for women in distress
• Social security: Poverty, overcrowding and lack of motivation of studies
lead to easy amenability to unsocial activities in the poor settlements. The
youth become easy victims to such touts. Social security measures need to
bring this culpable group to the mainstream to give them opportunities to
lead a decent life.
• Special packages for mentally and physically challenged
• Destitute: Special projects for the re-habilitation of the most vulnerable- the
destitutes, who lack any support from family, community or from voluntary
organisations
• Convergent Community Action (CCA): Poverty reduction programme
initiated by various agencies will be brought together through convergence.
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• Provision of infrastructure: for providing basic services to the poor. This

would be done through participatory mapping and need based approaches.
• Professionalism in the staff: To achieve the vision in time, some sort of
professionalism in staff is required. Apart from the existing staff, a
dedicated team of Project Management Professionals, who can work with
the NGOs would be indicated. Capacity Building can be thought of as part
of this.
• An all inclusive City Development Plan for the poor and the vulnerable
would be drawn up, which would reduce disparity by bringing the poor and
destitute to the mainstream.
• Awareness Creation & Employment opportunities through Livelihood
Oriented Business Schools (LOBS).
• Providing Marketing Support for Urban Poor
• Anganwadis, Primary Health Centres and Maternity & Child Welfare
Centres.
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15.0 PRIORITY PROJECT COMPONENTS & BROAD COSTING
15.1 General Projects
15.1.1 Livelihood Oriented Business Schools (LOBS)

Even though the State of Kerala is in the forefront of education with high literacy rate,
unemployment is a major hindrance for the development of the State. During the sixties
and eighties, a large number of skilled and unskilled labourers migrated to the Gulf
countries for jobs. Nowadays, the chances of unskilled labourers to Gulf countries are
diminishing due to competition from other Asian countries. The diminishing employment
opportunities in the Gulf countries make the unemployment situation in the State much
worse. The way out is to develop innovative and sustainable micro enterprises that can
provide gainful employment within the State and also to equip the skilled Youths more
employable by providing suitable hands on training.
There are ample opportunities for jobs like housemaids, nursing assistants, plumbers,
electricians, painters, gardeners etc in the State and their demand is on the increase.
The number of unemployed / under employed below the age of 40 in BPL families in the
Capital City comes to about 51,000 out of which 33,000 are women.
There is increasing demand for housemaids and helpers for invalids. Usually, the women
from the lower strata of the society go for such jobs both inside the state, outside and
abroad. The women from poor families have little exposure to the requirements of such
quality jobs especially in foreign countries. By providing suitable training in housekeeping,
table manners, etiquette, basic nursing training, spoken English, Arabic etc, we can make
them capable for availing of such job opportunities. This will also protect them from undue
exploitation from the middlemen as well as the employers. Apart from this awareness
building among the poor will lead to improvement in their personal hygiene, quality of life
etc and will reflect in all indicators of development. In order to impart training to the youth
to make them skilled and semi-skilled to avail such jobs, it is proposed to start special
training centres namely ‘Livelihood Oriented Business School - (LOBS)’.
Objectives:
Livelihood-oriented training for the poor at nominal cost /fee irrespective of any of
the categorization as coastal population, slum etc.;
Career guidance;
Providing assistance in placements; and
Facilitating to start low investment self-employment ventures.
Methodology:
1. Short-term courses of three months, six months and one year will be
introduced with hands on training, which can fetch trainees suitable
employment on the basis of the skills they develop.
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2. Courses will be designed keeping in mind the needs of young people as well
as preparing them to face the expectations from the world of work with an
appropriate mix of academics, life skills, technical skills, workplace
preparedness skills, service-learning activities and extra-curricular activities.
3. The training programs comprise both classroom training and apprenticeship
training.
4. Every course will be tailor-made to suit emerging industry requirements, and
will be administered in line with a constantly upgraded curriculum, developed
with feedback and inputs from industry professionals
5. LOBS provide multi-skill development training to trainees based on their
aptitude and potential
6. As communication is very essential at the work-readiness level, an intensive
spoken English course is a compulsory part of the training. This enables the
students to obtain and hold jobs with confidence.
7. LOBS would facilitate self exploration by the trainee of his / her potential
8. The work-readiness module teaches the students the structure and
requirements of the industry they are getting into
9. LOBS will act as a catalyst of change to foster, develop and promote
sustainable public-private partnership initiatives
10. A web site based virtual employment exchange will be developed to provide
Career Guidance/Counseling Centres. LOBS can also help in placement.
Cost:
1. Infrastructure:
i. Building consisting of lecture halls, Labs, office rooms, dormitory etc
Rs.100.00 lakhs
ii. Machinery & Equipments required for training: Rs.50.00 lakhs
2. Faculty support – 5 years (@ Rs.10 lakhs per year): Rs.50.00 lakhs
3. Stipend to the trainees-1000 persons (4 batches of 250 persons each) (@ 500/-

per person p.m.)- 5 years: Rs.75.00 lakhs
4. Office expenditures & raw materials @ Rs.2 lakh p.m. – 5 years: Rs.120.00
lakhs
5. Maintenance of the building/upgrading of facilities etc – 5 years @ 6 lakhs per

year: Rs.30.00 lakhs
Total Rs.425.00 lakhs
Estimated Cost for 8 Centers = Rs.3400.00 lakhs
The land available with Thiruvananthapuram Corporation at suitable locations like

Vandithadom, Kadakampally, Attukal, Oruvathilkotta, Ulloor, Jagathy etc can be made
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use of for this purpose. The civic centre/ community centres under consideration of the
Corporation can also be utilised for this purpose clubbing the training activities therein.
15.1.2 Marketing Support for Urban Poor
Micro enterprise development is considered as an effective tool for the economic

empowerment of the poor. Under the Swarna Jayanathi Shahari Rozgar Yojana
(SJSRY), a centrally sponsored self employment programme, 1321 micro enterprises
were started in the TMC area. The activities range from ethnic delicacies to computer
assembling units. One of the problems faced by the entrepreneurs is the difficulty in
marketing their products. A suitable marketing strategy to support these entrepreneurs
for marketing their products would help them to engage in micro enterprises with
confidence.
Issues
• Lack of permanent marketing infrastructure in the city for the poor to market their
products;
• Difficulty in getting space in the prime locations of the city;
• Need for large amount as advance to the shop owners, which is beyond the
capacity of the entrepreneurs; and
• Quality Assurance
For handholding and escort service to the entrepreneurs from BPL families, permanent
marketing outlets in the prime parts of the City are proposed. The land for these
marketing outlets would be provided by the City Corporation.
Cost
20 marketing outlets @ Rs 10 lakhs per unit (20 x 10 lakhs) - Rs.200 lakhs
15.1.3 Anganwadis
The Integrated Child Development Services Scheme (ICDS) is implemented by State
Government all over Kerala through Anganwadis. There is one Anganwadi Centre for
every 1000 population in rural and urban projects and one for every 700 population in
Tribal area.
50 numbers of new anganwadis are required at various locations of the city for the urban
poor for which land is available.
Cost 50 anganwadis @ Rs 4 lakhs each – Rs 200 lakhs
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15.1.4 Primary Health Centres
Primary Health centres are required for the urban poor at various locations in the city,
mainly to give first aid treatments in diarrhoea & respiratory diseases. 20 such PHCs are
proposed in the land available with the TMC.
Cost 20 PHCs @ Rs 5 lakhs each – Rs 100 lakhs
15.1.5 Maternity – Child welfare centre
Maternity-Child Welfare centres are proposed to be constructed in 20 locations in the

TMC aiming at the poor.
Cost 20 MCWCs @ Rs 5 lakhs each – Rs 100 lakhs
Grand Total under General Sector Projects: Rs.4000 lakhs
15.2 Other Projects
The requirements in respect of infrastructure and other specific aspects are discussed
category wise as below:
15.2.1 Urban Slums

The 1995 Report on ‘Urban Slums in Kerala’ published by the Department of Town
Planning, Kerala has identified 37 slums with a population of 48,490 (1991) in
Thiruvananthapuram City, when the city had an area of only 74.93 sq. km. These slums
have not been notified under the Kerala Slum Areas (Improvement & Clearance) Act of
1980. A recent unofficial estimate shows that there are about 355 slums and slum-like
habitats in the city; which now has an area of 141.74 sq km. In addition the panchayats
included in the urban agglomeration also have slums and slum like habitats.
A common feature of all the slums in Thiruvananthapuram city and the urban
agglomeration area is that all the slums are established on public land. There are no
slums on private properties.
Based on the location features and the general population characteristics a detailed
categorization of the Slums in the city can be attempted as follows:
• Slums that are located in low lying areas;

• Slums that are located along the sides of canals, railway margins and water
bodies;
• Slums that are located adjacent to sewage and drainage ponds;
• Slums which have a concentration of fisher folk; and
• Slums which have a concentration of Scheduled Caste population
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All these slums and slum like habitats do not have uniform characteristics. Broadly, these
areas can be classified as:-
• Those where in-situ developments are possible; and
• Those from where the squatters may have to be ultimately relocated, since
these locations are critical / vulnerable as they are canal / road / railway
margins or floodable areas.
Justification for the various interventions being suggested under slums is made taking the
following slums as case studies of these categories - Kanjirampara SC Colony in the
peripheral area of the city, Chengalchoola (Rajeev Nagar) slum located in the central city
area, Karimadom Colony in the central market area and by the side of a sewage pond
and Poonthura Pambur Colony, near the coastal area.
The common features of all these colonies include the following:

• The slum dwellers have land rights
• There are no open spaces where people can gather or places to plant
trees
• There are no common facilities for girls or women of any age. Very few
have some clubs for men.
• Only 45% of the houses have electricity connection.
• Water supply is mostly from public water supply taps (street fountains)
Case Studies:
(a) Kanjirampara SC Colony – This is an old colony of Scheduled Caste families,
assisted and built up during the fifties. The estimated number of households is around
600. About 10% households belong to other communities. Most of the houses are
kutcha. The number of kutcha houses requiring reconstruction is about 500. City
Corporation has built 20 houses recently through COSTFORD. Semi pucca houses
number about 50, of which there are a few terraced houses, though small in size.
Housing and Sanitation conditions are extremely poor. Common facilities include a
Community Hall which is rarely used, an Anganwadi recently constructed by the
Corporation through COSTFORD and a health centre which scarcely meets the
requirements of the people and an Industrial Training Centre. This is located on the road
side near Kanjirampara LP School and close to Killiar (Killi River). There are nine
neighbourhood groups under Kudumbasree. Under these NHGs one bamboo unit and
one ‘clean well’ unit are working giving employment to a few. Unemployment of the
school dropouts is a serious issue.
(b) Chengalchoola (Rajaji Nagar) – The total area is 12 acres. There are 1042
households with a total population of about 5000. 700 dwelling units have been
constructed by the Kerala State Housing Board (KSHB) of which 200 require intensive
maintenance. Recently TMC, through COSTFORD, has constructed 90 dwelling units and
70 are scheduled for immediate construction. Nearly 182 shacks still remain to be taken
up. The total number of houses to be built in the colony is 382. There are some clubs for
young men and 3 Anganwadis.
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Being a low lying area located by the side of drainage canal the colony is flooded during
monsoons. The overspill water often carries sewage and solid wastes. An informal daily
market is operated in the area where the vendors are mostly the elderly. This market is
located by the roadside and is operated in very unhygienic conditions. A space can be
made available for the relocation of this market. All the pucca houses have toilets and
water supply. The wide drain which runs through the colony needs to be considered while
effecting improvements in Rajaji Nagar Slum area.
(c) Karimadom Colony – It is 6 acres in area. Only 3.50 acres is relatively usable for
habitation, the remaining being drainage and sewage ponds. Excess water from the
nearby sewage pump house is occasionally let off into the pond. The colony area gets
water logged during rains. There are 685 households and only 72 of the houses are
pucca in nature. The number of houses
requiring reconstruction is 613. None of the
other houses/shacks have toilets or water
supply. A revised subdivision layout plan
has to be prepared for the whole slum area
with adequately planned provision of
infrastructure, measures to award
ownership rights on land, phased manner of
construction of dwelling units and
community oriented employment guidance
programmes.
(d) Poonthura Pambur Colony – The total area of this slum is 1.20 acres. There are
214 households. Only 47 are of pucca construction, each dwelling unit with a built up area
20 sq m. Remaining 167 require immediate reconstruction. There are pay-use toilets for
ladies. The men use the seashore as toilets. Water supply is only through street taps. The
T.S. canal (Parvathi Puthenar) runs alongside and regularly overflows during the rains.
Intensive efforts are required to plan and implement improvement measures in this
colony. This colony may need a different approach from the other slums in the city due to
the different lifestyle and culture of the inhabitants, since the colony is near the coastal
area.
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Needs to be addressed
Following the guidelines and in conformity with the requirement suggested by the
beneficiary stake holders in some of the slums, the programmes suitable for the revival of
normal life and leading to a path of sustainable development ensuring a life of dignity and
of equal opportunity are suggested. The PRA exercise held with the neighbourhood
groups of Kanjirampara Colony and discussions with a few stake holders in
Chenkalchoola Colony helped in evolving suggestions for improvement. Since each slum
had its own peculiarities in terms of location, composition of population, socio-political
situation and other factors, improvement programmes have to be evolved after due
interactions with the occupants and the NGOs who work for the slum dwellers. It is
reported that in some slums the able bodied men are trapped into nefarious activities as
stooges of a few powerful groups. It is necessary to relieve them of these hold and
provide them opportunities to lead normal lives. This may be a time taking laborious
process needing special institutions at least in the major colonies. Two major components
of the improvement measures are noted below.
(A) Home and Environment

The most debilitating factor in the conditions of life of the inhabitants of all the slums is the
utterly miserable living conditions including the overcrowded houses, lack of adequate
quantity and quality of drinking water, lack of drainage for storm water, absence of proper
arrangements for sewage disposal and the neglect of environment around these
settlements. A brief explanation of the status of each of these facilities and the proposal
for providing reasonably good alternative / improvements is attempted below:
Housing
Nearly 80 percent of the population in the slum areas live in substandard dwelling units
made with walls of mud or some discarded boards or sheets, with thatched roof or with
plastic / tin sheets. The dwelling units constructed by government, governmental
agencies or by NGOs under any of the schemes provided only bare facilities like one
room for sleeping, one common room and a kitchen. These houses are over crowded
with as many as 5 to 10 members in a few households. Some dwelling units also have
more than one household living under the same roof.
Planned improvement of the slum area would demand every house hold to be provided
with one dwelling unit to accommodate an average house hold size of 4.50. This is
possible if an incremental house building approach is taken, with participation of the
beneficiary to an extent of 10 percent of the cost of construction. Since most of the slum
areas are in low lying areas of the city, foundations are bound to cost more compared to
that required for houses on solid ground. It is roughly estimated that a dwelling unit with
50 sq m built up area may cost about Rs. 2.00 lakhs. Based on the number of HHs in the
slum areas, about 6662 dwelling units may have to be constructed, which may cost
Rs.13324 lakhs, out of which Rs.1332.4 lakhs would be the beneficiary contribution in
kind or in terms of labour. Around 2000 slum households in critical locations need
relocation. The cost for this is estimated as Rs.8000 lakhs.
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Drinking Water Supply -

This is an essential input in improving the quality of life of the slum dwellers. At present
they suffer in terms of quantity and quality of drinking water supplied. Many of them do
not have house connections. Water supply improvement and augmentation proposals in
the city area are being dealt with separately under this Project Report. The proposals aim
at 100 percent coverage with quality potable water with focus on the urban poor. For
providing household connection to about 6809 households @ Rs 5000/HH, an amount
of Rs 340.45 lakhs is required.
Storm Water Drainage –

Lack of proper storm water drainage is a serious problem especially in low lying
settlements. In settlements like Chenkalchoola and Karimadom where the entire sewage
of the city is coming and getting collected for pumping out, creates lots of environmental
problems. This requires proper collection and disposal of sewage in the city and
organizing storm water drainage in each of the settlements. Storm water drains have to
be constructed for 3 km length at Kanjirampara, 6 km at Chenkalchoola, 4 km at
Karimadom and 1 km at Poonthura. Unit cost of construction of drain may vary from one
location to another, due to soil conditions or the length of drains required linking the
colony drains to the main drains of the city. It is expected that about 40 slum areas may
require construction of drains. About 54 km of drains may have to be constructed.
The total requirement of funds is estimated as Rs. 810 lakhs @ Rs. 15 lakhs per km.
Sewerage –
The pollution of the settlements from the overflowing sewage is a serious problem in
many settlements like Chenkalchoola and Karimadom. In the core city areas sewer lines
are to be constructed from within the settlements to the main sewers. Estimates are
made for both constructions of sewer lines for settlements, which are in the central areas
of the city and for construction of community septic tanks for the slum settlements, in the
peripheral areas of the city. The estimate amount is Rs.466 lakhs assuming a rate of
Rs 5000/- per septic tank and providing a lumpsum for sewerage extension.
Environmental Improvement –
Most of the settlements have very poor environment, puddles of water, heaps of dirt and
litters and garbage thrown around. Provision for improving this is to be given for each
settlement. An amount of Rs.485 lakhs is provided for this. This provision is for
clearing the unwanted structures and dirt around and for creating parks and improving the
landscapes.
Roads –
In all the colonies proper internal roads are absent. Connectivity to each house is
necessary. Construction of new roads, improvement of existing roads and provision of
walk ways have to be provided for. The proposal is for Rs.1,668 lakhs.
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Bio-gas plants –
To effectively utilize the garbage and other bio-degradable materials into useful energy,
bio-gas plants are proposed for each settlement. The gas generated from this is to be
utilized as alternative cooking fuel. A lump sum provision of Rs.540 lakhs is provided.
The development and training of teams from within the slum itself, capable of planning,
implementing, monitoring and maintaining the infrastructure should be provided for.
Emphasis should be given to site specific and micro level infrastructural provisions.
(B) Support Systems

Though important for the alleviation of the dismal conditions within a slum, the above
components are merely physical interventions. Long term benefits for the slum dwellers
will be realised only if these physical interventions are accompanied by social support
systems.
The strategy should be to empower the beneficiary population and enable them to catch
up with the rest of the population. This will need very special attention and facilities of a
high order closely supervised by dedicated teams composed of members of various
disciplines to empower the beneficiaries and handle the development programmes
themselves without allowing the funds to fritter away through intermediaries. Therefore,
facilities are to be provided for the growing generation and for the grownup separately.
The support services proposed to be provided are:
1) Day Care Centres for young children of pre school age

2) Remedial Education Centres for school dropouts and for school going
students who need teaching assistance to get through with studies. These
centres can also be used as vocational training centres.
3) Centre for counseling/ Preventive Health Clinics for people of all age group.
4) Community Centres for use of both men and women. These can also function
as meeting halls and for vocation centres for NHGs.
5) Provision of play fields and organized open spaces for out door activities.
Provision of outdoor recreational spaces may activitate the youth in sports and
games during their free hours, rather than indulging in activities which
misguide them.
Cost estimates under two broad headings are as follows:

a) Home & Environment : Rs.25633.45 lakhs
b) Support Services for total
growth and sustainability : Rs.8585 lakhs
Total for Slum Improvement (A + B) : Rs.34218.45 lakhs
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Cost Estimates for Infrastructure Facilities In Slums of Thiruvananthapuram
A. Home & Environment

Infrastructure/facilities Kanjirampara SC Chengachoola Karimadom Poonthura Pambur Other
to be provided Colony Colony Colony Colony Settlements- 351
in TMC and slums
in urban Total Cost
agglomeration area (Rs in lakhs)
HH Total - 600 HH Total - 1042 HH total - 685 HH Total – 214 HH Total - 6600,
HH Kutcha - 500 HH Kutcha - 382 HH Kutcha - 613 HH Kutcha - 167 HH Kutcha - 5000
A. Home & Units Cost (in Units Cost (in Units Cost (in Units Cost (in Units Cost (in
Environment lakhs of lakhs of lakhs of lakhs of lakhs of
Rs) Rs) Rs) Rs) Rs)
1) Houses @ Rs.2.00 500 1000 382 764 613 1226 167 334 5000 10000 13324
lakhs
2) Relocation of Slum 2000 8000 8000
households in critical
locations
2) Drainage / Channel
a) Storm Water Drain (in 3 Km 45 6 Km 90 4 km 60 1km 15 40 km 600 810
Kms.)
b) Sewerage 600 30 LS 150 LS 100 214(S.T) 11 3500 175 466
(S.T) (SEW) (SEW) (ST)
c) Environmental LS 25 LS 50 LS 40 LS 20 LS 350 485
Improvement Lump sum
d) Drinking water 600 30 382 19.1 613 30.65 214 10.7 5000 250 340.45
connection to about
6809 households @ Rs
5000 per connection
3) Roads LS 24 LS 24 LS 12 LS 8 LS 1600 1668
4) Bio-gas plant LS 10 LS 10 LS 10 LS 10 LS 500 540
Total (Table A) 25633.45
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Cost Estimates for Infrastructure Facilities in Slums of Thiruvananthapuram

B. Support Services for Total Growth and Sustainability
Infrastructure/ facilities Kanjirampara SC Chengachoola Karimadom Poonthura Other
to be provided Colony Colony Colony Pambur Colony Settlements- 351
in TMC and
slums in urban
agglomeration Total Cost (in lakhs
area of Rs)
HH Total - 600 HH Total - 1042 HH total - 685 HH Total – 214 HH Total - 6600
HH Kutcha - 500 HH Kutcha - 382 HH Kutcha - 613 HH Kutcha - 167 HH Kutcha - 5000
3) Support Services for No.of Cost (in No.of Cost (in No.of Cost (in No.of Cost (in No.of Cost (in
total growth and Units lakhs of Units lakhs of Units lakhs of Units lakhs of Units lakhs of
sustainability Rs) Rs) Rs) Rs) Rs)
a) Daycare Centre (0 – 4 20 6 30 4 20 3 158 60 300
5), Play School/ 385
b) Remedial educationc 2 30 4 60 2 30 2 30 60 900
entre for schoolgoing
children and dropouts
from the school
1050
c) Elders House - 1 30 2 60 1 20 1 20 50 1000
Community Building 1130
d) Centre for counselling 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 60 3000
/ preventive health clinic 3200
f) Community Hall 1 40 1 40 1 40 1 40 40 1600 1760
h) Development of open LS 50 LS 50 LS 40 LS 20 LS 900
spaces 1060
Total (Table B) 8585
Total (Table A+B) 34218.45
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15.2.2 Coastal Population
Status of coastal area settlements

