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食物鏈結構,族群繁衍及衰落因子及
人類影響
1.
Ecosystems and community function
Certain basic processes occur in all
kinds of communities: energy flow and
matter cycling
Food web
Biomass pyramid
2.
3.
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5.
Ecosystem Productivity
Net primary productivity (NPP): the rate
at which producer, usually plant,
biomass is created
Most productive terrestrial ecosystems
are tropical forests and swamps
Most productive aquatic ecosystems
are estuaries and reefs
Net secondary productivity (NSP): the
rate at which consumer and
decomposer biomass is produced
6.
7.
Matter cycling through ecosystems
Unlike energy, matter is not always
converted into less useful forms when
used
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur, and phosphorus
Rate and efficiency of matter cycling
vary between ecosystems
8.
9.
Four ways that human cause population
growth
Increase available resources
Ex. Agriculture, nutrient pollution in lakes
Competitive release
Ex. Poisoning of insect pests
Predator release
Ex. Overhunting of large carnivores
Introduce to new areas
Ex. Nonnative species releases
10.
Four ways that human cause population
decline and extinction
Change physical environment
Habitat disruption
11.
Human Impact on Population Ranges
Habitat destruction
Domesticating
Introducing wild species into new areas
12.
Human disturbance of communities
Human simplify communities on
purpose or inadvertently
13.
Human disturbance of energy flow and
productivity
The energy is either “re-channeled” for
human needs, such as directly feeding
ourselves, feeding our pets, running
our factories, or simply lost due to
human activities (such as when we
destroy tropical rainforests)
Species extinctions
14.
Human disturbance of matter cycling
Alter the balance between the input
and output of matter by creating
excess output or excess input
15.