CHEMCAL CHEMCAL

BONDNG BONDNG
A guide for GCSE students A guide for GCSE students
2010 2010
SPECIFICATIONS SPECIFICATIONS KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of severaI produced to heIp students
understand seIected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements
of the AQA specification but is suitabIe for other examination boards.
IndividuaI students may use the materiaI at home for revision purposes and
it can aIso prove usefuI for cIassroom teaching with an interactive white
board.
Accompanying notes on this, and the fuII range of AS and A2 Chemistry
topics, are avaiIabIe from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk
AII diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are originaI and
created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their
use in any commerciaI work.
AII diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are originaI and
created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their
use in any commerciaI work.
CHEMICAL BONDING CHEMICAL BONDING
OVERVIEW OVERVIEW
The foIIowing sIides iIIustrate how the three main chemicaI
bonds are formed.
The physicaI properties of eIements and compounds are
infIuenced by the type of bonding.
To understand how structure and bonding affects the
physicaI properties of eIements and compounds, view the
powerpoint 'STRUCTURE & BONDING' avaiIabIe from the
KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE GCSE WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm
WHAT IS BONDING?
Very few substances consist of singIe atoms.
The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as singIe atoms
WHAT IS BONDING?
Very few substances consist of singIe atoms.
The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as singIe atoms
AII other eIements exist as simpIe moIecuIes (eg O
2
, N
2
), giant
moIecuIar structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metaIIic
structures.
WHAT IS BONDING?
Very few substances consist of singIe atoms.
The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as singIe atoms
AII other eIements exist as simpIe moIecuIes (eg O
2
, N
2
), giant
moIecuIar structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metaIIic
structures.
COMPOUNDS are 'substances in which two or more different
eIements are chemicaIIy combined'.
WHAT IS BONDING?
Very few substances consist of singIe atoms.
The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as singIe atoms
AII other eIements exist as simpIe moIecuIes (eg O
2
, N
2
), giant
moIecuIar structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metaIIic
structures.
COMPOUNDS are 'substances in which two or more different
eIements are chemicaIIy combined'.
EIements can be combined using. IONIC
COVALENT
or METALLIC bonds
The type of bonding depends on the outer sheII eIectronic configurations of
the atoms being bonded.
18+
10+ 2+
NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ARGON
2,8,8
HELIUM
2
NEON
2,8
NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE
THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE 'FULL'
Group 0
18+
10+ 2+
NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ARGON
2,8,8
HELIUM
2
NEON
2,8
NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE
THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE 'FULL'
ATOMS WITHOUT A 'FULL' OUTER SHELL TRY
TO GET ONE
THEY CAN DO THIS IN SEVERAL WAYS
Group 0
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 1
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
Li 2,1
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Be 2,2
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
AI 2,8,3
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
Li 2,1
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Be 2,2
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
AI 2,8,3
O 2,6
S 2,8,6
F 2,7
CI 2,8,7
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
AI 2,8,3
O 2,6
S 2,8,6
F 2,7
CI 2,8,7
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
AI 2,8,3
O 2,6
S 2,8,6
F 2,7
CI 2,8,7
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED
THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS
(CATIONS)
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED
THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS
THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS
(ANIONS)
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 1
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST SHORT OF A
NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT OF
A NOBLE GAS
IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED
THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS
THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS
THE IONS ATTRACT EACH OTHER TO FORM AN IONIC BOND
IONIC IONIC
BONDING BONDING
SODIUM CHLORIDE SODIUM CHLORIDE
C
SODIUM ATOM
2,8,1
Na
CHLORINE ATOM
2,8,7
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
SODIUM CHLORIDE SODIUM CHLORIDE
C
SODIUM ION
2,8
Na
CHLORIDE ION
2,8,8
both species now have 'fuII' outer sheIIs; ie they
have the eIectronic configuration of a nobIe gas
+
SODIUM CHLORIDE SODIUM CHLORIDE
C
SODIUM ION
2,8
Na
CHLORIDE ION
2,8,8
Na Na
+
+ e
2,8,1 2,8
ELECTRON TRANSFERRED
C + e C
2,8,7 2,8,8
+
CALCIUM CHLORIDE CALCIUM CHLORIDE
C
CALCIUM ATOM
2,8,8,2
Ca
CHLORINE ATOMS
2,8,7
C
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
CALCIUM CHLORIDE CALCIUM CHLORIDE
C
CALCIUM ION
2,8,8
Ca
CHLORIDE IONS
2,8,8
C
2+
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
CALCIUM CHLORIDE CALCIUM CHLORIDE
C
CALCIUM ION
2,8,8
Ca
CHLORIDE IONS
2,8,8
C
2+
Ca Ca
2+
+ 2e
2,8,8,2 2,8,8
2 ELECTRONS
TRANSFERRED
2C + 2e 2C
2,8,7 2,8
MAGNESIUM OXIDE MAGNESIUM OXIDE
O
MAGNESIUM ATOM
2,8,2
Mg
OXYGEN ATOM
2,6
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
MAGNESIUM OXIDE MAGNESIUM OXIDE
MAGNESIUM ION
2,8
Mg
2+
OXIDE ION
2,8
O
2-
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
MAGNESIUM OXIDE MAGNESIUM OXIDE
MAGNESIUM ION
2,8
Mg
2+
OXIDE ION
2,8
O
2-
Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e
2,8,2 2,8
2 ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED
O + 2e O
2-
2,6 2,8
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 2
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 2
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 2
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS
TYPICAL
COMBINATIONS
EIements
H
2
O
2
N
2
CI
2
Compounds
H
2
O NH
3
CH
4
TYPICAL
COMBINATIONS
EIements
H
2
O
2
N
2
CI
2
Compounds
H
2
O NH
3
CH
4
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 2
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS
IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN
ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION THEY MUST.