Thiruvananthapuram city has a long coastal line of 18 km. The major percentage of
population in the coastal area settlements is fisher folk. They form a vulnerable group due to
various reasons. Their occupation is mostly seasonal, since they cannot venture out into the
rough sea during monsoons and during rough weather. They usually have a hand-to-mouth
existence with their meagre earnings. Besides the low income, overcrowding within the
settlements, bad sanitation, non availability of drinking water and inadequate infrastructure
etc. also result in poor quality of life in the fishermen settlements. The hutments which are
located close to the sea are regularly affected by sea erosion, causing damages to the
dwelling units and loss of fishing gears.
It is necessary to evolve a comprehensive settlement policy for the coastal settlements,

especially taking into account the Coastal Zone Regulations, the nature of fishing operations
and the specific living habits of the people.
13 of the 86 divisions of the City Corporation are in the coastal area. The total population in
the coastal area is 48313 (2001). Fishing settlement wise population distribution is as
follows:
Table 15.1: Ward wise population details of fishermen settlement

Name of Fishing village Population
Panathura 2751
Poonthura 12485
Beemapally 5543
Cheriathura 1994
Valiathura 5988
Kochuthope 3915
Valiathope 1806
Sanghumughom 1532
Kannanthura 1661
Vettukadu 3444
Kochuveli 2800
Pallithura 3816
Valiaveli 578
Total 48313
Source: Socio-techno-economic survey of Fisher folk in Kerala by Department of Fisheries (2004).
Project Components
a. Seashore Protection
The coastal areas are frequently subjected to sea erosion due to high tidal waves. Heavy
sea erosion leads to serious damages to the dwelling units, fishing implements and
infrastructure facilities. To prevent this, seashores should be protected scientifically. Sea
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erosion can be minimised by using geo-textiles and vegetation (indigenous species for
example: Thespesia).
Costing for 18 km coastline protection using Geo-textiles, creation of sand dunes, covered
with red earth and geo-textile includes carpet grassing.
a. For side protection of 18 km coastline @ Rs 50 lakhs per km = Rs 900.00 lakhs
b. Planting of local species of trees on both sides of the protected sand dunes including
watering for the initial days, along the coast line @ Rs 4 lakhs per km = Rs 72.00
lakhs
Total: Rs.972.00 lakhs
b. Housing
The coastal area in the city is thickly populated. The density of population in the coastal
areas in the State is 2168 persons per sq km as against the State average of 819 persons
per sq km. Normally, the fisher folk live along the coastal areas and their settlements are
confined to the coastal stretches along the beaches. This has resulted in the high density of
population in the coastal areas.
The recent survey by Department of Fisheries, GoK (2004) reveals that 69.70 percent of the
houses of the fisher folk are in dilapidated conditions. Nearly 10 percent of the fishermen
population does not have their own houses.
Since the coastal area is overcrowded, two types of housing developments are proposed to
solve the acute housing problems faced by the fisher folk (1) in-situ development and (2)
relocation.
Table 15.2: Cost

Sl. Component Number of Houses Cost per house (Rs.) Total cost (Rs.
No. lakhs)
1 In situ development 3000 80,000 2400
2 Relocation 1000 2,00,000 2000

(multistoried)
3 Shelter upgradation 2000 40,000 800
Total 5200
c. Sanitation
It is estimated that nearly 20 percent of the households in the coastal areas have no
sanitation facilities. The open seashore where the fish landings take place is used by the
fisher folk for their toilet purposes. As an improvement to basic facilities, sanitary latrines &
bathing cubicles should be provided for all in the coastal areas. Priority needs to be given
both for household latrines as well as community toilets.
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Cost:
Household latrines for 3000 households @ Rs 10,000/each- Rs. 300 lakhs
Community toilets including bio-gas plants – 13 (one in each Fishing Village) @ Rs 10 lakh
each for 13 units - Rs. 130 lakhs.
Total: Rs. 430 lakhs
d. Drinking Water Facility

The recent survey by the Fisheries Department (2004) reveals that there is acute scarcity of
drinking water in almost all the fishing villages. The distribution lines provided in the coastal
areas are very old and clogged affecting free flow of water through these pipes. To improve
water supply in the coastal areas, these old pipes need to be replaced by new PVC pipes.
As the replacement of pipelines and extension of distribution lines are included under the
general water supply augmentation scheme, only proposals for replacement of household
water connections is included under this scheme.
Cost:
Replacement of 8,000 household water connections @ Rs 5,000/- per HH connection
Rs.400 lakhs
e. Health Intervention
The increased morbidity is a cause of concern in the coastal areas. The common diseases
that occur include diarrhoea and respiratory diseases. Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and
Maternity & Child Welfare Centres (MCWCs) are the major health care centres in the coastal
area. The health problems in the coastal areas of the city are much more than that seen in
other parts of the city. At present, there is only one government dispensary at Valiathura,
two PHCs in Poonthura and Veli and 5 MCWCs. With these very limited facilities it is very
difficult to cater to the health needs of the coastal population in the city. Hence one PHC in
each coastal ward is proposed:
Cost:
11 Primary Health Centres (PHCs) @ Rs 30 lakhs per unit Rs.330 lakhs
f. Other Infrastructure Needs

Infrastructure development in the coastal area is another priority sector. Easy access to the
city roads from the beach is a prerequisite for speedy transport of fish to the various retail
markets in the city.
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Cost for infrastructure development

a. Roads @ Rs 20 lakhs per fishing village - (13 x 20 lakhs) - Rs 260 lakhs
b. Storm water drains @ Rs 10 lakhs per fishing village – (13 x 10 lakhs) -
Rs 130 lakhs
c. Street lights @ Rs 10 lakhs per fishing village – (13 x 10 lakhs) - Rs 130
lakhs
Total - Rs 520 lakhs
g. Pre-primary Education
Literacy movements in Kerala resulted in an increase in literacy rate of the fisher folk too.
Nearly 87.06% of the male and 84.53% of the females are literates. The State has the lowest
school drop out rate among all States in India. In 2002, the drop out rate in the State was
only 1.36%. However among the fishermen families, the drop out in the age group 5 to18 is
14.6%. This is alarming compared to the State average. To provide better education
facilities, it is required to strengthen pre-primary education. Hence it is proposed to establish
minimum of 2 Anganwadis in each fishing village in the city.
Cost
a) Construction of new Anganawadis 2 each per fishing village (13 x 2 @5 lakhs)

- Rs 130 lakhs
b) Facility improvements in the existing Government Education Institutions
in the coastal areas (now transferred to TMC) - Rs 100 lakhs
c) Village Study Centres to provide a common space for the children for remedial
education (2 each in each fishing village) @ Rs 15 lakhs per centre (2 x 13 x
15) - Rs 390 lakhs
h. Micro Fishing Harbours

The economy of a household in the coastal area depends mainly on fishing. During the
monsoon season (June- August), the fisher folk in the coastal areas of city find it very difficult
to venture into the sea due to lack of breakwater facilities. During monsoons, the fishermen
in the City area have to reach Vizhinjam harbour for fishing, which is about of 20 km away
from their place of residence. Vizhinjam fishing harbour is even otherwise very crowded. To
solve this issue, it is proposed to construct a fish landing facility at Valiathura and a
permanent bar-mouth at Poonthura Pozhi. Also, search boats to rescue fishermen at risk are
to be purchased.
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Permanent Bar-mouth at Poonthura Pozhi – Rs.2000 lakhs

Mangrove Plantation along Poonthura Pozhi – Rs.100 lakhs
Valiathura mini fishing harbour, purchase of search boats Rs.2500 lakhs
i. Fish Auction Centre cum Drying Yard

Being seasonal, large scale landing of fish during certain periods creates problem in
preservation. Absence of adequate cold storage facilities leads to heavy damage to fish.
Better facilities for fish preservation would definitely result in getting better returns.
Permanent structures for fish auction are also lacking. Hence it is proposed to construct one
fish storage facility and auction centre with drying yard with solar energy support in each
fishing village.
Cost
13 centres @ Rs 30 lakhs per centre - Rs.390 lakhs
j. Multi-purpose community centre cum disaster shelter

During monsoons the fishermen households in the city are badly affected by sea-erosion.
The affected families are taken to the schools / community centres nearby. Multipurpose
community centres in the coastal villages can be used as shelters during emergency as well
as for other community activities. Hence a multipurpose community centre cum disaster
shelter in each fishing village is proposed
Cost
13 centres @ Rs.50 lakhs - Rs 650 lakhs
k. Transportation facilities
In Thiruvananthapuram, the fisherwomen in the coastal areas are normally engaged in fish
vending. A serious problem faced by the women fish vendors is transportation from beach to
city markets and back. Introduction of a special transport system exclusively for the women
fish vendors would facilitate easy transport to the market place. Hence, a fleet of 10
minibuses for the transportation of the women fish vendors is proposed.
Cost
10 Mini Buses @ Rs.10 lakh - Rs 100 lakhs
Grand Total of development projects for Coastal Population: Rs 14212 lakhs
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15.2.3 Informal Sector
Relocation of Street Vendors

Urban vending is not only a source of employment but provide ‘affordable’ services to the
majority of urban population. The role played by the hawkers in the economy as also in the
society needs to be given due credit but they are considered as unlawful entities and are
subjected to continuous harassment by Police and civic authorities. The apex court of the
country has even ruled that “if properly regulated according to the exigency of the
circumstances, the small traders on the side walks can considerably add to the comfort and
convenience of the general public, by making available ordinary articles of everyday use for a
comparatively lesser price. An ordinary person, not very affluent, while hurrying towards his
home after a day’s work can pick up these articles without going out of his way to find a
regular market. The right to carry on trade or business mentioned in Article 19(1) g of the
Constitution, on street pavements, if properly regulated cannot be denied on the ground that
the streets are meant exclusively for passing or re-passing and no other use.” The National
Policy on Urban Informal Sector also supports this. Street vendors provide valuable services
to the urban population while trying to earn a livelihood and it is the duty of the State to
protect the right of this segment of population to earn their livelihood. It is in this context that
Thiruvananthapuram Corporation has come up with this project proposal to revamp and
reposition street vending in a most befitting manner taking in to consideration the basic rights
of the street vendors and providing better amenities to the urbanites.
The important locations where street vendors mainly operate in the TMC area are given
below (The figure in the bracket gives a broad estimate of the number of vendors): East Fort
(500), Chalai (750), Manacaud (300), Thampanoor (250), Statue (300), Palayam (250),
Karamana (400), Kesavadasapuram (250), Vazhuthacaud (200) and in the roads that lead to
the out skirts of the city such as Medical College, Ulloor and Sasthamangalam (500) etc. It is
estimated that approximately 3700 street vendors are operating in the city. Detailed surveys
and studies need to be conducted to identify the status correctly.
Objectives of the Project

1. To provide facilities for appropriate use of identified space including the creation
of hawking zones in the urban development plans
2. To make Street vendors a special component of the urban development plans by
treating them as an integral and legitimate part of the urban distribution system.
3. To promote self-compliance amongst Street vendors.
4. To set up participatory mechanisms with representation by urban vendors’
organizations, (Unions / Co-operatives/ Associations), Voluntary organizations,
local authorities, the police, Residents Welfare Associations (R W As) and others
for orderly conduct of urban vending activities in hygienic environs.
5. To take measures for promoting a better future for child vendors by making
appropriate interventions for their rehabilitation and schooling.
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6. To provide better facilities to the urban population for hassle free purchases of
goods and services.
The Project Components

To revamp and reposition the street vendors of the City Corporation area, a multi pronged
approach is proposed in this project. The important components of the project are (1) Spatial
Planning – demarcation of vending zones, (2) provision of semi permanent infrastructure (3)
provision of legal status to the street vendors through regulatory process (4) creating an
organization structure and (5) collection of revenue
1. Spatial Planning – demarcation of vending zones

Relocation and repositioning of the street vendors warrant identification and earmarking
specific areas to continue their occupation without hindrance and at the same time ensuring
that it should not pose a threat to the civic amenities. It is suggested that while detailed
spatial planning exercise is undertaken, the needs of the street vendors and the public at
large shall be taken into consideration and specific demarcations made to designate areas
where street vending can be permitted. To make the plans conducive and adequate for the
hawkers of the city, the following would be adhered to:
• The plan would take into account the natural propensity of the Street vendors to
locate in certain places at certain times in response to patterns of demand for
their goods/services.
• The Corporation would provide sufficient spaces, designated as ‘vendors markets’
in layout plans at locations of such natural markets, for the number of vendors
(static and mobile) which can cater to demand for their wares / services. If
aspirants to such locations exceed the spaces available, excess would be
regulated by fees or lot and not by discretionary licenses. In any case market
forces like price, quality and demand will automatically curtail the number of
vendors to sustainable levels.
• In the city certain roads or streets would be identified and declared as market
place for particular day eg: Sunday market etc. On that day the regular traffic will
be blocked and vehicles will be diverted and the entire street kept for trading. This
can be replicated in the general sector also.
• Product / service wise earmarking such as a particular location for textiles, sundry
items, tools, furniture etc will also be thought of while preparing detailed plans
2. Provision of semi permanent infrastructure

The rehabilitated street vendors will be repositioned in suitable structures created for the
purpose. The identified locations if it happens to be streets semi permanent structures will be
provided to protect them and their wares from the vagaries of nature.
Adequate care will be taken to provide provisions for solid waste disposal, Public toilets,
aesthetic design of mobile stalls/ push carts, electricity, drinking water and storage facilities.
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Necessary steps will be taken to provide legal status to the street vendors and to bring in
regulatory processes. Adequate amendments shall be brought in the Kerala Municipalities
Act, 1994.
Table 15.3: Project Components and Broad Costing

Sl Activity Cost (in Rs.
No lakhs)
1 Initial Survey using Community Volunteers to identify the Street Vendors 15.00
2 Creative workshop to identify alternate market place and spatial planning 01.00
process
3 Developing alternate market place 700.00
4 Developing alternate market place for women fish vendors 200.00
6 Providing civic amenities 500.00
7 Providing electricity 100.00
8 Awareness camps / sensitisation workshop 50.00
9 Publicity / Advocacy 50.00
Total 1615.00
Monitoring Mechanism
Thiruvananthapuram Corporation will develop an appropriate monitoring mechanism with the
participation of all stakeholders ensuring public private partnership.
15.2.4 Other Vulnerable Sections

a. Destitute
While analyzing the poverty situation of the State it has become evident that the multi
dimensional deprivations faced by a section of families, individuals who are absolutely poor
needs special attention. They are the poorest of the poor. They are the outliers of the
development scenario in the negative extreme. They live at the margins of the economy,
society and polity. They do not have a “voice” or the power of “choice”. They are not a
constituency or vote bank. They face the worst forms of deprivation and lack of access to the
basic minimum services. They are exposed to all forms of vulnerability and do not have any
safety net against risks. Their income is below subsistence and they are dependent. These
faceless powerless people lack capabilities and are not aware of their entitlements nor can
they access them. They cannot compete nor can they bargain. Severity of destitution is by
unfavorable physical, gender or caste status. That is, disability being a woman, being a
widow, belonging to a Scheduled Caste or Tribe can singly or in combination aggravate the
suffering. They have to be invested with identity, personality and empowered to stand on
their own. Only an Antyodaya approach can reach them. Only care and handholding can lift
them.
The Needs of the destitute families

The varying needs of the destitutes are classified in to 4 broad categories, which are listed
below.
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a) Survival needs such as food, health, pension and education,

b) Infrastructure needs such as land for housing, construction of house, safe drinking
water, sanitation
c) Development needs such as employment, skill development, livelihood for
sustenance
d) Psychological needs such as lack of competitiveness, initiative, awareness, social
exclusion etc.
Package of care services

To address these issues faced by this most vulnerable sect separate strategies have to be
worked out. To enable them to move out of the poverty trap, a package of care services
which encompass food security, education, health care reasonable pension, shelter,
sanitation, drinking water, building competitiveness and initiatives and to prevent social
exclusion has to be designed.
The total population of the city is about 744713 comprised in 174670 households (2001
census). A broad assessment is that about 3490 households i.e. around 2% of the total
households are destitutes who are the poorest of the poor. On a rapid survey it was found
that of the destitute families 50% are living in slums and their infrastructure needs are being
catered through slum development programme suggested in this project separately. The
rehabilitation process of the remaining 50%, which numbers around 1700 households are
being addressed in this programme.
A comprehensive project to address the specific issues of the destitute families targeted with
definite outputs may result in a destitute-free city within a time frame.
Table 15.4: Project components and broad costing

Sl. Activity Cost (in Rs.
No lakhs)
1 Identification of destitute families using community volunteers including 15.00
cost of training, printing of survey schedules etc
2 Participatory need assessment 10.00
3 Preparation of zone wise projects 1.00
4 Provision for regular supply of food for three years for 1000 families 108.00
5 Health care 25.00
6 Pensions 108.00
7 Education 25.00
8 Shelter – New House 800.00
9 Shelter up gradation – Repairs 50.00
10 Civic amenities 50.00
11 Awareness camps/counseling support 10.00
12 Renovation and maintenance of existing poor homes/destitute homes 50.00
12 Documentation 5.00
Total 1257.00
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b. Children at Risk including Street Children

In every city and town, amidst opulence and plenty, live significant numbers of street and
working children. They are robbed of childhood and adult protection, compelled to negotiate
their precarious existence in an adult world of crime, misery and exploitation. These children
come to the street running away from home due to poverty and traumatic conditions, neglect,
death of parents, desertion, or natural calamities. In addition to this, studies indicate that a
section of the children are also of migrant labourers working in the loosely organized low
wage sector such as construction, household activities etc. The children who come to the
streets are largely engaged in beggary, shoe polishing, rag picking, vendor of sundry items,
coolies and even in some case these children are destined to carry drugs and involve in anti
social activities.
Are they ever been equated with the children of the better offs in society? Are they not
discriminated in respect of education, shelter, food, parenting and even the guaranteed child
rights?
The children come to the street mainly for their physical survival. While majority of them have
severed their contacts with family a good number of them live with their family either in
streets of the city or at suburbs. These children have experienced conflicts, anguish and
abuse. They are forced to live under oppressive environments because of their inability to
muster the courage to fight or revolt against such oppressions. It must be noted that these
children are not deviant or delinquent; in fact they are intrinsically more gifted than the
mainstream ones.
Rehabilitation Package
The rehabilitation package of the children at risk has to follow multi pronged approaches,
which are listed below:
1. Identify the children at risk in streets

2. Set up rehabilitation centers
3. Set up bridge schools to enable the working children for schooling
4. Organizing the children in to small groups for empowerment – the ‘Balasabha’
model can be adapted
5. Trace out the family and enable the child to live with parents
6. Improve the quality of life of the parents to protect the basic rights of the child
7. Provide counseling support to the child and parents as well
8. Ensure participation of Community /Civil Society Organizations in the
rehabilitation process.
The Don Bosco, a renowned Non Governmental Organisation working for the cause of street
children is operating one rehabilitation center in the city. A child line is also operated in the
center. The experience of this center is that over the past five years they were able to cater
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1000 children from the street. Also it is observed that every week an average 15 children are
newly coming to the street from different parts of the state and even from other states. Those
children who have safe homes to return are sent back and others are settled in the
rehabilitation center. Experience shows that at least 2 to 3 have no safe homes to return. To
streamline this sector and to ensure proper rehabilitation 3 new rehabilitation centers in
different regions of the city are proposed. In addition to this the existing rehabilitation centers/
juvenile homes have to be upgraded with State of the Art facilities. To address the needs of
the working children 4 bridge schools are also proposed.

Sl. Activity Cost
No (Rs. lakhs)
1 Identification of children at risk 5.00
2 Setting up of 3 rehabilitation centers including counseling centers 75.00
3 Up gradation of existing rehabilitation centers / juvenile homes 25.00
4 Setting up of bridge schools for working children for schooling (4 Nos) 200.00
5 Organization of children’s group 5.00
6 Awareness camps/ sensitization workshops and advocacy 15.00
Total 325.00
c. Physically & Mentally Challenged

The studies on the informal and the vulnerable sections of Thiruvananthapuram City
highlighted the issues of a number of sectors; one of which is the plight of mentally and
physically challenged persons in poor families.
The socio-economic backwardness of the poor are further worsened and aggravated when a
member of the family becomes mentally or physically challenged. Though there is a strong
national legislation to protect the rights of the disabled and though the city corporation is
willing to commit themselves to help such people, there is still considerable lack of clarity on
what needs to be done and what can be done. The problem of disability has to be addressed
with new outlook with the participation of the community.
The disabled are persons with reduced or total loss of physical or mental capabilities. Society
treats the disabled with ignorance, prejudice, revulsion or rejection. Disabled persons
frequently suffer humiliation, segregation, indignity and low self-esteem.
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Table 15.6: Thiruvananthapuram District- Data on Disability

Type of disability Sex Total Rural Urban
Total disabled population Persons 92,963 64,185 28,778
Males 50,104 34,186 15,918
Females 42,859 29,999 12,860
In Seeing Persons 36,132 24,629 11,503
Males 18,319 12,102 6,217
Females 17,813 12,527 5,286
In Speech Persons 6,619 4,716 1,903
Males 3,600 2,574 1,026
Females 3,019 2,142 877
In Hearing Persons 6,815 4,728 2,087
Males 3,311 2,324 987
Females 3,504 2,404 1,100
In Movement Persons 27,683 19,330 8,353
Males 16,619 11,636 4,983
Females 11,064 7,694 3,370
Mental Persons 15,714 10,782 4,932
Males 8,255 5,550 2,705
Females 7,459 5,232 2,227
The rehabilitation process of the physically and mentally challenged persons has to be done
with the involvement of the community. Therefore it is proposed to bring out community plans
for their rehabilitation and to create State of the Art infrastructure for the Special schools of
differently abled persons.
The census data shows that 20837 persons in the urban area of Thiruvananthapuram district
are disabled. Out of this it is observed that 80% of them are living in Thiruvananthapuram
city. A table showing the disability pattern with statistics of Thiruvananthapuram district
(Urban) is given below:

No lakhs)
1 Identification Process
A Conduct of medical camps (10 Nos) 2.00
B Special camp for disability certification (5Nos) 1.00
C Classification of children based on disability 0
2 Setting up of special school for differently abled (5 Nos) 125.00
3 Setting up of vocational training centers for the differently abled (2Nos) 50.00
4 Renovation and maintenance of existing schools (3 Nos) 25.00
5 Transport facilities to bring children to the school (10Nos) 100.00
Total 303.00
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d. Geriatric
One of the inevitable consequences of the demographic transition is population ageing.
Being ahead in the demographic transition, Kerala is expected to see an increase in the
number of elderly and their proportion in the total population of the state during the years to
come. Defining the elderly population as those above 60 years of age, according to the 1961
census, the number of elderly was just 1.0 million; by the time of the 1991 census their
number is increased to 2.6 million. According to projections, the number of elderly is
expected to exceed 6.6 million by 2021 and 11.7 million by 2051.
Now a days in Kerala, the family unit is breaking apart as youngsters travel widely in search
of better jobs. This results in an increase in chance of negligence towards old flocks. In
order to facilitate the senior citizens, day care geriatric clubs are planned in cities.
With regard to the family struck by poverty the problem takes a different dimension. The
aged in the poor families face the following specific problems.
1. Economic deprivation and insecurity

2. Restricted mobility due to ill health
3. Physical insecurity
4. Reduction in dignity; self esteem
5. Loneliness due to rejection
6. Lack of meaningful occupation, leisure activities
7. Lack of protective and supportive shelter
In Kerala unlike other states of the Country another important aspect that come to the
forefront is that of the aged women. In the State the sex ratio of male and female is better
than that of other States (1000:1059) and the life expectancy of women is on the higher side.
The average life span of male is 74 and woman is 77. Around 15 % of the aged women are
widows. Taking all these aspects a serious intervention is required.

