Di l T d Di l T d Displacement Transducers Displacement Transducers

1
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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Motion Transducers
Electromechanical transducers produce an electrical output
in response to an input of mechanical displacement or strain
produced by physical variables like pressure, flow etc.
Pri mary
sensor
Input
El ect ro-
mechani cal
t d
Mechani cal
El ect ri cal
out put
Physi cal
vari abl e
t ransducer
di spl acement
or st rai n
(t o be
measured)
2
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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Primary Sensors
Example 1
El i M b
Force
Elastic Member
Displacement
Primary Sensor for Force Input
3
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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I
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Y
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A
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A
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I
N
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Primary Sensors
Example 2
Displacement
Pressure
Elastic
Diaphragm p g
Primary Sensor for Pressure Input
4
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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A
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I
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Y
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A
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I
N
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I
A
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Primary Sensors
Example 3
Displacement p
due to temperature
l
i
c
s
t
r
i
p
n
)
B
i
m
e
t
a
l
l
i
c

s
t
(
o
f

C
u

-

c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
)
(
Primary Sensor for Temperature Input
5
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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N
T

O
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E
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T
R
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A
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N
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I
N
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I
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,

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A
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U
R

U
N
I
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E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

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O
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K
A
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A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Linear Variable Differential
Transformer (LVDT)
e
Output
S
1
S
2
e
o
voltage
Secondary
coils
+
Primary
Displacement
_ +
Soft iron core
cross section
of the core
e
i
y
coil
Input voltage
of the core
p g
Schematic diagram of LVDT
6
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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A
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N
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,

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U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

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O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
LVDT (contd.)
protective
shield
insulation
non-magnetic
rod
cross-section
rod
+
_
soft iron core
primary
coil
S
1
S
2
Construction of a commercial LVDT
coil
secondary
coils
7
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
Construction of a commercial LVDT
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LVDT (contd.)
+
e
e
i
e
s1
_
t
i
e
+
e
i
t
e
s1
e
e
s2
_
t
e
s2
Core in null position
x
i
8
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
Core in null position
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S
I
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Y
,

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A
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A
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I
N
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A
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LVDT (contd.)
e
i
core above null
l iti
+
t
x
i
large positive
e
i
e
o
_
t
e
o
t
Series opposing
secondaries
9
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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A
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N
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,

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A
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U
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U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
LVDT (contd.)
e
i
core above null
di iti
+
t
x
i
medium positive
e
i
e
o
_
t
e
o
t
Series opposing
secondaries
10
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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E
R
S
I
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Y
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K
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A
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A
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I
N
D
I
A
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LVDT (contd.)
e
i
core above null
ll iti
+
t
x
i
small positive
e
i
e
o
_
t
e
o
t
Series opposing
secondaries
11
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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U
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I
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E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
LVDT (contd.)
e
i
core at null
i
+
t
x
i
is zero
e
i
e
o
_
t
e
o
t
Series opposing
secondaries
12
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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,

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U
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U
N
I
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E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
LVDT (contd.)
e
i
core below null
ll ti
+
t
x
i
small negative
e
i
e
o
_
t
e
o
t
Series opposing
secondaries
13
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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A
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N
G
I
N
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E
R
I
N
G
,

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A
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A
V
P
U
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U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
LVDT (contd.)
e
i
core below null
di ti
+
t
x
i
medium negative
e
i
e
o
_
t
e
o
t
Series opposing
secondaries
14
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
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A
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A
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E
N
T

O
F

E
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C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
LVDT (contd.)
e
i
core below null
l ti
+
t
x
i
large negative
e
i
e
o
_
t
e
o
t
Series opposing
secondaries
15
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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A
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A
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N
T

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A
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N
G
I
N
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E
R
I
N
G
,

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A
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A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
LVDT (contd.)
Output Voltage
e
Linear Range
e
o
180
o
phase shift
|
=

1
8
0
o
|
=
0
o
Residual
voltage
Displacement x
i

1
8
0
o
|


Output characteristic of an LVDT
g
16
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
Output characteristic of an LVDT
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A
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T

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C
T
R
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A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

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A
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A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Residual voltage exists in null position
Why ?
May be on account of harmonics present in the input supply
Due to stray capacitance coupling between primary and
May be on account of harmonics present in the input supply
voltage
Due to stray capacitance coupling between primary and
secondary
Due to harmonics produced in the output supply voltage Due to harmonics produced in the output supply voltage
Due to stray magnetic fields
Due to temperature effect
17
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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A
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N
T

O
F

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E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

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A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Methods for Null Reduction
Method 1:
Excitation
High
Ground
e
o
Excitation
voltage source
Ground
Low
The method can be used if a centre-tapped excitation
voltage source is available.
18
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
g
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A
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N
T

