WELCOME TO PRESENTATION ON

CONCEPT OF SUB-STATION ENGINERING

Contents of Presentation
PURPOSE CLASSIFICATIONS VOLTAGE CLASS & RATINGS PLANNING OF SUB STATION INSTALLATION SUB-STATION ENGINEERING SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS

1.0 PURPOSE OF ESTABLISHING A SUBSTATION

1.1 The substations are very much essential to

Evacuate power from generating stations. Transmit to the load centers. Distribute to the utilities & ultimate consumers.

1.2. The Electrical power generation from Hydel, Thermal, Nuclear and

other generating stations has to be evacuated to load centers. The generation voltage is limited to 15/18 KV due to the limitation of
the rotating machinery. This bulk power has to be stepped up to higher voltages depending on quantum of power generated and distance to the load centers. Again the power has to be stepped down to different lower voltages for transmission and distribution.

1.3

In between the power houses and ultimate consumers a number of Transformation and switching stations have to be created. These are generally known as sub-stations
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2.0 CLASSIFICATIONS Accordingly the substations are classified as

a) Generating substations called as step up substations b) Grid substations c) Switching stations d) Secondary substations.
2.1. The generating substations are step up stations as the generation voltage

needs to be stepped up to the primary transmission voltage so that huge blocks of power can be transmitted over long distances to load centers. 2.2 The grid substations are created at suitable load centers along the primary transmission lines.
2.3 Switching stations are provided in between lengthy primary transmission lines To avoid switching surges. For easy segregation of faulty zones. For providing effective protection to the system in the A.C. network. The switching stations also required wherever the EHT line are to be tapped and line to be extended to different load centers without any step down facility at the switching stations. The number of outgoing lines will be more than the incoming lines, depending on the load points.
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2.4.

Secondary substations are located at actual load points along the secondary transmission lines where the voltage is further stepped down to sub transmission & primary distribution voltage.

2.5. Distribution substations are created where the sub-transmission voltage and primary distribution voltage are stepped down to supply voltage and feed the actual consumers through a network of distribution and service lines. 3.0. VOLTAGE CLASS AND RATINGS. Generally the following voltage class substations prevailing in India 6.6 KV, 11 KV, 22KV, 33 KV ---------- High Voltage 66KV, 110/132KV, 400 KV and above 220/230KV ---------- Extra high Voltage 3.1 Sub station rating is defined as the capacity of power transformers installed.
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4.0 PLANNING OF SUBSTATION INSTALLATION The process of planning sub-station installations consists in Establishing the boundary conditions. Defining the plant concept, type, & Planning principles.
4.1 The boundary conditions are governed by following environmental

circumstances & availability of the land in the required place. Local climatic factors Influence of environment The overall power system voltage level Short circuit rating Arrangement of neutral point The frequency of operation The required availability or reliability Safety requirements Specific operating conditions
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4.2. Boundary conditions

The following boundary conditions influence the design concept and measures to be considered for different parts of substation installations.

Boundary conditions

Concept and measures

Outdoor / indoor Conventional / GIS Equipment utilization Construction Protection class of enclosures Creepage, arcing distances Corrosion protection Earthquake immunity Short circuit loadings Protection concept Lightning protection Neutral point arrangement Insulation coordination
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Environment, climate conditions

Net work data / Net work form

Boundary conditions

Concept and measures

Bus-bar concept Multiple in-feed Branch configuration Standby facilities Un-interruptable supplies Fixed/draw out apparatus Choice of equipment Network layout Scope for expansion Equipment utilization Instrument transformer design Automatic/conventional control Remote/local control Construction/configuration Network layout Arcing fault immunity Lightning protection Earthing Touch protection Step protection Fire protection
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Availability and abundance of power supply

Power balance

Ease of operation

Safety requirements

4.4. Type of sub-stations

4.4.1. The types of Sub Stations depends upon:

The availability of the land in the required place.

Environmental conditions. 4.4.2. Sub-Station types are:

Out door

In door Compressed Air insulated GIS

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4.5 Sub-Station Engineering

The

Sub Station Engineering comprises:

Sub-station site selection Switching scheme. Bus-Bar. Safety clearances. Phase to phase clearances. Phase to ground clearances. Sectional clearance. Ground clearance.
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4.5 Sub-Station Engineering(Contd)

Yard levels. Single line diagram & Layout. Bus levels.
First level Third level ---- Equipment interconnection level. ---- Cross Bus / Jack Bus level. Second level ---- Bus levels.

Bay widths Lightning protection. Earth mat. Civil Engineering works. Electrical Installation works. Main electrical equipments. Auxiliary supplies
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4.5.1. Sub station site selection

The aspects are to be considered for site selection Fairly level ground Right of way around the sub station yard for incoming & out going transmission & distribution lines Preferably of soil strata having low earth resistance values Easy approach & accessibility from main roads for Heavy equipment transportation and routine Economy / Cost O & M of sub station

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4.5.2. Switching schemes:

The factors considered for selection of switching schemes Reliability factor Availability of the space Economics (project cost) There can be several combinations in which the equipments, busbars, structures etc. can be arranged to achieve a particular switching scheme. The switching schemes can be made more flexible by making minor modifications like providing sectionalisers using bye-pass path etc. The various types of switching schemes along with its advantages and disadvantages are:
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Switching Schemes
Switching Scheme

Advantages

Disadvantages
Bus fault or breaker failure causes station outage Maintenance is difficult No station extension works without complete shutdown

Single busbar

Least cost

For use only where loads can be disconnected or supplied from another substation. Single busbar with sectionaliser Single main and transfer bus Shut down on the part of the Bus can be availed Higher flexibility as compared to single bus One breaker can be taken for maintenance at a time
High flexibility with two busbars of equal merit Each busbar can be isolated for maintenance Each branch can be connected to either of the bus with bus tie breaker The two buses can be individually operated in case of island operations

Aditional cost for the isolator

Maintenance of main bus will involve outage of substation.