No lakhs)
1 Identification of old age people requiring special care through socio 10.00
economic survey
2 Setting up of geriatric care centers (10 N0s) 250.00
3 Transportation facilities for daily commuters 50.00
Total 310.00
e. Women in distress
In the poverty alleviation segment it was brought out that the women in the poor households
are extremely vulnerable to poverty. It is the women in the poor house holds who suffer most
in the poverty conditions due to lack of nutritious food, lack of sanitation and over work. They
also are at the receiving end when the head of the household falls sick or gets addicted to
liquor or takes to crime. Poverty has a different bearing on the women when we consider the
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women headed households, women subjected to atrocities, widows, sex workers etc. The
lack of capabilities, initiatives, poor livelihood opportunities, rude and crude exploitation, lack
of accessibility to assets, land tenure etc have forced them to live in utter despair and
dismay. The constitutional safeguards to equality of opportunity, freedom of expression and
the right to take decisions are denied or deprived. Severity of poverty by unfavourable
physical, gender or caste status is a reality in the society and has to be tackled by giving
added importance.
The women headed household, women subjected to atrocities, widows, sex workers etc who
forms the bottom most segment in the society needs special attention and care service to live
with dignity. For each category a series of projects can be drawn up recognising their actual
needs.
Gender Resource Center

Articulation and motivation of women to become self supportive and to overcome
discriminations are part of the progressive anti poverty initiatives. Programmes need to be
identified to build capabilities and enable such women to get employed in economic sectors
and to live with dignity. It is believed that the Gender Resource Centers established as part
of the project will address these issues.

No lakhs)
1 Socio economic survey to identify the women in distress 10.00
2 Establishing gender resource center (4 Nos) 100.00
3 Setting up of short stay homes (5Nos) 150.00
4 Setting up of skill development centers (3 Nos) 75.00
5 Formation of Adolescent girls clubs 10.00
6 Renovation and maintenance of existing short stay home / Abala mandiram 75.00
etc
Total 420.00
f. Pavement Dwellers
Thiruvananthapuram city has not shown noticeable migration in the past decades. However,
the growing capital city has been attracting many people from the neighbouring districts and
from Tamil Nadu in the service sector. With the increasing percentage of people engaged in
the service sectors, the size of the informal sector also increases correspondingly.
Petty traders from not only the neighbouring State of Tamilnadu, but also from some north
Indian states converge to the city to trade their wares along the city streets. Such
convergence of population increases during festival seasons, especially during Onam festival
in the months of August-September and during Sabarimala pilgrimage season in November
to January every year. It is often observed that such wandering population of petty traders /
street vendors not only sell their wares on the street margins and foot paths, but also make
these road margins their temporary night shelters.
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It is roughly estimated that at any point of time there is about 200 to 300 people wandering
along the roads of the capital city as petty traders. Usually, most of them travel in groups
and with families. Therefore they put up make shift tents in some cases, but most of them
resort to ‘open to sky-pavement night shelters' (and also day shelter).
A large number of families of beggars also reach Thiruvananthapuram City. They roam
around the busy parts of the city during the day hours and settle down on the footpaths near
the parks and on vacant lands during the night. It is estimated that about 150 of such
beggars, most of whom from Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh, are roaming around the
streets of Thiruvananthapuram City.
Issues
Almost all of them with very poor income are unable to rent a room or bed in the commercial
lodging available in the City
It is inhuman, especially in the capital City to witness such poor population

suffering without shelter on the streets of the city
Some of the city streets, where such people converge are strewn with waste which
is either thrown on the carriage way or dumped in the storm water drains.
Without adequate toilet facilities, the city drains are converted into sewers
This population which settle down on the foot paths pose a criminal threat to the
night time users of the roads, especially the working community population who
return to the city through bus and trains late in the night.
Identified Mitigation Measures:

1. Construction of night shelters in various parts of the city where pavement dwelling is
prevalent.
2. Construction of pay and use toilets in various parts of the city
3. Construction of beggar homes for rehabilitation of beggars with suitable micro
enterprises tasks including training facilities for the beggars to enable them to
undertake small petty remuneration trades.
4. Organizing open spaces at various parts of the city for informal traders. Such spaces
shall also have night shelter with sanitary facilities
Projects
1. Construction of eight night shelters at eight different locations. Night shelters with
dormitory facilities separately for men and women with toilet facilities.
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Approximate cost Rs 75 lakhs each excluding land cost. The land will be provided by
Thiruvananthapuram Corporation at suitable locations
2. Constructions of pay - use toilets at 50 different locations in the city. Each toilet unit
to have 8 cubicles – 5 for men and 3 for women.
Approximate cost Rs 6.00 lakhs per unit
3. Organized informal sector marketing open spaces at 8 zones of the city
Approximate cost Rs 80 lakhs at Rs 10.00 lakhs per market yard excluding land cost.

Sl. Project Details Unit Cost Cost
No. (in Rs. (in Rs.
lakhs) lakhs)
8 Nos. at different locations in 75.00 600.00
Night Shelter the City – land to be provided
by TMC/ NGOs
50 Nos. at different locations 6.00 300.00
in the City – each toilet unit
Pay-use Toilets
to have 8 cubicles (5for men
and 3 for women)
8 Nos. in 8 different zones 10.00 80.00
Yard development, sanitation,
Informal Sector Market Yards lighting etc. (City Corporation
/ Revenue Puramboke land
strips to be used)
Open land dormitory shelter 4 Nos. at 4 different locations 20.00 80.00
(‘Viris’) with only roof &
common toilets
1060,00
Total Cost
lakhs
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Table 15.11: Broad Costing and Phasing for Basic Services to the Urban Poor
Rs. in Crores
Sl. Component Sub Component Cost (In Rs 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011-
No. Crores) 07 08 09 10 11 12
A General Projects
1 Livelihood Oriented Business Infrastructure development & 34.00 3.40 6.8 10.2 6.8 3.40 3.40
School maintenance of 8 centres
2 Marketing Support for Urban Support for 20 market outlets 2.00 0.20 0.4 0.60 0.4 0.20 0.20
Poor
3 Anganwadis 50 nos @ Rs 4 lakhs each 2.00 0.20 0.4 0.60 0.4 0.20 0.20
4 Primary Health centres 20 nos @ Rs 5 lakhs each 1.00 0.10 0.2 0.30 0.2 0.10 0.10
5 Maternity- Child welfare 20 nos @ Rs 5 lakhs each 1.00 0.10 0.2 0.30 0.2 0.10 0.10
centre
Total 40.00 4.00 8.0 12.00 8.0 4.00 4.00
B Other Projects
2 Slum Improvement Home & Environment 256.33 25.63 51.26 76.89 51.26 25.63 25.63
Support Services for total 85.85 8.59 17.18 25.77 17.18 8.59 8.59
Growth and Sustainability
Total 342.18 34.22 68.44 102.66 68.44 34.22 34.22
3 Development Projects for Sea Shore Protection 9.72 0.97 1.94 2.91 1.94 0.97 0.97
Coastal Population Housing 52.00 5.20 10.4 15.60 10.4 5.20 5.20
Sanitation 4.30 0.43 0.86 1.29 0.86 0.43 0.43
Drinking Water Facility 4.00 0.40 0.80 1.20 0.80 0.40 0.40
Health intervention 3.30 0.33 0.66 0.99 0.66 0.33 0.33
Infrastructure development 5.20 0.52 1.04 1.56 1.04 0.52 0.52
Pre-primary education 6.20 0.62 1.24 1.86 1.24 0.62 0.62
Micro-fishing Harbour 46.00 4.60 9.20 13.80 9.20 4.60 4.60
Fish Auction centre cum 3.90 0.39 0.78 1.17 0.78 0.39 0.39
drying yard
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Sl. Component Sub Component Cost (In Rs 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011-
No. Crores) 07 08 09 10 11 12
Multi-purpose community 6.50 0.65 1.30 1.95 1.30 0.65 0.65
centre cum disaster shelter
Transportation facility 1.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.10
Total 142.12 14.21 28.42 42.63 28.42 14.21 14.21
4 Projects for Informal Sector Re-location of Street Vendors 16.15 1.62 3.24 4.86 3.24 1.62 1.62
Total 16.15 1.62 3.24 4.86 3.24 1.62 1.62
5 Projects for other Vulnerable Rehabilitation of destitute 12.57 1.26 2.52 3.78 2.52 1.26 1.26
sections families
Rehabilitation of children at 3.25 0.33 0.66 0.99 0.66 0.33 0.33
risk
Rehabilitation of Physically & 3.03 0.30 0.6 0.90 0.6 0.30 0.30
Mentally Challenged
Geriatric Care 3.10 0.31 0.62 0.93 0.62 0.31 0.31
Women in Distress 4.20 0.42 0.84 1.26 0.84 0.42 0.42
Pavement Dwellers 10.60 1.06 2.12 3.18 2.12 1.06 1.06
Total 36.75 3.68 7.36 11.04 7.36 3.68 3.68
577.20 57.72 115.44 173.16 115.44 57.72 57.72
Grand Total
GRAND TOTAL : Rs.577.20 crores
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PART D
REFORMS, ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE, CITY

INVESTMENT PLAN, PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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16.0 MUNICIPAL REFORMS AND IMPROVEMENT IN URBAN

GOVERNANCE
Consequent to the 74th CAA, the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in the State of Kerala have had
a paradigm shift in their role and functions. Kerala is one of the first states to initiate statutory
legislations to empower the ULBs and to enable them to become local governments, in the
true sense of the word, under the three tier government structure. The empowerment of the
ULBs was also strengthened by devolution of plan funds to enable better administration of
transferred institutions and to lead to better urban governance. Another strength in this
process of devolution of powers, responsibilities and funds has been a shift from the top
down approach in administration, planning and development to a bottom up approach in
participatory planning & development. The Councillors and the Mayor / Chairman now have a
positive role in the management of urban affairs, with the decision making process entrusted
to them.
The state government and the Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation (TMC) have
initiated a large number of actions to improve urban management. The vision of such reforms
is “effective and efficient urban management with improved urban governance leading to
overall development of the city and improved delivery of services, rising to the aspirations of
the citizens.”
16.1 State Level Reforms
Subsequent to the 74th Constitution Amendment Act, the following reforms have been
initiated at the State level:
Enactment of Kerala Municipality Act, 1994
Issue of Government Orders transferring functions and functionaries to the ULBs in 1995.
Elections are being held to the Local Self Government Institutions once in five years.
State Election Commission has been constituted to conduct elections to the Local Self
Government Institutions.
There had been three general elections to Local Self Government Institutions since the
enforcement of Constitution Amendment .The latest election was held in September
2005.
Devolution of Plan Funds to ULBs (one-third of the State Plan Funds were devolved to
the ULBs and Panchayats with specific guidelines on the proper utilisation of funds).
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Devolution of State Plan Funds to the ULBs and the Panchayats were brought within the
State budget mechanism with a separate division of the State Budget.
As per KMA 1994, city planning function has been entrusted to ULBs.
- Government instituted a major program of People’s Plan Campaign during 1997-98 to
ensure participation of people in planning and development. This was taken up with a
missionary zeal by the State Planning Board, State Government and voluntary
organizations. A number of training programmes were held for elected members of
ULBs, municipal officers, officials of transferred institutions and voluntary
organizations.
- Constitution of State Finance Commission for developing norms for transfer of funds
to LSGIs and for evolving recommendations for improvement of finances of LSGIs.
The recommendations of the first and second SFCs were accepted by the state
government and devolution of funds is in accordance with it. The report of the third
SFC has also been submitted to government recently.
- Constitution of State Development Council as envisaged in the KMA, 1994.
- Constitution of the District Planning Committee to oversee Plan Preparation by the
ULBs and the three tier Panchayat Raj Institutions, to accord approval for the Annual
Plans / Five Year Plans and to prepare consolidated District Development Plans. The
DPC has the District Panchayat President as Chairman. Inspite of this, mechanism
has been created in the DPC to scrutinize and approve Plans of the ULBs.
- Constitution of Kudumbashree as an umbrella institution to coordinate and implement
all programmes for the poor and to work with ULBs in the pro poor programmes.
- Social capitalisation through Kudumbashree and ensuring gender justice
(with the active involvement of NHGs, ADS, CDS, etc.. )
- Earmarking funds for Special Component Plan and Tribal Sub Plan
Initiatives have been taken by the State Government on urban e-governance

The GoK has identified certain institutions and established certain new institutions for
capacity building and preparation of annual plan viz. Kerala Institute of Local
Administration (KILA) under LSGD, State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD) under
Rural Development Department, Institute of Management in Government (IMG) under
General Administration Department, Information Kerala Mission (IKM) under LSGD,
Capdeck under LSGD, Centre for Management Development (CMD) (autonomous body)
etc.
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Government have started institutionalizing the process of decentralization by

developing manuals and guidelines through the Decentralisation Support Programme
Mission of GoK.
Activity Mapping, clearly demarcating the responsibilities of each tier of LSGI has been
completed.
Criteria for identifying beacon LSGIs in the state and setting free those LSGIs from all
rules and regulations have been developed.
Issued guidelines for the preparation of Asset Registers for all the ULBs and three tier
Panchayats.
The Kerala Municipality Act 1994 was amended in 1999 to institute the following reforms:
- To transfer more powers and responsibilities to ULBs
- To constitute OMBUDSMAN for ULBs to prevent corruption and mal administration
- To constitute Tribunal for Local Self Government Institutions to deal with appeals and
revisions on actions taken by ULBs
- To declare and publish Citizens Charter of ULBs
- To incorporate ‘Right to Information’ within the purview of KMA, 1994.
The Kerala Municipality Building Rules 1999 was framed within the purview of the Kerala
Municipality Act, 1994 vesting the powers to issue building permits with ULBs.
The Kerala Municipality Building Rules 1999 has been amended incorporating provision
for rain water harvesting in all the new constructions.
16.2 City Level Reforms
All state level reforms have been adopted and are being enforced by the TMC. In addition to
that the following reforms have been undertaken by the TMC.
Constitution of seven Standing Committees within the TMC as a powerful decision
making bodies of the TMC for each of the sectors enabling every Councillor to become a
member of one or the other of the Standing Committee.
Constitution of Ward Committees under the Chairmanship of the Ward Councillors for
effective decentralized administration and for effective planning.
Establishment of Information Centre to give out information on any aspect pertaining to
the delivery of services to the citizens.
Establishment of Jana Sevana Kendra to simplify the process of payment of taxes, issue
of certificates/ permissions, etc.
225
Computerisation in all the divisions of the TMC for effective data management and
retrieval and also to expedite the process of decision making.
Establishment of a 24 hours call centre to attend to complaints and grievances of urgent
nature
Institution of one day permit system for single storied residential buildings.
Streamlining the system for issue of birth and death certificates by providing single
window kiosks at the hospitals.
Improvements in solid waste management system
a. Establishment of waste treatment plant at Vilappilsala with private sector participation.
b. Establishment of segregated house to house collection system in 25 wards.
Institution of a continuous training program for the municipal officers
Processing for double entry system of accounting expected to be implemented from
2007-08.
TMC has declared and published Citizen’s Charter.
Erection of Information Boards in various parts of the city to inform the public of the
formalities to obtain the services from TMC.
TMC has prepared Asset Registers to enable effective urban asset management
TMC has taken steps for effective utilization of unused and underutilized landed
properties of TMC.
Establishment of a computer training centre and reprographic centre under the TMC to
impart vocational training to poor.
Establishment of a vocational training centre for ladies.
Erection of way side bus shelters and pay & use toilets with private participation.
Utilisation of services of urban poor under Kudumbashree units for collection of waste
from households and establishments.
Establishment of sales outlets for the products of the ADS units of the Kudumbashree
system.
16.3 Urban Reforms on the Anvil
Property tax reforms: Property tax details are proposed to be transferred on to the GIS
platform. Till now property tax was assessed based on the system of assessed Annual
Rental Value (ARV). To remove arbitrariness in such ARV based system and to make the
assessment system more transparent, the Kerala Municipality Act, 1994 proposed
226
change of the ARV based assessment to built up area based assessment system. GOK
appointed a committee to recommend norms for built up area based assessment. The
recommendations are getting implemented. It is hoped that in the year 2007, the new
system will be effective. The new system may remove subjective assessment, remove
corruption, bring in transparency, allow self assessment, broaden tax base and increase
tax revenue.
Profession tax mapping for enlarging tax net and increasing tax revenue.
The water and sewerage revenues prima facie seem sustainable and provide a surplus
cash flow for undertaking capital works program. However, this may not be adequate to
comfortably absorb debt servicing requirements. The user charges in respect of water
supply and sewerage projects would therefore require periodic revision. The
responsibility for priority water supply and sewerage services now rests with KWA.
GIS for Urban Management including-
- enforcing land use regulations and monitoring
- asset management
- road maintenance
- improvement in building licence system
- enforcement of building rules
- mapping of urban infrastructure and monitoring for maintenance and improvement
- development administration and implementation of urban development plans with
prioritisation of urban projects
- assessment and monitoring of property tax, profession tax, entertainment tax etc.
Rationalisation of advertisement tax to broaden tax base and revise and rationalise tax
rate
Levy of user charges and service charges
Utilising the services of accredited NGOs improving quality in service delivery system and
for implementation of programmes for urban poor
Bringing financial reforms / efficiency - accrual based double entry accounting system
Exploring possibilities of Public Private Partnership in urban asset management and
urban services.
227
Table 16.1: Implementation of Reforms at the ULB and State Levels

(Mandatory & Optional)
Sl. No Reforms Remarks
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
I Mandatory Reforms at ULB level
1 Adoption of modern accrual-based double entry system of Initiated. Staff training to acquaint with the system is
accounting ongoing and by 2008-09 the system will be
operationalised in full.
2 Introduction of a system of e-governance using IT Service delivery and revenue collection by the TMC
applications, such as GIS & MIS for various services has been computerised. GIS has been initiated.
provided by ULBs (Mapping of all wards completed).
3 Reform of property tax with GIS Pilot project is being undertaken in one ward in the
Corporation. GIS Mapping of all the wards have
been completed. Will be scaled up subsequently.
4 Levy of reasonable user charges by ULBs
5 Internal earmarking, within local bodies, budgets for basic Implemented fully as part of enforcement of
services to the urban poor Constitutional Amendment. Separate division of
State budget is made as part of devolution of Plan
funds to LSGI.
6 Provision of basic services to the urban poor including

security of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing,
water supply and sanitation
II Mandatory Reforms at State level
1 Implementation of decentralisation measures as Implemented fully as part of enforcement of

envisaged in 74th Constitutional Amendment Act Constitutional Amendment in all the ULBs as well
as 3 tier panchayats in the State.
2 *Repeal of ULCRA ULCRA is not made applicable to Kerala State
228
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
3 *Reforms of Rent Control Laws balancing the interests of
landlords and tenants
4 Rationalisation of Stamp Duty to bring it down to not more Action to notify fair value for land has been initiated.
than 5 per cent within next seven years After issuing the notification Stamp Duty shall be
brought down from 13.5 % to 5%
5 Enactment of Public Disclosure Law to ensure The State Government and the TMC are
preparation of medium- term fiscal plan of ULBs and implementing the Right to Information Act and the
release of quarterly performance information to all Citizens Charter.
stakeholders
6 Enactment of Community Participation Law to Already implemented in the State and ULBs. The
institutionalise citizen’s participation and introduce the activities of Neighbour Hood Groups, Area
concept of the Area Sabha in urban areas. Development Societies, Community Development
Societies and Social Capitalisation through
Kudumbasree in Kerala are worth mentioning.
7 Assigning or associating elected ULBs with “city planning * As part of enforcement of Constitutional
function”. Over a period of seven years, transferring all Amendment, City planning function at present vests
special agencies that deliver civic services in the urban with the TMC. The annual and five year plans of
areas to the ULBs and creating accountability platforms to TMC are being vetted by the District Planning
all urban civic service providers in transition. Committee. *All stand alone projects can be
transferred to TMC. However, transferring all
special agencies delivering civic services to
TMCwhich transcends the TMC boundary shall be
taken up partly by TMC on a shared basis during
the six year period.
III Optional Reforms at ULB & State Level
1 Revision of bye-laws to stream line the approval process Kerala Municipality Building Rules 1999 has been
for construction of buildings, development of site etc. framed within the purview of KMA 1994 (enacted as
per 74th CAA)
2 Simplification of legal and procedural frameworks for Action being taken on the basis of the Land
conversion of land from agricultural to non- agricultural Conservancy Act/ Land Utilisation Order.
purposes
229
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
3 Introduction of Property Title Certification System in ULBs
4 Earmarking at least 20-25 per cent of developed land in Amendments to the existing Kerala Municipality
all housing projects (both public and private agencies) for Building Rules 1999 are necessitated to this effect.
EWS and LIG category with a system of cross
subsidisation.
5 Introduction of computerised process of registration of Initiated. Computerisation of all documents