O
F

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C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Methods for Null Reduction (contd)
Method 2:
C
Excitation
voltage source
R
R
R
PP
This method is used when a centre-tapped excitation
voltage source is not available.
19
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
g
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

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H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Analysis of the Equivalent Circuit
R
S
/2
i
s
M
1
R
L
S
/2
+
+
e
o
R
m
i
P
R
P
L
P
e
i
+
_
e
S1
_
_
o
R /2
M
2
L
S
/2
+
R
S
/2
e
_
e
S2
20
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
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A
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A

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A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

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E
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A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Analysis of the Equivalent Circuit (contd)
Go erning eq ations:
Input output relation:
Case I: A voltage measuring device with infinite R
m
Governing equations:
0 = +
i
P
P P P
e
dt
di
L R i
( ) M M
(

1 2
For a given core position
Input-output relation:
dt
d
dt
di
M e
P
S 1 1
=
( )
( )
( )
where
P
P
P
P
P
i
o
R
L
S
s
R
s E
s E
= t
+ t
(

=
1
1 2
Frequency response
dt
di
M e
P
S 2 2
=
( )
di
M M e e e
P
= =
Frequency response
( )
( )
( )
R
M M
j
E
E
P o
| Z
+ e

e
= e
2
1 2
1
where,
This demonstrates the phase shift between e
o
and e
i
.
( )
dt
M M e e e
S S o 1 2 2 1
= =
( )
( ). tan
E
p
P
i
et = |
+ et
1
1
o
90
21
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
This demonstrates the phase shift between e
o
and e
i
.
A
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A
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A

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A
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T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Analysis of the Equivalent Circuit (contd)
Governing equations:
Case II: A voltage measuring device with finite R
m
g q
( ) ;
dt
d
L R i
dt
d
M M e
p
s
i
P P P
i
i
+ =
(

2 1
( ) ( )
dt
d
L R R i
dt
d
M M
is
S m S S
ip
+ + =
2 1
I t t t l ti
dt dt

For a given core position
Input-output relation:
( ) ( ) M M R E ( )
( )
( )
( ) | | ( ) | | ( )
m S P P S m S P S P
m
i
o
R R R R L R R L s L L M M s
M M sR
s E
s E
+ + + + + +

=
2
2 1
2
1 2
22
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Analysis of the Equivalent Circuit (contd)
Frequency response
Case II: A voltage measuring device with finite R
m
(contd.)
q y p
( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | { } ( ) | |
| Z
+ + e + + e +
e
= e
2
2
2
2
2
1 2 m o
R L R R L L L M M R R R
M M R
j
E
E

( ) ( ) | | { } ( ) | | + + e + + e +
2 1 P S m S P S P m S P
i R L R R L L L M M R R R
E
where phase response:
| |
(
|
|
|
|

|
(

+
+ e
= |
m S
P S
P
o
R R
R L
L
tan
2
1
90
( ) | |
|
|
|
.

\
+
+
e

|
S P
m S
P
L L M M
R R
R
2
2 1
2
23
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Methods for retarding a leading phase angle
Method 1
R
Method 2
R
R
C
24
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Method Analysis
Method 1
( ) ( )
| | { }
o
s M M R s E
=
1 2
( )
( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) { }
P S P S S P S P
i
R R R s R L R R L s L L M M
s E
+ + + + + +
2
2
2 1
Frequency response
( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | { } ( ) | | { }
| Z
+ + e + + e +
e
= e
2
2
2
2 1
2
1 2
P S S P S P P S
i
o
R L R R L L L M M R R R
M M R
j
E
E
( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ +
=

S P P S
P S S P o
L L M M R R R
R L R R L
2
2 1
2
1
tan 90
e
e
|
( ) | |

S
S P
R
R
L L M M
R
+ e
=
2
2 1
2
when phase angle is zero
25
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
P
R
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Method Analysis (contd)
Method 2
( )
( )
( )
s
M M
(
(

2 1
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) sRC sL R
s M M
sRC s
R
s E
s E
P P P
R
i
o
+ +

=
+ +
(

=
1 1
1
.
1
2 1
t
Frequency response Frequency response
( )
( )
( ) ( ) { }
| Z
+ e + e
e
= e
2 2
2
2 1
RC R L RC L R
M M
j
E
E
P P P P
i
o
( ) ( ) { }
P P P P
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=