Additional cost for the Transfer Bus & Breaker

Expensive for additional bus and BC breaker and associated equipments and also extra space is required One Breaker maintenance possible at a time. There will be a time delay for restoration of the circuit in case of breaker outage

Double main busbar

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Lines Lines Lines

Lines

Main Bus1 Main Bus Transfer Bus

Main Bus2

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer

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Switching Schemes (contd)

Switching Scheme

Advantages
High flexibility with 3 buses and 2 tie breakers One breaker is available at a time for maintenance No time delay for restoration of the circuit in case of breaker outage. Greatest operational flexibility High reliability Breaker fault on the busbar side disconnects only one branch

Disadvantages

Double main bus with transfer bus

Expensive consequent to additional two buses and two breakers with associated equipments and additional space is required.

Three circuit-breakers with associated equipments required for two branches

1 Breaker system

2 breaker system

Ring bus

Greater outlay for protection and auto-reclosure, as the middle breaker must respond independently All switching operations in the direction of both feeders executed with circuit-breakers Bus fault does not lead to branch disconnections Greatest operational flexibility Each branch has two circuit breakers Connection possible to either Most expensive method bus bar Each breaker can be serviced without completely disconnecting the branch High reliability Flexibility for breaker Breaker maintenance and any faults interrupt the maintenance ring Each breaker removable without disconnecting load Only one breaker needed per branch Auto-reclosure and protection fairly complicated Each branch connected to network by two breakers All change-over switching done with circuit-breakers & hence Area required will be more flexible

Each main bus can be isolated at any time

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Line

Line

Main Bus1

Main Bus2

Transfer Bus

Transformer

Transformer

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4.5.3.
Type of Bus Bar Sizes of Bus Bar

Bus - Bars

Selection of bus-bars

Types of Bus Bars

Strung Bus / Flexible Bus Rigid Tubular Bus

Strung Bus:
The various Types of conductors used for Strung Bus are

All Aluminum conductor (AAC) All Aluminum alloy conductor (AAAC) Aluminum conductor with aluminum alloy reinforced (ACAR) Aluminum conductor with steel reinforced (ACSR
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 RIGID TUBULAR BUS. Rigid tubular conductors are also used in substations. Rigid tubular buses are more advantageous than the flexible conductors. Sizes of Bus Bar The factors to be considered for selection of the Bus-Bar sizes are: Normal current carrying capability Short circuit heating with stand capability Surface gradient Corona free performance

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 Selection Criteria for Bus Sizes

Electrical & Mechanical Stresses: The bus-bars must be designed for: The operating current. To withstand short-circuit fault currents. The anticipated stresses on the bus-bars and their supports in the event of a short circuit must therefore be calculated. Thermal stresses Bus bars including clamps and connectors are also stressed thermally under short circuit conditions. The bus bar conductors/tubes are suitably sized / designed to with stand the short circuit currents not only mechanically, but also thermally.
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Case Study for 1000 MVA 400/220 S/S

REQUIREMENTS:
Normal full load current for 1000 MVA (2 X 500) capacity.

400 KV -- 1445 amps 220 KV -- 2625 amps. Short circuit heating withstanding capability:

Minimum cross sectional aluminum area required to with stand one KA for one second is 15.29 .
For 40 KA for 1 sec For 31.5 KA for 1 sec --- 610.7 sq mm --- 481 sq mm

Maximum Permissible conductor surface gradient -21 KV/cm.

Permissible radio interference level --- 40 to 50 db

Considering the Example of Moose A.C.S.R. Characteristics.

The characteristics of the ACSR Moose conductor are as follows. Normal Short circuit heating Current withstand capacity Conductor Surface carrying for 1 sec having gradient at KV/CM Sl Voltage system in capacity cross sectional area at 85 C of 529 mm Rph Yph Bph no KV 1. Single Moose 830 Amps *34.6 KA Aluminum area for with standing 1 KA /sec is 15.29 sq mm Kv system 2. 400 phph 7 mtrs Phgr 8.0 mtrs a) Single moose
b) Tw in moose w ith 450 mm conductor spacing For 1000 MVA Transformer 1445 Amps Tw in moose is required For 40 KA S.C.w ith standing capacity for 1 sec tw in moose is required for 400KV

Radio interfere nce level db

34.54 15.82

41.34 20.81

24.4 14.2

139.11 47.84

3. 220 KV system Ph-ph 5.0 mtrs. Ph-gr 5.5 mtrs a) Single Moose

For 1000 MVA Transformer 2665 Amps four moose is required

For 31.5 KA S.C.w ith standing capacity for 1 sec single moose is required for 220 KV

11.94

14.16

13.32

38.76
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REQUIREMENTS Normal full load current for 1000 MVA ( 2 X 500 )capacity
400 KV -- 1445 amps 220 KV -- 2625 amps

Short circuit heating withstanding capability

Minimum cross sectional aluminum area required to with stand one KA for one second is 15.29 sq mm.
For 40 KA for 1 sec For 31.5 KA for 1 sec --610.7 sq mm --- 481 sq mm

Maximum Permissible conductor surface gradient --- 21 KV/cm Permissible radio interference level --- 40 to 50 db
By the above it is found
Twin moose conductor is required for 400 KV. Quadruple moose conductor is required for 220 KV main bus, bus coupler bay. Twin moose conductor is required for 220 KV transfer bus, transformer & line bays.

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 Rigid conductor selection.

Rigid conductors are selected based on the following criteria.

