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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION _ 1 Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No.1 EXPERIMENT NO : 1 1.0 TITLE: To determine fineness of cement Preferably by Blain Air Permeability or by hand sieving. 2.0 PRIOR CONCEPTS: Types of cement, chemical composition of cement, physical properties of cement, specific surface area. 3.0 NEW CONCEPTS Proposition 1 : Fineness of cement Fineness of cement is a measure of size of particle of cement. It is expressed as specific surface of cement (in sq. cm /gm). Concept structure: 4.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Intellectual Skills: 1. To develop ability to discriminate between cement with and without fineness as per I. S. 269 1978. Motor Skills 1. Ability to sieve. 2 Ability to weight. 5.0 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS: Fineness of cement by, 1. Sieve method: 2. Blain Air Permeability method: Apparatus: 1. I.S. 90 m sieve with receiving pan and covering lid, weighing balance accurate up to 0.1 gm, trowel and brush and tray etc. 2. Blain Air Permeability apparatus . Materials: 1. Cement sample

2 _ MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No.1 6.0 DIAGRAMS MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION _ 3 Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No.1 7.0 STEPWISE PROCEDURE: 1. Calculate the bulk volume of compacted bed of standard cement Where WA= gms of, mercury required to fill the permeability cell WB= gms of mercury required to fill the portion of the cell not occupied by the bed of cement formed by 2.8 gms of standard cement sample . D= Density of mercury at temperature of test. 2. Determine the weight of the standard sample ( W) required to produce a bed having porosity of 0.500 0.005 (e) as follows: W = 3.15V(1-e) Where V = Bulk volume of compacted cement powder And e = Desired porosity of bed of cement (0.500 0.005) 3. Determine the time taken by the manometer liquid to fall from second mark from the top to the third mark on the, manometer when air is allowed to permeate through the compacted cement 4. Calculate the constant of the apparatus (k) by using the following formula Where Ss is the fineness of standard portland cement in Sq. cm/gm. 5. Using the same quantity (w) of the cement sample find the time (Ts) in seconds required for the manometer liquid fall from second mark to third mark 6. Calculate the specific surface of cement in Sq. cm/gm using the form Sieving method: 1. Weigh accurately 100 gms of cement and place it on a I. S. 90 m sieve. Breakdown any air set lumps in the sample with fingers, without rubbing them on the sieve( W ) 2. Continuously sieve the sample for 15 minutes by holding the sieve in both hands and giving wrist motion. 3. Weighs the residue left on the sieve after sieving ( W1) 8.0 OBSERVATIONS: Blaine's air permeability method : 1. Weight of empty crucible = . . . 2. Weight of crucible + mercury filling permeability cell = .. .. . 3. Weight of mercury filling cell (WA) = (ii) - (i) = . . 4. Weight of crucible + mercury filling portion above cement bed = .. 5. Weight of mercury filling cell above cement bed of = ... 2.80 gm of standard cement (WB) = (iv) - (i)

4 _ MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No.1 6. Temperature of the laboratory = C For fineness of cement: 9.0 CALCULATIONS: W1 ---------- x 100 = W 10.0 B.I S. REQUIREMENTS: 1. As per I. S. 269 the residue of cement sampled on the sieve 90 micron after sieving should not exceed .following % by weight for different types of cements. Ordinary Portland cement 10% Rapid hardening cement 5% Low heat cement 5% 2. As per I. S. 269 the specific surface area of cement sample should not exceed following for different types of cement. Ordinary Portland cement 2250 sq. cm per gm Rapid hardening cement 3250 sq. cm per gm Low heat cement 3250 sq. cm per gm 11.0 CONCLUSION: The fineness of the given sample of cement is --------- (within / not within) the limit specified by I. S. 12.0 QUESTIONS: Write Answers to QQQQ. .Q( The Question No. to be allotted by teacher ) 1. State the raw materials used in manufacturing of cement. 2. Name the chemical constituents of cements. 3. Why is gypsum added to cement during its manufacture? Give reasons. 4. Which method is widely used to determine the fineness of cement? 5. What will happen if cement is ground beyond certain limit? Give reasons. 6. How surface area is related to rate of hydration? 7. What is the effect on physical properties of cement, if the residue of cement on I.S. 90 m sieve is greater than 10% for OPC? 8. Which type of cement is required for Marine structure, Chimney of factory, Canal lining? 9. State the meaning of specific surface area of cement. MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION _ 5 Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No.1 10. State precautions to be taken while performing dry sieving test on cement.? 11. State meaning of ''Grade 53'' printed on the cement bag.? 12. Write the label of cement bag. ( Space for answers) 6 _ MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No.1

