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MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

Ciriaco Pastrano Street, Poblacion I Oroquieta City

E-mail: moti_oroq@yahoo.com Tel #: (088) 531-1965

COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL


Sector : Tourism Sector Qualification : Commercial Cooking NC II Unit of Competency : Cean and Maintain Kitchen Premises
Module Title: : Maintain Hygiene in Food Preparation and Cooking

About this Competency-Based Learning Materials


Welcome to the Competency Based Learning Materials for the module: Maintaining Hygiene in Food Preparation and Cooking. This Competency Based Learning Materials contains training materials and activities for you to complete.

The unit of competency Clean and Maintain Kitchen Premises contains the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for a Commercial Cooking NC II.
You are required to go through activities in order to complete each learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcomes, there are Information sheets, Operation sheets/Job sheets and Reference Materials for further reading to help you better understand the required activities. Follow these activities on your own and answer the Self-Check at the end of each learning outcome. You may tear a blank Answer Sheet for each self-check. If you have questions, dont hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) You may have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in this learners guide because you have:

Been working for some time. Already completed training in this area.

If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are trainer about having them formally recognized. If you have a qualification or Certificate of competence from previous training, show it to your trainer. If required to demonstrate these skills, do so. If the skills you acquired are still relevant to the module, they may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL. At the end of this Competency Based Learning Material, a Learners Diary is used to record important data, jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist in providing further details to your trainer or assessors. A Record of achievement is also provided for you trainer to complete once you completed the module. This module was prepare to help you achieve the required competency and the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and skills in Installing of electrical protection system with minimum supervision or help from your instructor. With the aid of this material, you will acquire the competency independently at your own pace. Talk to you trainer and agree on how you will both organize the training of this unit. Read through the learning guide carefully. It is divided into sections that cover all the skills and knowledge you need successfully complete in this module. Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section. Read all information sheets and complete the self-check, suggested references are included to supplement the materials provided in this module. Your instructor will be your trainer, supervisor or manager who is there to support you and show you the correct way of doing things covered in your training. Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to consider when you are completing activities and are important that you listen and take notes. You will be given an opportunity to ask questions and practice on the job. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts in order to improve your speed, memory and self-confidence. Use the self-check question to list your own progress. When you are ready, ask your trainer to observe you in performing the activities stipulated in the competency based learning materials. After finishing these activities, ask for written to observe feedback on your progress. Your trainer keeps feedback/pre-assessment report; when you have successfully completed each element, ask your trainer to mark on the reports that are ready for assessment. When you have completed this module, and confident that you have/had the sufficient expertise, your trainer will arrange an appointment with registered assessor to assist you, the result of your assessment will be recorded in your Competency Achievement Record.

Terms and Definition 1. Computer System - The complete computer made up of the CPU, memory and
related electronics (main cabinet), all the peripheral devices connected to it and its operating system. Computer systems fall into two broad divisions: clients and servers. Client machines fall into three categories from low to high end: laptop, desktop and workstation. Servers range from small to large: low-end servers, midrange servers and mainframes.

2. Configuration - The makeup of a system. To "configure" is to choose options in


order to create a custom system. "Configurability" is a system's ability to be changed or customized.

3. Connector - Any plug and socket that links two devices together. Although taken for
granted and rarely in the limelight, connectors are a huge industry, and the quality of these components is more critical than most people would imagine. When not designed or constructed properly, they often become the weakest element in an electronic system.

4. Display Adapter

- A plug-in card in a desktop computer that converts the images created in the computer to the electronic signals required by the monitor. It determines the maximum resolution, refresh rate and number of colors that can be displayed, which the monitor must also be able to support. On many PC motherboards, the display adapter circuits are built into the chipset, and an AGP or PCI card is not required.

5. Expansion Board

- A printed circuit board that plugs into an expansion slot and extends the computer's capability to control a peripheral device. All the boards (cards) that plug into a computer's bus are expansion boards, such as display adapters, disk controllers, network adapters and sound cards.