RC L R
RC R L
P P o
2
1
tan 90
e
e
|
when phase angle is zero
( )
. \
RC L R
P P
e
P
L
R
RC
2
e
=
26
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
P
L e
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Methods for advancing a lagging phase angle
Method 3 Method 4
C
R
R
R
27
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Phase Sensitive Demodulation and Filtering
Circuit Arrangement
g
f
R ~1,000 10,000 O
c
d
R +
+
R +
h
_
e'
o
e h
b
e
_
a
_
R
b
+
x
i
28
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Phase Sensitive Demodulation and Filtering
Circuit Arrangement
when f +ve
g
f
when f +ve
and e -ve
c
d
R +
+
R +
h
_
e'
o
e h
b
e
_
a
_
R
b
+
x
i
29
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Phase Sensitive Demodulation and Filtering
Circuit Arrangement
g
f
when f ve
c
d
R +
+
when f -ve
and e +ve
R +
h
_
e'
o
e h
b
e
_
a
_
R
b
+
x
i
30
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
PSD and Filtering (contd)
e
ab
e
ab
t
t
t
e
cd
e
cd
t
t
e'
o e' t t o
Core below null
e
o
t
Core above null
31
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
PSD and Filtering (contd)
R
f
+
e'
o
C
f
f
_
o
f
oscilloscope
F id ti l (RC) filt i t d For rapid core motions, a low-pass (RC) filter is connected
between e
o
/
and the oscilloscope.
32
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
LVDT without PSD and Filtering
x
i
e
o
x
i
t t
x
i
LVDT
i o
(amplitude
modulated
t t
modulated
sinewave)
e
o
e
o
t t
e
o
visually looks the same for two very different variations
of x
i
, if seen in an oscilloscope.
33
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
of x
i
, if seen in an oscilloscope.
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
LVDT with PSD and Filtering
LVDT
low pass
x
i
e
o
'
e
o
"
e
o
'
t
e
o
'
t
e
o
LVDT
low pass
filter
i
t
t
Phase sensitive
demodulator
t t
e
o
''
e
o
''
now e
o
//
can visually capture the two very different
variations of x
i
, if seen in an oscilloscope.
34
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
variations of x
i
, if seen in an oscilloscope.
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
PSD and Filtering
The PSD circuit with semiconductor diodes can only be
Where applicable ?
y
applied for those LVDTs where all four terminals are
accessible at the output.
Alternate solution ?
For those LVDTs where only two terminals are accessible at
the output, synchronous demodulation technique is
employed.
35
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Synchronous Demodulation Technique
LVDT
x
i
AC
amplifier
e
o
amplifier
excitation
source (e
i
)
e'
o
X
MULT
e"
o
Output
Constraint:
MULT
demodulator
Low-pass filter (LPF)
36
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
This scheme requires that e
i
and e
o
should be in phase.
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Advantages and Disadvantages of LVDT
The output voltage of this transducer is practically linear for
Advantages:
The output voltage of this transducer is practically linear for
displacements upto 5mm. A linearity of 0.5% is available in
commercial LVDTs.
Infinitesimal resolution: the change in output voltage is
stepless, since the variation in coupling due to core motion is
continuous in nature It is possible to build a transducer continuous in nature. It is possible to build a transducer
with a resolution as fine as 1 10
-3
mm.
High output: therefore many a times there is no need for High output: therefore many a times there is no need for
amplification. The full range stroke of commercially
available LVDTs ranges from 0.005 to about 3 inch.
37
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Advantages and Disadvantages of LVDT
S iti it 0 6 t 30 V 0 001 i h f l it ti
Advantages (contd):
Sensitivity: 0.6 to 30mV per 0.001 inch for normal excitation
voltage 3 to 6V, depending on frequency of excitation and
stroke. A higher frequency gives more sensitivity and smaller
strokes usually have higher sensitivity.
Low hysteresis: hence repeatability is excellent.
Low Power consumption: usually less than 1W.
38
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
Advantages and Disadvantages of LVDT
Aff t d b t t i ti d t ti
Disadvantages:
Affected by temperature variations and stray magnetic
fields.
The receiving instrument must be a.c. or a demodulation
network must be used, if a d.c. output is required.
The dynamic response of LVDTs is limited mainly by the
excitation frequency since it must be much higher than the excitation frequency, since it must be much higher than the
core motion frequencies, so as to be able to distinguish
between them in the amplitude modulated output signal.
39
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
LVDT for Rotary Motion
e
i
Specially shaped
iron form
e
i
e
o
u
ii
Rotational differential transformer
Linear for limited rotation, 40
o
< u
i
< + 40
o
Sensitivity 10 to 20mV/degree.
Linearity 1% of full scale for travel of 40
o
and 3% for
40
Amitava Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engg., Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
y
travel of 60
o
.
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.
41
A
M
I
T
A
V
A

C
H
A
T
T
E
R
J
E
E

D
E
P
A
R
T
M
E
N
T

O
F

E
L
E
C
T
R
I
C
A
L

E
N
G
I
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
,

J
A
D
A
V
P
U
R

U
N
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
,

K
O
L
K
A
T
A
,

I
N
D
I
A
.