Signature of teacher ( Space for answers)

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION _ 7 Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 2 EXPERIMENT NO : 2 1.0 TITLE: To determine standard / normal consistency of cement. 2.0 PRIOR CONCEPTS: Types of cement, chemical composition of cement, physical properties of cement 3.0 NEW CONCEPTS Proposition 1 : Standard / normal consistency: It means consistency which permits the Vicat's plunger of 10mm diameter to penetrate to a point 5mm to 7 mm from the bottom of Vicat's mould. with gauging time 3 to 5 minutes. It is expressed as amount of water as a percentage by weight of dry cement. 4.0 CONCEPT STRUCTURE: Proposition 2 : Gauging time: It is the period observed from the time water is added to cement for making cement paste till commencing the filling of mould of Vicat's apparatus in this test. Concept Structure : 8 _ MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 2 5.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Intellectual Skills: 1. To understand normal consistency of cement. Motor Skills 1. To make arrangement of test apparatus as per the standard procedure 2. To prepare cement paste as per standard procedure. 3. To measure penetration of plunger on Vicat's mould. 6.0 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS: Apparatus: Vicat apparatus with plunger and mould Weighing balance accurate up to 0.1 gm, non-porous plate, tray, stopwatch, Trowel, enamel trough and spatula, etc. Materials: Cement sample and water. 7.0 DIAGRAMS MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION _ 9 Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 2 7.0 STEPWISE PROCEDURE: (as per I.S.4031-1988)

1. Weigh about 400 gm of cement accurately and placed it in enamel trough . 2. To start with add about 25% of potable water and mix it by means of spatula. Care should be taken that the gauging time is not less than three minutes and not more than 5 minutes. 3. Apply thin layer of oil to inner surface of mould. Fill the Vicat's mould with this paste in the mould resting on non- porous plate. 4. Make the surface of cement paste in level with the top of mould with the trowel. The mould should be slightly shaken to the expel air. 5. Place the mould together with the non-porous plate under the rod bearing the plunger so that it touches the surface of the test block. 6. Release quickly the plunger allowing it to sink in the cement paste in the mould. Note down the penetration of the plunger in the paste ,when the penetration of plunger becomes stable in the mould. 7. If the penetration of plunger in the paste is less than the 33 to 35 mm from the top of the mould, prepare the trial paste with increasing percentage of water and repeat the above mentioned procedure until the plunger penetrate to a depth of 33 to 35 mm from the top or 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of mould. 8. Expressed this amount of water as a percentage by weight of dry cement. 9.0 OBSERVATIONS: Type and brand of cement ----------------------Grade of cement ----------------------------------Quantity of cement sample taken for test (W1)gm --------------For normal consistency of cement: 8.0 RESULTS: The standard consistency of cement sample is found to be -------------------% 9.0 CONCLUSION: The percentage of water required to prepare a cement paste of standard consistency is -----------10.0 QUESTIONS: Write Answers to QQQQ. .Q( The Question No. to be allotted by teacher ) 1. State the meaning of normal consistency of cement.. 2. What is the importance of this test? 3. State the meaning of gauging time and its importance. 4. How is the rate of setting of Portland cement controlled in manufacturing process? 5. What is the range of values of standard consistency of cement?

6. What is the effect of fineness of cement on standard consistency of cement? 7. How is the consistency of cement paste is measured? 8. Compare the contribution of C3S & C2S in setting of cement 10 _ MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 2 9. Describe the chemical reaction which takes place during the first 24 hrs of hydration of OPC at normal temperature. ( Space for answers) MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION _ 11 Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 2 Signature of teacher ( Space for answers)

12 _ MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 3 EXPERIMENT NO : 3 1.0 TITLE: To determine initial setting and final setting time of cement. 2.0 PRIOR CONCEPTS: Types of cement, ingredient of cement , standard consistency of cement 3.0 NEW CONCEPTS Proposition 1: Setting of Cement: The Process of changing cement from fluid state to a solid state is called setting. Cement -Fluid state -solid State -Setting of cement Proposition 2: Initial Setting time of cement : Initial Setting time of cement is defined as the period elapsed between the time when the water is added to the cement and the time at which the needle of 1 mm section fails to penetrate the test block to a depth of 5 + 0.5mm from the bottom of mould. Proposition 3 : Final Setting time of cement: Final setting time of cement is defined as the period elapsed between the time when the water is added to the cement and the time at which the needle of is area 1mm with 5mm diameter attachment, makes an impression on the test block, while the attachment fails to make an impression on the test block. 4.0 CONCEPT STRUCTURE: 5.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Intellectual Skills: 1. To know the Concept of initial setting and final setting time of setting.