6. Expansion Bus

- An input/output bus typically comprised of a series of slots on the motherboard. Expansion boards (cards) are plugged into the bus. ISA and PCI are the common expansion buses in a PC. A graphics-based user interface that incorporates movable windows, icons and a mouse. The ability to resize application windows and change style and size of fonts are the significant advantages of a GUI vs. a character-based interface. GUIs have become the standard way users interact with a computer, and the major GUIs are the Windows and Mac interfaces along with Motif for Unix and the GNOME and KDE interfaces for Linux. an electronic device, which contains sockets that accept additional boards. In a desktop computer, the motherboard contains the CPU, chipset, PCI bus slots, AGP slot, memory sockets and controller circuits for the keyboard, mouse, disks and

7. Graphical User Interface -

8. Motherboard - Also called the "system board," it is the main printed circuit board in

printer. It may also have built-in controllers for modem, sound, display and network, obviating the need to plug in a card. A laptop motherboard typically has all peripheral controllers built in.

9. Operating System - The master control program that runs the computer. The first
program loaded when the computer is turned on, its main part, the "kernel," resides in memory at all times. The operating system sets the standards for all application programs that run in the computer. The applications "talk to" the operating system for all user interface and file management operations. Also called an "executive" or "supervisor," an operating system performs the following functions.

10. Peripheral -Any hardware device connected to a computer, such as a monitor,


keyboard, printer, disk, tape, graphics tablet, scanner, joy stick, paddle or mouse

11. Server - A computer system in a network that is shared by multiple users. Servers
come in all sizes from x86-based PCs to IBM mainframes. A server may have a keyboard, monitor and mouse directly attached, or one keyboard, monitor and mouse may connect to any number of servers via a KVM switch. Servers may be also be accessed only through a network connection as well.

12. Sound Card

- Also called a "sound board" or "audio adapter," it is a computer expansion board that records and plays back sound, providing inputs from a microphone or other sound source and outputs to speakers or an external amplifier. The de facto standard for sound card compatibility in PCs is Creative Labs' Sound Blaster. menus and method of interaction between you and the computer. Prior to the Mac, Windows and Motif (Unix) interfaces, all interaction was based on commands entered by the user. Operating systems may support optional interfaces and allow a new shell, or skin, to be used instead.

13. User Interface - All graphics based today, the user interface includes the windows,

14. Virus

- Software used to infect a computer. After the virus code is written, it is buried within an existing program. Once that program is executed, the virus code is activated and attaches copies of itself to other programs in the system. Infected programs copy the virus to other programs. simply as the processor or central processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.

15. Central Processing Unit - The brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to

16. Computer memory - A semiconductor technology made the use of electronic


devices, used to store information. Electronic circuits based on the binary information stored in memory for each storage unit known as the memory element.

17. Hard Disk Drive A device, which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating
platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, "drive" refers to a device distinct

from its medium, such as a tape drive and its tape, or a floppy disk drive and its floppy disk.

18. LAN Adapter - is a computer hardware component designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. 19. Network Switch a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN). Technically, network switches operate at layer two (Data Link Layer) of the OSI model. 20. Router - A device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISPs network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect.

Information Sheet 1.1


5 Tips For Disassembling A Computer System
Disassembling a computer can be a painful task. If you're planning to slot in a new hardware component or want to look inside your PC, disassembly cannot be avoided. Although disassembling a computer can appear to be a daunting task for beginners, it is really not that difficult. Well fret not. This article covers are some important tips which you should remember. These include things like cutting off the power supply, opening the case slowly and disconnecting various components.

1. Cut Off The Power Now pay attention. This is important. The first thing to do when disassembling a PC is to disconnect your computer from all power sources. Rip out that power cord - I've had too many occasions when my PC was still connected to the wall outlet and I accidentally stated disassembly - with disastrous results. So always remember to do this step first. 2. Open the Case Slowly Next, you want to open the computer case slowly. Some PCs slide off the side - and you may need to remove some screws before the cover can come off. Others open in different ways. You need to check your specific computer case. Some cases (e.g. those from Antec) are in fact better designed and allow you to open the case easily. I always like to go for such computer cases - you can check them out at this link. 3. Learn What is Inside the Case Once that computer case comes off, you need to familiarize yourself with the internals of your PC. If you want, you can take photos. Usually, the things to look out for are you video card, hard drives, sound card, CPU, memory modules. 4. Disconnecting Adapter Cards If you need to remove adapter cards, e.g. a PCI based sound card, you will need to take note of the screw at the top of the bracket. Remove that screw first, then you'll be ready to disconnect the card. 5. Disconnecting Disk Drives The other point to note is regarding disk drives. Disk drives (hard disks and floppy disks) usually have screws at the side to secure them in the PC's drive bays. Make sure you unscrew those carefully and hang on to the drive while doing it. You certainly don't want you precious hard disk dropping on the motherboard.

