hy|um Arthropoda

(Subphy|a 1r||ob|ta Myr|opoda Che||cerata Myr|opoda Crustacea nexapoda)

Ce|| 1ypes and Character|st|c Structures
ch|t|n a ma[or componenL of Lhe exoskeleLon made of carbohydraLe and proLeln
feedlng appendages che||cerae mand|b|es or gnathobases
resplraLory organs g|||s book g|||s tracheae or book |ungs
excreLory organs coxa| g|ands ( antenna| g|ands max|||ary g|ands green g|ands) or ma|p|gh|an tubu|es
sense organs oce||| s|mp|e compound eyes antennae tact||e ha|rs chemoreceptors tympanum
8ody Crgan|zat|on varles ln each subphylum see below

Lab Act|v|t|es 8ead descrlpLlon and dlscusslon of arLhropods ln Lhe lab manual

A Subphy|um 1r||ob|ta tr||ob|te foss||s not |n manua|!
1 1rlloblLes
know head (cephalon) thorax pyg|d|um
noLe Lhe Lhe Lhree '|obes' Lyplcal of group
know antennae compound eyes appendages
noLe presence of compound eyes
be able Lo recognlze examples of Lhe subphylum

8 Subphy|um Che||cerata Merostomata Lx 121
1 1he horseshoe crab llmolos preserved llmolos
exLernal anaLomy only know cepha|othorax abdomen te|son s|mp|e eyes compound eyes carapace
che||cerae ped|pa|ps wa|k|ng |egs mouth g||| opercu|um book g|||s
Lhe anLerlor Lagma (body secLlon) of Lhe anlmal ls Lhe Cepha|othorax (fused head and Lhorax) covered
dorsally by a hard horseshoe shaped carapace cotopoce ls o botJ Jotsol covetloq ovet cettolo potts of tbe
oolmol Jo oot coofose lt wltb tbe eotlte exoskeletoo
C Subphy|um Che||cerata C|ass Arachn|da Lx 122
1 1he Garden Sp|der 4rqiope preserved 4rqiope
exLernal anaLomy (you should use a dlssecLlng scope or hand lens)
know cephaloLhorax ped|ce| abdomen eyes (oce|||) che||cerae ped|pa|ps wa|k|ng |egs |ung s||t (opens
lnLo book g|||s) sp|nnerets
Lhe chlLlnous exoskeleLon ls hard and Lhln buL more flexlble Lhan Lhe horseshoe crab noLe Lhe Lwo body
Lagma Lhe anLerlor cepha|othorax [olned Lo Lhe posLerlor abdomen by a slender walsL or ped|ce|
Look for Lhe fangs aL Lhe fronL of Lhe face 1hese may be pressed up LlghLly under Lhe head so LhaL Lhey are
dlfflculL Lo see use your flne forceps Lo pry Lhem free 1he fangs are palred Lwo[olnLed che||cerae 1he flrsL
[olnL ls fleshy and large and Lhe second [olnL ls shlny and polnLed 1hls second [olnL ls Lhe fang Lhrough whlch
polson from Lhe polson gland ls e[ecLed noLe LhaL Lhe splder llke oLher chellceraLes doesn'L have mandlbles
([aws)Lhe nexL palr of appendages ls Lhe ped|pa|ps Cn your flgure (llg36) Lhey acLually look llke Lhe fronL
palr of appendages slnce Lhe chellcerae (fangs) A8L curled under Lhe head 1he pedlpalps are larger Lhan Lhe
chellcerae and are 6[olnLed 1hey are used for holdlng Lhe prey ln place whlle plerclng lL wlLh Lhe fangs ln
Lhe male Lhe pedlpalp ls modlfled Lo look someLhlng llke a boxlng glove (noLe revlew sexual dlmorphlsm) and
ls used Lo Lransfer sperm Lo Lhe female durlng maLlng ueLermlne Lhe sex of your speclmen
flnd Lhe mouLh beLween Lhe pedlpalps 1he splder can lngesL only llquld food food ls chewed and dlgesLed
exLernally Lo llquefy lL
SLlll looklng aL Lhe cephaloLhorax noLe Lhe four palrs of wa|k|ng |egs
LocaLe Lhe anus aL Lhe posLerlor end of Lhe abdomen !usL ln fronL of Lhe anus look for a ralsed hump
where you'll flnd Lhe 3 palrs of sp|nnerets 1hese open Lo Lhe sllk glands and may have several dlfferenL
openlngs LhaL can produce dlfferenL sorLs of sllk (eg sLlcky sllk sLrong sllk and so on) Sllk ls secreLed as a
llquld whlch hardens when exposed Lo alr

2 1he scorp|on t|cks m|tes reserved m|sc spec|mens
refer Lo dlsplay on bench and descrlpLlons lncluded aL Lhe bench Make noLes where relevanL ?Cu MuS1 8L
A8LL 1C luLn1ll? Anu CLASSll? 1PLSL C8CAnlSMS Cn ulSLA? 8ecognlze Lhem as Che||cerates

D Subphy|um Myr|opoda
1 Cent|pede preserved cent|pedes C|ass Ch||opoda Lx 12 3
a be able Lo dlsLlngulsh beLween a cenLlpede and a mllllpede
b ldenLlfy exLernal feaLures head trunk antenna oce||| po|son fang mand|b|es wa|k|ng |egs
c CbLaln a preserved cenLlpede and place lL ln a dlsh wlLh some waLer and reLurn lL Lo your bench