2. To interpret the results and decide the suitability of given cement sample. Motor Skills 1. To develop ability to determine the initial setting time and final setting time of cement using Vicat's apparatus. for that 2. To prepare cement paste as per standard procedure. 3. To measure penetration of standard needles on Vicat's apparatus . MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION _ 13 Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 3 6.0 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS: 1. Vicat's apparatus with initial setting time needle and final setting time needle. 2. Weighing balance accurate up to 0.1gm. 3. Non porous plate (Glass or Metal) 4. Stop watch 5. Spatula. 6. Trowel of about 210gm weight . 7. Measuring cylinder. 250ml capacity 8. Enamel trough. 7.0 STEPWISE PROCEDURE: : (as per I.S.4031) Preparation of Test block1: 1. Take 400 gm of cement . 2. Prepare a neat cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times water required to give a paste of standard consistency . 3. Start the stop watch at the instant when water is added to the cement. The gauging time should not be less than 3 minutes nor more than 5 minutes. 4. Fill the Vicat mould with this paste, the mould resting on non-porous plate. Level the surface of the cement paste with the top of the mould with a trowel. Determination of initial setting time . 1. Place this mould together with the non-porous plate under the rod bearing the initial setting time needle. Adjust the needle so that it touches the surface of test block . 2. Release needle quickly allowing it to sink in the cement paste in the mould. Note down the penetration of the needle in the paste. 3. Repeat this procedure after every 2 minutes until the needle fails to penetrate the block up to about 33 to 35mm from the top of block . 4. Note the time shown by the stop watch at this instant, as Initial setting time. Determination of initial setting time . 1. Replace the needle of Vicat's apparatus by the needle with an annular attachment . 2. Apply the needle gently to the surface of the test block. Repeat this procedure, until the

needle makes an impression while the attachment fails to do so . 3. Note the time shown by the stop watch at this instant , as Final setting time . 14 _ MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 3 8.0 OBSERVATIONS: Type and brand of cement : Grade of cement : Quantity of cement sample taken ,W= gm Water for standard consistency P =. % Water to be added to cement = 0.85 xP xW =ml Time at the which water in first added to cement ( T1 ) =.. Time when initial setting time needle fails to penetrate 33 to 35mm from top of mould ( T2 ) = Time when final setting time needle makes an impression but the attachment fails to do so ( T3 ) =. Initial setting time = T2 -T1 =.........minutes Final setting time = T3 - T1 =..minutes 9.0 RESULTS: The setting time for the given cement sample are found to be . Initial setting =.minutes Final setting time =.minutes 10.0 BIS REQUIREMENTS: According to BIS269 BIS112, BIS 12269 the setting time of ordinary portland cement when Tested by the Vicat's apparatus method shall confirm to the following requirements 1. Initial setting time - not less than 30 minutes. 2. Final setting time -not more than 600 minutes. All concreting operations viz. mixing, transportation, placing and compaction of concrete should be completed before initial setting time of cement . 11.0 CONCLUSION: The setting times for the given cement sample are found..(within/ not within) the limits specified by BIS. 12.0 QUESTIONS: Write Answers to QQQQ. .Q( The Question No. to be allotted by teacher ) 1. Which two factors mainly influence setting time of cement?