land and property. supported by statutory maps with survey sub
division numbers is made compulsory.
Amendments to the Registration Act have been
made accepting computerised documents. One
ward in the Corporation is fully tried out as a pilot
project.
6 Revision of byelaws to make rain-water harvesting Kerala Municipality Building Rules 1999 has been
mandatory in all buildings and adoption of water amended incorporating provision for rain water
conservation measures harvesting in new buildings.
7 Bye-laws for reuse of recycled water
8 Administrative reforms i.e. reduction in establishment *Feasibility study shall be conducted from 2008-09
costs by adopting the Voluntary Retirement Scheme to 2010-11 and action shall be taken accordingly.
(VRS), not filling posts falling vacant due to retirement
etc., and achieving specific milestone in this regard
9 Structural reforms As part of Constitution Amendment reforms in the
organisation structure as well as the system of
functioning of the TMC have been introduced.
10 Encouraging PPP Framework has been issued by G.O.K for taking up
projects on BOT basis and for solid waste
management already. Projects that can be taken up
under PPP shall be identified further and
implemented accordingly.
230
17.0 FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
17.1 Structure and Finances of Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation
17.1.1 Organization Structure of Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram
The Kerala Municipalities Act, 1994, enacted subsequent to the 74th Constitutional
Amendment empowers the Municipal Corporation of Thiruvananthapuram (TMC) to act
as the local government of the city. The city of 141.74 sq. km is divided into 86 wards,
each ward being represented by an elected Councillor. The Corporation Council is the
ultimate decision making body of the local government.
The duties and responsibilities of the City Corporation have increased manifold
subsequent to the devolution of powers as envisaged in the 74th Constitution
Amendment Act and the Kerala Municipalities Act, 1994. Government of Kerala has
transferred the management of a number of government institutions to
Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation. Perhaps Kerala is the only State where
about one third of the State’s Plan Funds has been devolved to the Local Self
Government Institutions (LSGI).The Decentralised Planning Campaigns commenced
from 1997 onwards under ‘Peoples Planning” have evoked interest in the common man
in urban management affairs.
A. Deliberative / Executive Wing
The Mayor (elected from among the councillors) chairs the Council meetings, and is
responsible for the overall supervision and control of the administrative functions of the
Municipal Corporation. The Council is composed of all elected councillors and is subject
to the provisions of the KM Act. The administration of the TMC vests in the Council. The
term of office of the Council is five years. The TMC through the Council has all the
powers, authority and responsibilities of the Government, to enable it to function as an
institution of self government in respect of the matters entrusted to it. The Council,
subject to the provisions of the KM Act, constitutes Standing Committees for exercising
its powers, discharging such duties or performing such functions, as is provided for in the
KM Act. The Deputy Mayor is the Chairman of the Finance Standing Committee and also
presides over the Council meetings during the absence of the Mayor. The Mayor
devolves his/her functions to the Deputy Mayor when he/she is indisposed or out of the
State. The Secretary of the TMC is an officer appointed by the Government.
Standing Committees
As provided for in the KM Act, 1994 seven Standing Committees are constituted on the
following subject areas:
Finance:
To prepare the Annual Budget and to supervise the utilization of budget grants and
oversee the timely assessment and collection of taxes, fees, rents, etc.
231
Development:
To deal with dairy development cooperation, small-scale industries, institutional
finance, etc. and to prepare development plans
Welfare:
To deal with matters of welfare of women and children, development of SC/ST, social
welfare, etc.
Health & Education:
To deal with matters of public health, education, etc.
Works:
To deal with matters of public works, housing, etc.
Town Planning & Heritage:
To bring about preparation of Master Plans and to deal with matters regarding town
planning, heritage etc.; and
Appeals Relating to Tax:
To dispose of appeals on taxation, etc.
Steering Committee:
As laid down in the KM Act, TMC has a Steering Committee consisting of the Mayor,
Deputy Mayor and Chairmen of the Standing Committees. The Mayor shall chair the
Steering Committee. The Steering Committee coordinates and monitors the functioning
of all the Standing Committees and has the powers as delegated by the Council.
Ward Committees:
The Ward Committee consists of ward councillor as Chairperson and the members are
drawn from the Residents Associations, registered Neighbourhood Groups, educational
institutions in the ward, registered trade unions, etc. The Ward Committee disseminates
information at the ward level regarding development and welfare activities. The KM Act
lays down that even the Council shall not alter the priority of the development works
prepared by the Ward Committee.
B. Administrative Wing
The Secretary is the administrative head of the TMC and implements the Council
decisions based on the resolutions adopted by the Council. He reports compliance to the
Council and exercises powers and discharges duties conferred under the KM Act. The
Secretary implements all the decisions/directions of the Mayor, ensures safe custody of
the Municipal Fund and attends to all litigations for or against the TMC. (Refer Flow
Chart, Figure 16.1 for organization set-up).
In addition to the Central Office, six Zonal Offices of the TMC manage decentralized
functions of the Municipal Corporation. These zonal offices include Fort, Kadakampally,
Nemom, Ulloor, Attipara and Thiruvallom.
232
The following seven departments manage the functions of the Municipal Corporation.
a) General Administration Department:

The General Administration Department (GAD) manages staff postings and transfers,
defines staff duties and responsibilities, prepares administration reports and ensures
proper communication between the departments and the Corporation Council. The PA to
the Secretary heads the GAD.
b) Accounts Department:
The Accounts Department (AD), a key department of the TMC, manages TMC finances
and monitors the use of allocated funds for different schemes. It plays a major role in the
formulation of the budget. The Accounts Officer is responsible for supervising all the
financial transactions related to the TMC, advising the Secretary on all internal financial
matters, maintaining records of financial receipts and expenditure in accordance with the
purpose and utilization of funds, reporting deviations in utilization of funds in any of the
approved schemes, assisting the MC in budget preparation, maintaining accounts
regarding stamp duty surcharge and State grants, maintaining petty cash book and
general cash book and attending to audit requirements and other such accounts-related
duties. The Accounts Department is also responsible for internal audit of all bills for
payment, audit clearances, preparation of annual financial statements and the Demand,
Collection and Balance statement (DCB).
233
Figure 17.1: ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF THIRUVANANTHAPURAM CORPORATION
Municipal Corporation
Council
Municipal Corporation Deputy Mayor Standing Committee

Mayor Chairman – 7 Nos
Secretary
Deputy Secretary
Council Accounts PA to Revenue Corporation Project Town Planning Health

Secretary Officer Secretary Officer Engineer Engineer Officer Officer
L.M.O. A.M.O.
AEE I AEE II AEE (P)

H.S.
Council Planning Supd Supd General Asst. Rev Revenue
Dept. Staff Cell tI t II Sec Supdt. Officer Supdt.
Health
S dt
Inspecto
Revenue Revenue Eng. Sec. AE AE AE AE Head AE Project AT Town Health Project
Inspector Office Supdt. I II III IV Draftsman (P) Eng. Staff P II Plan. Sec. Sec. Officer
J. H. I
Planning Accounts General St ff S dt S dt UPA
Cell Staff Staff Sec Staff
Bill Eng. Sec. Overseer Overseer Overseer Overseer Staff Overseer Building Building Town Staff UPA Cell Continge
Collectors Staff Inspectors Inspectors Plan. Sec. nt Staff
St ff
c) Engineering Department:
A Superintending Engineer (SE) heads the Engineering Department and is assisted by
two Assistant Executive Engineers (AEE) and four Assistant Engineers (AE). The major
duties and responsibilities of the Engineering Department include construction and
maintenance of roads, drains and other public works. An AE in the Drawing Section
supports the Engineering Department in preparing requisite detailed engineering
drawings for undertaking works
An Executive Engineer (EE) in-charge of projects handles the major projects of the
Municipal Corporation. The EE is supported by an AEE and an AE in overseeing
construction of major projects like shopping complexes, bus terminals, etc.
d) Revenue Department:
The Revenue Department (RD) is another key department of the Municipal Corporation,
consisting of a Revenue Officer (RO), nine Revenue Inspectors and 43 Bill Collectors.
Some of the major responsibilities of the Revenue Officer include responsibility for
collecting taxes such as, property tax, advertisement tax, and entertainment tax; issuing
notices for recovery of tax; and monitoring revenue collections of the Municipal
Corporation.
e) Health Department:
A Corporation Health Officer (CHO) heads the Municipal Corporation’s Health
Department (HD). The HD is responsible for conservancy services, sanitation facilities,
solid waste management and other public health duties. The CHO is assisted by an
Assistant Health Officer, 19 Health Inspectors and 45 Junior Health Inspectors (JHI). The
JHIs are in-charge of works at the field level, which include monitoring and supervising
the work of sanitary labourers in the wards under their charge and attending to specific
local complaints.
f) Town Planning Department:

A Town Planning Officer (TPO) heads the TMC’s Town Planning Department (TPD). The
TPD is primarily responsible for enforcing Master Plan regulations, awarding building
permissions and facilitating land acquisitions for major schemes. The TPD also conducts
routine inspection of TMC properties. Two Assistant TPOs and eight Building Inspectors
carry out the department’s functions.
235
g) Council Department:
A Council Secretary/PA to Secretary heads the Council Department (CD), which
manages records relating to Council meetings and records all resolutions undertaken by
the Council.
C. Transferred Institutions:
Health Institutions (except Medical Colleges, General Hospitals and other Specialized
Hospitals) are now under the direct control of the Municipal Corporation. Routine
management and maintenance of facilities is under TMC’s control. However, staff
salaries, recruitment and transfers are managed by Government of Kerala. General
Education (comprising High Schools, Higher Secondary and Vocational Higher
Secondary, Primary and Upper Primary Schools) is also under TMC’s direct control.
Government of Kerala is responsible for the management of the institutions, staff
salaries, etc.
A similar division of responsibility is observed for other transferred institutions like social
welfare, agriculture, animal husbandry, dairy, fisheries and SC/ST. Under social welfare,
most social security schemes are transferred to the TMC; social security pension
payment for eligible persons (under the following categories and based on stipulated
norms: old age, widow, agriculture workers, physically handicapped) and unemployment
wages is in accordance with Government of Kerala fund transfer to the TMC. The TMC’s
workload has increased due to the additional responsibility, though TMC tries to cope
with this without staff addition.
D. Zonal Operations:
Zones in the city were created for newly added areas through merging of grama
panchayats with the TMC jurisdiction. Officials at the TMC Central Office are currently in
charge of zones. The Zonal Offices are mainly responsible for tax assessment and
collection, licensing of trades, issue of building permits and sanitation.
E. Capacity Building:
As a service organization, capacity building of the TMC is critical for planning, efficient
service delivery, asset creation and asset management.
Planning:
According to the State’s Urban Policy and Action Plan (2002) and the KM Act 1994, the
TMC requires:
236
Undertaking responsibility of urban planning, where the TMC requires building staff
capacity to undertake preparation of the Municipal Development Plan including urban
planning to reduce State agency involvement in urban planning and implementation;
Undertaking preparation of Development Vision and Citywide Development Plans,
which the TMC is currently undertaking but the planning mechanism does not provide
for a holistic approach; TMC staff capacity should be built to ensure integration of
plan works and adoption of a holistic approach to citywide infrastructure provision;
and
Establishing a Planning Department within the TMC, which should undertake all
planning responsibilities for the preparation of the Municipal Development Plan
including spatial planning and land use management for the identification of land for
specific projects such as solid waste treatment / disposal plants.
The TMC’s Planning Department will ensure works implementation, while monitoring and
asset management by the Engineering and Health Department respectively. Immediate
focus is required to address requirements under the Kerala Development Program,
where no specific post was sanctioned or department created within the Municipal
Corporation to carry out decentralized planning.
In formulating local-level plans, Ward Committees play an active role supported by the
TMC’s Engineering Department. However, procurement is carried out on the basis of the
Stores Purchase Manual and PWD Manual; the TMC lacks access to a comprehensive
Works Manual comprising procedure from planning through implementation. Besides
proving to be a pressure on the TMC’s resources, works are disjointed and do not adopt
a holistic view to planning and implementation.
Core Service Delivery and Asset Management:

GoK’s Urban Policy and Action Plan (2002) focuses on core service delivery with specific
emphasis on:
Improving urban drainage, where it is imperative for the TMC to develop Storm Water
Master Plans that should be part of integrated planning within the Municipal
Development Plan;
Undertaking solid waste management and sewerage system, where GoI guidelines
suggest waste disposal should be under the direction of a Municipal Environmental
Engineering Department instead of the present Health Department;
237
Undertaking water and sewerage services, where Section 315 of the KM Act, 1994,
provides the Municipal Corporation with a mandate to provide water supply and
sewerage services within its jurisdiction;
Preparation of annual maintenance plans; and
Implementing urban poverty alleviation programs, where TMC is undertaking steps to
ensure increase in fund utilization with assistance from Kudumbashree.
Institutional Development:
Primarily the State Finance Commission recommendations and the KM Act govern
institutional development in the TMC, which focus on:
Reorganizing decentralized operations based on magnitude of works / revenue

collection / municipal functions to satisfy the requirement for preparing Municipal
Development Plans;
Introducing information technology (IT) enabled services and stream lining municipal
systems and procedures; the Information Kerala Mission oversees property mapping
and introducing computerized accounting and management information systems
(MIS); and
Addressing human resource development, through appointment of additional and
appropriately qualified staff for Municipal Development Plan preparation and
implementation.
Regarding project implementation capabilities, TMC currently undertakes new projects

through the Engineering Department (through the Project Engineer). However, these
projects are limited to construction of shopping complexes, marriage halls, etc. and are
largely limited to buildings. Major urban infrastructure projects are generally outsourced
to State Line Departments on a deposit work basis, wherein the entire cost of the project
is deposited with the State Department for undertaking the project; the State Department
is responsible for designs, contract award and project management. The Municipal
Corporation has no control on the progress and quality of the work carried out. Staff in
the Municipal Corporation’s Departments attend to operation and maintenance or basic
service delivery and are not equipped to handle project design, detailed engineering or
construction supervision of urban infrastructure projects.
238
17.1.2 Finances of Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation (TMC)
A. Financial Sources of TMC

The financial sources of TMC can be broadly grouped under
(a) Finances passed on through Government of Kerala; and
(b) Finances raised by the TMC through its own means.
These resources can be further classified under four categories, as shown in the chart
below.
FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF TMC
GOK OWN RESOURCES
Category A Category B Category C Category D
Plan funds Centrally - Establishment Grant Taxes

under sponsored / - Basic Tax Grant
Decentralised State sponsored - G.P. Grant
Planning schemes – Plan - Vehicle Tax Grant Service / User charges
(Kerala & Non-Plan - Duty on transfer of
Development property
Project) - Specific Purpose Rents & other receipts
Grant from TMC properties
Loans
In the year 2005-06, TMC’s own resources was Rs.30.60 crores, out of which Rs.24.23
crores was from taxes and Rs.6.37 crores was from TMC properties and non-tax
revenue. Rs.33.25 crores was received as Category ‘C’ funds.
Category ‘A’ funds contribute to the major source under Capital Receipts with Rs.25.29
crores received from GOK under Plan Schemes and Rs.3.00 crores received under UPA
Schemes.
Thiruvananthapuram Corporation maintains a Corporation Fund (Fund) which constitutes

all the cash receipts of the Corporation. The income of the Corporation consists of own
revenue sources, assigned and shared taxes and plan and non plan grants from the
Government. Own sources include property tax, professional tax, entertainment tax and
other minimal taxes, license fees, income from municipal properties, fines and income
from miscellaneous sources. The Corporation keeps its accounts on cash basis single
entry system. The implementation of double entry system is in progress. The receipts
and payments of the Corporation have been classified under three major heads namely,
Revenue, Capital and Debt.
239
Revenue Account
Revenue account includes all recurring items of receipts and payments such as taxes,
fees, salary, pension, maintenance etc.
a) Revenue Income:
The revenue income of the Corporation can be classified under own sources, assigned /
shared revenue and Government grants. Figure 1 presents share of the various
components of revenue receipts.
Own source income includes: Government

Grant, 16%
a. Municipal taxes
b. Income from buildings, markets Assigned / Shared Ow n sources
and other properties of Revenue, 17% (Taxes), 54%
Corporation
c. Building permit fee, fees for D&O
Ow n Sources
trade, license for lodge etc. (Non Taxes), 13%
d. Fines imposed under municipal
and other laws
e. Income from miscellaneous Figure 1
sources
Property tax is the major component of own source revenue. Property tax contributes
about 27% of the revenue receipts. Other major taxes namely, professional tax and
entertainment tax, contribute about 17% and 10% respectively of the revenue receipts.
Assigned and shared taxes comprise of transfers from state government. Transfers are
in the form of Corporation’s share of taxes levied and collected by the state government
from the establishments / operations within the Corporation limits. Surcharge on stamp
duty and vehicle tax compensation are the major items under this head.
Government grants classified under revenue consists of non plan grant for general and
specific purpose, maintenance grant and grants for running institutions transferred from
government.
Table 1 shows summary of revenue account of the Corporation for the fiscal years 2000-
01 to 2005-06. During these years the Corporation had revenue surplus each year and it
was increasing from year to year. The revenue surplus for the year 2005-06 is
Rs.306.36 million which is about 15 times more that the revenue surplus for the year
2000-01.
240
Table 17.1: Revenue Account

(Rs. Million)
Sl. No. Particulars 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Revenue Receipts
I. Own Source Income
A. Municipal Tax Income
a) Property Tax 61.06 71.67 104.26 109.46 109.04 126.78
b) Profession Tax 39.61 38.96 66.71 65.80 73.39 82.33
c) Entertainment Tax 34.72 35.27 34.17 37.43 29.76 30.78
d) Other Taxes 1.24 1.49 1.62 1.91 1.81 2.37
Total Municipal Tax Income 136.64 147.39 206.76 214.60 213.99 242.26
B. Non Tax Income
a) Receipts from Municipal 21.47 10.65 21.90 20.00 15.37 15.88
Properties
b) Municipal Fees 9.30 7.09 11.45 12.24 13.34 25.85
c) Others 10.38 12.65 17.37 15.17 20.14 21.98
Total Non Tax Income 41.15 30.39 50.72 47.41 48.85 63.71
Total Own Source Income 177.79 177.78 257.47 262.01 262.84 305.97
II. Assigned / Shared Taxes

a) Surcharge on Stamp Duty 50.88 43.71 56.24 79.79 - -
b) Vehicle Tax Compensation 11.00 13.40 27.80 - -
Total Assigned / Shared 61.88 43.71 69.64 107.59 - -
Taxes
III. Grants in Aid from
Government
a) Grants & Contributions 6.18 6.93 2.88 7.06 148.61 332.47
b) Grants - Transferred 18.44 25.73 39.71 20.31
Institutions
Total Grants in Aid 24.62 32.66 42.58 27.38 148.61 332.47
Total Revenue Receipts 264.30 254.16 369.70 396.98 411.45 638.44
Revenue Expenditure
a) Management & Collection 109.76 71.66 101.84 77.52 69.40 82.27

of Taxes
b) Public Works 17.27 16.75 23.47 30.53 26.94 78.38
c) Town Planning 2.84 4.30 2.91 4.00 2.55 4.81
d) Education 1.27 1.81 1.49 1.23 1.29 2.95
e) Water Supply & Drainage 0.03 0.41 0.57 0.79 2.76 1.22
f) Public Health & Sanitation 71.25 86.36 82.42 74.62 78.41 119.65
g) Street Lights 22.39 28.04 33.55 39.26 35.07 38.25
h) Municipal Properties 1.09 0.05 0.01 0.61 2.77 3.04
i) Expenses - Transferred 16.77 16.75 45.08 42.95 22.69 0.51
Institutions
j) Miscellaneous Expenses 0.68 1.99 1.36 1.09 0.99 1.00
Total Revenue 243.34 228.13 292.70 272.60 242.86 332.08
Expenditure
Revenue Surplus/(Deficit) 20.96 26.03 77.00 124.38 168.59 306.36
241
(b) Revenue Expenditure:
Revenue expenditure of the City Corporation is broadly classified under the following
heads:
Other Expenses,
a. General management and
2.47%
collection of taxes Transferred
b. Public works Institutions, 0.15% Management &
Collection of
c. Town planning Street Lights, Taxes, 24.77%
d. Education 11.52%
e. Water supply and drainage
Public Health & Public Works,
f. Public health and sanitation 23.60%
Sanitation, 36.03%
g. Street lights
Town Planning,
h. Municipal properties
1.45%
i. Running expenses of transferred
institutions Figure 2
j. Miscellaneous expenses.
Figure 2: presents the break up of expenditure under the major heads for the year 2005-
06.
Figure 3
700
Comparison of revenue
600
receipts with revenue
Rs. in Million
500
expenditure is given in
400
Figure 3.
300
- Revenue receipts of
200
the City Corporation
100
shows an increasing
0
trend. Also, the 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
revenue expenditure Year
is reducing from Revenue Receipts Revenue Expenditure
2002-03 to 2004-05.
- Own source revenue shows steady trend from year 2002-03 to 2004-05 and has
increased in year 2005-06 as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4
350
300
Rs. in Million
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Year Own Source Revenue
242
Capital Account
The capital account deals with the non-recurring receipts and payments of the
Corporation. Table 2 presents capital account of the Corporation from 2000-01 to 2005-
06. The Corporation had capital surplus in 2001-02, 2002-03 and 2005-06 and capital
deficit in 2000-01, 2003-04 and 2004-05. The deficit in 2000-01 was met by the revenue
surplus for that year. The deficits in 2003-04 and 2004-05 were compensated by capital
surplus in the years 2001-02 and 2002-03. Over the six year period the capital surplus
was Rs. 163.62 million. Figure 5 gives an idea about the capital receipts and payments
from 2000-01 to 2005-06.
Table 17.2: Capital Account

(Rs. Million)
2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005-
Sl.No. Particulars
01 02 03 04 05 06
Capital Receipts
A. Fund from Government
Government Grants -
a.
Plan Schemes 168.05 238.01 169.69 325.32 185.51 252.92
Government Loans -
b. - - - - - -
Plan Schemes
c. Government Grants
- Transferred
- - - - -
Institutions 4.95
Total Funds from
Government 173.01 238.01 169.69 325.32 185.51 252.92
Funds from Financial
B. - - - - - -
Institutions -Borrowings
C. Capital Receipts - UPA 4.68 7.69 69.01 84.07 31.16 30.00
D. Other Capital Receipts 1.26 0.37 0.11 - 0.13 -
Total Capital Receipts 178.95 246.07 238.80 409.39 216.80 282.92
Capital Expenditure
a. Management 2.97 33.19 2.07 2.65 1.30 3.15
b. Municipal
b.
Development 34.14 30.24 51.44 116.30 91.97 136.58
c. Education 0.27 - 0.01 0.08 3.12 -
Water Works &
d. - -
Drainage 0.43 1.06 0.54 0.76
e. Public Health - - 0.21 0.11 0.13 -
f Street Lighting - - - 0.23 3.23 0.41
g. Endowment - - - - - -
h. Poverty Eradication - - - 0.56 0.71 -
Kerala Development
i. -
Project 149.01 135.58 87.28 329.80 185.43
j. Transferred Institutions 4.37 - - - - -
Total Capital
Expenditure 190.76 199.01 141.43 450.78 286.43 140.90
Capital Surplus /
(Deficit) (11.81) 47.06 97.37 (41.39) (69.63) 142.02
Transfer from Revenue 11.81
Transfer from Previous
Year Surplus 41.39 69.63
Net Surplus 0 47.06 144.43 103.4 33.41 175.43
243
(a) Capital Receipts:
Capital receipts come mainly in the form of grants released by Government for
implementation of specific schemes and projects. If there is any shortfall in the capital
account, the same is compensated by transferring surplus from the revenue account as
happened in the year 2000-01.
Figure 5
500
Rs. in million
400
300
200
100
-
2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005-
01 02 03 04 05 06
Year
Total Capital Receipts Total Capital Expenditure
(b) Capital Expenditure:

The corporation classifies capital expenditure under the following heads:
a. Management
b. Municipal development
c. Education
d. Water works and drainage
e. Public health
f. Street lighting
g. Endowment
h. Poverty eradication
i. Kerala development project
j. Transferred institutions
Figure 6 presents share of the above heads in the total capital expenditure in the year
2004-05.
244
Management,
0.5%
Others, 2.7%
Municipal
Development,
32.1%
Kerala
Development
Project, 64.7%
Figure 6
Debt Account
Debt account includes receipt and payment of deposits and advances, collection and
payment of library cess, pension and PF allotment from Government, contribution paid to
pension and PF etc.
B. Major Areas of Improvement
Revenue Realisation
Property tax is the major item contributing to the own source revenue. From the figure 7
it can be seen that the Corporation is collecting only about 58% of property tax demand.
F igu r e 7
140
120
Rs. in Million
100
61% 59%
80 59% P r oper t y Ta x
59%
60 53% Dem a n d
40 P r oper t y Ta x
20 Collect ion
0
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
F isca l Yea r
The past trend in collection of property tax shows a very dismal picture of 59% compared
to the demand generated by the TMC. This is mainly due to the redeployment of the
entire staff for organizing ward level meetings, preparation of project plans and
compilation of annual plans as stipulated in the guidelines issued by government under
the decentralized planning process. The staff untrained to take up this task under the
People’s Planning Campaign and preparation of participatory plans were regularly
trained for the purpose. In view of this their services could not be effectively utilized for
normal functions like collection of taxes etc. Now that the system of decentralized
245
planning process has been regularized. the TMC is now in a position to strengthen its
regular functions. It is expected that with energized tax collection process the TMC would
be able to collect 80% of there demanded tax.
There are certain other features with regard to property tax, which need to be
highlighted.
Till now property tax was assessed based on Annual Rental Value (ARV). The Kerala
Municipality Act, 1994 envisages change of the method of assessment from ARV
basis to plinth area basis. Government have now taken steps to change the
assessment to plinth area basis.
It is roughly estimated that around 10 – 12 thousand buildings have escaped
assessment. These buildings will be brought under assessment.
The earlier Municipality Act envisaged revision of tax every 5 years. Such a revision
is based on physical verification of building was carried out in 1988. At the next
revision in 1993 due to various reasons the physical verifications could not be carried
out and what is generally termed as ‘table revision’ was carried out with just 25%
increase for the earlier assessment. Such a process helped a number of properties,
which had undergone area and structural changes, escape taxation. It is hoped that
with the present proposed revision in 2006 all the buildings within the city would be
physically verified and assessed. This would not only broaden the tax base but will
also substantially increase the tax demand.
The present law envisages a revision every four years and therefore after 2006 the
next revision is expected in 2010. In the present revision in 2006 the total amount
collected would increase by 75%, which would increase by 1% by number of
properties every year and by the next revision in 2010 another increase of 20% is
expected.
The overall collection efficiency will be increased by about 80% which will be
achieved gradually with improved systems and procedures.
A similar approach is also expected in levy of Profession Tax. A large number of

employees have now escaped the tax net. It is expected that the tax base would be
broadened to include all those engaged in the various professions within the city. TMC
also proposes to introduce Presumptive Taxes for certain categories of profession.
The TMC also proposes broadening of the base in the levy of user charges and service
charges for the services rendered by the TMC. The rates of licence fee for the various
permissions granted by the TMC is also proposed to be modified through a system of
graduated automatic increases linked to indices reflecting value of money.
The government also proposes to link devolution of a portion of the Development Fund
to increased revenue efforts on the part of the local governments. With the reforms
envisaged, the TMC hopes to benefit from this policy. The TMC is also taking efforts for
Tax Mapping and updation of tax registers with computerised system of assessment,
collection and monitoring.
246
Budgeting
The present budgeting system of the Corporation does not achieve its desired targets.
Budget for receipts and payments for each fiscal year have to be prepared based on
previous year results and anticipated events in the coming year. The results of the
current year have to be compared with the budget figures. The shortcomings, if any,
should be studied carefully and corrective action should be taken eventually. A
separate trained team set up for budgeting can prepare budgets, compare actual figures
with budgets and suggest remedial actions.
Bank and Treasury Accounts
The present system of control on bank and treasury accounts is not sufficient to prevent
possible losses, if any, to the Corporation. Timely reconciliation of bank and treasury
accounts with books maintained by the Corporation will help to monitor the receipts and
payments from the bank and treasury accounts of the Corporation. This will help to
rectify errors and mistakes which may occur in the bank and treasury accounts.
247
Table 17.3: Estimated Financial Plan of Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation for Year 2006-12
GOK TMC PFI Total GOK TMC PFI Total GOK TMC PFI Total GOK TMC PFI Total GOK TMC PFI Total GOK TMC PFI Total
YEAR 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
REVENUE INCOME
379.8
Taxes - - - - - - 326.80 - - - -
- 255.90 - 255.90 277.61 277.61 301.18 301.18 326.80 352.23 352.23 379.84 4
Income
from - - - - - - 33.25 - - - -
30.16 30.16 31.67 31.67 33.25 34.91 34.91 36.66
Propertie - 28.72 - 28.72 36.66
Fees &
- 23.57 - 23.57 - 25.93 - 25.93 - 28.52 - 28.52 - 31.37 - 31.37 - 34.51 - 34.51 - 37.96 - 37.96
Charges
GoK 102.4
80.29 - - 80.29 84.30 - - 84.30 88.52 - - 88.52 92.95 - - 92.95 97.60 - 97.60 102.48 - -
Grants 8
556.9
TOTAL 80.29 308.19 - 388.48 84.30 333.70 - 418.00 88.52 361.37 - 449.89 92.95 391.42 - 484.37 97.60 421.65 - 519.25 102.48 454.46 -
4
REVENUE EXPENDITURE
Establish 309.1
80.29 161.90 - 242.19 84.30 170.00 254.30 88.52 178.50 - 267.02 92.95 187.42 - 280.37 97.60 196.79 - 294.39 -
ment - 102.48 206.63 1
Operatio 101.2
- 62.87 - 62.87 - 69.16 - 76.08 - 76.08 - 83.69 - 83.69 - 92.06 - 92.06 - 101.27 -
n 69.16 - 7
Transpor
- 18.30 - 18.30 - 20.13 - 22.14 - 22.14 - 24.35 - 24.35 - 26.79 - 26.79 - 29.47 - 29.47
t 20.13 -
Interest - 2.28 - 2.28 - 2.51 2.51 - 2.76 - 2.76 - 3.04 - 3.04 - 3.34 - 3.34 - 3.67 - 3.67
-
Water
Supply & - 3.03 - 3.03 - 3.33 3.33 - 3.66 - 3.66 - 4.03 - 4.03 - 4.43 - 4.43 - 4.87 - 4.87
-
Drainage
Others - 6.96 - 6.96 - 7.66 7.66 - 8.43 - 8.43 - 9.27 - 9.27 - 10.20 - 10.20 - 11.22 - 11.22
-
459.6
TOTAL 80.29 255.34 - 335.63 84.30 272.79 357.09 88.52 291.57 - 380.09 92.95 311.80 - 404.75 97.60 333.61 - 431.21 102.48 357.13 -
- 1
SUR -
- 52.85 - 52.85 - 60.91 - 60.91 - 69.80 - 69.80 - 79.62 - 79.62 - 88.04 - 88.04 - 97.33 - 97.33
PLUS
Note:
Reforms including tax reforms are expected to generate progressively increasing revenue in the next decade
Improvements in financial discipline may bring in better control over the municipal finances
The expected surplus progressively increasing over the years may enable the TMC to support its contribution in JNNURM
248
17.2 Structure & Finances of the Panchayats in the UA
17.2.1 Organization Structure

Subsequent to the 73rd and 74th Constitution Amendment, 1992 the Government of
Kerala embarked on a policy of decentralization of powers to local Governments.The
State chose to operationalize the decentralisation process through participatory local
level planning which was initiated through People’s Participatory Planning Programme.
The annual plan of a Panchayat comprises of development projects planned in the gram
sabha at the grass-root level and approved by the Panchayat Committtee. The activities
of the Panchayat are governed by the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, 1994.
The structure of the Panchayat consists of two wings, that is the Executive wing and the
Administrative wing.
A. Executive wing
An elected committee comprises of directly elected members from the Panchayat wards.
The President of the Panchayat (elected from the members) chairs the Panchayat
Committee meetings and is responsible for the overall supervision and control of the
administrative functions. The overall administration of the Panchayat vests in the
committee. The Pachayat committee has term of office for five years. The committee has
all the powers, authority and responsibilities of the Government, to enable it to function
as an institution of local self-government in respect of the matters entrusted to it.
The Vice President presides over Panchayat committee meetings during the absence of
the President. The Vice President is also the Chairman of the Finance Standing
Committee. There are two more standing Committees, one for Development activities
and other for Welfare activities. The standing Committees may exercise such powers as
are delegated to them in the Kerela Pachayat Raj Act, 1994.
B. Administrative wing
The Secretary is the administrative head of the Panchayat. The Secretary implements all
the decisions/directions of Panchayat Committee, ensures safe custody of the fund and
attends to all litigations for or against the Panchayat.
249
Figure 17.2: Organisation Chart of Grama Panchayat
Panchayat Committee
President Vice President
Standing Committees
Secretary
Supporting Staff
17.2.2 Finances
Panchayat Fund
All cash received by the Panchayat constitute the Panchayat Fund (Fund). The items of
income credited to the Fund consist of the following:
Own source revenue which includes taxes, duties, cess and surcharge, fees from
licenses and permissions, income from properties and income from other
miscellaneous items;
Share of the taxes levied by the Government and transferred to the Panchayat;
Grants released to the Panchayat by the Government for implementation of
schemes, projects and plans formulated by the Panchayat.
Grants released to the Panchayat by the Government for implementation of
schemes, projects and plans assigned or entrusted to the Panchayat; and
Money raised through donations and contributions from the public and non-
governmental agencies
The Panchayat keeps its books of accounts under the cash-based system rather than
the accrual method of accounting. Revenues are recorded when received and
expenditure recorded when paid.
Revenue Account
Revenue Account deals with the recurring Revenue Receipts and Expenditure of the
Panchayat.
17.3 Finances of Kerala Water Authority (KWA)
17.3.1 Mandate and Sources of Finance

The Kerala Water Authority (KWA) was constituted as an autonomous body by the
Government of Kerala on 1st April 1984 under the Kerala Water Supply and Waste Water
Ordinance 1984 as a successor to the erstwhile Public Health Engineering Department
250
of the Government of Kerala. The ordinance was replaced by the Kerala Water Supply
and Sewerage (KWSS) Act 1986. Section 15 of the Act has given KWA the following
mandate:
To obtain periodic or specific information from any local body;
To prepare and carry out schemes for water supply and sewerage;
To abstract water for drinking purposes from any natural source and disposal of
wastewater;
To lay down schedule of fees for all services rendered to government, local bodies,
institutions or individuals;
To fix and amend tariffs and charges for water supply and sewerage services and
collect all such fees;
To borrow money, issue debentures, obtain subventions, capital contributions, loans
and grants, to incur expenditure and manage its own funds; and
To grant loans and advances to such persons or authorities as the KWA may deem
fit.
KWA has a monopoly over the planning, designing, execution, operation and
maintenance of water supply and sewerage schemes across the entire State. After the
73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, the responsibility of supplying drinking water
was vested with local bodies. But this transition has not been effected till date in Kerala.
The process of handing over of identified 1050 single panchayat Water Supply Scheme
to local bodies is going on. At present, KWA continues to be responsible for all the big
WSS, majority of the small WSS and all the large underground sewerage & sanitation
schemes.
In line with its mandate, the sources of finance for KWA are water and related charges
collected from its customers, grants and loans from the Government of Kerala, grants
from the Government of India, and loans from financial institutions like Housing and
Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) and Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC).
Cost Recovery
The State Government’s policy on cost recovery for KWA operations is articulated in the
KWSS Act 1986. The Act states that KWA “shall not, as far as practicable and after
taking credit for any grants or subventions or capital contributions or loans from
Government, carry on its operations at a loss and shall so fix and adjust its rates of taxes
and charges as to enable it to meet as soon as feasible the cost of its operations,
maintenance and debt service and where practicable to achieve an economic return on
its fixed assets.” The Authority, however, has to take prior approval from the State
Government for revision of its rates.
Water Supply
The existing water tariffs came into effect on 1st April 1999. Water connection fees are
Rs.500 for domestic and Rs.1,000 for non-domestic connections. The Local Bodies are
charged for the stand posts / street taps provided in their areas at the rate of Rs.2,628
251
per street tap each year. Local bodies, however, are not charging any fee directly from
street tap users. Water charges are collected by KWA under the present bimonthly billing
system.
KWA had requested the State Government in January 2000 to increase the water tariff
by 30% effective from 1st April 2000 and to allow KWA to revise the water tariff from time
to time corresponding to the increase in power tariff. The State Government is yet to take
a decision on this request.
With the introduction of the bimonthly billing system and surcharges for non-working
meters, there is a marked increase in replacement of meters. Last year, it was estimated
that more than 50% of the water connections have defective meters. However, the
situation has now much improved with replacement of meters. The situation is now being
reviewed time to time and corrective actions taken.
Sewerage
At present, sewerage schemes are in operation only in two cities in the State, i.e.
Thiruvananthapuram and part of Kochi. Except for a sewer connection fee, see Table
17.4 monthly or annual sewerage service charges are not collected.
Table 17.4: KWA Sewerage Connection Fee

Customer Category Rate
Domestic 10% of the estimated cost - minimum Rs.500
Non-domestic 10% of the estimated cost - minimum Rs.1,000
Casual 10% of the estimated cost - minimum Rs.1,000
Industrial 10% of the estimated cost - minimum Rs.2,500
Source: KWA
17.3.2 Financial Performance in Thiruvananthapuram
KWA’s operation in Thiruvananthapuram has 1,50,000 water and 75,000 sewer
connections. A summary of the direct income and expenditure of KWA’s water supply
and sewerage operations in Thiruvananthapuram are presented in the following table.
Table 17.5: Water and Sewerage Operations – Thiruvananthapuram
Income and Expenditure (Rs. Million)

Particulars 2001-02 2000-01 1999-00
Income
Operating Income * 289.21 284.65 164.54
Non-Operating Income (mostly penalties) 32.32 5.63 11.8
Total Income 321.53 290.29 176.33
Expenditure
Salaries & Allowances 62.1 71.4 67.16
Power Charges 4.75 12.32 12.32
Consumables ( including chemicals) 0.93 1.99 2.35
Repairs & Maintenance ** 10.78 7.94 6.65
252
Particulars 2001-02 2000-01 1999-00

Administrative & Other Expenses 4.9 4.59 4.89
Total Expenditure 83.45 98.24 93.37
Surplus (Deficit) 238.08 192.05 82.96
* Includes Sewer Connection Fee 1.134 0.73 0.742
** Includes Sewer Maintenance Cost 0.068 0.069 0.101
Excluded in the above expenditure are the direct water production costs, depreciation of
Thiruvananthapuram fixed assets and indirect costs, which could be allocated like
interest and head office expenses.
If the water production costs were included, it is possible that Thiruvananthapuram
operations would continue to incur operating losses due to the extremely high
Unaccounted for Water (UFW) estimated at about 35.50% of water produced.
During the FY 1999-00 to FY 2001-02, operating income grew at an average of 33%
while expenditures decreased by 6%. This could be attributed to the increase in
consumer base and cost control measures undertaken by KWA. Non-operating income,
mostly late payment charges imposed and collected by KWA, grew incredibly at 66%.
Collection efficiency on Thiruvananthapuram accounts was about 26% which was slightly
higher than the state average efficiency of 22%.
17.3.3 Key Issues

The key issues affecting the financial performance of KWA that need immediate attention
can be summarized as follows:
Unaccounted For Water (UFW)
Issue: The high UFW in KWA has been the major cause of its financial losses. The level
of UFW has reached to a point that it could outweigh the financial benefits to be derived
from other revenue enhancement and cost control/reduction measures to be
implemented by KWA.
Action Recommended: KWA needs to put in place a comprehensive UFW reduction
program. The program should include other parts of the state in addition those that will
be implemented under JBIC funded project on water supply.
Defective Meters
Issue: The huge number of defective meters could render ineffective any kind of
measures to reduce UFW. Without functioning meters to measure actual water
production and usage, water consumption is prone to wastage and consumers tend to be
under billed.
Action Recommended: KWA should give priority for the replacement of defective
meters. If the present regulations on defective meters could not be implemented due to
differences in the interpretation of some sections in the KWSS Act 1986, KWA should
get a court ruling on this issue or have the Act amended to clarify the issue once and for
253
all. For proper operational management of the system, KWA should be responsible for
the provision and maintenance of consumer meters.
Collection Efficiency
Issue: Collection efficiency has been very low. Implementation of disconnection policy
on long overdue accounts has been lax. KWA’s cash flow has been hampered by the
chronic delay in payment by government local bodies and a large portion of outstanding
accounts belonging to them.
Action Recommended: Strict implementation of disconnection policy on long overdue
accounts should be carried out. Customers normally pay if disconnection policy is strictly
implemented. The State Government should assist KWA with regards to the collection of
pending dues. Government should devise an inter-government payment system that
facilitates account settlement among the different government institutions without
sacrificing proper recording and accounting of expenses and control procedures of the
concerned institutions.
Table 17.6: Project Component and Approximate Cost under Urban Infrastructure Sector
(Rs. Crores)
Sl. Sector Project cost (Rs.
No. crores)
1 Water Supply
Projects under JNNURM 730.50
JBIC Project 311.91
Total 1042.41
2 Sewerage 1081.00
3 Storm Water Drainage
Drainage & flood control 96.40
Water Conservation 79.35
Total 175.75
4 Environment 24.33
5 Solid Waste Management 51.00
6 Traffic and Transportation 3786.54
7 Urban Regeneration 200.00
8 Heritage & Tourism
Heritage 125.40
Tourism 197.00
Total 322.40
9 Social Infrastructure 156.30
10 Basic Services to Urban Poor 577.20
Grand Total 7416.93
17.3.4 Integrating ADB Assisted KSUDP into JNNURM.

The guidelines of JNNURM permit inclusion of other externally aided projects under
JNNURM. The guidelines (Clause 18.3) is as follows:
“In case any JNNURM Project is also approved as Externally Aided Project (EAP), the
EAP funds can be passed through as Additional Central Assistance to State Government
as funds contributed by State/ULB/FIS…”
254
The following is the estimated investment for Thiruvananthapuram under Asian

Development Bank (ADB) assisted Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project.
Table 17.7: Estimated Outlay of ADB Assisted KSUD Project for Thiruvananthapuram
Sl. No Name of the Sector Investment in Rs. Crores
1 Sewerage 86.90
2 Urban Drainage 7.20
3 Roads 27.50
4 Equipment (sanitation) 0.60
5 Community Upgrading 30.00
6 Others 18.53
Total estimates 170.73
It has been decided that the ADB assisted KSUD Project would be taken as part of
JNNURM and the investment plan amount of CDP would include ADB assisted KSDU
Project outlay.
17.4 City Investment Plan for Thiruvananthapuram UA
17.4.1 Financial Plan under JNNURM for providing GOK & TMC share of contribution
The broad estimated cost for the project components envisaged under various sectors in
the CDP for JNNURM is Rs.7417 crores.
Assuming that the entire Project is approved by Government of India, the share expected
from GOI as grants is 80 percent of the total Project Cost: Rs. 5934 crores
The balance amount of project cost of 20 percent has to be shared by GOK and TMC
(10% each): Rs. 1483 crores (@ Rs.741.50 crores each)
JNNURM guidelines permit integration of other existing externally aided projects (JBIC &
KSUDP) with JNNURM and for considering such funds as the share of GOK and TMC.
i. JBIC: Rs.311.91 crores

ii. ADB: Rs. 34.74 crores (after deducting Rs.86.9 crores included under
sewerage component)
Total: Rs.346.65 crores
Balance funds to be shared by GOK and TMC: Rs.1136.35 crores
The share of contribution expected from TMC is: Rs.568.18 crores
Source of funds proposed for TMC share

1. Plan Funds: Rs.60 crores @ Rs.10 crores every year from 2006 to 2011
2. Own Funds: Rs.60 crores @ Rs.10 crores every year from 2006 to 2011
255
It would be possible to mobilise funds by identifying components which can be

considered for implementation under Public – Private Partnership (PPP). Projects which
can be considered for PPP can be identified when Detailed Project Reports (DPR) are
prepared, after the Preliminary Report is approved by GOI. It would also be possible to
seek share of support from the LAD funds of MPs & MLAs. TMC may also borrow from
Financial Institutions during the Project Period of 2006 – 2011.
Apart from the above, to strengthen the financial position of the corporations
Government of Kerala provides grants in three streams – Development, Maintenance
and General purpose. Some of the important ongoing fiscal reforms emerging out of
State Finance Commissions would make available additional resources to the
Thiruvananthapuram Corporation as detailed in Chapter 2. The main reforms are:
i. Introduction of plinth area based Property Taxation to be effective from the second
half of 2006-07;
ii. It is envisaged that the number of taxable properties will increase by 1.0% annually;
iii. It is envisaged that in FY 2006-07 and FY 2011-12 increase in number of properties
5% by undertaking property survey and increasing tax coverage to all properties;
iv. Introduction of seating capacity-linked taxation for Entertainment Tax;
v. Introduction of presumptive taxes for certain categories of professions under
Profession Tax;
vi. Introduction of a new Service Tax to realize the cost of providing special services to
localities, as a kind of benefits tax;
vii. Linking general non-tax revenues like rents, license fees to the value of money
through a system of graduated automatic increases linked to indices reflecting value
of money;
viii. Linking devolution of a portion of the Development Fund to increased revenue efforts
on the part of the local governments;
ix. Tax mapping to reduce escaped tax; and
x. Updation of asset registers.
The Financial Statement is show in 17.4.3.
256
17.4.2 City Investment Plan
Sl.No Sectors
Grand Total
GOK
GOK
GOK
GOK
GOK
GOK
TMC
TMC
TMC
TMC
Total
TMC
Total
TMC
Total
Total
Total
Total
GOI
GOI
GOI
GOI
GOI
GOI
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
1 Water Supply
730.50
57.32 7.17 7.17 71.65 85.52 10.69 10.69 106.90 136.32 17.04 17.04 170.40 147.52 18.44 18.44 184.40 107.92 13.49 13.49 134.90 49.80 6.23 6.23 62.25
2 Sewerage
1,081.00
88.40 11.05 11.05 110.50 251.20 31.40 31.40 314.00 234.80 29.35 29.35 293.50 170.80 21.35 21.35 213.50 87.20 10.90 10.90 109.00 32.40 4.05 4.05 40.50
Storm Water
3 175.75
Drainage 20.08 2.51 2.51 25.10 39.02 4.88 4.88 48.77 41.23 5.15 5.15 51.54 24.00 3.00 3.00 30.00 12.43 1.55 1.55 15.54 3.84 0.48 0.48 4.80
24.33
4 Environment
1.92 0.24 0.24 2.40 6.90 0.86 0.86 8.63 4.56 0.57 0.57 5.70 4.80 0.60 0.60 6.00 1.28 0.16 0.16 1.60 - - - -
Solid Waste 51.00
5 Management 5.59 0.70 0.70 6.99 13.33 1.67 1.67 16.66 4.90 0.61 0.61 6.13 7.31 0.91 0.91 9.14 5.34 0.67 0.67 6.67 4.33 0.54 0.54 5.41
Traffic &
6 3,786.54
Transportation - - - - - -
Urban
7 - - - - - - - - - -
Regeneration 200.00
8 Heritage
125.40
15.20 1.90 1.90 19.00 26.72 3.34 3.34 33.40 25.20 3.15 3.15 31.50 20.00 2.50 2.50 25.00 13.20 1.65 1.65 16.50 - - -
9 Tourism
197.00
15.20 1.90 1.90 19.00 36.80 4.60 4.60 46.00 50.40 6.30 6.30 63.00 39.20 4.90 4.90 49.00 16.00 2.00 2.00 20.00 - - - -
Social
10
Infrastructure 156.30
Basic Services to 577.20