Information 1.2
Disassembling the Computer
It's Not a Race If you are familiar with the procedure of disassembling a computer, then you can skip this section. If you are a beginner and actually want to learn something, then document well, and learn or re-affirm your knowledge about everything you see inside. Given a screwdriver, a 10-year old could probably have the computer apart in a half-hour or so. If you're using this section as a lab or learning assignment, and you have your computer apart in the same time as a 10-year old, then that's the level you'll be at. But if you take a slow relaxed approach, discuss, question and research each component as it's removed, you'll learn a lot. Read the sections on What's Inside and What You See, fall back on your own knowledge, use the Internet, your books and resource material. It's impossible to retain all the information, so one of the most important computer skills you can

learn is how to research and use your resources to find what you need. Here's an example of some questions to think about or discuss as you proceed:

Should I document everything I do or everything I remove? Am I taking the best ESD precautions available to me right now. When you remove an expansion card what kind of card is it? What kind of expansion slot did it come from? How many bits wide is that slot? What is the bus speed? What does the card do? If there's any wires attached to the card, what's the other end attached to and what are the wires or cables for. What kind of port is on the end of the card? When removing a drive, what kind of drive is it? Is there information documented right on the drive itself? What kind of power connector does it use? Are there jumper settings on the drive? What for? Are any drives connected together or do they all have their own cable? Does it matter which cable I hook up when I reassemble? What are some of the things I know about this particular type of drive? When removing wires or cables, what are the cables for? Which connectors are actually being used and what could the other ones be for? Are they following the pin-1 rule? Is pin-1 actually designated on the device the cable is attached to? Is it designated in more than one way? Am I still taking proper ESD precautions and is my antistatic strap still hooked up? Look at the motherboard again when there's not so much in the way. Can you point out the CPU? How about the BIOS chip, the battery, cache RAM, keyboard connector? Is it an AT, Baby AT, or ATX format? Is there a math coprocessor? Where is it? Is the system memory supplied on SIMMs or DIMMs? How many pins on the memory module? How many memory slots are thee for each bank of system memory? Is the CPU installed in a ZIF socket or a friction socket? Are there any jumpers on the motherboard? Is there any information silk-screened on the board itself?

This is just an example of the questions you should be asking yourself. Try to come up with lots more. Even if you are not prepared to actually take your computer apart at this time, just take the cover off and ask yourself these questions as you visualize the various steps involved. Remember, not all questions can be answered by a single resource. Look in your notes, check out your manuals and resource material, ask questions. ESD Read the section on Electrostatic Discharge and always take ESD precautions. Remember, if you can feel a static shock its probably close to 3000 volts. Some ICs can be affected by as little as 30 volts.

Always use an antistatic wrist strap. Keep a supply of antistatic bags to place components in as they are removed. Leaving the computer plugged in is a recommended procedure. However, make sure it's switched off and remember that the cable going to the remote switch on the front of the case carries AC current at house voltage. Also, ATX motherboards have power to them all the time, even when the switch is off. Before beginning to remove a power supply or an ATX motherboard, always make sure your computer is unplugged.

Before Beginning You want to make sure you have what you need. Your wrist strap is attached to the computer, you don't want to have to run to the other side of the room or to another room to get something. Forget about the strap and your computer may follow you.

Have a pen and paper ready. Documentation is real important. After you've changed a few jumpers or removed or replaced a few cables and cards, you probably will have to put some back the way they were. If you

