Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
A DC Motor
A 4-Pole DC Motor
If a coil has N turns and if the same flux passes through all of
them, then the induced voltage across the whole coil is given by
dφ
e=N
dt
Polarity of the Induced Voltage, e
A 4-Pole DC Motor
As soon as the switch is closed, a large amount of current
will flow through the armature conductors.
The current carrying armature conductors are in a magnetic
field produced by the current in stator field winding.
The armature conductors will experience a mechanical force
or torque which will cause the rotor of the dc motor to spin.
Operation Principle
A 4-Pole DC Motor
Back emf or Counter emf
As the armature rotates, each coil on the armature experiences
a change in the flux passing through its plane.
Therefore, an electromotive force (emf) is induced in each coil.
In accordance with Faraday's law of induction, the induced
emf must oppose the current entering the armature.
In other words, the induced emf opposes the applied voltage.
A 4-Pole DC Motor
For this reason, we commonly refer to the induced emf in a
motor as the back emf or counter emf of the motor.
The value of the armature voltage, Ea=Kaφpωm
ωm= angular velocity of the armature (rotor)
φp=flux produced by each pole
Ka=constant
Back emf or Counter emf
Ia=[Vs-Ea]/R
A 4-Pole DC Motor
In order to start a dc motor, an external resistance must be added in
series with the armature circuit.
The external resistance is gradually decreased as the armature
comes up to speed.
Finally, when the armature has attained its normal speed, the
external resistance is "cut out" of the armature circuit.
Speed Regulation in DC Motors
φ p = K f Ia
• Then the back emf is.
Ea = K a K f I aωm
• The torque developed by the series motor:
Td = K a K f I a2
• From the above equations, it is evident that the back emf in the motor
is proportional to the armature current, and the torque developed by a
series motor is proportional to the square of the armature current
A Series DC Motor
• As the armature current increases, so does the flux produced by it.
• An increase in the flux enhances the level of saturation in the motor.
• When the motor is saturated, the flux increases only gradually with
further increase in the armature current.
• Hence, the torque developed is no longer proportional to the square of
the current.
• The torque versus armature current characteristic of a series motor is
given in Figure 6.5.
A Series DC Motor
• As we load the motor, the torque developed by it must increase.
• The increase in the torque necessitates an increase in the armature current.
• The increase in the armature current causes an increase in the voltage drop
across the armature-circuit resistance, the field-winding resistance, and the
external resistance.
• For a fixed applied voltage, the back emf must decrease with load.
• Since the back emf is also proportional to the armature current, the speed
of the motor must drop.
A Series DC Motor
E a = K a k f I a ω m = V s − I a ( R a + R s + R ax ) = V s − I a R
Vs − I a R
∴ ωm =
Kak f Ia
Vs
Ia =
K a k f ωm + R
K a k f V s2
∴ Td =
[ K a k f ω m + R] 2
A Series DC Motor
• The speed of a series motor is practically inversely proportional to the
armature current.
• The torque developed by a series motor is inversely proportional to the
square of its speed.
• It provides high torque at low speed and low torque at high speed.
• For this reason, a series motor is suitable for hoists, cranes, electric trains,
and a host of other applications that require large starting torques.
• Since the torque developed by a series motor is also proportional to the
square of the applied voltage, the torque developed by it can be controlled
by controlling the applied voltage.
Vs − I a R
ωm =
Kak f Ia
K a k f V s2
Td =
[K a k f ω m + R] 2
Example 6.1 (page 360)
• The magnetization curve of a 10-hp, 220-V series motor is given in
Figure 6.7 at 1200 rpm. The other parameters of the series motor are
Ra = 0.75 Ω, Rs = 0.25 Ω, and Pr = 1.04 kW. What is the armature
current when the motor delivers its rated load at 1200 rpm? What is
the efficiency of the motor at full load? What is the number of turns
per pole? When the load is gradually reduced, the armature current
decreases to 16.67 A. Determine (a) the new speed of the motor and
(b) the driving torque.
A Shunt DC Motor
• The equivalent circuit of a shunt motor is shown in Figure 6.8 with a
starting resistor in the armature circuit.
• The field winding is connected directly across the source.
A Shunt DC Motor
E a = K aφ p ω m = V s − I a Ra
V s − I a Ra
ωm =
K aφ p
Vs − K aφ pω m
Ia =
Ra
V s − K a φ p ω m K a k f V s2
Td = K a φ p I a = K a φ p =
Ra [ ]
K a k f ω m + R a 2
Methods of Speed Control
Braking Torque
2 2
K aφ pω m K a φ pω m
Tb = K a φ p I a = K a φ p = = K 2 φ p2 ω m
R a + R Ra + R
Tb _ series motor = K 2 K 2f I a2 ω m φ p = K f Ia
Tb _ shunt motor = K 4 ω m