11
the Urban Poor
257
17.4.3 Financial Statement: Thiruvananthapuram.
Particulars Actual Projections in Rs. Million

2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
A. Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation (Revenue Account)

Opening Balance 297 783 1358 1980 2654 3386 4184 5024 5904 6826 7831 8897 10016 11188 12467
Revenue Income
Tax Revenue 242 257 312 321 331 341 383 400 414 428 482 511 530 548 618 644
Non Tax Revenue 64 68 72 76 80 85 90 96 102 108 114 121 128 136 144 153
Assigned Revenues
Grants & Contribution 322 512 564 620 682 750 795 843 894 947 1004 1064 1128 1196 1268 1344
Total- Revenue Income 628 837 948 1017 1093 1177 1269 1339 1409 1483 1600 1697 1787 1880 2029 2140
Revenue Expenditure
Management of Taxes 82 87 92 98 104 110 117 124 131 139 147 156 166 175 186 197
Municipal Services (Maintenance) 248 263 279 296 313 332 352 373 396 419 445 471 500 530 561 595
Non-Plan Operation Expenses 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Miscellaneous Expenses 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Debt Servicing (Old Loans)
Non Debt Liability
Total- Revenue Expenditure 331 351 373 395 419 444 471 499 529 561 595 630 668 708 751 796
Revenue Surplus /(Deficit) 297 486 575 622 674 733 798 839 880 922 1005 1066 1119 1172 1279 1344
Closing Balance 297 783 1358 1980 2654 3386 4184 5024 5904 6826 7831 8897 10016 11188 12467 13812
B. Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation (CDP Project Account)

Opening Balance 297 783 1358 1980 2654 3386 4184 3731 3318 2937 2628 2375 2159 1978 1894 1853
Sources of Fund
Debt Drawdown 727 1046 1566 1461 1248 1057
Grant - GoI 5813 8371 12526 11688 9986 8456
Grant - GoK 727 1046 1566 1461 1248 1057
Sewerage
258
Particulars Actual Projections in Rs. Million

2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
- Income - Existing
- Income - Incremental 33 40 40 40 49 49 49 60 60 60
-New Connection Fees
-Income from Sludging Fees 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
Total- Inflow 7266 10464 15658 14610 12482 10604 42 42 42 51 52 52 62 63 63

Disposition of Funds
Equity Drawdown
Project Capex 7266 10464 15658 14610 12482 10570
Sewerage
- Expenditure - Existing
- Expenditure - Incremental 76 80 85 90 96 101 107 114 121 128
- Debt - Principal 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
- Debt - Interest 59 56 54 51 48 45 42 39 36 33
Others
- Expenditure - Incremental 422 447 474 502 532 564 598 634 672 712
- Debt - Principal 341 341 341 341 341 341 341 341 341 341
- Debt - Interest 375 356 338 319 300 281 263 244 225 206
Total- Outflow 7266 10464 15658 14610 12482 11897 1335 1345 1357 1371 1387 1405 1425 1449 1474
Net Cash Flow -1292 -1293 -1303 -1315 -1319 -1335 -1353 -1363 -1386 -1411
Closing Balance 297 783 1358 1980 2654 3386 2892 2438 2016 1623 1309 1040 806 615 508 441
259
18.0 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM
Government of Kerala had earlier constituted a Project Management and Implementation

Mechanism for the ADB assisted Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project
(KSUDP) which has been approved as a multi-component urban development project for
the five cities of Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, Thrissur and Kozhikode in the State
of Kerala. This Project Implementation Mechanism has been approved by Government of
India.
As laid out in the norms of JNNURM, the KSUDP as the Externally Assisted Project
(EAP) has been brought under the JNNURM. In this context GOK has proposed to
appoint the same Project management and Implementation Unit as the State level Nodal
Agency for JNNURM.
18.1 Implementing Agencies
JNNURM is conceived as a multi-component, multi-sectoral programme. The

implementation of the projects would necessitate involvement of a number of sectoral
agencies, both Government Departments and Quasi- Government Organisations. In
addition to this, there are a few projects which need participation of private sector and
Voluntary Organizations. Therefore the Project Nodal Agency has to interact with a large
number of organizations and also with the State and Central Governments.
The task would be much more important in the Thiruvananthapuram City, where
arranging for preparation of Detailed Project reports, arranging for implementation
through the responsible organization, mobilizing participation of people, implementation
monitoring, channeling of funds to the responsible organization, project accounting etc.
would be tasks to be undertaken diligently. Given the multiplicity of functions and the
overlap in service provision, identifying the implementing agency is critical for smooth
operations.
The Municipal Corporation will be the implementing agency conforming to GoK’s policy of
decentralizing planning and service delivery. A City-level Steering Committee (CSC)
would be constituted for overcoming any bottlenecks in project progress. The CSC would
consist of the Mayor of the TMC, the District Collector, the Secretary of TMC,
representatives of State-level Departments in the city (Public Works Department, Kerala
Water Authority, NATPAC, TRIDA, Department of Tourism, Irrigation Department,
Department of Town & Country Planning, Department of Social Welfare, Kerala State
Pollution Control Board etc.), and representatives of Thiruvananthapuram Chamber of
Commerce, representatives from Industry and NGOs/CBOs. Besides reviewing project
progress, the CSC would also sort out local issues and would provide guidance on policy
matters. Kudumbashree set up will continue to play an active role in advising and
monitoring activities facilitating poverty alleviation.
18.2 Project Implementation Unit
PIU would be established within Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation. The

responsibilities of the PIU would include:
260
(i) Carrying out detailed surveys, investigations and engineering designs of individual
components;
(ii) Tendering, evaluating bids and awarding works, contract administration, supervision
and quality control;
(iii) Measuring works carried out by the contractors and certifying payments;
(iv) Conducting public awareness campaigns and participation programs,
(v) Carrying out the Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation (BME) studies;
(vi) Carrying out inventory of environmental assessments;
(vii) Ensuring compliance with funding amount and loan covenants, if any; and
(viii) Preparing monthly reports.
The Design Supervision Consultant (DSC) supports the PIU in all the aforesaid activities.
A Project Manager will head the PIU and will be supported by sector specialists in
environmental and civil engineering, as appropriate. The PIU will also comprise of staff
involved in procurement, accounts and community development. Staff deputed from the
Revenue Department shall handle all land acquisition and resettlement and rehabilitation
issues, wherever required. The Project Manager at the PIU will report to the Secretary,
Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation. All administrative and project co-ordination
related issues will be handled separately in TMC.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Accredited NGOs based on their past

performance and past experience in related aspects would be empanelled for
participation in project detailing and implementation of the various components of the
JNNURM Project.
Figure 18.1 indicates the proposed project management structure
261
Figure 18.1: Proposed Project Management Structure
Government of India
State Level Steering Government of Kerala
State Level Nodal Agency
Thiruvananthapuram
City Level Steering

Committee
Project Implementation
Unit (PIU)
Design & NGOs / CBOs

Supervision Kudumabashree
Consultants Private Sector
(DSC)
262
Annexure - 1
ANNEXURE - 1
Core Committee constituted as per Resolution No. 1(1) of Thiruvananthapuram Municipal

Corporation dated 26-6-2006
Members
1. Sri. C. Jayan Babu Mayor, Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation
(Chairman)
2. Smt. T.M. Sudha Senior Town Planner, O/o. Chief Town Planner,
Thiruvananthapuram (Convenor)
3. Sri. V. Jayaprakash Deputy Mayor, Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation
4. Sri. T.K. Raveendran Secretary, Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation
5. Sri. A. Kasthurirangan Chief Town Planner (Retd.)
6. Adv. K.G. Prakash Addl. Secretary to Government of Kerala, LSGD (Retd.),
EDIT
7. Sri. Mohan Suptd. Engineer, Kerala Water Authority
8. Sri. K.G. Padmanabhan Nair Suptd. Engineer (Retd.), Kerala Water Authority
9. Sri. V.V. Krishnarajan Secretary, TRIDA
10. Smt. A. Komalavalli Amma Chief Engineer (Retd.), Irrigation Dept.
11. Sri. G. Chandramohan Dy. Chief Project Coordinator, NATPAC
12. Sri. K. Krishnakumar Program Officer, Kudumbashree
13. Sri. P. Kesavan Nair Program Officer, Kudumbashree
14. Sri. G. Sudev Exe. Engineer (Water Supply), Kerala Water Authority
15. Sri. Joseph Mathew Exe. Engineer (Sewerage), Kerala Water Authority
16. Sri. U.V. Jose Planning Officer, Dept. of Tourism
17. Sri. P.A. Eapen Asst. Exe. Engineer, Kerala Road Fund Board
Working Group to assist the Core Committee
1. Sri. Abraham Koshy Asst. Exe. Engineer, Irrigation Dept.

2. Sri. T.C. Raveendranath Asst. Exe. Engineer, Irrigation Dept.
Annexure – 1 1
Members of Rapid Assessment Group (RAG)

1. Sri. S. Sree Kumar Representative of Mayor and Deputy Mayor.
2. Smt. T.M. Sudha Senior Town Planner, Convenor of the Core Committee
3. Smt. S.K. Lalithambika Project Engineer, Thiruvananthapuram Corporation (representative of
the Corporation Secretary)
4. Sri. A. Kasthuri Rangan Chief Town Planner Rtd., Senior Spatial Planning Expert
5. Adv. K.G.Prakash Addl. Secretary to Government of Kerala, LSGD (Rtd),

Representative of NGO
Planning Assistants
6. Smt. Asha Ajoy Ghosh Asst. Town Planner, O/o Chief Town Planner,
Thiruvananthapuram
7. Smt. Anshu Bhatia Urban & Regional Planner
Annexure – 1 2
Annexure - 2
ANNEXURE – 2
MINUTES OF CONSULTATION MEETINGS FOR PREPARATION OF CITY

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THIRUVANANTHAPURAM UA UNDER JNNURM
GROUP CONSULTATIONS
MEETING 1
Group Consulted : SENIOR CITIZENS / EMINENT PERSONS
Date : 17 July 2006
Time : 10.30 a.m.
Venue : Conference Hall, Corporation
No. of Participants : 12
S. Areas emerged Key Issues / Suggestions

No.
1. Urban Poor - Complete slum improvement schemes
- Rehabilitation of slum pockets in the city
- Provision for Housing schemes, drinking water supply schemes
2 Urban Development - Satellite township
- Shifting the govt. offices to outskirt of city
- Urban forestry scheme
- Removal encroachments
3 Transportation - Decentralization of public transport system,
- Restructuring or KSRTC
- Footpath to pedestrians and Zebra crossing for pedestrians
- Parking bays
4 Civic Services - Provision for complete Drainage system for the city
- Public toilets
5 Municipal Finance - User charges should be collected for the facilities given by
Corporation excluding BPL
- Revision of Property tax and provision tax
6 Institutional - Co ordination of all the departments for road cutting
MEETING 2
Group Consulted : COUNCILLORS
Date : 19 July 2006
Time : 9.30 a.m.
Venue : Government Guest House, Thycaud
S. Areas Key Issues / Suggestions

No.
1 Heritage - Conservation of Kowdiar Palace, University College, Fine Arts
Conservation College, Putharikandom Maithanam, Vettimuricha kotta,
projects Thrippadapuram temple as heritage buildings
- LPS Karamana
- East Fort foot path conservation
- Conservation of Attukal - Sinkarathoppu Kottaram building and
pond, MR hill
- Conservation of Ayyankali, Chattampi Swami, and Sri
Annexure – 2 1

No.
Narayanaguru swamy’s birth places and house as heritage
buildings
- Sanghumugham Palace
- Thirumala parekkovil
- Sinkarathoppu kottaram building
- Fort wall
2 Transportation - Up gradation of Kuravankonam junction- Paruthippara - Pattom
link road
- Improvement of Ulloor – Chavidimukku Road
- Improvement of Sasthamangalam - Maruthankuzhi Road
- Underpass at Medical college Junction, Bye lanes around
medical college development,
- Bus services to MC, bus depot at MC junction, Traffic signal
system at MC junction.
- Widening of fly over at Thampannoor
- Up gradation of road from Arysala to bye pass
- Up gradation of Maruthhoorkadavu - Kalady -Chiramukku -
Manacaud road
- Traffic island at important junctions considering the heritage
aspects
- Fly-over near cotton hill school, pedestrian crossing at Palayam
market junction, extending the under pass at MLA quarters for
smooth flow of the vehicles without rounding at Asan square.
- Providing multistoried parking on MG road
- ROB on all congested roads
- Widening of Sasthamangalam Vettamukku –Thrikkannapuram –
Pavamcodu - Vellayani Road.
- Development scheme for East Fort.
- Development of Valiyathura - Vallakkadavu Road
- Sreekaryam - Ulloor road development.
- Develop Outer ring road corridor
- Improvement of Medical college junction, Medical college area
development, sub way/fly over at Medical college junction, bus
terminal at Medical college junction
- Updating traffic signal system.
- FOB / sub way at Vazhuthacaud - Vellayambalam road for
pedestrian crossing
- Kochar road development
- Parayilkadavu bridge development
- Palayam market development
- Thachankottu Thirumala Road development
- Development of Corporation roads connecting major road
- Nanthancode - Charachira road improvement
- Water transport development
Annexure – 2 2
MEETING 3
Group Consulted : NGOS, FRAT, EDIT, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, BAR
ASSOCIATION
Date : 20 July 2006
Time : 10.00 a.m.

No.
1 Heritage & Tourism - Conservation and protection of heritage sites
- Need a convention centre of international standard.
- Need comfort stations of international standard at major
locations in the city.
- Need for a transit hotel near the airport
- Need of an international standard guest house in the premises of
KITTS
- Need a water sports complex at Kovalam
- Community halls, conference and entertainment halls and
centers to be developed like habitat centre, Tagore theatre
complex development
2 Transportation - Beautification of roads and overall road infrastructure
improvement
- Provision of good pavements
- Parking lots, under ground parking facility, paid multistoried
parking through private sector participation
- Widening existing road between Thampanoor and Airport via
East fort to four-lane road
- Need of improvement of existing bridges & construction of new
ones at specific locations
- Proposal for a fly - over at Pattom and Peroorkada
- Need of eastern bypass
- Need of Link Roads – proposal for new ring road:
Kazhakoottam-Pothencode-Mannanthala-Peroorkada-
Vattiyoorkavu-Vizhinjam Road
- Re-development of KSRTC Thampanoor bus terminal
- Development water transportation
- Development of metro rail system
- Improvement of public transport system in and around the state
capital
- Development of new truck terminal
- Identifying location for bus stations – lorry stand
- Improvement of street lighting on road stretches between
Kovalam - Vizhinjam, Kazhakuttam- Kovalam by-pass,
Thampanoor-Airport and VJT Hall- Airport
3 Civic services - Sewage system improvement
- Up gradation of sewage treatment plant
- Protection of water resources
- Provision for basic service in the erstwhile Panchayat areas
4 Urban Poor - Poverty alleviation programmes
- Urban primary health care project
5 Area development - Area developments at market places - development to Anayara
whole sale market area
Annexure – 2 3

No.
- Developing green lungs in the city
- Beautification of city squares
- Land to be reserved for I.T. Park
6 Environment - Adopt measures to counter pollution
7 Miscellaneous - Use of GIS applications
- Up gradation of KITTS in to a Travel & Tourism Institute of
international standard and shift it to a convenient location
- Increase in public participation
MEETING 4
Group Consulted : OFFICIALS / HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS
Date : 17 July 2006
Time : 12.00 noon

No.
1. Heritage - Conservation of heritage area with the help of resident
associations.
- East fort heritage scheme
2 Transportation - Good parking facilities
- Development of hospital junction
- Road rail network to be developed taking into consideration IT
park, Biotechnology park, Anayara whole sale market,
engineering college, KINFRA park, Video park
3 Civic services - Developing new sewerage, water and solid waste management
schemes
- Adopting rain water harvesting
- Replacing old damaged pipe lines with new ones
4 Social Infrastructure - Development of community halls
- Development of hospitals
- Ambulance service for poor people at medical college
5 Miscellaneous - Development of Anganavadis / old age schemes, schemes for
disabled persons and mental rehabilitation centres
- Counseling centres for mental development of deprived people
in urban areas
- Schemes for non contamination of Karamana river, Killi river
and other water bodies, schemes for protection of river banks
- Rehabilitation of street venders at hospitals
Annexure – 2 4
MEETING 5
Group Consulted : HEADS OF INSTITUTIONS (M.D., CHAIRMAN)
Date : 21 July 2006
Time : 10.00 a.m.

No.
1. Heritage and - New heritage model centenary block
Tourism
2. Transportation - Improved traffic signal and security system
- To reduce the present traffic congestion proper scheme must be
prepared considering congestion at schools, temples, hospitals
and offices
- Parking facilities and bus bays should be provided in major
/highly traffic congested areas
- Improvement of railway station at Veli
- Development of new bus terminal
- Development of Vizhinjam international terminal port
- Air port –Techno park link by road/rail network
- Avenue tree plantation
3 Civic services - The capacity of Aruvikkara dam must be increased to improve
the drinking water supply
- The old damaged pipes to be replaced by new ones
- Scheme for rain water harvesting
4 Urban Poor - Housing infrastructure
5 Area Development - Schemes to be prepared considering 25 years of development
- Development of a satellite town near Techno Park and providing
road network, drainage scheme, sewage and electricity
- Development of small & medium urban centres in
Thiruvananthapuram
- Creation of special economic zones
- Delineation of new education & medical zones
- The city to be extended physically - shifting government offices
outside the city
6 Environment - Protecting the reserved forest area
- Effective utilisation of natural and artificial resources for
productive purposes
- Eco – city project
- Assessment of pollution load
7 Miscellaneous - Convert TRIDA in to a metropolitan planning and development
authority
Annexure – 2 5
MEETING 6
Group Consulted : ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS AND REPRESENTATIVES OF
ITPI, INTACH AND IMA
Date : 21 July 2006
Time : 12.00 noon

No.
1. Heritage - Heritage scheme for East Fort area
- Documentation of schemes for heritage conservation
- Heritage conservation of Sreevaraham Pond
2 Transportation - Schemes to ease traffic congestion
- Parking area to be provided at different places in the city
- Sufficient parking facility must be available in the hospital
premises
- Foot paths to be provided on both side of major roads, zebra
crossing on all roads, people friendly road schemes, tree
planting on both side of roads
3 Civic services - Scheme for perfect drainage/ sewage facility in the city
- Scheme for proper drainage to avoid stagnation of water during
rainy season
- Drinking water schemes
- Scheme for rain water harvesting
4 Urban Poor - Rehabilitation schemes for the poor on the banks of river and
canal
- Development of schemes for public health centres and research
centres for urban poor
- Drinking water supply, street light, transportation systems to be
provided in slum area
5 Miscellaneous - Scheme for conservation of Karamana and Killi river
- Implementation of micro insurance scheme
MEETING 7
Group Consulted : AREA DEVELOPMENT SOCIETIES, COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT SOCIETIES, COMMUNITY BASED
ORGANIZATIONS
Date : 21 July 2006
Time : 3.00 p.m.

No.
1 Urban Poor - Scheme for electricity and water supply for urban poor
- Assistance to complete the uncompleted buildings and
provision of maintenance grant to urban poor families
- Construction of well wherever drinking water line is not
available
2 Social Infrastructure - Health centre for each ward
- Required medicines to be made available in each centre
Annexure – 2 6
MEETING 8
Group Consulted : WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS
Date : 21 July 2006
Time : 4.00 p.m.