have documentation, putting things back together can be a simple reverse process. This is true of software troubleshooting as well. Make sure you have the tools you need and they're all close by and handy. Be sure to have a container to keep the screws in so you have them when you want to put things back together. Make sure you have the resource material, drivers or software that you may need. If possible, enter the CMOS setup and record the information available. At least record the floppy and hard drive configuration and any settings that may be different from the default. You want to be careful not to remove the battery and lose these settings, but stuff happens. Disassembly is major surgery, do a full backup of the system. Programs that you have the original disks for can always be replaced, but any upgrades for those programs and any programs that have been downloaded from the Internet may or may not still be available. Bookmarks, e-mail addresses, phone and fax numbers, dial-up connections, DNS settings and networking protocols can be a real pain to replace. Even the best technicians cannot guarantee your data, so back it up. Also, in Windows9x, all the IRQ, I/O addresses, and DMA settings can be found (and printed) from the Device Manager in Control Panel. In Windows98 check out Start/Programs/Accessories/System Tools/System Information. Close all programs, shut down Windows, and turn off your computer. Then remove the cables from the back of the case. One other thing: you have to use a little common sense. Don't necessarily follow this information to the letter, it's only meant to be a guide. If you think it would be easier to remove some expansion cards before removing the drive bay, then do it. If you can better access the data cables after the drive is out, then do it that way. If it would be easier to disconnect the power cables and remove the power supply before accessing DIMMs or SIMMs

Removing the Cover The standard way of removing tower cases used to be to undo 4-6 screws on the back of the case, slide the cover back about an inch and lift it off. Manufacturers are beginning to come up with trickier and more intricate methods of assembling these cases all the time. If there is no manual, then a little time taken for careful inspection may be in order. Here are some things to remember:

Don't Force Anything. If it has to be forced, it will probably break. If there are no screws on the back of the case for the cover, check the plastic faceplate on the front. Some pry off to reveal screws or release levers (remember, careful inspection). If everything on the front has its own bezel around it (including the LEDs) then maybe the plastic front pops off (or maybe the case slides off the front). If you notice a separation between the sides and the top, then they must come off separately. My favorite ATX case allows you to remove two screws from the back, then slide the side panel to the rear an inch and remove it. The other side removes the same way. It's a good, solid, well built case. Make sure any screws removed are for the cover. You don't want to unscrew the power supply by accident and have it fall inside your computer. That's a bad thing. After the case is removed, place it in a safe place, where it won't get knocked of a table, kicked or stepped on and bent.

Removing Adapter Cards

Again, documentation is very important. Yes, that 16-bit ISA card will probably work in any 16-bit ISA slot, but there may be a reason it's in that particular one. Document the type of card and which slot it comes from. Check the card for any cables or wires that might be attached and decide if it would be easier to remove them before or after you remove the card. Undo the screw that holds the card in place. Grab the card by its edges, front and back, and gently rock it lengthwise to release it. Do not wiggle it side to side as you can break the card, the slot, or the solder. Sometimes it helps to grasp the inside corner of the card with one hand and place a finger from the other hand under the associated port out the back of the computer to pry up the one end of the card. Once the card is removed, you may want to record any jumper settings you see, just in case one is accidentally dislodged. Try to store the card in an antistatic bag. If you don't plan on replacing the card then a cover should be installed over the slot opening.

Removing Drives Removing drives is not that difficult. They usually have a power connector and a data cable attached from the device to a controller card or a connector on the motherboard. CD-ROMs may have an analog cable connected to the sound card.

The power will be attached using one of two connectors, a large Molex connector or a smaller Berg connector for the floppy drive. The Molex connector may need to be wiggled slightly from side to side while applying gentle pressure outwards. The Berg connector may just pull straight out or it may have a small tab that has to be lifted with a tiny flat screwdriver. The data cables need to be documented. Remember the pin one rule. Know where each one goes before you pull it out and record its orientation (which side is the stripe on, where is pin 1?). Pull data cables gently and carefully. In other words, don't yank them off, and pull level and in the direction of the pins. Now you need to do a little more inspection, can the entire drive bay be removed? Does that particular drive come out the back of the bay or does it slide out the front before the bay is removed. If a bay is removable, you may have to remove some screws or unclip a lever then slide the bay back and off. If the bay is not removable, there should be access ports on the other side of the case that allow for access to those screws (there should be, I've seen some that you just about have to remove the motherboard to access these screws). Now you can remove the screws and slide the drive out the back of the bay. If the drive slides out the front of the case, then remove the screws and gently slide it forward.