Normal current carrying capacity Short circuit heating withstand capability Surface voltage gradient Fiber stress in tube &Vertical deflection
The characteristics of 100 mm and 75 mm IPS aluminum tube are as follows:

Surface voltage Normal current Sl. Size of Outer dia. Internal dia. Aluminium carrying capacity gradient KV rms/cm mm area sq mm No. IPS mm at 850C *400 KV **220 KV 1 100 mm 2 75 mm 114.2 88.9 97.18 77.93 2825 1428 2665 1775 18.08 21.89 11.63 13.98

* 400 KV system: conductor height 8 mtrs, phase to phase spacing 7 mtrs. ** 220 KV system: Conductor height 5.5 mtrs, phase to phase spacing 4.5 mtrs. By the above it is observed that For 400 KV system 100 mm IPS tubes are required For 220 KV system 100mm IPS tubes are required
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4.5.3.4 Fiber stress in tube & Vertical deflection

Aluminum tube should be capable to with stand the gravitational wind & short circuit forces. The vibrations in aluminum tube are caused due to study wind blowing across the bus at right angles to aluminum tube span. The fiber stress/bending stress of Aluminum tube depends upon the span of the Aluminum tube between two supports. The vertical deflection also depends upon the span of tube and type of supports [i.e. Whether two ends are pinned (simple supported) or fixed, or whether one end is fixed and other is pinned]. The safe vertical deflection should be less than the half of the outer dia. of Aluminum tube.

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4.5.3.5 The maximum allowable span lengths are as follows

Size of Aluminum Two ends pinned or Both ends Fixed tube. simply supported. permissible Span length Permissible Span in mtrs 100 mm 11 **12.5 75 mm 9 **12.5
** Maximum permissible to limit the fibre stress. The adequacy of span of Aluminium tubes has to be verified depending upon sub-station layout arrangement.

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4.5.3.5 The standard sizes of aluminum tubular bus and conductors generally used for different substations are as follows
SL. No. 1 2 3 Voltage reference 33 KV 66 KV 110KV

Al. Tube

ACSR conductor

50 mm 63 mm 75 mm 100/75 mm 100 mm

Coyote / Drake Falcon / Twin Drake Falcon / Twin Drake Single / Twin Falcon Twin / Quadruple Moose Quadruple MOOSE

220 KV

400 KV

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4.5.4 Electrical safety clearances.

The electrical , safety clearances to be adopted in substation are governed by following parameters. Basic Impulse Insulation levels (BIL). Basic Switching Impulse level (BSL). IE Rules. Allowances in tolerance in dimensions of structural work. Safety margins for unforeseen errors. Based on the above, certain minimum clearances are defined for a given voltage class and the same are applied in substation

The various clearances need to be defined.

Phase-to-earth clearance. Phase-to-phase clearance. Sectional clearance. Ground clearance. Equipment to equipment spacing
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4.5.4.1. Phase to earth and phase to phase clearances The minimum phase to phase and phase to earth clearance for 400 KV, 220 KV and other voltage classes are based on the BIL & BSL values.
Sl. No. Voltage class BIL BSL
Phase to phase clearance in mm Phase to ground clearance in mm

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

400 KV 220 KV 110 KV 66 KV 33 KV

1425 KVp 1050 KVp 550 KVp 325 KVp 170 KVp

1050 KVp 460 KVp 230 KVp 140 KVp 90 KVp

4000 2400 1100 630 320

3500 2100 1100 630 320

The above mentioned clearances do not include clearance between the live and ground parts of equipments including bus post insulators for which insulation is prescribed as per relevant standards and guaranteed by the manufacturers and confirmed by type tests.
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4.5.4.2

Section clearance Section clearance is the distance between two sections of

substation, which enables a person to work on one section of a substation in a safe manner, while the other section is charged.

Section clearance is chosen in such a manner that phase to earth clearance is maintained between the live point and the approach of the working personnel with adequate margin.

In case of 400 KV:

The phase to earth clearance of 3.5 meters. The approach of man is considered as 2.5 meters. Margin of 0.5 meters for unforeseen reasons like errors in erections, dimensions of tools and platforms etc. Thus the section clearance is taken as 6.5 meters.

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The section clearance for all voltage classes shall be:

Highest system voltage in KV 420 Minimum safety working clearance followed as per the design 6500 mm Minimum safety working clearance as per rule no 64 of I.E.Rule1956 6000 mm

Voltage class in KV 400

220

245

5000 mm

4300 mm

110

123

4000 mm

3500 mm

66

72.5

3500 mm

3000 mm

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36

3000 mm

2800 mm
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4.5.4.3. Ground

clearance

The ground clearance is the distance between ground level and bottom of any insulator in an out door substation. This ensures that any person working in the area cannot touch or damage the insulators accidentally. This clearance is kept as 2.5 meters for all voltage levels. However in cases, where the vehicles and cranes are allowed inside a substation, the ground clearance for the equipment falling on both sides of the road are to be enhanced as the vehicles and cranes height is generally 3.5 meters. The minimum ground clearances between the live point & ground at the substation for the different voltage classes as per rule no 64 of I.E.Rule 1956 are as follows 400 KV 220 KV 110 KV 66 KV 33 KV 8000 mm 5500 mm 4600 mm 4000 mm 3700 mm
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4.5.4.4. Bus

levels

Generally in all the substations two / three level bus arrangements are necessary. The first level is the equipment interconnection. The second level is main buses 1 & 2, which may be Rigid / Strung Bus. The third level cross bus / Jack Bus , required in few large sub stations.