No.
1 Civic services - Development of decentralized sewage treatment plants
- Restoring water by rain water harvesting
- Separate waste water treatment facility to be provided for high
rise buildings and flats within their campus
- Construction of public toilets at important places in the city
- Capacity of sewage treatment plant to be increased before
connecting additional sewerage pipes or replacing small pipes
2 Urban Poor - Importance to schemes for giving basic services for urban poor
3 Miscellaneous - Projects for Coastal area development to be prepared after
consultations with the local people and councilors of the area
- Schemes for preservation of ponds and water bodies in the city
- Green strip schemes
MEETING 9
Group Consulted : TRANSFERRED DEPARTMENTS
Date : 22 July 2006
Time : 2.00 p.m.
No. of Participants :

No.
1. Heritage
2 Transportation
3 Civic services
4 Urban Poor
5 Social Infrastructure
6 Area Development
7 Environment
8 Miscellaneous
Annexure – 2 7
MEETING 10
Group Consulted : MPs, MLAs
Date : 25 July 2006
Time : 3.00 p.m

No.
1 Tourism - Renovation of Vallakadavu Boat House – 50 lakhs
- Development of Akkulam Tourist Village – 5 crores
- Boating / Mini Tourist Centre at Charachira Pond – 1 crore
- “Perunthachan Magic Pond” at Museum Compound – 1 crore
- Convention Centre at Golf Links, Kawdiar – 25 crores
- Water Tourism at Karamana – Thiruvallom – 2 crores
2 Transportation - Parking facility in different parts of the city based on land
acquisition
- Redevelopment of East fort and Thampanoor transport terminals
- Development of metro rail system after examining the study
report
- Development of outer ring road
- Fly over and foot over bridge in areas with frequent traffic
congestion
- Railway over bridge at Petta- Anayara road level-crossing
- Private bus station / lorry parking ground at Killipalam – 5
crores
- Railway Over Bridge at CIT Road -10crores
- New bus stand & bus shelters at East Fort – 5 crores
- Foot Over Bridges or underpass in various places (near Cotton
hill School, Thampanoor, Museum, PMG, Karamana, East Fort,
near St. Mary’s School-Pattom, Vazhuthacaud) – 50 crores
- Widening and improvement of roads in the city – 50 crores
- Metro rail survey – 5 crores
- Kulathara-Ilamthek-Kalladimukham Bridge - 5 crores
- Maruthur Kadav Bridge – 2 crores
- Padasserry Bridge – 4 crores
- Janatha Vishrama Kendram at Thampanoor – 10 crores
3 Civic services - Development of storm water schemes taking into consideration
water stagnation in low-lying / city centre areas like
Thampanoor and East Fort
- Modernisation of sewerage system to be considered as a
separate project
- Modern facility for sewage treatment plant
- Water supply, electricity must be provided at all places
- Replacement of rusted GI pipes with PVC pipes
- Proposed sewage schemes: Chenkalloor – Mudavanmugal
Scheme – 12 crores; Attukal – Kalady – Kalippankulam Scheme
– 15 crores; Attukal Township – 15 crores; New Chala Scheme
– 10 crores
- Scheme for Flood control in Capital City – 5 crores
- Cleaning the existing Surface Drains & Ponds – 5 crores
4 Urban Poor - Water supply, electricity, transport facility to the urban poor
- Provision of good infrastructure facilities at schools
Annexure – 2 8

No.
- Development plan for coastal areas to be prepared in
consultation with residing slum dwellers in the area
- Schemes for Chenkal Choola Colony – 2 crores; Karimadam
Colony - 1 crore; Pound Colony – 50 lakhs
5 Social Infrastructure - Improvement of infrastructural & academic amenities in various
schools (Karamana, Jagathy, Poojapura, Thycaud, Nedumcaud,
Konchiravila etc.) – 1 crore
- Improvement of Panchakarma Ayurveda Institute-10crores
- Modernisation of Thycaud W & C Hospital - 5 crores
- Infrastructural Development at Iranimuttam Hospital – 10
crores
- Infrastructural facilities & academic amenities for deaf & dump
school – 1 crore
- Renovation of University & Central Stadium – 5 crores
- Improving the activities of Vyloppilly Samskrithi Bhavan – 1
crore
- Development of Public Library & Children’s Library – 1 crore
- Reconstruction & modernisation of Museum – 5 crores
6 Area / Urban - Redevelopment schemes for residential colonies in the city
Development - Redevelopment of commercial areas - especially Chalai market
- Development of open spaces in the city
- Development of convention centre in the outer city areas
- Preparation of coastal area development schemes
- Market & market complex near Valiyasala (70 cents of land
under education Dept.)
- Modernisation of Fish Market, Pangode
- Sports Complex at Kalladimukham, Ambalathara – 10 crores
- Modernisation of Poojappura Stadium -1 crore
- Children’s park & modern aquarium with artificial sea at
Shangumukham Palace – 5 crores
- Renovation of Children’s Park at Shankumukham -1 crore
- Renovation of Putharikandam Maidanam with shopping
complex & parking area - 5 crores
- Modern flower market at Chalai – 1 crore
- Open spaces in various places – 10 crores
7 Environment - Cleaning of Parvathy Puthanar – 10 crores
- Social forestry on either sides of roads – 1 crore
8 Miscellaneous - CDP to be integrated with the Road Fund Board schemes
- Schemes for non contamination of Karamana river, Killi river,
Amayizhanchan thodu, Thekkanamkara kayal and other water
bodies
- Fish landing harbor at Valiathura, Poonthura, Veli coastal area
- Industrial Park development – 5 crores
- Develop10000 Self Employment units – 50 crores
Annexure – 2 9
MEETING 11
Group Consulted : BANKS REPRESENTATIVES
Date : 27 July 2006
Time : 12.00 noon

No.
1 Finance - Loan amount can be considered to be released for
implementation of repayment schemes
- They have also asked to give details of projects having private
participation
MEETING 12
Group Consulted : REPRESENTATIVES OF INSTITUTES FOR PHYSICALLY &
MENTALLY CHALLENGED AND SOCIAL WELFARE
ORGANIZATIONS
Date : 28 July 2006
Time : 12.00 noon

No.
1. Heritage -
2 Transportation -
3 Civic services -
4 Urban Poor -
5 Social Infrastructure - Grant to construct building to accommodate the orphans
- Grant for old age home
- To ensure infrastructure provision. Support training, facilities
for the urban mentally challenged from birth to old age in a
feasible and viable mode
6 Area Development
7 Miscellaneous Fish landing centres
- Loading – unloading fish without Labour Charge
- To arrange basic needs within Market
- Drinking water, Toilet, Cleaning
- Traveling, Separate Vehicle
- Fish Booth
Annexure – 2 10
MEETING 13
Group Consulted : PANCHAYAT PRESIDENTS
Date : 28 July 2006
Time : 3.00 p.m.
Venue : Mayor's Chamber
Vizhinjam Grama Panchayat

No.
1. Tourism - Building Marine Aquarium
2 Transportation - Development of Vizhinjam harbour
- Development of rail network connecting city and Panchayat
areas
- Development of Balaramapuram – Vizhinjam rail network
3 Civic services - Severe drinking water shortage. It is the only Panchayat that
buys drinking water – proposal for Vellayani drinking water
project
- Scheme for solid waste management
- Provision for electric supply
- Proposal to cover open drains
4 Urban Poor - One-lakh housing colonies central government scheme for the
poor
- Construction of multistoried housing
- Housing schemes for BPL families
- Basic infrastructure development for the poor
5 Social Infrastructure - Building for Ayurveda Hospital
- Construction of public toilets
6 Environment - Preservation of paddy field
- Renovation of canal and cleaning of pond
Vattiyoorkavu Grama Panchayat

No.
1 Transportation - Road widening between Perrorkada junction and
Nedumangadu
- Bridge linking at Peyad – Malamukal – Peroorkada
junction – Quarry
- Development of revenue land for long distance bus
terminal
- Rail connectivity between Trivandrum – Shenkottah
through Nedumangadu
- Provision for streetlights
2 Civic services - Provision for drinking water supply facilities
- Solid waste removal scheme of Thiruvananthapuram
Corporation to be extended to the Panchayat area
3 Urban Poor - Road development in areas resided by urban poor
- Welfare schemes for urban poor
Annexure – 2 11
Kazhakootom Grama Panchayat

No.
1 Civic services - Urgent need to develop scheme for solid waste management
- Water supply scheme for SC and ST colonies
- Construction of storm water drains
2 Urban Poor - Housing schemes
Kudappanakkunnu Panchayat
No.
1 Transportation - Road development to connect Kudappanakunnu civil station
- Effective widening of Mannanthala – Peroorkada road and
approach road after land acquisition
2 Civic services - Water supply scheme near water tank
- Scheme for sea water treatment for drinking water
- Scheme for sewerage disposal
- Solid waste management – removal of waste from pig farm
- Building retaining wall around 30 ponds
3 Urban Poor - Water supply scheme for SC and ST colonies
4 Environment - Preservation of paddy field
- Utilization of wave energy
Sreekaryam Panchayat
No.
1 Transportation - Road transport system to be developed between Ulloor –
Nalanchira – Maruthur upto Poudikonam
- Water transport systems on Parvathiputhanar and Akkullam lake
- Development of rail network connecting city and Panchayat area
2 Civic services - Arrangement for solid waste disposal in LNCP University
- Lack of facilities for disposal of slaughter waste
- Lack of sufficient water supply
3 Environment - Cleaning of Patturkannamula canal
Annexure – 2 12
MEETING 14
Group Consulted : EMINENT PERSONS
Date : 28 July 2006
Time : 4.00 p.m.

No.
1 Heritage & tourism - Heritage areas to be identified and protected
2 Transportation - Provision of foot paths on all roads
- Renovation of east fort heritage road
- Bus Bay at Thripada Kottaram – Zoo, Kaimanam-
Vazhiyorambalam, Kothalam to be modified
- Provision of light rail transport system in the city
- Suburban railway corridor from Parassala to Kollam
- Development of Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway
Station
- A high speed corridor from Thiruvananthapuram to
Kannur
- Development of a deepwater container transshipment
terminal at Vizhinjam
- External support infrastructure required for the port
- Road Connectivity
- Rail Connectivity
- Water Supply
- Power Supply
- Special Economic Zone, Free Trade, Warehousing,
Logistic Centre
- Developing infrastructure for promoting I.T related
activities
3 Civic services - Underground drainage to be extended to cover all the
remaining areas
- Provision for adequate water supply
- Development of canal and its banks
- Adequate decentralized arrangement for solid waste
management
- Provide underground electric power line
4 Area Development - Park and green belts to be conserved and developed further
to act as lungs of the city
- Development of new residential complexes to be regulated
- Self contained townships to be planned with employment
opportunities.
Annexure – 2 13
MEETING 15
Group Consulted : POLITICAL LEADERS
Date : 29 July 2006
Time : 10.30 a.m.

No.
1. Heritage -
2 Transportation -
3 Civic services -
4 Urban Poor -
6 Area Development
7 Miscellaneous
MEETING 16
Group Consulted : MEDIA REPRESENTATIVES
Date : 29 July 2006
Time : 12.00 noon.
No. of Participants :8

No.
1. Heritage -
2 Transportation -
3 Civic services -
4 Urban Poor -
6 Area Development
7 Miscellaneous
Annexure – 2 14
MEETING 17
Group Consulted : RETIRED CHIEF SECRETARIES
Date : 29 July 2006
Time : 3.30 p.m.

No.
1. Tourism - Tourism scheme considering future requirement
2 Transportation - Importance to be given to development of efficient transport
systems
- Proposal for inner ring road, outer ring road and middle ring
road
- Proposal for metro transport system
- Railway electrification
- Proposal for new bus terminal to reduce the traffic congestion at
Thampanoor
- Preference to be given to new terminal at international airport
- Veli and Akkulam lakes to be cleaned for the purpose of water
transport services
- Parking facilities at important junctions
- Separate provision for bicycles riders on the roads
5 Social Infrastructure - Provision of public toilet
- Working women’s hostel and old age home
- Minimum area as prescribed for establishing Schools &
Colleges
6 Area Development - Poojappura central jail and mental hospital proposed to be
shifted to outskirts of the city to utilize the land for city
development.
- Proposal for more number of parks and gardens.
- Proposal for more number of public comfort stations in the city
- Filling of water-logged areas
7 Miscellaneous - Tree plantation and management system
- Inclusion of few more Panchayats to get additional space for
city development
Annexure – 2 15
MEETING 19
Group Consulted : Theerapatham Urban Development Project Officials

Date : 31 July 2006
Time : 11.00 a.m.

No.
1. Tourism Development of Convention Center
2 Transportation - Road widening
- Vizhinjam development
- Bus terminal, new bus stand at Enchakkal
- Road widening Ambalamukku-Muttada-Paruthipara
- Edavacodu-Kannamoola-Ulloor Thodu Bridge
3 Civic services - Drinking water facility
- Landfill site development
4 Area Development - Parvathi Puthanar area development
- Veli – Akkulam area development
- Karamana-Killi, Ulloor Thodu modification
- Kovalam infrastructure
5 Miscellaneous - Tagore Samskarika Vikasanam
- Renovation of Sanghummugam Kottaram
- Putharikandan ground
- Electric crematorium
Annexure – 2 16
PROPOSALS FROM INDIVIDUAL CONSULTATIONS
MEETING 18
Individual Consulted : MR. T. BALAKRISHNAN, PRINCIPAL SECRETARY,
INDUSTRIES & COMMERCE DEPARTMENT
Date : 31 July 2006
Time : 9.30 a.m.

No.
1. Heritage - East Fort area can be developed into heritage zone
2 Transportation - Provision of footpath on all the roads
- Pedestrianisation of Chalai area can also be considered
3 Miscellaneous - Corporation may engage the service of a highly professional
consultant for preparation of CDP
- Corporation may consider appointing a separate Project
Director, preferably a young IAS officer for looking after the
work of CDP preparation
- As far as possible Corporation may go for PPP to implement
various projects
- A simple system similar to one being adopted by KINFRA may
be introduced for implementation of projects
MEETING 20
Individual Consulted : MR. SOMARAJAN, MD, KSRTC
Date : 31 July 2006
Time : 12.00 noon

No.
1. Heritage -
2 Transportation -
3 Civic services -
4 Urban Poor -
6 Area Development
7 Miscellaneous
Annexure – 2 17
MEETING 21
Individual Consulted : MR. BABU JACOB, RTD. CHIEF SECRETARY, ADVISOR
TO GOVERNMENT FOR URBAN RENEWAL AND
EXTERNALY AIDED PROJECTS
Date : 31 July 2006
Time : 3.30 p.m.
No.
1. Heritage -
2 Transportation -
3 Civic services -
4 Urban Poor -
6 Area Development
7 Miscellaneous
MEETING 22
Individual Consulted : Mr. Gyanesh Kumar, I.A.S., Secretary, PWD
Date : 11 August 2006
Time : 5.00 p.m.
Venue : Mascot Hotel
No.
1. Heritage -
2 Transportation -
3 Civic services -
4 Urban Poor -
6 Area Development
7 Miscellaneous
MEETING 23
Individual Consulted : District Collector, Thiruvananthapuram
Date : 13 August 2006
Time : 1.00 p.m.
S. No. Areas Key Issues / Suggestions
1. Heritage -
2 Transportation -
3 Civic services -
4 Urban Poor -
6 Area Development
7 Miscellaneous
Annexure – 2 18
OTHER INDIVIDUALS CONSULTED
Individual Consulted : MR. SUMAYYA K.E., KURUVANKONAM (CITIZEN)

No.
3 Civic services - Drainage
Individual Consulted : WARD COUNCILLOR, SECRETARY (TEMPLE),

SREE VADUVOTH MAHAVISHNU TEMPLE TRUST,
VALLAKADAVU (CITIZEN)
No.
7 Miscellaneous Temple renovation
Individual Consulted : K. THOMAS POULOSE, FIE, FITP, CHIEF TOWN

PLANNER, KERALA STATE (RETD.)
No.
1 Transportation - All the inner and outer roads in the original master plan
and all the proposed roads in Trivandrum Development
Authority’s schemes to be developed
- An outer ring road through Eastern Periphery
- Parking facility at LMS Junction, Thampanoor near
Railway Station, Secretariat - Statue area and East fort area
with multi-level parking lots
- Sub ways especially in huge student population area like
St. Mary’s School- Pattom, Cotton hill School-
Vazhuthacadu, S.M. V. School- Over bridge, Convent
School-General Hospital Junction etc.
- Subways at Statue Junction and Medical College Junction.
- Optimisation of the existing roads may be taken up which
can produce up to 30 % increase in their carrying capacity.
- Effective enforcement of traffic regulations
- Shifting bus terminal to Enchakkal.
2 Civic services - Increase in demand for water and power
3 Urban Poor - Rehabilitation of slum areas and improving slum
4 Area Development - Development of Shanghamugham area
5 Environment - Conserve all the paddy fields and wet lands
- Develop and maintain parks and open places
- Large scale tree plantation and landscaping programmes
Annexure – 2 19
Individual Consulted : 32. Dr. Jayaram P.K.

No.
1. Heritage -
2 Transportation -
3 Civic services -
4 Urban Poor -
6 Area Development
7 Miscellaneous
Individual Consulted : 33. Mr. S. Jayakumar, VSSC

No.
1. Heritage -
2 Transportation -
3 Civic services -
4 Urban Poor -
6 Area Development
7 Miscellaneous
Individual Consulted : 35. Attukkal Temple Trust

No.
1. Heritage -
2 Transportation -
3 Civic services -
4 Urban Poor -
6 Area Development
7 Miscellaneous
Individual Consulted : 41. CONFEDERATION OF RESIDENTIAL

ASSOCIATION (CONFRA)
No.
1. Heritage -
2 Transportation -
3 Civic services -
4 Urban Poor -
6 Area Development
7 Miscellaneous
Annexure – 2 20
PROPOSALS OF STANDING COMMITTEES AND WORKING GROUPS OF

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM CORPORATION
P. Rajendradas, Chairman, Welfare Standing Committee

No.
1 Urban Poor - Slum improvement
2 Miscellaneous Corporation place Ambalathara – Compound Wall
Agathi Mandiram
Anganvadi
Roads Working Group, Thiruvananthapuram Corporation

No.
1 Transportation - Road development between Mannanthala-Peroorkada-
Vattiyoorkavu-Mankattukadavu-Thrikkannapuram
- Thiruvallam
- Widening of road between Mukkola-Vayalikada
Thachottukavu-Mankattukadavu-Thirumala-Pangodu
- Road improvement between Kunnapuzha-
Mudavanmughal-Poojappura
- Up gradation of Kochuveli Railway Station
- Road Over Bridge at Anayara-Petta
- Parayilkadavu bridge construction
- Killipalam Bund road bridge at Soman Nagar
- Kalady Kalldimugham bridge
Parking complex at
- Ayurveda college junction
- Statue junction
- TRIDA's land in Medical college
- Lorry parking at TRIDA's land in Attakulangara
Town Planning Standing Committee, Thiruvananthapuram Corporation

No.
1 Transportation - Under pass / Foot over bridge at East Fort, Karamana,
Killippalam, Thampanoor, Statue, MLA Junction,
Kowdiar, Pattom, Kesavadasapuram
- Multi storied parking lot on MG Road.
2 Urban Poor - Slum improvement
3 Miscellaneous - Ornamental Gateway
- Information centre
- Public comfort Station in all wards.
- Water cooler at major important junctions
- Mini Parks in School.
- Providing Facilities to the existing ponds
Annexure – 2 21
Corporation Working Groups (Drainage and Water Supply)

No.
1. Heritage -
2 Transportation -
3 Civic services -
4 Urban Poor -
6 Area Development
7 Miscellaneous
Annexure – 2 22
SUGGESTIONS FROM COUNCILLORS
S. Ward Suggestions
No
1 Vellar - Providing New Streetlight & Electricity connection
- Renovation of various Roads in Vellar ward
2 Nemom - Vattavila – Pamamcode Thodu (600 m) Side wall constriction
- Thodu – Homeo college – Ammaveedu (800m)
- Alathara - Mannamvila Thodu (400m)
- Thevarpazhinji Thodu (400 m)
- Plankalamukku – Udavila Thodu (300 m)
- 6. Sidewall construction of Karaman River (250 m)
- Protection of Nemom – Vellayani – Kudatharavilakam –
Karakkamandapm Via Pappanmcodu – Melamcodu Irigation Kanal
- Construction of New Bridge in Vellayani, Kudatharavilakam,
Nemom
- Providing slab in Nemom – Kudatharavilam
- Sidewall & Drain construction (1200 m) in Nemom –
kudatharavilakam Kanal
- Nemom – Kattu pound Sidewall construction
- Sivancoil pound ,,
- Iykkara pound ,,
- Mullaseri pound ,,
- Alathara pound ,,
- Nambu pound ,,
- Parayil pound ,,
- Grant for constructing houses(BPL) in various colonies
- Constructing 2500 m Drain in various slums
- Constructing 1500 m Footpath in various slums
3 Kowdiar - Renovation of Tennis club Enclave Pound and Park (Boating)
4 Attipra - House construction in Manvila Lakshamveedu colony