TYPICAL
COMBINATIONS
EIements
H
2
O
2
N
2
CI
2
Compounds
H
2
O NH
3
CH
4
TYPICAL
COMBINATIONS
EIements
H
2
O
2
N
2
CI
2
Compounds
H
2
O NH
3
CH
4
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 2
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS
IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN
ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS
TYPICAL
COMBINATIONS
EIements
H
2
O
2
N
2
CI
2
Compounds
H
2
O NH
3
CH
4
TYPICAL
COMBINATIONS
EIements
H
2
O
2
N
2
CI
2
Compounds
H
2
O NH
3
CH
4
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 2
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
SHORT OF A NOBLE
GAS
IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN
ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS
A SHARED PAIR OF ELECTRONS IS KNOWN AS A COVALENT BOND
TYPICAL
COMBINATIONS
EIements
H
2
O
2
N
2
CI
2
Compounds
H
2
O NH
3
CH
4
TYPICAL
COMBINATIONS
EIements
H
2
O
2
N
2
CI
2
Compounds
H
2
O NH
3
CH
4
COVALENT COVALENT
BONDING BONDING
COVALENT BONDING COVALENT BONDING
A covaIent bond consists of.
a shared pair of eIectrons with one eIectron being
suppIied by each atom either side of the bond.
The atoms are heId together because both their nucIei (which have an
overaII positive charge) are attracted to the same shared pair of
negativeIy charged eIectrons. COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONG COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONG.
+
+
shared pair
of eIectrons
NucIeus
(positiveIy
charged)
HYDROGEN HYDROGEN
H H H H
both atoms need one eIectron
to compIete their outer sheII
atoms share a pair of eIectrons
to form a singIe covaIent bond
H H H H
H

HYDROGEN HYDROGEN
H
H H
H H H
H H
both atoms need one eIectron
to compIete their outer sheII
atoms share a pair of eIectrons
to form a singIe covaIent bond
CovaIent bonds are
represented by a Iine
H
2
HYDROGEN HYDROGEN
H H
Another hydrogen atom
aIso needs one eIectron to
compIete its outer sheII
Hydrogen atom needs
one eIectron to
compIete its outer sheII
atoms share a pair of eIectrons to
form a singIe covaIent bond
A hydrogen MOLECULE is formed
H H
H H
WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
CHLORINE CHLORINE
C C C C
both atoms need one eIectron
to compIete their outer sheII
atoms share a pair of eIectrons to
form a singIe covaIent bond
A CHLORINE MOLECULE IS FORMED
C C C C
C
2
CHLORINE CHLORINE
Another chIorine
atom aIso needs one
eIectron to compIete
its outer sheII
ChIorine atom
needs one eIectron
to compIete its
outer sheII
atoms share a pair of
eIectrons to form a
singIe covaIent bond
WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE
C
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
C
C C C C
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
C H C
H
H C H C
atom aIso needs one
eIectron to compIete
its outer sheII
atom needs one
eIectron to compIete
its outer sheII
atoms share a pair of
eIectrons to form a singIe
covaIent bond
A HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
MOLECULE IS FORMED
HC
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
C
H
Hydrogen atom aIso
needs one eIectron
to compIete its outer
sheII
ChIorine atom
needs one eIectron
to compIete its
outer sheII
atoms share a pair of
eIectrons to form a
singIe covaIent bond
H C H C
WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
METHANE METHANE
C
H H
H H
C
H
H
H
H
H C H
H
H
H C H
H
H
each atom needs one
eIectron to compIete
its outer sheII
atom needs four
eIectrons to compIete
its outer sheII
Carbon shares aII 4 of its
eIectrons to form 4 singIe
covaIent bonds
CH
4
METHANE METHANE
C
Each hydrogen
atom needs 1
eIectron to
compIete its
outer sheII
A carbon atom needs 4
eIectrons to compIete
its outer sheII
Carbon shares aII 4 of
its eIectrons to form 4
singIe covaIent bonds
H
H
H
H
H C H
H
H
H C H
H
H
WAYS TO REPRESENT
THE MOLECULE
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
AMMONIA AMMONIA
N
H H
H
N
H
H H
H N H
H
H N H
H
each atom needs one
eIectron to compIete
its outer sheII
atom needs three
eIectrons to compIete
its outer sheII
Nitrogen can onIy share 3 of
its 5 eIectrons otherwise it wiII
exceed the maximum of 8
A LONE PAIR REMAINS
NH
3
AMMONIA AMMONIA
N
Each hydrogen
atom needs
one eIectron to
compIete its
outer sheII
Nitrogen atom needs 3 eIectrons
to compIete its outer sheII
Nitrogen can onIy share 3 of its
5 eIectrons otherwise it wiII
exceed the maximum of 8
A LONE PAIR REMAINS A LONE PAIR REMAINS
H
H
H
H N H
H
H N H
H
WAYS TO REPRESENT
THE MOLECULE
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
WATER WATER
O
H
H
O
H
H
each atom needs one
eIectron to compIete
its outer sheII
atom needs two
eIectrons to compIete
its outer sheII
Oxygen can onIy share 2 of its
6 eIectrons otherwise it wiII
exceed the maximum of 8
TWO LONE PAIRS REMAIN TWO LONE PAIRS REMAIN
H O
H
H O
H
H
2
O
WATER WATER
Each hydrogen
atom needs
one eIectron to
compIete its
outer sheII
Oxygen atom needs 2 eIectrons
to compIete its outer sheII
Oxygen can onIy share 2 of its 6
eIectrons otherwise it wiII
exceed the maximum of 8
2 LONE PAIRS REMAIN 2 LONE PAIRS REMAIN
H
H
H O
H
H O
H
WAYS TO REPRESENT
THE MOLECULE
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
O
OXYGEN OXYGEN
O
each oxygen atom needs
two eIectrons to compIete
its outer sheII
each oxygen shares 2 of its
eIectrons to form a
DOUBLE COVALENT BOND
O O
O
O O
DoubIe covaIent bonds are
represented by TWO Iines
O
2