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4.5.4.5. First

level : Equipment inter connection level

The first level height is fixed based on the following considerations The bottom part of the insulator or top most part of the earth metal position should have the minimum ground clearance i.e. the height of the man standing on the ground with shoes on holding the tools and extending the arms upwards, which is already prescribed as 2.5 meters in all voltage class substations. The insulator height / length as per I.E.C / I.S.S i.e., phase to earth clearances as prescribed for different voltage classes. Live metal part height of the various equipments. Maximum value of electrical field at a height of 1.8 meters i.e. height of an average person level.
The electrical field is the deciding factor not only for the height of the bus level but also for conductor configuration and phase spacing. It is generally considered that 10 KV per meter as safe design value of an electrical field for a period of 180 seconds. The effect of electrical field reduces with increase in bus level.
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 400 KV

System.

220 KV System.

The calculated electrical field at a level of 1.8 meters from ground level with a bus level of 7 meters height is 12.11 KV per meter. The calculated electrical field at a level of 1.8 meters from ground level with a bus level of 8 meters height is 9.4 KV per meter.

The calculated electrical field at a level of 1.8 meters from ground level with a bus level of 5.5 meters height, is 9.4 KV per meter.. The minimum bus level height for 400 KV is calculated as
As per IEC & ISS ---------- 2500 + 3500 = 6000 mm. As per live metal part Ht of eqpt --- less than 6000 mm As per electrical field ------------ 8000 mm As per I.E. Rule also -------------- 8000 mm

For 400 KV minimum first bus level shall be 8000 mm For 220 KV minimum first bus level shall be 5500 mm.
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level: Cross Bus levels are generally called second levels in a substation switchyard. The height of this bus is decided / designed based on the following.
Height of the equipment inter connection level i.e., first level. The extension of top level live metal part of Bus post insulator / isolator with an expansion clamp. The maximum sag of the conductor if it is a strung bus. Phase to phase clearance. Half of conductor / rigid bus diameter. Some minimum factor of safety ie some adequate margin particularly to maintain minimum phase to phase clearance between main bus & cross bus.
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4.5.4.6. Second

4.5.4 Standard Bus levels (First levels) / Equipment inter connection level and second level ie cross Bus / main Bus levels for different voltage classes in a sub-station designed as per above principles are follows. Sl. Sl. No.
1.

Voltage class 400 KV 220 KV 110 KV 66 KV 33 KV

First level mm 8000 5500 4500 4250 4000

Second level mm 15000/22000 * 11000 9000 8500 8000

2.

3.

4.

5.

* Third level or Jack bus level in 400 KV stations

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4.5.4.5

Equipment to equipment spacing.

The equipment to equipment spacing is decided based upon following factors.

Adequate clearances (phase to earth, phase to phase, section and ground clearances). Convenience of erection and security. Adjacent equipments should not foul physically while installing terminal clamps. Equipment foundations should not foul with each other and cable trenches. Technical requirements.
Location of surge arrestors with respect to protected equipments such as transformer and reactors. Position of CVT, wave-trap and shunt reactor approaching from line side. Maintenance flexibility

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4.5.5

Bay widths

The bay widths are chosen in such a way that the minimum clearances are maintained even when the isolator is kept under fully open condition with one end energised. The different types of the isolators like horizontal center brake, horizontal double brake, pantograph and vertical break has a great impact in deciding the Bay widths.

Vertical brake isolator

The bay width can be reduced, Hence this type of isolator is not generally used. but the bus height increases.

Pantograph isolator
It requires fine adjustment of sag and too expensive. Bay widths & Lay out sizes can be reduced considerably. These type of isolators will be used in critical lay outs where space is criteria.

Horizontal center break isolator

This type is most commonly used isolator due to its low cost, and it will never be placed under the gantry as it will intrinsically demands higher clearances and the bay width has to be increased beyond the rational value.

Horizontal double break center rotating isolator

It is very rigid, good performance, less bay widths and lay out sizes can be reduced. But costlier compared to H.C .B.

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The factor considered for computing bay widths are Phase to Ground / Earth clearance
4.5.5.1 The distance between nearest point of tower from extreme phases Minimum Phase to earth clearance: as per IE Rule Maximum horizontally protruding live metal part from the center of the equipment Tolerances for execution Length of the isolator blade The movement due to swing of conductor and insulator string in case of strung bus only and not applicable in case of rigid bus.

Phase to phase clearance

Length of the isolator blade Horizontally protruding live metal part of adjacent equipment Phase to phase clearance as per IE rule Tolerances for execution The movement due to swing of conductor and insulator string in case of strung bus only and not applicable for rigid bus system.

Considering

tolerances for execution etc, the phase to phase and phase to

ground clearances for 400 KV is as follows

Phase to ground ---- 6500 mm Phase to phase ----- 7000 mm Bay width will be 6.5 + 7.0 + 7.0 + 6.5 = 27 meters
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4.5.5. The standard bay widths, ground & sectional clearances based on above analogy for rigid and strung buses for different voltage classes of substations are as follows

Voltage class

Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

KV 33 66 110 220 400

Rigid bus Strung bus Phase Phase to Phase to Phase phase to earth phase to earth Bay clearan clearan Bay clearan clearan Ground width ce in ce in width ce in ce in clearanc in mtrs. mtrs mtrs. in mtrs. mtrs mtrs. e in mtrs. 1.25 1 1.5 1.25 4.5 5.5 3.8 2 1.8 2.3 2 7.6 8.6 4 8.2 14 27 2.1 3.65 7 2 3.35 6.5 10.5 17 27 2.75 5 7 2.5 3.5 6.5 4.6 5.5 8

Sectio nal clearan ce in mtrs. 2.5 3 3.5 4.3 51 6.5

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4.6 Yard leveling

Complete switchyard shall be generally maintained at the same level
to have sufficient ground clearances and easy for execution, operation & maintenance. But in some cases leveling of the complete switchyard is too expensive. There will be huge cutting and filling if there are large undulations of the site. In such cases 2 to 3 different levels can be maintained for different voltage classes viz. 400 KV, 220 KV, control room etc. Generally the levels of the switchyard will be mainly decided by balancing volume of earth cutting and volume of earth filling for economical considerations.