5 Punchakari - Providing New Streetlight and Electricity cononnection
- Construction of Roads various portions
- Renovation of Anganavadi buildings and lakshamveedu colony
houses
- Providing all fecilities Karingadamughal Homeo Hospital and
Primary Health Center in Thiruvallam LPS jn.
6 Karamana - Providing new Pipelines (Large width) in various portions and New
Pipe connection in Chyullamukku - Alamthara
7 Sasthamangalam - Improving of Drain in Vellayambalam – Thycaud Road
8 PTP Nager - Renovation of Kaipirikonom Pound
- Renovation of Konathukulam
- Construction of Road and Sidewall construction,providing slabs in
maruthankuzhy-attumoola-manjadimodu canal
- Protection of Thodu in Karimankulam Ela.
9. Valiyassala - New market complex near vettakulam Jn:
- Increase width of Myladikkadavu Bridge
- New foot path bridge between Ukkachivila slum to Kannettumukku
Market.
Annexure – 2 23
S. Ward Suggestions
No
10 Chackai - Drain construction in Govt:U.P.S. Chackai.
- Drain construction in Pully Lane
- Comstruction drain in Ganesh Garden Road
Natural Water Sources/Ponds
- Mytry colony ITI
- Manalil colony near Railway Bridge
- Puvathoor Lane-constrction of retaining wall&cleaning of
Vattakayal.
11 Pazanchira - Construction of drain in UPS Nagar,Vikas Nagar,Bilan Nagar,
Mitran Nagar.
12 Vanchiyoor - Removal of waste from Aamaezajan Thodu from Collectorate Jn: to
Pattoor Jn:
- Maintanance of concrete lane on either side of Aamaezajan Thodu.
- Reconstruction of hand rails of Valiya Palam on Vanchiyoor Pattoor
Road.
- Removal of waste from irrigation canal from Vanchiyoor Jn: to
Chirakulam Jn:
13 Ambalathara - Construction of drain in Surya Nagar, National Nagar, Green
Garden &connected to Kariyil Thodu.
- Cleaning of Kariyil Thodu.
14 Ulloor - Protection of Kakkanadu Pond, Neerazhy Pond,Dasy Nagar
Kannottu Konam Pond,Dasy Nagar parakkottu Konam pond.
- Construction of Drain in Ulloor Gardan’s to Temple.
- Construction of Drain in Ulloor Neerazhy Lane
15 Valiyathura - Drain in Valiyathura Govt: Hospital.
- Construction of Drain in west side of St: Xaviours Jn;
- Construction of Drain on back side of sewage bridge.
- Protection of existing drain in Valiyathura.
- Protection of Valiyathura Bridge & Valiyathura Park
15 Kuravankonam - Protection of Pandit Colony Pond.
- Providing covering slab over Aamathra Thodu.
- Providing Botting facility in Charachira Pond/
15 Cheruvakkal - Protection Muttam Parambathu Pond, Cheruvattikonam Pond,
Muttanadu Pond & Pond near Manvila Naagar Kavu Temple.
- Construction of Drain from Muttan Parambathu Pond to Akkulam
Lake.
- Protection of Akkulam Lake from Manvila Kanjakonam to Kattela.
- Protection of Kizhakkumkkara Valathechira Thodu.
- Protection of Thodu near Muttanadu Karattuvila Ambalathra Road.
16 Arannoor - Protection of irrigation canal by the side of CITU Road
17 Thrikkannapuram - Construction of Drain from Puthankkada Jn: to Mangattukkadavu.
- Construction of Drain from Kunnampuzha to Thrikkannapuram
- Protection of both side of Karamana River.
- Protection of Bathing Ghaths
- Providing Children’s Park & Swimming practices facilities on
Annur-Pazhavur Pond.
- Protection of Kaithakkonam Pond
18 Poojappura - Protection of Chengilampattu Pond, Chadiyar Pond, MSP Nagar
Pond, Vedan Nagar Pond.
Annexure – 2 24
S. Ward Suggestions
No
19 Mannathala - Protection of 12 Ponds in Mannanthala Ward.
- Protection of Aamaezhanjan Thodu
20 Nalanchira - Protection of NCC Pond.
- Protection of Aamaezhanjan Thodu.
21 Aakkulam - Protection of Eithady Prasanth Nagar Thodu.
- Protection of Pazhayaruthuvila Thodu,Kannattukonam Thodu,
Aakkulam Poonthy Road, Kuruntharakonam
- Construction of Rain Water Harvesting in Aakkulam Colony,
Erichirakkunnil, I.T Konam Colony, Pullyil Colony, Edayilkkonam-
Thorottukkonam.
- Construction of Drain in Kannettil- Mangalathukkonam,Prasanth
Nagar Pulliyil Mulayilkkonam, I.T. konam, Aakkulam Colony.
- Protection of Thuruvakkal Pond, pulliyil Pond, Bombay Pond,
Madavankonam Pond, Priyadarshini Pond.
22 Muttathra - Cleaning of Karithodu & Ashan Nagar Thodu.
- Providing Rain Water Harvesting in Ponnara Colony, Ashan Nagar
Kunnil, Sivaji Lane, Perunelly, Vaduvathu, Marappalam Jn:,
Paruthykuzhy, Triveni, Aritheryvila.
- Construction of Drain in Ashan Nagar Road, Louly Road,near
Ponnara School, Vaduvathu.
23 Kadakampally - Construction of Drain from Kambikkakam to Lord’s Hospital.
- Cleaning of Maha Deva Temple Pond.
24 Karamana - Construction of Drain between Shastri Nagar East & West
- Construction of Drain from Shastri Nagar East to Shelsa Hospital.
- Protection of Thodu in Katamvila Thoppil.
- Removal of waste from drains in Elangam Portion.
- Protection of Elangam Chilanthyvala Pond & its neighboring Drains.
25 Perunthani - Providing Rain Water Harvesting in Enjakkal UPS, Palkulangara
NSS, Anganvady.No:2,
- Important Lanes- Ayanikkadu Lane, Manava Nagar, Sreevragam,
Subhash Nagar, Karali.
- Construction of Drain from Karali to Putanar.
26 Attipra - Protection of Thettiyar Thodu & Aamaezhanjan Thodu.
- Providing Pathway on either side of the Thodu & Providing
covering slab over the Drain.
- Protection of Kolummury Kulam, Kottur Melekonam,
Madathuvila, Vazhapana, Muthuttykkara Pond.
- Protection of Major Threepathapuram Temple under heritage sector.
27 Vallakkadavu - Construction of Drain in Priyadarshni Nagar, Puthan Road Jn:,
Pallam,Pathinarekal Mandapam, Bilan Nagar& NS Depto:
- Rehabilitation of Inhabitanese near Parvathy Puthanar.
Cleaning of the site near Parvathy Puthanar
28 Pettah - Construction of Drain from Munnammanakkal to Parvathy Puthanar.
- Construction of Drain in Kallummoodu Anayara Road,
Kambikkakam -Kallummudu Road.
- Connecting Drain front of the Pettah Market to the newly
constructed Drain.
- Maintenance of existing drain.
- Drainage –Kadakompally road to railway gate.,Sugathan road, bank
road,kallumoodu road,madhu muthu muslim road and bye lanes.
- Renovation of existing drainage at Munnam mankkal.
Annexure – 2 25
S. Ward Suggestions
No
- Maintenance of Petta Market.
- Construction of laboratories in the existing building
- Public comfort station.
- maintenance of houses -200
- construction of houses-100
29 Karikkakom Construction of Drains
- Venpalavattom Plavilakathu.(300 m)
- Venpalavattom – Sivanantha Road.(600m)
- Karikkakom-Ambara Drain (300m)
- Renewal of Karikkakom-Ambara Drain (100m)
- Karikkakom- Arappura Residences Association Road (300m)
- Renewal of Karikkakom- Arappura Residences Association Road
Drain (200m)
- Near Lord’s Hospital (800m)
- Back side of Karikkakom Temple Stage (200m)
- Karikkakom- Arappura road (600m)
- Karikkakom- Javahar Colony (50m)
Side Wall Construction
- Karikkakom- Javahar Colony Drain (1000m)
- Thamarakulam (120m).
- Valiyakulam (150m)
- Providing Rain Water Harvesting in Karikkakom (300 no)
- Protection of Well in Charummudu.
30 Manikkavilakam - Construction of Drain from Poonthura Police Station back side to
Parvathy Puthanar.
- Construction of Drain from Main road –S.M.Lock jn: to Parvathy
Puthanar
- Construction of side wall from S.M.Lock jn: to Cheriyamuttam.
- Cleaning of Coir Society pond in Poonthura.
31 Poonthura Covered Drain
- Poonthura jn: to-school-Moonnattumukku Bridge (1 Km)
- Opposite side of St: Thomas Community Hall to Sea Shore (200m)
Covered Drain (Renovation Work)
- From St: Thomas school-Market Road-Nadathura- IDP colony-T.S.
canal (600m)
- Poonthura (near tuition centre) to T.S. canal (1Km)
- For sub Drains (1Km)
Toilet Blocks(Renovation Work)
- Market-20 no
- Pallikkadavu -10 no
- Corporaton land -20 no
Septic Tank
- 2000 nos
Rain Water Harvesting System
- 2000 nos
Road Formation
- 11. 500 mts
32 Medical College - Renovation of Drain from MCH – NGO Quarters to
Amaezhanjanthodu.
- Construction of Shopping Complex & Fish Market at Kumarapuram.
Annexure – 2 26
S. Ward Suggestions
No
33 Thiruvallam Construction of Drains
- Punchakkary to Thottinkkara (1.5 Km)
- Thiruvallam – Parashurama temple road (1.5 Km)
- Renovation of Bylines near Pandimammudu – Thottinkkara road
(1.5 Km)
- Side wall Construction in Aazhangal Thodu & Madathunada
Thiruvallam Thodu.
Renovation of Canals
- Pallathukadavu-Thiruvallam Bridge side wall construction.(1 Km).
- Side wall construction in Kaimanam- Azhankal Thoduv (0.5 Km)
- Sand Filling in Kaimanam Vivek Nagar & Providing facility to
flowing rain water.
- Cleaning & Side Wall construction of public pond in Karumam-
Anthyvilakku.
- Renovation of Puncakkary- Azhakkonam Pond
34 Kannammoola Canals Cleaning & Side Wall Construction
- Vadakkattu –Aiyyankali Road Thodu.
- Bandu Colony Thodu.
- Amaezhanjanthodu.
- Vanchiyoor – Kannammoola Thodu.
35 Pachalloor - Side Wall construction & Removing Sea Sand from Theriyamuttam
to Pozhy
- Protection the both side of Thods in Edayar Dewies.
- Various Drains (5000 m)
- Construction of new Well in Kumily
- Digging of new Pond
- Construction of new drain from Pachalloor to Thiruvallam (2km)
- Side wall Construction in Pachalloor Kulathinkara Temple
- 300 no: Individual Rain Water Harvesting System
- Renovation of Mondy Palam
- Providing P.V.C pipe up to 15000m
Construction of Drains
- Williamchira-1200m-20 slab
- Olippinkkara -16600m -30 slab
- Kalathavathukkal -800m -10 slab
- Pulayanvilakam -3000m -30 slab
- Kumaly Oorankkudy -2000m- 20 slab
- Kollanthara Road -1000m – 100m slab
36 Pongumoodu Slum Development
- Aalmkkodu Slum.
- Kozhuvankkara slum.
- Nedabally- Kunnil slum.
- Madavankonam slum.
- Thykkattukkonam slum.
- Aalappuram slum.
- Construction of Flat Complex in Pongumoodu.
- Construction of their own building for Aganvadies.
37 Karamana - Reconstruction of Comfort Station & Cleaning in Karamana River.
- Maintanance of Karamana H.S.L.P.S.
- Providing Drainage facilities for Shastri Nagar,
Kattanvila,Thamalam,Chullamukku etc……
Annexure – 2 27
S. Ward Suggestions
No
38 Kannanthura - Providing Water& Electric Connection to fisherman’s colonies in
Vettukkadu Kannanthura Rajiv Nagar, All Saint’s, Shankumugham
etc..
- Improvements of road- All Saint’s, Eenthyvilakam,Balanagar,
Vettukkadu, LPS Church road, St: Sabastian road etc….
- Construction of drain in Muslim Pally road, Vishwabharathy road,
Church road, Rajeev Nagar etc…….
- Providing sewerage facility for the costal area.
- Providing Public Health Centre near Titanium.
- Rehabilitation of the people near the south of the Vettukkadu
Church & north of the Kannanthura Church.
- Providing green belt along the costal area.
- Constructing Sea wall
39 Chengalloor - Constructing Bus depot at Thirumala.
- Widening of the Threekkannapuram road.
40 Bemapally East - Improving Bus Root
41 Pangode - Renovation & Protection of 4 ponds in Pangode Ward
42 Beemapally Providing Houses, Water taps & Electric connection in Various
Colonies
- Fishermen Colonies of Velankanny, Veppinmmoodu, Cheriyathura,
Varvilakam
- Water connection & Electric connection in sea shore houses.
- Providing Electric connection & Constructing road from
Velankanny to Kaithavilakam.
- Renovation of ground in Cheriya Thura.
- Constructing Market near CRP Camp in Milku Colony.
- Providing Incinator in Beemapally Ward.
- Constructing Rest Places in Varvilakam,
NaduVilakam,Thakkiyappaly, Kaithavilakam.
- Providing Electric Posts in bylines of Cheriyathura & Beemapally.
- Providing street taps & Constructing Sea Wall.
- Constructing new building, garden & Providing computer in
- Beemapally UPS.
43 Manacaud - Karimadam colony House Maintanance
- Seawage pon cleaning and side wall construction.
- Childrens Park construction near Sastha Temple
44 Vazhuthacadu - Flyover/Footbridge or hanging bridge near Cotton hill School
- Flyover/Footbridge or hanging bridge near Women’s College
- All India road right side corporation building library construction
- Manaveeyam road Cultural Corner construction
- Chinmaya School outside working Women’s Hostal construction.
45 Jagathy - Corporation public place Civic Centre Construction
- Road Maintanance
- Water Facilities
- Mini Park Construction
- Bund colony river cleaning
- Flat construction
- Re-construction of drain from Kannettumukku junction to
Valiyasala
- Construct drain at kochar road from Easwaravilasom junction.
- Covering slab to the drain at C.S. road.
Annexure – 2 28
S. Ward Suggestions
No
- Covering slab to the drain at Kannettumukku-Kuthiralayam road.
- Cleaning the drain from DPI jn. to CS road
- Cleaning the drain and providing covering slab to the drain from
Cotton hill to Pangodu.
- Re construction of drain and providing covering slab at Krishna
Vilasom Road.
46 Kowdiar - Construction of Convention centre, Heritage Musium
47 Valiyasala - Jyothipuram, Shangu Chakram line, Pandaravila, Okkachivila,

Kottuvila, Kollanvila, Killippalam colony Improvements
- CIT road drainage construction
48 Manikyavilakom - Poonthura New colony, Sastha temple jun. colony, Maduvam colony
house maintanance
- Free water connection and Electricity connection
- Edaroad, Public place street light construction
- SM lock footpath construction
- Childrens park and play ground construction on poonthura
Christian church
49 Thycaud - Mettukada road right side drainage maintanance
- Govt. Model School & Govt. Arts College Maintanance
- Sree chithra flat, Mettukada meenkada mudukk drainage
construction.
- Poundukulam colony footpath slab maintanance
- New building & Side wall construction for Govt. LPs Thycaud.
50 Valiyavila - House Maintanance and Construction
- Road Maintanance
- Drainage sidewall construction
- Electricity & Water facilities
- Sheera sangam buliding construction
- Drainage construction
- Thamarottukonam pond, Nalliyoorkonam, Thoppil pond etc
reconstruction & Maintanance
- PTP, Elippodu, Arayallur, Kallampotta Drainage construction and
maintanance
- Valiyavila Jun, Kundamankadavu, Thittamangalam Drainage
construction and maintanance
- Valiyavila Jun., Arayaloor Drainage construction and maintanance
- PMV Nagaer, Thamarottukonam, Puliyanampuram Drainage
- Karimankulam, Puliyanampuram, Kundamanbhagam Drainage
51 Medical college - Swimming fool, Childrens park Re maintanance
- High Schoolm Ground Maintanance
52 Cheruvaikkal - Various road street light, Veppar Lamp

- Ulloor – Kuzhivila Road Street Light
- Loyola School, Loyola College, CTCRI, Hindustan Latex near
Sreekariyam-Akkulam road Street light & Veppar Lamp Re
maintanance
Annexure – 2 29
S. Ward Suggestions
No
53 Secretariat - Construction of Drain
- Protection of Oottukuzhi water Resource
- Rehabitastion Rajaji Nager
- Streetlighjt, Water Supply
- Sevarage
54 Anamugham - construct drain from Kavuvila Pallipurayidom to
- Aamayizhanjan Thodu
- construct drain from the middle part of Kavuvila Road to old pipe
culvert at eastern part of kakkttu Palam
- Maintanance of Pazhavangadi Kulam
- Drain from Burma Road now ends at Pazhangachira pond.Connect
this drain to the thodu at southern side and then to Kannammoola
canal
- Construction of retaining wall around the Pazhavangadi pond.
- construct 5 m wide roads around Pazhavangadi pond
- Construct drain by the side of Friends Nagar
- Construct covering slab to the drain and cleaning the drain in front
of Samatha store at Kannammoola - arappura road.
- Connect drain from Arappura road near Thittamangalam Temple to
the thodu near Paingam kulam
- Construct drain from Alakkukulam to Samatha store to drain out the
seepage water.
- Deepening the drain from the eastern side of Pana to Amayiyanjan
canal
- Construct drain and covering slab in front of the houses of
Sri.Raghavan and Sri. Subhash at Oruvathilkotta Lakhamveedu
colony.
- Construct drain at Padinjattil Akkaravila
Annexure – 2 30
Annexure - 3
ANNEXURE 3
SCHEDULE OF CONSULTATION MEETINGS FOR PREPARATION OF CITY

DEVELOPMENT PLAN UNDER JNNURM
S.
Date Time Venue Group / Individual Consulted
No.
Conference Hall,
1 17 July 2006 10.30 a.m. Senior citizens / Eminent persons
Corporation
C.J. Thampi, Natural Resource
Research & Development Centre
Government Guest
2 19 July 2006 9.30 a.m. Councillors
House, Thycaud
Conference Hall, NGO, FRAT, EDIT, Chamber of

3 20 July 2006 10.00 a.m.
Corporation Commerce, BAR Association
Kerala Association of Travel

Agents
Environment and Development
Initiatives for
Thiruvananthapuram (EDIT)
E. M. Najeeb, President,
Trivandrum Management
Association
Conference Hall,
4 20 July 2006 12.00 noon Officials / Head of Departments
Corporation
State Librarian
Conference Hall, Head of Institutions (M.D.,

5 21 July 2006 10.00 a.m.
Corporation Chairman)
Dr. A. Salim, Director, Clean
Kerala Mission
Kerala State Pollution Control
Board
Techno Park
Regional Chief, HUDCO
Architects, Builders,
Conference Hall,
6 21 July 2006 12.00 noon representatives of ITPI ,
Corporation
INTACH, IMA
Conference Hall,
7 21 July 2006 3.00 p.m. ADS, CDS, CBOs
Corporation
Conference Hall,
8 21 July 2006 4.00 p.m. Women's Organizations
Corporation
Conference Hall,
9 22 July 2006 2.00 p.m. Transferred Departments
Corporation
Annexure - 3 1
S.
No.
District Industries Centre
Government Guest
10 25 July 2006 3.00 p.m. MPs, MLAs
House, Thycaud
V Sivankutty, MLA,
Thiruvananthapuram
Conference Hall,
11 27 July 2006 12.00 noon Banks representatives
Corporation
Representatives of Institutes for
Conference Hall,
12 28 July 2006 12.00 noon physically & mentally challenged
Corporation
and Social Welfare organizations
Divine Children's home
Trivandrum Social Service
Society
Central Institute on Mental
Retardation Murinjapalam
Centre for Rehabilitation of
Disabled
Bal Vikas Trust, (Mr. P.R.S.
Pillai)
13 28 July 2006 3.00 p.m. Mayor's Chamber Panchayat Presidents
14 28 July 2006 4.00 p.m. Mayor's Chamber Eminent Persons
M.N Prasad, Retd. Chairman,
Railway Board & Ex-officio
Principal Secretary, Ministry of
Railways
S Vijayakumaran, IRSE,
Divisional Railway Manager
A. D. Damodaran Phd (Leeds),
Former Director
Dr. Jayakumar, Chief Executive
Officer Vizhinjam International
Seaport Ltd.
G. Ramachandran, (Epigraphist)
M. N. Prasad, Retd. Chairman
Railway Board
Dr. P.K. Sivanand
Mr. Manmanthan Nair, Director
of Dept. of Archeology
Conference Hall,
15 29 July 2006 10.30 a.m. Political Leaders
Corporation
Mr. V.K. Venugopal, ex
Chairman, TRIDA
Conference Hall,
16 29 July 2006 12.00 noon Media representatives
Corporation
Annexure - 3 2
S.
No.
Government Guest
17 29 July 2006 3.30 p.m. Retired Chief Secretaries
House, Thycaud
Mr. T. Balakrishnan, Principal
18 31 July 2006 9.30 a.m. Mayor's Chamber
Secretary, Industries Department
Theerapatham officials
19 31 July 2006 11.00 a.m. Mayor's Chamber
Special Officer, Theerapatham
20 31 July 2006 12.00 noon Mayor's Chamber Mr. Somarajan, MD, KSRTC
Mr. Babu Jacob, Rtd. I.A.S.,
Office of the Advisor
21 31 July 2006 3.30 p.m. Advisor to Government for Urban
to GoK
Renewal
11 August Mr. Gyanesh Kumar, I.A.S.,
22 5.00 p.m. Mascot Hotel
2006 Secretary, PWD
13 August District Collector,
23 1.00 p.m. Mayor's Chamber
2006 Thiruvananthapuram
OTHER CONSULTATIONS
Sumayya. K. E, Kuravankonam (citizen)
Ward Councillor, President, Secretary (Temple), Sree Vaduvoth Mahavishnu Temple Trust,
Vallakadavu (citizen)
R. Ramachandran Nair, Rtd. Chief Secretary
K. Thomas Poulose FIE, FITP, Chief Town Planner, Kerala State (Rtd.)
Dr. Jayaram P.K, Health Expert.

Attukkal Temple Trust
CONFRA
PANCHAYATS
President, Vizhinjam Grama Panchayat
Vattiyoorkavu Grama Panchayat
President, Kazhakootom Grama Panchayat
Kudappanakkunnu Panchayat
Sreekaryam Panchayat
STANDING COMMITTEES AND WORKING GROUPS OF CORPORATION

P. Rajendradas, Chairman, Welfare Standing Committee
Roads Working Group, Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
Town Planning Standing Committee, Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
Corporation Working Groups (Drainage and Water Supply)
COUNCILLOR MEETINGS
Tabulated Minutes of meetings
Councilor's Coastal Wards - 12.
Annexure - 3 3
Annexure - 4

Thiruvananthapuram: City Development Plan

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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU

NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation

Ministry of Urban Development

THE PROJECT AREA

PROCESS OF PREPARATION OF CDP

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION FOR JNNURM

DEVELOPMENT VISION AND STRATEGIES

Executive Summary iii

Key Issues & Challenges

Priority Project Components

Priority project components are:

STORM WATER DRAINAGE

Priority Project Components for Storm Water Drainage

 Drains and leading drains in the city area

Priority Project Components for Water Conservation

 Conservation of tanks and ponds;

Executive Summary vii

Pollution in the surface water bodies:

iii. Other Disasters

Projects identified and their costing

Executive Summary viii

The estimated costing for environment is Rs.24.33 crores.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Priority Project Components

TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION

The major projects identified as part of the Mission are:

F. Dedicated two-lane road connectivity from Vizhinjam Port to National Highway

Executive Summary xii

vi Development of Railway stations

Executive Summary xiii

The key issues & challenges under heritage sector are:

Executive Summary xiv

 Office Complex precincts

Key Issues and challenges

Executive Summary xvi

 Lighting of Tourist Destinations and enroute

BASIC SERVICES TO THE URBAN POOR

Urban Poor in Thiruvananthapuram city

Key Issues & Challenges

Executive Summary xvii

Vision & Strategies

Priority Project Components

a. Livelihood Oriented Business Schools (LOBS)

b. Marketing Support for Urban Poor

Executive Summary xviii

Two major components of the improvement measures have been suggested:

ii) Coastal Population

iii) Informal Sector - Street Vendors

iv) Other Vulnerable Sections

 Physically & Mentally Challenged

Executive Summary xix

vi) Pavement Dwellers

Project Component and Approximate Cost under Urban Infrastructure Sector

2.0 STRENGTHENING DECENTRALIZATION AND URBAN LOCAL GOVERNANCE 29

3.0 PROFILE OF THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 38

4.0 DEVELOPMENT VISION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES FOR THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 56

5.0 WATER SUPPLY 64

7.0 STORM WATER DRAINAGE 82

8.0 ENVIRONMENT 100

9.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 108

Drains and leading drains in the city area

Conservation of tanks and ponds;

Office Complex precincts

Lighting of Tourist Destinations and enroute

Physically & Mentally Challenged

Facilitate transparent and participative e-governance

Off-shoring of services; and

To generate employment and enhance productivity;