Removing the Memory Modules Memory modules are one of the chips that can be damaged by as little as 30 volts. Be careful of ESD and handle them only by the edges. SIMMs and DIMMs are removed differently:

SIMM - gently push back the metal tabs holding the SIMM in the socket. Tilt the SIMM away from the tabs to about a 45% angle. It should now lift out. Put each SIMM in its own protective bag. DIMM- There are plastic tabs on the end of the DIMM socket. Push the tabs down and away from the socket. The DIMM should lift slightly. Now you can grab it by the edges and place it in a separate antistatic bag. 9

Removing the Power Supply


Make sure it's unplugged. All power connectors should be removed, including the connection to the motherboard and any auxiliary fans. Watch the little plastic tabs on ATX connectors (you'ld rather not break them). AT power supplies have a two piece power connector that may be labeled P-8 and P-9. Make note of the orientation. The black wires should be in the middle, black to black. Remove the connection to the remote power switch at the front of the case. Orientation of the colored wires at this switch is critical. If you remove them, make sure you document well, and during re-assembly plug the computer into a fused surge protector before turning it on (this could save your motherboard and components from melting if you've reconnected improperly). If you're putting the same power supply back, it's better to remove the entire switch and leave the connectors entact. The remote switch on an ATX form factor attaches to the motherboard. Remove the four screws at the back of the case and gently slide the power supply out of the case. While removing these screws, hold onto the power supply. You don't want it falling into the case.

Removing the Motherboard


Document and remove all wire attachments to the motherboard. (Some of these have Pin 1 designations also.) Most cases have a removable panel that the motherboard is attached to. By removing a couple of screws the panel can be taken off and you can gain much better access to the motherboard. Again, a little investigation can save a lot of trouble. There is usually 2 or 3 screws holding down newer motherboards. Make sure you've got the right ones and remove them. Motherboards sit on plastic or brass standoffs that keep the traces and solder from touching the metal case and grounding out. Once the screws are removed you can lift the motherboard out. In other cases, the motherboard has to be slid horizontally towards the bottom of the case to unclip the plastic standoffs and then lifted out. Place the motherboard in an antistatic bag.

Information 1.3
Reassembling the Computer
Same Way, Only Backwards When it comes time to put a computer back together, it's usually just a matter of reversing the order in which you took it apart. Again, you're going to visualize each step because there may be an easier way. Is it easier to install the motherboard or the power supply first? Are the RAM DIMMs (or SIMMs) easier to access before, or after the power supply is in. If the motherboard pops out the back on a tray, then install the CPU and the RAM before replacing the tray. If you install the power supply first, then you may be able to clip the power connectors on as you install the motherboard and tray.

Tools 10

When putting the computer back together (or disassembling it for that matter), there are some basic tools that you'll find handy. Of course, you'll need your ESD protection equipment and a phillips screwdriver (keep a flat-head screwdriver nearby, too. A small flashlight and a magnifying glass may come in handy, as well as needle nose pliers. A useful device for any kind of computer work is a small srewdriver with a phillips head on one end and a flat-head on the other (I have no idea what the proper name is for the tool). Once again, you're not in a race. A good carpenter measures twice, and cuts once. When working on computers you want to double-check everything you install or connect. Before you start, make sure you have taken all your ESD precautions. As you continue, make a conscious effort to remain aware of these precautions. The Power Supply A fairly basic installation, just lineup the holes and screw it on. Don't plug it in yet. Remember, the cable going to the remote switch on the front of the case carries 110 volts AC. If you took the wires off the switch, make sure you connect them just as they were before (I hope you documented). A wrong connection here can burn up your PC. After your power supply is installed, do not plug it in, you may not be able to tell if the switch is on or off and you don't want to turn the power supply on without a load. The RAM DIP memory modules are the hardest to install. Luckily, it's not done much anymore. SIMMs are inserted at about a 45 degree angle then stoand up until they clip into place. If they don't clip in properly, maybe you have them in backwards. They'll usually have a key cut into one side. DIMMs are keyed on the edge connector side, they can only be inserted one way. Once they are lined up, push them down until the locking tabs on the side come up. You may have to support the motherboard from underneath if it looks as though its going to flex too much. COAST modules are also keyed on the bottom and insert much like an adapter card (Coast On A STick memory is cache SRAM). The CPU Luckily, CPU sockets aren't friction fit anymore. If you have a PGA Central Processor (Pentium MMX or Celeron, Cyrix or AMD), it will fit into a ZIFF (zero insertion force) socket. Pin#1 on the chip has to be lined up with pin#1 on the socket. This can be indicated on the socket with an arrow, a #1 silk-screened on the board, or a flattened corner. Usually the CPU will indicate pin#1 with a flattened corner (and, or a dot on top, and, or an arrow on the bottom center of the chip). Unclip and lift the handle, insert the chip, lower the handle and clip it in. If it's a Pentium II or a Pentium III, it will fit into a Slot 1 socket. These are rectangular in shape and have 242 pins in two rows. They're keyed, and the cartridge should only fit in one way. Check any documentation that came with the motherboard or CPU, and refer to your notes. The Motherboard Most PC cases will allow you to remove the metal tray that the motherboard attaches to by removing 2 or more screws. If you didn't do that during disassembly then you should familiarize yourself with it now. The plastic standoffs on the motherboard are to keep the solder-side of the board from touching the metal case and shorting out. Usually, it's better to install the RAM and CPU first to avoid the possibility of flexing the board and cracking solder connections or traces. Orient the motherboard properly and either clip in, or slide in the standoffs until the mounting screw holes line up. Insert the screws that hold the board in place. The screws need to be snug, but do not twist them into the motherboard. You may be able to connect the power to the system board as you install the tray. A power supply with a baby-AT form factor will have two motherboard connectors (P8 and P9). These connectors are keyed but can be 11