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4.7. Single

line diagram & lay out design.

Draw a single line diagram also called key diagram, before the locations of various equipments in the substation are decided. This diagram indicates the proposed bus bar arrangement and relative positions of various equipments. There are numerous variations of bus bar arrangement. The choice of a particular arrangement depends on various factors viz. System voltage, position of the substation in the system, flexibility, expected reliability of power supply and cost. The following technical consideration must be borne in mind while deciding upon any one arrangement. Simplicity is the key note of a dependable system Maintenance should be easy with minimum interruption of supply Safety to the operating personnel Alternative arrangement should be available in the event of an outage on any of the equipments or sections of sub station The layout should not hinder for expansion and/or augmentation at a later date, to meet the future load growth The installation should be as economical as possible keeping in view of the requirements and continuity of supply
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4. 8. LAYOUT DESIGN The first task which a substation designer has to undertake after finalizing the single line diagram, bus switching scheme, bay widths, section & ground clearances, is to translate the selected scheme into a layout so as to physically achieve the feeder switching required for ease in erection and maintenance. 4.8.1. BROAD PARAMETERS Following are the broad parameters, which change from one substation to another.
a) b) c) d) e) f) Nature of bus bars i.e. Rigid or flexible ( Strung Bus) Orientation of bus bar Location of equipments Manner of inter-connections Structural arrangement Direct stroke lightning Protection

4.8.2. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE The factors need to be considered while choosing a type of layout
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Reliability Ease of construction and provision for extension Ease of operation and maintenance Safety of operating personnel Land requirement Safety of Equipment and installation Aesthetic look. Economy 60

4.9. SAFETY MEASURES: 4.9.1.Power Distribution.

The distribution of power and current is checked and the currents occurring in the various parts of the station under normal and short circuit conditions are determined. The power flow to be balanced to an extent possible by properly locating th incoming / out going lines & Transformer bays.

4.9.2 Safety Measures

The safety respect of a) b) c) d) measures for the substation and its components are to be designed in Insulation co-ordination. Lightning Protection system. Safe Clearance. Thermal and mechanical stresses

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4.9.3.INSULATION CO-ORDINATION Insulation coordination is the total of all measures taken to restrict flash over or break down of the insulation caused by over voltages at places with in an installation at which the resulting damage is as slight as possible. This is achieved by using lightning arresters to limit over voltages. The equipments are also to be designed to withstand lightning and switching surges. The nominal lightning impulse withstand voltage and power frequency withstand voltage for various voltage classes are as follows.

Maximum voltage of equipments 36 KV 72.5 KV 123 KV

Nominal lightning impulse Peak value 170 KVP 325 KVP 550 KVP

Nominal power frequency withstand voltage RMS value 90 KV 140 KV 230 KV

245 KV 1050 KVP 460 KV 420 KV 1425 KVP 1050 KVP* * Nominal Switching impulse with stand voltage
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4.9.4

LIGHTNING PROTECTION:

In H.V.& EHV substations, the protection from the lightning is done either by shield wire or lightning mast (high lattice structure with a spike on top) and sometimes combinations of both depending upon type of layout of substation.

Shield wire
Shield wire lightning protection system will be generally used in smaller sub stations of:

Lower voltage class, where number of bays are less, area of the substation is small, & height of the main structures are of normal height. The major disadvantage of shield wire type lightning protection is, that it causes short circuit in the substation or may even damage the costly equipments in case of its failure (snapping ). Lightning masts (LM)
This type of protection will be generally used in large, extra high voltage sub stations where number of bays are more. It has the advantages,

It reduces the height of main structures, as peaks for shield wire are not required It removes the possibility of any back flashover with the near by equipments/structure, etc.during discharge of lightning strokes Provides facility for holding the lightning fixtures in the substation for illumination purposes Aesthetic look.
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4.9.4.1 PROTECTION ZONE BY SHIELD WIRE. The height of equipment to be protected by shield wires depends upon the height of the earth wire and distance between them.

As per experiment it has been found that, the displacement of the electrode from shield wire at a distance of B=2h where h is the height of the shield wire, all the discharges will strike the shield wire, and protects all the equipments from lightning discharges in the zone. There fore for two shield wires at a distance of S= 4 x h between them (h is the height of the shield wire), the point situated on ground surface mid way will not be struck by lightning.

Similarly for protection of any equipment of height h0, the distance between shield wire S, shall not be more than 4 times effective height ( hh0 ), i.e., the difference of height between. shield wire and the object to be protected

S = or < 4(h-h0) ho = or < (h-S/4) ho the height of equipments shall be = or < h S/4

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 400 KV switch yard.

400 KV bay width = 27 mtrs. Hence Shield wire distance S is 27 mtrs, apart.. Height of shield wire h = 23.5 mtrs. Maximum height of equipments which can be protected by these two shield wires are (23.5 27/4) = 16.75 Mtrs The height of the main bus level in the 400 KV station is15.00 Mtrs and all the equipments will be with this level only. Hence the shield wires provided on the peaks of the bus structures will protect all the equipments in the respective bays.

220 KV switchyard.
Bay width ------ 17 Mtrs. Height of shield wires ------ 19 Mtrs Maximum height of equipments which can be protected by these two shield wires are (19 17/4) = 14.75 Mtrs The height of the main bus level in the 200 KV station is13.50 Mtrs and all the equipments will be with in this level only. Hence protects all the equipments in the bay.
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4.9.4.2 SELECTION OF LM HEIGHT

The factors to be considered

The height of the LM will be decided, depending upon the height of equipment to be protected The protection zone or coverage area of LM increases with the increase of its height Hence LMs height depends upon the height of equipment to be protected The protection zone of same LM would be more if the equipment height to be protected is less The numbers of lightning masts in substation can be reduced by increasing the height of LM, but this will cause increase in cost of structure and civil foundations. The detailed analysis and experience revealed that 30 mtr. LM height is economical proposition & hence to be limited to this height.

