Cell Histology

-Basic structural unit of living organism -different kinds - cell membrane, - nucleus-- DNA - cytoplasmorganelles and inclusion, cytosol

Cell membrane
Plasmalemma Parallel dense lines, bimolecular layer of phospholipids Integral protein Selective permeability

Nucleus
nucleus is the center for the genetically determined information command or logistics center for the regulation of cell functions. structural components of a nucleus are the nuclear membrane, the nuclear lamina, the nucleoplasm, and the chromosomes with the chromatin and the nucleolus.

Nucleus

chromosome

Mitosis yields two genetically identical daughter nuclei. It is followed by cell division (cytokinesis). The inactive period between active periods of cell division is called interphase. Interphase. Phase between divisions. The chromatin is dispersed or forms small aggregates. Prophase. Begin of mitosis. The chromatin condenses to form chromosomal threads, which become increasingly thicker and shorter Metaphase. The chromosomes are arranged in the equatorial plane of the spindle, the metaphase plane.

 Anaphase. The two identical sister chromatids separate and move to the cell pole. Phase of the double (daughter) stars or diaster.

 Telophase. Completion of the nuclear division. The chromatids combine and form a coil. A new nuclear membrane forms, the cytoplasm divides by contracting the cytokinetic actin ring (division ring) (cytokinesis). A new cell wall is synthesized in the place of the cytokinetic actin ring.

Mitochondria
Before the turn of the 19th century, Altmann discovered and described mitochondria, the power plant organelle of cells, as granular, rod-like stringy cell components. outer membrane (outer mitochondrial membrane) separates the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm and an inner membrane forms septum-like folds (cristae mitochondriales) inner mitochondrial matrix often contains granules, the granula mitochondrialia or matrix granules, which have a size of 3050nm and are rich in Ca2+ and other ions.

Granular (Rough) Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)Ergastoplasm

continuous system of cell membranes, which are about 6nm thick. Dependent on cell specialization and activity, the membranes occur in different forms, such as stacks or tubules. Elaborate systems of rER membranes are found predominantly in cells that biosynthesize proteins cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum interconnect both with the perinuclear cisternae

Golgi Apparatus
Named after Camillo Golgi (Nobel Prize 1906), who discovered this cell structure in nerve cells (1898) and assigned it the role of a cell organelle. Golgi apparatus consists of membranes that are about 68nm thick. The basic unit of the Golgi apparatus is the dictyosome or Golgi field. it consists of a stack of 38 smooth (i.e., ribosome-free) slightly arcuate stacked membranes in close proximity The more or less sharply curved membrane stacks of the Golgi complex feature a convex cis-face (uptake side) and a concave trans-face (export side).

Lysosomes
lysosomes as unique cell organelles relatively late only in 1955. Their membrane-contained bodies are rich in acid hydrolases with pH-optima between 4.5 and 5.0 role in the intracellular digestion or degradation of endogenous substances (autophagy) and phagocytosed substances (heterophagy). store insoluble metabolites

Peroxisomes
In 1965, C. de Duve discovered peroxisomes in liver cells small, spherical organelles with a diameter of about 0.21.5mm, which are ubiquitous in cells are respiratory organelles, contain various oxidases, catalase and the enzymes for the -oxidation of fatty acids.

Centrosome and centrioles

Not enclosed by membrane Consists of two proteins: pericentrin an ytubulin Nucleate polymerization of microtubules Basal bodies of cilia