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 3
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 3
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ELEMENTS IN
GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL
SECTION* ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS IN
GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL
SECTION* ARE
METALS
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 3
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ELEMENTS IN
GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL
SECTION* ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS IN
GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL
SECTION* ARE
METALS
W The centraI section of the periodic tabIe
contains the transition metaIs
W The centraI section of the periodic tabIe
contains the transition metaIs
TRANSITION TRANSITION
METALS METALS
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 3
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ELEMENTS IN
GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL
SECTION ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS IN
GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL
SECTION ARE
METALS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT
OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT
OF A NOBLE GAS
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 3
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ELEMENTS IN
GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL
SECTION ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS IN
GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL
SECTION ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO 'GET
RID OF' ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT
OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT
OF A NOBLE GAS
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 3
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ELEMENTS IN
GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL
SECTION ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS IN
GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL
SECTION ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO 'GET
RID OF' ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE 'CLOUD' OF ELECTRONS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT
OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT
OF A NOBLE GAS
Ways to get a nobIe gas eIectronic configuration - 3
H
Li
Na
K
Be
Mg
B
AI
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
CI
Ne
Ar
He
Ca
ELEMENTS IN
GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL
SECTION ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS IN
GROUPS I, II III and
THE CENTRAL
SECTION ARE
METALS
ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO 'GET
RID OF' ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE 'CLOUD' OF ELECTRONS
THIS IS KNOWN AS... METALLIC BONDING
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT
OF A NOBLE GAS
ATOMS OF THESE
ELEMENTS HAVE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST OVER THAT
OF A NOBLE GAS
METALLIC METALLIC
BONDING BONDING
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO
THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO
THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
Atoms arrange themseIves
in a reguIar Iattice
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO
THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
Atoms arrange themseIves
in a reguIar Iattice
The outer sheII eIectrons of each atom
Ieave to join a mobiIe 'cIoud' or 'sea' of
eIectrons which can roam throughout
the metaI. The eIectron cIoud hoIds
positive ions together.
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO
THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
SODIUM ATOMS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na
Na
Na
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO
THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
SODIUM ATOMS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1
THE OUTER SHELL
ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na
Na
Na
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO
THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
SODIUM ATOMS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1
THE OUTER SHELL
ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na
Na
Na
POSITIVE SODIUM IONS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8
METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES
METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO
THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER
SODIUM ATOMS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1
THE OUTER SHELL
ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na Na
Na
Na
Na
POSITIVE SODIUM IONS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8
THE ELECTRON CLOUD
CONTAINS THE RELEASED
OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO LEARN HOW THE TYPE OF BONDING AFFECTS THE
STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND
COMPOUNDS, VIEW THE ASSOCIATED POWERPOINT
PRESENTATION.
STRUCTURE & BONDING
WHICH CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM THE KNOCKHARDY GCSE
WEBSITE AT. www.knockhardy.org/gcse.htm
2011 2011 1ONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING 1ONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
CHEMCAL CHEMCAL
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THE END THE END