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Enclave Tourism: an exploration of its socio-economic impacts upon a host region.

Defining Enclaves (250)


Before we can explore the socio-economic impacts of enclave tourism we must first gain an undersanding of the term. Lew (2004) explains that the description enclave has been applied to a wide range of tourism phenomena. Therefore it is important for us to look at the different types of tourist destination that the term can encompass. Some research papers describe conventional tourism destinations such as the Spanish Costas as enclaves (OReilly, 2003) while others use the term referring to cruise ships (Weaver, 2005), Some imply that enclaves can exist in any destination, Judd (1999) coining the phrase tourist bubble synonymously. So what is it that makes a destination or system an enclave? Edensor (1998) believes that what links the varying concepts is relavitive uformity and that they act as homogeneous tourist space. In simple terms Edensor argues that enclaves is any destination or resort that provides a tourist with everything they require for the length of their stay. Indeed other scholars seem to echo this view, Lengyel (1980) saying that in enclave systems Holiday-makers are grouped

one of the main denominators of enclave resorts is a notion of inclusiveness and that management create and control a cultural, as well as physical environment catering to the needs and desires of the tourists. The sense of inclusiveness runs throughout practically all definitions of enclaves and of course this cannot help but imply the exclusion of people within the host destination and all the focus seems to be placed on the tourist. Placing such emphasis on providing everything a tourist needs can lead to visitors having a distorted view of the location, on this topic, Cohen (1972) saying that a tourist views the people, places and culture through the protective walls of his familiar environmental bubble. It seems then that enclaves may not paint a true impression of life in the host destination and Howard (2005) explains that A Japanese tourist might travel to Hawaii on a Japanese plane, stay in a Japanese-owned hotel, tour only with Japanese guides. Enclaves therefore seem Ceballos-Lascurain (1996) even goes as far to mention the failure to recognise the needs of local people within his definition, describing enclave resorts as concentrated in remote areas in which the
types of facilities and their physical location fail to take into consideration the needs and wishes of surrounding communities.

How then,with such seemingly little concern for their hosts do enclave resorts develop and why would government allow such practice in their country? The Development of Enclaves (250)
Governments therefore, view tourism as a catalyst for national and regional development, bringing employment, exchange earnings, balance of payments advantages and important infrastructure developments benefiting locals and visitors alike (Glasson et al., 1999

together in an hotel or a complex of hotels containing all the services thought to be necessary for their sustenance and entertainment. Lengyels definition implies that enclaves do not spontaneously arise in destinations of tourist activity but that they are designed by tourism managers, and this is something that Frietag (Insert date) elaborates on. Frietag argues that

The dependency paradigm is one of the frameworks that has been used to describe tourism in developing countries (Oppermann & Chon, 1997). The paradigm notes that tourism in developing countries largely relies on demand from, and is organised from developed countries. This arrangement creates a type of tourism known as enclave tourism (Britton, 1982; Oppermann & Chon, 1997). that tourism did not necessarily act as the development agent (Oppermann & Chon, 1997). The multiplier effects of tourism in developing countries were considerably less than expected

Education (500)
He even went so far as to donate money to help rebuild the local high school's fence freitag

Employment (500)
In the Okavango Delta as locals employed in the tourism industry hold lower positions with no opportunities for advancement to managerial positions due to the low level of education and training they have (Mbaiwa, 2002). Local participation in tourism in developing countries is primarily in employment rather than the tourism business where the high capital costs of entry, language, education, and skills are constraints (Healy, 1994).

From 1965 on, new social classes began to join the ranks of annual holidaymakers, leading to the development of larger-scale projects, but still on the same lines, designed to accommodate thousands of holiday-makers; Huge tourist centres sprang up in the most varied and most isolated regions, on the coasts of Spain, along the sandy beaches of the Bulgarian and Romanian Black Sea: coastlines, in Tunisia, Morocco, Greece,; and, more recently, in the mountains of France (Lengyel 1980)
Britton further notes that if on package tours, tourists are transported from international transport terminals to hotels and lodges and resort enclaves.

because any type of employment is "certainly better than no jobs at all" (Wiarda and Kryzanek 1989:84).
In enclave tourism, citizens and local people usually hold poor and unskilled jobs while management and better paying positions are held by expatriates (Britton, 1982; Healy, 1994; Ceballos-Lascurain, 1986; Oppermann & Chon, 1997).

A job at the hotel was considered desirable by many of the poorer luperonenses; the high wages (in the local context) and the hotel's proximity to the town were cited by many local respondents as the main factors for wanting to work at the hotel.

Wealth (500)
the goods and services available at these facilities are beyond the financial means of the local communities Mbaiwa

in efforts to sustainably manage the Okavango Delta. Hartle (1990, p. 193


the management of the enclave resort sought to minimize economic exchanges between tourists and local businesses in order to increase resort profit margins (Freitag)

Passengers are almost completely isolated from the local economy in a self-sufcient, exclusive environment which denies local people the opportunity to benet Walpole 2000
The available literature indicates that in Botswana, tourisms contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) is minimal, mainly because of the poor forward and backward linkages and heavy reliance on foreign services (BoB, 1999). In the Caribbean, Pantin (1998) states that in St. Lucia nine out of ten managers in the hotel and restaurant sectors were expatriates and their average salaries were several times higher than the earnings of unskilled local labourers that the programme does not significantly contribute to poverty alleviation in the Okavango by the end of several weeks they began to tire of the hotel's dining facilities and would go into town for occasional meals and visit local shops for the sake of variety. (Freitag) Tourists quickly learned that food, beverages, and souvenirs were much cheaper in the town of Luper6n ( Therefore, if tourism fails to contribute measurably in meeting basic needs of Okavango Delta residents, it is unlikely that these people will co-operate

certain segments of the community can benefit economically from the introduction of an enclave resort, However, those local residents most likely to benefit are the local elites

Enclave resorts which are located at a distance from major wholesale markets are often more dependent on sourcing supplies locally due to high transport costs

Meyer 2006
Health (500)

Conclusion (250) Bibliography


Lew, A. (2004) Editorial: Tourism enclaves in place and mind. Tourism Geographies 6 (1),1. OReilly, K. (2003) When is a tourist? The articulation of tourism and migration in Spains Costa del Sol. Tourist Studies 3 (3), 301317.

Weaver, A. (2005) Spaces of containment and revenue capture: Supersized cruise ships as mobile tourism enclaves. Tourism Geographies 7 (2), 165184. Judd, D.R. (1999) Constructing the tourist bubble. In D.R. Judd and S. Fainstein (eds) The Tourist City (pp. 3553). New Haven: Yale University Press Edensor, T. (1998) Performing tourism, staging tourism: (Re)producing tourist space and practice. Tourist Studies 1 (1), 5981.

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