reversed. Make sure the black wires on the two connectors are beside each other. Clip the keyed edge in at an angle, then straighten the connector up and slide it on. ATX power connectors slide in until the tab clicks. Once the motherboard and tray are secured in place, you can re-install the wires for the front of the case (refer to your documentation). At this point, you can install the video card. Do a final check on everything installed. Re-check all installations and connections, attach and plug in the monitor. Turn the computer on. Watch for lights on the front panel. How far does the BIOS POST routine get? Are there any error messages? Is this expected? One thing that I don't like to do is to completely re-assemble a computer and then just turn it on. If it doesn't work at that point, then you have to tear it all apart again to find the problem. Once you've installed the power supply, motherboard, CPU and RAM, install the video card, hook up the keyboard and cables and start your computer. Of course, there's no drives installed and some expansion cards are missing, so you're going to get errors. But if it recognizes your video card, counts the memory and allows access to you CMOS setup program, then you know everything installed to that point is working. Now, turn your computer on after installing each new device. If you get an unexpected error, then it should be due to the last device you installed.

Information 1.4
Integrated Circuit Chips (IC)
Circuits are made up of different electronic components (capacitors, resistors, transistors, etc.) wired together in a manner that performs a specific electronic function. . These components are hooked together on fiberglass boards called circuit boards. You can see the small thin copper or metal lines (wires) on a circuit board that connect the different components together. These are called traces. If you could find an old 7 or 10-transistor radio from the sixties, you could open it up and see the peanut sized transistors on the circuit board. They looked like little water towers with their 3 legs going down to the circuit board where they were soldered in place. Now, imagine that circuit board and all of its transistors, shrunk down to about the size of your little fingernail and put into a small plastic case for protection. In other words, the entire circuit would be integrated into that one small chip. Hence the name, Integrated Circuit (IC). With today's technology, these circuits and transistors can be etched into small wafers of silicon and sandwiched into a small plastic package or chip. There are small metal pins coming out of the chip that are connected to the silicon wafer inside with microscopic wiring. The most amazing thing is, today's small integrated circuits now contain millions of transistors, not just 7 or 10. These IC chips are then placed on a circuit board connecting them to other components and IC chips. One technology for producing ICs is called TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic). These chips are actually more tolerant of ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) and even faster than the newer technology. However, they're also larger, use more electricity or power, and their resistance causes them to run very hot. As computer technology advanced and the number of transistors in the chips increased, heat and power consumption became a huge problem.