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4.9.4.3. LOCATION & NUMBER OF LIGHTNING MASTS The exact number and locations of LMs will be calculated for complete protection of equipment in substation, by considering the following aspects.

The protection zone of one LM is very limited. In case of two LMs, the protective zone is considerably more than the sum of protective zones of two single LMs. A point of height ho situated midway between two lightning masts of height h can be protected if the distance a between LMs is not more than a seven times of active height ( i.e. difference of height between a LM height h and height of equipments to be protected ho ) or a = or < 7(h-ho). In case of 3 LMs forming triangle or 4 LMs forming rectangle, of height h can protect the object of height ho situated inside the triangle or rectangle if diameter D of the circle passing through the tips of LMs is not more than 8 times the active height i.e. D < = 8 (h-ho).
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71

4.10.

EARTH MAT REQUIREMENT

The main objectives of earthing system in the substation are: To ensure that a person in the vicinity of substation is not exposed to danger of electrical shock To provide easy path for fault currents into earth under fault condition without affecting the continuity of service Hence intentional earthing system is created by laying earthing rod of mild steel in the soil of substation area. All equipments/structures which are not meant to carry the currents for normal operating system are connected with main earth mat The earthing system in a substation serves :
Protects the life and property from over-voltage To limit step & touch potential to the working staff in substation Provides low impedance path to fault currents to ensure prompt and consistent operation of protective device Stabilizes the circuit potentials with respect to ground and limit the overall potential rise Keeps the maximum voltage gradients within safe limit during ground fault condition inside and around substation
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4.10.1 SELECTION

OF EARTHING CONDUCTOR SIZE FOR MAIN EARTH MAT

The selection of earthing conductor is based on

The thermal stability criteria Jointing method Welded with maximum temperature rise of 6200C Bolted with maximum temperature rise of 3100C

Magnitude of short circuit fault current & its duration

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4.10.2. FORMATION

OF SUBSTATION EARTHING:

The main earth mat shall be laid horizontally at a regular spacing in both X & Y direction based upon soil resistivity value and substation layout arrangement. The main earth mat shall be designed to limit the following;

Touch Potential The potential difference between two points, one on

the ground where a man may stand and any other point which can be simultaneously touched by either hand.

Step Potential The potential difference between any two points on

ground surface which can be simultaneously touched by feet. Maximum ground mat resistance shall be less than 1.0 ohm for substations of 220kV class and below, and shall be 0.5 ohms for 400kV and above voltage class. The earth rods shall be capable of with standing short circuit current for specified period. For I KA SC current for 1 second the minimum cross sectional area of M.S. Rod / Flat shall be 12.16 sq mm with welded joints.
74

The crushed rock (Gravel) of 15 mm to 20 mm size shall be used as a surface layer of 150 mm in the substation for the following reasons: To provide high resistivity for working personnel To minimize hazards from reptiles To discourage growth of weed To maintain the resistivity of soil at lower value by retaining moisture in the under laying soil To prevent substation surface muddy and water logged. The main earth mat shall be laid at a depth of 600 mm from ground. The earth mat shall be connected to the following in substation

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. i.

Lightning down conductor, peak of lightning mast Earth point of S A, CVT Neutral point of power Transformer and Reactor Equipment framework and other non-current carrying parts. Metallic frames not associated with equipments Cable racks, cable trays and cable armour
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5.0. INSULATORS.

Types

Disc type Post type. a) Disc type

These are required for stringing the ACSR conductor for main bus and jack bus/cross bus. The individual units are rated for 11 KV and string of these units will be used for deferent voltage classes. The number of units per string depends on following parameters. i) System voltage.

ii) iii) iv) v)

Insulation level Power frequency withstand level Tensile strength Purpose tension string or suspension string.

76

Typical details of string used for various system voltages

No. of units per string System Tension Suspen voltage strength Tension sion in KV in KN string string 400 160 25 400 120 23 220 120 16 220 90 14 110 90 8 8 66 90 5 5 33 70 2 2
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b)

Post type insulators

These are used for supporting ACSR conductor or Rigid Aluminum tube for connecting main bus to equipment or forming main bus. These are also used as supporting insulators for isolators. There are two types i. Pedestal post or stacking type ii. Solid core type The solid core type are preferred The design considerations are,
i) The phase to earth clearance which determines the height

ii) Insulation level iii) Power frequency withstand level iv) Mechanical strength i.e., mainly cantilever strength v) Minimum creepage dimensions
78

Typical parameters for various voltage levels

Minimum creepage System voltage in Height of stack Nol of units per dimensioninmm Cantilever at 25 mm/KV strength KN KV (mm) stack 400 3650 3 10500 8 220 2300 2 6125 6 110 1220 1 3075 4.5 66 770 1 1815 4.5 33 380 1 900 4
79

6.0 Steel structures:

i) Towers and Beams:

Required for stringing the ACSR conductor for main bus and cross bus/jack bus

ii) Lightning masts:

Required for providing protection against lightning and installing the luminaries fitting for illumination of switchyard. iii) Support structures These are required for supporting the equipments and post insulators to maintain the live point heights and other clearances as per the statuary clearance requirements.
80