CenLlpedes have Lwo body secLlons (LagmaLa) a head and a trunk whlch bears Lhe |egs Lxamlne Lhe head
noLe Lhe promlnenL antenna and Lhe eyes locaLed near Lhe anLenna
look aL Lhe venLral parL of Lhe head ull aslde Lhe large polson fangs Lo uncover Lhe mouLh area and
examlne Lhe mouLhparLs uslng Lhe dlssecLlng mlcroscope
Lhe flrsL appendages on Lhe Lrunk are Lhe max||||peds each of whlch has a po|son fang aL lLs Llp 1he resL
of Lhe Lrunk has slmllar wa|k|ng |egs on each segmenL






2 M||||pedes preserved m||||pedes C|ass D|p|opoda Lx 12 4
a be able Lo dlsLlngulsh beLween a cenLlpede and a mllllpede
b ldenLlfy exLernal feaLures head trunk antennae oce||| (sma|| eyes) |ab|um wa|k|ng |egs
c SLudy a preserved m||||pede spec|men

Mllllpedes appear Lo have 2 palrs of legs on each segmenL ln conLrasL Lo Lhe cenLlpedes and oLher arLhropods
whlch have 1 obvlous palr per segmenL ln mllllpedes palrs of segmenLs are belleved Lo have been fused
LogeLher Lo form double or d|p|osegments 1hese presumably glve more rlgldlLy when burrowlng ln
sedlmenL Lxamlne Lhe head and locaLe Lhe sma|| eyes and antennae noLlce LhaL Lhere are no fangs and
Lhe 2
nd
palr of maxlllae have become fused Lo form a slngle plaLellke sLrucLure called Lhe |ab|um 1wo palrs of
wa|k|ng |egs appear Lo aLLach Lo each dlplosegmenL of Lhe trunk and each dlplosegmenL bears Lwo palrs of
splracles or breaLhlng holes

D|sposa|
8eLurn Lhe horseshoe crab splder and scorplon Lo deslgnaLed areas when you are Lhrough do not d|scard!

Lab Notebook Suggest|ons
r WhaL are Lhe maln vlslble characLerlsLlcs LhaL dlsLlngulsh Lhese Lwo subphyla?
r WhaL are Lhe slmllarlLles and dlfferences beLween cenLlpedes and mllllpedes?
r WhaL anaLomlcal feaLures do members of Lhe ChellceraLa have ln common?
r WhaL are Lhe Lyplcal hablLaLs LhaL of Lhese Lhree subphyla

L Subphy|um Crustacea (crabs shr|mp crayf|sh barnac|es p||| bugs water f|eas)
body plan cephaloLhorax abdomen Lall compound eyes Lwo palrs of anLennae mandlbles for feedlng

Lab Act|v|t|es
1 C|ass Ma|acostraca 1he Crayf|sh 9rocomborus Lx 12S
a exLernal anaLomy
know cepha|othorax rostrum abdomen te|son carapace g||| chambers g|||s copu|at|ng sw|mmerettes
open|ngs to ov|ducts and sem|na| receptac|e
b appendages dlssecL and be able Lo recognlze each ma[or appendage and lLs parLs as descrlbed ln your lab
manual antennae mand|b|es max|||ae max||||peds che||ped wa|k|ng |egs sw|mmerettes uropod
c lnLernal AnaLomy dlssecL as descrlbed ln your manual and know heart stomach gastr|c teeth d|gest|ve
g|and mand|bu|ar musc|es gonads |ntest|ne antenna| g|and
2 8e able Lo recognlze examples of oLher members of Lhe class on dlsplay
3 CrusLacean Larval lorms
observe Lhe sllde and be able Lo recognlze Lhe naup||us larva and Lhe cypr|s larva as larval forms of CrusLacea

Subphy|um nexapoda (|nsects)

body plan head Lhorax abdomen compound eyes slngle palr of anLennae mandlbles for feedlng Lhree palrs
of unbranched legs Lwo palrs of wlngs resplraLlon by Lracheae lncludes only lnverLebraLes LhaL can fly

Lab Act|v|t|es
1 Grasshopper (preserved) C|ass Insecta Lx 126
a LxLernal anaLomy know head thorax abdomen compound eye antennae oce||| |abrum mand|b|es
w|ngs wa|k|ng |egs typanum sp|rac|es ov|pos|tor
b lnLernal anaLomy know crop gastr|c caecae stomach |ntest|ne ma|p|gh|an tubu|es ovar|es testes

2 8e able Lo use key and lllusLraLlons Lo ldenLlfy assorLed lnsecLs Lo C8uL8 reserved lnsecLs
Demonstrat|ons
- Lxamples of ApLerygoLe lnsecLs (lnsecLs wlLhouL wlngs)
- Lxamples of LerygoLe lnsecLs (lnsecLs wlLh wlngs)
- lnsecL camoflage and mlmlcry
noLe Lhe examples lllusLraLed
Lab Notebook Suggest|ons
r WhaL are Lhe slmllarlLles and dlfferences beLween Lhe hexapods (lnsecLs) and oLher subphyla of
ArLhropods