2. Differentiate between setting of PPC and OPC. Why it differs? 3. Which constituent of cement affects the early setting? 4. What is the purpose of providing air vent in the final setting time needle? 5. State the significance of initial setting time and final setting time of cement? 6. What precautions will you take if initial setting time is less than BIS requirement? 7. What is the effect on setting time of cement if water added is less or more than 85% of normal constituency of cement .? 8. Which concreting operations depend on initial setting time of cement? MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION _ 15 Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 3 ( Space for answers) Signature of teacher

16 _ MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 4 EXPERIMENT NO : 4 1.0 TITLE: To determine the compressive strength of cement. 2.0 PRIOR CONCEPTS: Types of cement , Chemical composition of cement , Normal consistency of cement . 3.0 NEW CONCEPTS Propositions 1: Compressive strength of cement. Compressive strength of cement indicates the compressive strength of cement mortar cubes (7.07cmx7.07cmx7.07cm) of 1:3 proportion, using standard sand as specified by IS :650 (1966) as fine aggregate , tested under compression (Grade of cement indicates their compressive strength at the end of 28 days of curing). Many other properties of mortar / concrete are related to compressive strength of cement, because cement is used in structure in the form of mortar or concrete. Concept Structure : 4.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Intellectual Skills: 1. To interpret the results and decide the suitability of cement as per IS requirements on the basic of results . Motor Skills 1. Ability to perform the compressive strength test on cement. 5.0 APPARATUS:

Cube mould of size 7.07x 7.07 x 7.07cm with base plates, Weighting balance accurate up to 0.1gm, Motored cube vibration machine , Measuring cylinder , Trowel and tray etc. Materials: Cement sample, water and standard sand. MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION _ 17 Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 4 6.0 DIAGRAM: 7.0 STEPWISE PROCEDURE ( AS PER IS : 4031): Preparation of test specimen For each cube, take the quantities of materials as followsCement = 185gm Standard sand = 555gm Water = (P/4+3.0)percent of combined weight of cement and sand, Mix the cement and sand with trowel on non-porous plate for one minute. Then add water to the mixture of cement, sand and mix it until the mixture of uniform colour is obtained. The time of gauging shall in any case not be less than 3 minutes and not more than 5 minutes, gauging time Is the time lapsed between the water added to the mix and casting of cubes. 1. Apply thin layer of oil to the interior faces of the movid. Place it on the table of the vibration machine, and firmly hold in position by means of suitable clamps. 2. Place the entire quantity of mortar in the hopper of the cube mould and compact the same by vibrations for period of about 2 minutes. 3. At the end of vibration, remove the mould together with the base plate from the machine and finish the top surface of cube in the mould by smoothing the surface with the blade of trowel. Engrave identification mark on cubes. 4. Keep the filled moulds in the atmosphere of at least 90% relative humidity for 24 hours in the humidity chamber, after completion of vibration. Also maintain temperature at 27 2C. 5. At end of this period. Remove cubes from the moulds and immediately submerge in clean fresh water and keep there until taken out just prior to breaking. After they are taken out and until they are broken, the cubes shall not allow to become dry. Testing 1. Place the test cube on the platform of compression testing machine without any packing between the Cube and the steel platens of the testing machine. 2. Apply the load on smooth surface on the cube steadily and uniform starting from zero at a

rate of 35 N /sqmm/minute till the cubes fails. 3. Test three such cubes at the end of three days of curing. Three cubes at the end of seven days of curing and if needed three cubes after 28 days of curing. 4. Record the crushing load. 5. Calculate the compressive strength of each cube by dividing crushing load by crushing area of the cube . The compressive strength shall be average of the strength of the three cubes for each period of curing. 18 _ MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 4 8.0 OBSERVATIONS: 1. Type and brand of cement = -----------------------2. Grade of cement = -----------------------3. Standard consistency of cement sample ( P ) = --------------------% 4. Area of sample = -----------------------5. Quantities of ingredients required for each sample cube Cement = 185gm Standard sand = 555gm Water = (P/4+3)% of ( Wt.of cement +Wt.of sand) 6. Date of casting the cubes : 7. Date of testing cubes: After 3 days -------------------After 7 days --------------------After 28 days -------------------FOR COMPRESSIVE TEST ON CEMENT 9.0 RESULTS: The average comp. Strength of the cement sample is found to be 1. At the end of 3 days of curing = ----------------------------- N/sqmm 2. At the end of 7 days of curing = -------------------------------N/sq mm 3. At the end of 28 days of curing = -------------------------------N/sq mm 10.0 BIS REQUIREMENTS: As per IS :269, IS 8112 IS:12269 the average compressive strength of cement shall be as follows11.0 CONCLUSION: The compressive strength of given cement sample is found..(satisfactory /unsatisfactory ) as per BIS requirements. MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION _ 19 Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 4 12.0 QUESTIONS: Write Answers to QQQQ. .Q( The Question No. to be allotted by teacher ) 1. State the size of mould for determining the compressive strength of cement?. 2. If the compressive strength results are not as per IS requirement, which factors must have gone wrong?