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Information 1.5
ESD - Electrostatic Discharge
ESD is simply the discharge of built up static electricity. Electrostatic discharge however, should not be taken lightly when working with computers. ESD has the capability of causing enough damage to the components inside your computer to render it completely inoperable. It's important to use an anti-static strap and/or a grounding mat whenever working on the inside of your computer. Being aware of ESD precautions can significantly reduce the chance of damage to your computer due to static electricity. Static electricity is a fact of Life. You're producing it and discharging it constantly. Moisture in the air can help it to dissipate, and raising the humidity in your workplace is another very good measure you can take to reduce the chance of damage caused by ESD. ESD is bad for computers and electronic components. If you are opening the case or working inside a computer, always take ESD precautions. WARNING: There are capacitors inside a computer's monitor and power supply that store enough electricity to stop your heart, even when they are unplugged. You should not be grounded if you are working inside a monitor or a power supply. But then, you shouldn't even open a monitor or a power supply unless you know what you're doing.

How Much is Too Much? Have you ever walked across a carpet on a dry winter day, touched somebody, and heard the snap of electricity as a small blue spark jumped from your fingertip to the edge of your victims ear? If the discharge was felt, it was probably more than 2000 volts. If you heard it, then it could have been between 3000 - 5000 volts. If you actually saw a small blue spark, it was more than likely in excess of 10,000 volts. So do I have to walk on a shag rug? Does it have to be a dry winter day? No! Your body is building up and discharging static electricity all the time. Just shifting in your chair can produce up to 150 - 200 volts! You can't completely eliminate this problem but it can be controlled.

Information 1.6
How to Set-Up a Network?

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In the olden days about six years ago when Windows 95 first arrived on the scene creating a home network was a fearsome task reserved for the knowledgeable or the courageous. That's no longer the case. Windows XP makes setting up a network easy. The toughest part of the deal is physically installing the hardware; the software side is a minor operation. Why network? If you are a multiple-computer household, now's the time to get those computers hitched. Doing so has a lot of benefits. You can:

Share printers, CD-ROM drives and other removeable drives between the computers. Eliminate SneakerNet (passing files around on floppy or CD) and share files directly between PCs. Share a single Internet connection between computers (provided your agreement with your ISP allows this type of sharing). Play multiplayer games. Store only a single copy of large files, saving space on the other PCs' hard drives.

You can network computers that run different operating systems, but you'll find the ideal networking setup for a small home LAN (local area network) is with XP running on your most powerful machine(s) and either Windows 98 or Windows Me running on the other computers. I don't recommend trying to include computers running Windows 95 in your network unless you are an experienced user.

10-step total networking You can get a complete home network up and running in 10 easy steps. Here's a summary of what's involved: 1. Take stock of your existing hardware. 2. If you wish to share an Internet connection using Internet Connection Sharing (ICS), choose which computer will be your ICS host. 3. Decide what type of network technology you wish to use. 4. Make a list of the hardware you need for each computer. 5. Install the network adaptors and install your modem on the ICS host computer. 6. Physically cable the computers together. 7. Switch on all computers, printers and other peripherals. 8. Make sure the ICS host is connected to the Internet. 9. Run the Network Setup Wizard on the ICS host. 10. Run the Network Setup Wizard on the other computers on the network. Let's take that step by step. 1. Take stock of your hardware Note each computer's location and its hardware, including peripherals such as printers and modems.

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2. Choose your ICS host If you wish to share an Internet connection between your computers using Internet Connection Sharing (ICS), choose which computer will be your ICS host. The ICS host has a direct connection, either by dial-up modem or high-speed link, to the Internet and provides access to the Internet for other computers on the network. Ideally, the host should be a computer running Windows XP. I'll assume you have made this choice in the following steps. Apart from XP's easy handling of ICS, by using an XP computer as your ICS host you get the benefits of using the Internet Connection Firewall. 3. Choose a network technology The most common choices are Ethernet and wireless LANs. For an Ethernet LAN you will need to install a network interface card, or NIC, in each computer and run cabling between the computers. If you don't like the idea of opening your computer to install a network card, look for a USB adaptor instead. Depending on the size of your network, you may also need a network hub or router to provide interconnection between PCs on the LAN. Two PCs can get by using an RJ-45 crossover cable; three or more computers require a hub or multispeed hub (called a switch). If you have a high-speed Internet connection, a high-speed router is a good option.