6.1. The steel structures can be classified broadly into two groups i) Lattice type Formed by mild steel angle sections/plate sections etc by fastening the various sections by bolts, nuts or by welding. ii) Tubular type Formed by using mild steel pipes. These are preferable for support structures for lightning arrestors, post insulators, & instrument transformers. etc. 6.2 Protection against corrosion The steel structures are generally made of mild steel, which are galvanised / painted to protect against corrosion. Galvanising by applying zinc coating is preferable as the protection achieved is superior to painting & maintenance free. The coastal areas where due to saline weather conditions corrosion phenomenon occurs very fast and hence only galvanising is recommended. Design considerations a)Towers i) Wind load ii) Reactions of loads on the beams to which conductor is (along with insulator) strung iii) Vertical loads on the beams like under strung isolators iv) Tension of conductor (if strung directly ) and ground wire. v) Short circuit forces vi) Type of foundation Stub type or anchor bolt type
81

6.3

b) Beams i) Tension of conductor ii) Wind load / weight of conductor and insulator string iii) Vertical loads due to under strung isolators /post insulator etc. iv) Short circuit forces v) Configuration of conductors.

c) Lightning masts (25.0 to 30.0 meters height) i) Wind load ii) Weight of luminaries fittings.

d) Support structure i) Weight of equipment/post insulator

ii) Wind load on conductor iii) Load due to aluminum pipe and cantilever strength of post insulator

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7.0.

ILLUMINATION
The indoor & out door areas of sub station are to be properly illuminated. The minimum lux levels to be maintained in the different areas are follows.

Sl No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Location in sub station Control Room L.T.Room. CableGallery Battery Room Entrance Lobby Corridor Landing Conference Room Display Room Rest Room Out Door Switch Yard Street / Road

Minimum lux levels to be provided 350 150 150 100 150 150 & 300 250 Main Equipment -- 50 Balance area. -- 30 30
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7.1.

The aspects to be considered are

The illumination design to be done by using the software program to achieve specified levels of illumination most

economically

The energy conservation methods are to followed by using CFL fittings etc. where ever feasible with out compromising on

required illumination levels

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8.0 Classification

of the works to be executed in a sub-station

a) b)

Civil engineering works Electrical works

1. Buildings

8.1. Civil engineering works: The Civil works comprise of

i. Residential ii. Non Residential Office, control room, repair bay etc. 2. Design & construction of foundations for structures and equipment structures and transformer plinth. 3. Cable trenches 4. Fencing around switchyard 5. Water supply 6. Drainage & Sewerage 7. Roads & paths
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8.2.

Electrical works comprise of:

a) Choice of:
i. Switching schemes. ii. Bus bars. iii. Preparation of key diagram / single line diagram. iv. Preparation of Lay outs

b) Design & layout of earthing grids and protection against direct lightning strokes.

c) Auxiliaries
i. D.C. supply Battery set. Battery Charger D.C. Panel ii. A.C. supply
Auxiliary Distribution Transformer.

Diesel Generator set. A.C.Panel.

iii. Control cable & power cable schedule. iv. Switchyard lighting v. Fire fighting equipment.

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Major Sub-station Equipments

a) b) c)

Power Transformers. Circuit breakers. Instrument Transformers:

i. ii. iii. Current Transformers. Voltage transformers. Capacitor voltage transformers

d) e) f) g) h)

Isolators / Disconnects. Lightning Arrestors. Control & Relay panels. Shunt Capacitor Banks. Reactors.

Technical parameters
a)The

principle points to be considered for selecting sub-station equipments are Standards. Principle parameters Ratings & their choice. Technical requirements. Tests.

Standards - Power Transformers

Sl.No

Standards IS 10028 (Part 2 & 3) IS 2026 IEC 76 (Part1 to Part 5)

Title Code of practice for selection, installation & maintenance of transformers (P1:1993), (P3:1991) Power transformers

1. 2. 3. 4.

Dimensions for porcelain IS-3347 (Part 1 to Part 8) transformer bushings for use in lightly polluted atmospheres. IS-3639(1991) IS 6600 (1991) IEC-354 (1991) IEC-214 (1989) NEMA TR 1 Fittings and Accessories for power transformers Guide for loading of oil immersed transformers Loading guide for oil immersed power transformers On-load tap chargers Transformers, Regulators and reactors CBIP Manual on Transformers

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Principle Parameters -Power Transformers

Sl. No. 1.

Item
Type of transformer/installation Type of mounting Suitable for frequency Rated voltage rated

Examples of Technical requirements

power 3 phase, auto winding 3 phase core type winding interconnecting transformer transformer suitable for out suitable for outdoor installation. door installation -----On wheel mounted on rails---system 50 Hz 245 KV class 220/110/11 KV Three Auto Tr. With tertiary OFAF 50Hz 245 KV class 220/66/11 KV Three Three winding with tertiary OFAF

2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

Voltage ratio HV/IV/LV No. of phases No. of windings Type of cooling Maximum rating MVA 220 KV winding HV 110/66 KV winding IV 11 KV tertiary winding LV MVA rating corresponding to cooling system. ONAN cooling a) b) ONAF cooling c) OFAF cooling Winding connection

100 100

100 100

9.

10.

60 80 100 HV Star IV Auto LV Delta

60 80 100 HV Star IV Star LV Delta YNynod 11

11.

Connection symbol (vector group)

YNaod 11

Principle Parameters -Power Transformers

Sl. No. 1.

Item
Type of transformer/installation System earthing

Examples of Technical requirements

power 3 phase, auto winding 3 phase core type interconnecting transformer transformer suitable suitable for outdoor installation. door installation -----Effectively solidly earthed----winding for out

12. 13.

Percentage impedance voltage on normal tap and at rated M VA tolerance as per IS-2026. HV-IV a) b) HV-LV c) IV-LV Anticipated continuous loading of windings a) HV and IV b) Tertiary Tap changing gear : a) Type b) Provided on c) d) e) Tap range Step voltage No. of steps

10 10 The tertiary winding is for stabilising purpose without loading. The impedance shall be designed in confirmity with BIS, to with stand the short circuit currents for a specified period.