3. Why the quantity of water added in cement mortar is kept ( P/4+3) % for preparing sample of impressive Strength of cement? 4. The compressive strength of fresh cement is more than that of the old cement . Justify the statement? 5. What is the effect of speed of vibration and duration of vibration on compressive strength of cement.? 6. What is the rate of loading .? 7. How is the curing of test specimen done? 8. List the precaution while performing this test.? 9. How grade of cement is decided ? State the grade of cement, that you have tested? 10. State the significance of this test? 11. State the IS specification for compressive strength of cement sand mortar after 3 days and 7 days.? ( Space for answers) 20 _ MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 4 Signature of teacher (Space for answers)

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION _ 21 Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 5 EXPERIMENT NO : 5 1.0 TITLE: 1. To determine soundness of cement by Le-Chatelier's apparatus 2.0 PRIOR CONCEPTS: 1. Types of cement, ingredient of cement, normal consistency of cement. 3.0 NEW CONCEPTS Propositions 1: Soundness of Cement The cement is said to be sound when the percentage of free lime and magnesia is with in specified limits . These materials expand in the structure and thus the concrete or mortar also expand, causing unequal expansion of paste. Propositions 2: Soundness of cement Disintegration of cement compound is determined by Le- Chatelier apparatus. 4.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Intellectual Skills: 1. To decide the suitability of given cement sample. Motor Skills 1. To fill up the Le-Chatelier mould and placing glass plate as per procedure.

2. To measure expansion of the pointer. Diagram 5.0 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS: 1. Le-Chatelier apparatus 2. Weighing balance accurate up to 0.1gm 3. Water bath with electric heating arrangement 4. Measuring cylinder 5. Glass plates 22 _ MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 5 6. Stop watch 7. Trowel 8. Tray Materials: 1. Cement sample 2. Water 6.0 STEPWISE PROCEDURE ( AS PER IS : 4031): 1. Prepare a cement paste formed by gauging cement with 0.78 times water required to give a paste of standard consistency. The gauging time should not be less than 3 minutes nor greater than 5 minutes. 2. Oil the inner surface of the mould. Place the mould on a glass sheet and fill it with cement paste, taking care to keep the edges of the mould gently together. Cover the mould with another piece of glass sheet and peace a small weight on this covering glass sheet and immediately submerge the whole assembly in water at a temperature of 27Cand keep it for 24 hours. 3. Take out the assembly from water after 24 hrs. Measure the distance between the indicator points and record it (D1) 4. Submerge the mould again in water and bring the water to boiling in 25 to 30 minutes and keep it boiling for three hours. 5. Remove the mould from the water. Allow it to cool and measure the distance between the indicator points and record it ( D2 ). 6. Three samples should be tested and average of the results should be reported. 7.0 OBSERVATIONS: 1. Types and brand of cement ... 2. Grade of cement ....... 3. Weight of cement sample - ( Wc) =gm 4. Water required for standard consistency ( P ) =...% 5. Water added to the cement sample =0.78 x P x Wc =..

For Soundness test of cement: MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION _ 23 Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 5 8.0 RESULTS: The expansion of the cement in the Le Chatelier apparatus is found to be .mm 9.0 BIS REQUIREMENTS: As per IS:269, when tested by Le Chatelier method, un -aerated ordinary portland cement shall not have an expansion of more than 10 mm. 10.0 CONCLUSION: Since the average expansion of cement is... mm here Cement sample is (sound /unsound.) 11.0 QUESTIONS: Write Answers to QQQQ. .Q( The Question No. to be allotted by teacher ) 1. State the maximum permissible Percentage of magnesia and lime in OPC & PPC ? 2. Which is the another, method to decide the soundness of cement. 3. Will you use unsound cement -.? If yes where will you use it .? 4. What are the ill effects of unsound cement on structures? . 5. State whether the BIS requirement for soundness of rapid hardening and low heat cement is different ? State the reason. 6. Why the water in this test is boiled up to its boiling point. .? 7. State the factors which can control unsoundness of cement. .? 8. What is the significance of initial split of 0.5 mm.? 9. State the importance of soundness test of cement. .? 10. State whether fineness of cement affect the soundness of cement. ( Space for answers) 24 _ MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION Concrete Technology (9021) Experiment No. 5 Signature of teacher ( Space for answers)