14.

------ Not to exceed 110 % of its rated capacity --------------------------- Un loaded teritiary ---------------On load, suitable for bi-directional power flow --------Neutral end of HV winding ------+5% to 15% +5% to 15% 1.25% of 220 KV 16 16 i) ii) iii) 115% of rated voltage continuously 125% of rated voltage for 60 seconds 140% of rated voltage for 5 seconds 1.25% of 220 KV

15.

16.

Over voltage operating capability & duration

17.

18. 19.

Max. flux density in any part of core and yoke at rated M VA, frequency and normal voltage (tesla) Current density of HV/IV/LV winding Insulation levels for windings: a) 1.2/50 micro-second wave shape impulse withstand (KVP) HV 950 b) power frequency voltage withstand (KV rms) HV 395

----------------1.60---------------------------not exceeding 3 Amps per sq. mm----------

HV 950 HV 395

IV 325 IV 140

LV 170 LV 70

20.

Type of winding insulation: a) HV winding b) IV winding c) LV winding

Graded Graded Full

Graded Graded Full

Principle Parameters -Power Transformers

Sl. No. 1.

Item
Type of transformer/installation

Examples of Technical requirements

21.

22. 23.

24.

power 3 phase, auto winding 3 phase core type winding interconnecting transformer transformer suitable for out suitable for outdoor installation. door installation System short circuit level & duration for which the transformer shall be capable to withstand thermal and dynamic -------------40 KA for 3 seconds -----------stress (KA rms/sec) Noise level at rated voltage and Less than 83 db frequency ---- as per table 01 of latest NEMA std. TR-1-----Permissible temperatures rise over ambient temp. of 500 C i) Of top oil measured by 50 0C 50 0C thermometer ii) Of winding measured by 55 0C 55 0C resistance method Minimum clearance in air (mm). a) H.V. 2000 2000 HVPhase to Phase i) ii) Phase to ground 1820 1820 b) i) ii) c) i) ii) I.V. Phase to Phase Phase to ground L.V. Phase to Phase Phase to ground 1430 1270 350 320 245 KV class OIP condenser 700 660 350 320 245 KV class OIP condenser 72.5 KV class OIP condenser bushing

25.

Bushings a) HV winding Line end b) IV winding line end c) HV/IV winding neutral end (for solid grounding) d) LV winding

145 KV class OIP condenser bushing --------36 KV porcelain bushing-------

--------36 KV porcelain bushing-------

Principle Parameters -Power Transformers

Sl. No. 1.

Item
Type of transformer/installation Insulating medium Terminal current rating HV IV LV HV/IV Winding neutral

Examples of Technical requirements

power 3 phase, auto winding 3 phase core type winding interconnecting transformer transformer suitable for out suitable for outdoor installation. door installation OIL OIL 800 Amp 800 Amp 2000 Amp 800 Amp 800 Amp 1250 Amp 2000 Amp 1250 Amp

26. 27.

28.

Max. Radio interference voltage level at 1 MHz and 1.1 times max. rms phase to ground voltage for HV winding

------------ 5000 Micro volts-------------Two nos. of 50% Bank Two nos.of 50% Bank One 100% pump & one 100% One 100% pump & one 100% standby pump in each bank standby pump in each bank Adequate number of fans 18/24 sweep with one stand by fan in each group

29.

Cooling equipments.
a) b) Number of Banks No. of pumps

c) No. of fans 30. Insulation level of bushings: a) Lightning impulse withstand (KVP)minute power frequency b) 1 withstand voltage (KV rms)

HV 1050
HV 460 IV 230

IV 550
LV 70

LV 170

HV 1050
HV

IV 325

LV 170
IV LV

c) Creepage distance (mm) 31. a) Bushing current transformers for tertiary provided in each phase i) Current Ratio (A/A) ii) Accuracy class iii) VA Burden

25 mm per KV system voltage

of highest

460 140 70 25 mm per KV of highest system voltage

--------- To be provided for LV bushings------1000/1 -----------5P 20-----------------------15-------------1000/1

Standard Rating -Power Transformers

Sl. No.
1 2

KV CLASS
33/11 KV 66/11KV

RATING
5 MVA 8 MVA 12.50MVA 16/20 / 31.5 MVA 10 MVA 16/ 20 / 31.5 MVA 10 MVA 16/20 / 31.5 MVA 100 / 150 MVA 100 / 150 MVA 315 MVA 500 MVA

a.

110/11 KV

b. 110/33-11KV 4 5 a. 220/110/11 KV

b. 220/66/11 KV a. 400 / 220 /33 KV b. 400 / 220 / 33 KV 3 Units of single phase transformers.166 MVA

Tests -Power Transformers

TESTS:
a) Type tests. b) Routine / Acceptance Tests

Type Tests
i.Temperature rise test ii. Vacuum test on transformer tank iii.Relief device test iv.Short circuit test v Impulse test on principle tap. vi. IP-55 test for OLTC cabinet and cooler control cabinet.

Tests -Power Transformers

Routine tests:
i.Operation and dielectric test of OLTC ii.Magnetic circuit test iii OC & SC tests iv. Oil leakage test on transformer tank after complete assembly. v. Measurement of zero sequence and reactance vi Measurement of acoustic noise level vii Measurement of power consumption by fans and oil pumps viii. Measurement of harmonic level on no-load current ix.Measurement of capacitance and tan-delta to determine capacitance between winding and earth before and after series of di-electric tests. x. Insulation resistance test xi. Ratio and polarity test xii.Di-electric and PPM test on oil xiii Tan-delta test on bushing xiv. Measurement of copper and iron losses. xv Leakage tests for radiators / cooler tanks xvi Weld test

Discussions

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Thank You