The Network Setup Wizard includes links to detailed advice about configuring your network, including help on designing a network layout to suit your home. If you opt for a wireless LAN, you'll also need a NIC for each PC (there are versions which use USB adaptors as well). The big benefit for home environments is that a wireless LAN does away with the need for cabling. On the down side, though, wireless LANs tend to be slower, less robust and appreciably more expensive than traditional Ethernet LANs. In particular, wireless LANs do not always live up to their stated working range, and you may find factors such as your home's construction and design, plus interference from other devices affect your wireless LAN's performance. You may need to add an expensive Access Point to extend the range of the LAN and, even so, it may not be sufficient. The bottom line is, if you decide to go the wireless route, make sure the store will refund your money if the LAN will not provide reliable performance within the specified range. 4. Make a list of hardware needed Make a list of the hardware you need for each computer, not forgetting any cabling, and buy it. If you're a little dazzled by the choices and configurations, consider purchasing a networking kit. These kits contain all you need to set up a two- or three-PC network. If possible, look for hardware which features the Windows XP Logo, indicating it is fully compatible with XP. 5. Install the adaptors Install the network adaptors and install your modem on the ICS host computer (you can also let the computers connect to the Internet independently by installing modems on each). 15

6. Cable the computers Physically cable the computers (and hubs or routers) together. Of course, you won't need to do this if you've chosen to go the wireless route. If you're installing an Ethernet network and have a lot of cabling work to do, you may prefer to get a professional to come in and do this work for you. It won't be cheap, but you can be sure you get the job done correctly and hopefully with minimal damage done to walls, ceilings and floors. 7. Switch it on Switch on all computers, printers and other peripherals. 8. Connect the ICS host Go to the ICS host computer and make sure it is connected to the Internet. 9. Run the Network Setup Wizard on the ICS host To run the Network Setup Wizard on the ICS host, click Start -> Control Panel -> Network And Internet Connections -> Setup Or Change Your Home Or Small Office Network. Follow the instructions in each screen and press Next to continue.

XP's Network Setup Wizard takes much of the pain out of setting up a home network. The Network Setup Wizard will guide you through:

Configuring your network adaptors (NICs). Configuring your computers to share a single Internet connection. Naming each computer. (Each computer requires a name to identify it on the network.) Sharing the Shared Files folder. Any files in this folder will be accessible to all computers on the network. Sharing printers. Installing the Internet Connection Firewall to guard you from online attacks.

10. Run the Network Setup Wizard on all computers To do so: 1. Insert the Windows XP CD in the first computer's drive. 2. When the XP Welcome Menu appears, click Perform Additional Tasks. 16

3. Click Setup Home Or Small Office Networking and follow the prompts. 4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 for each computer on your network. Make sure you maintain an active Internet connection on your host computer as you proceed through this process.

TIPS:
If you don't have a CD-ROM drive on one of the network computers, you can run the Network Setup Wizard from a floppy disk: 1. While running the Network Setup Wizard on the ICS host computer, select the option to copy the Network Setup Wizard to a floppy disk. 2. Once you've completed setup on the ICS host, take the floppy to the next computer and insert it in the drive. 3. Double-click My Computer. 4. Double-click 3 Floppy (A:). 5. Double-click netsetup.exe. The quickie XP network If you want a really easy networking experience and you have the hardware to support it, consider clean installing Windows XP on two or more computers. First install your network hardware (network interface cards, cabling, et cetera), then perform a new installation of Windows XP. During installation, XP will sense your hardware setup, ask for a name for each computer, and then ask which type of setup you wish to create. Select Typical Settings For A Default Network Configuration. That's it. Provided your hardware is XP-compatible, XP will create a LAN using the workgroup name MSHOME. Using your network Once you have your network up and running, you can easily access other computers on the network via My Network Places (click Start -> My Network Places).

The Task Pane in My Network Places lets you access computers on your network and adjust settings. The Task Pane in My Network Places lets you view your network connections and view each of the computers in your workgroup (the workgroup consists of all computers on a network which share the same workgroup name by default, XP gives all computers on your home network the workgroup name MSHOME, although you can change this if you wish). When you initially open My Network Places, you'll see icons for the Shared Files folder of each of the active network computers. Sharing a printer With your home network installed, your PC suddenly gains all the advantages of the other PC's on the network. If you've been lusting after your sister's colour 17

photo printer, you can now print directly to it from your own machine. Provided, that is, your sister decides to share her printer. (You might offer to let her share your laser printer in return as an inducement sharing works both ways.) To share a printer, on the computer which is directly connected to the printer: 1. Click Start -> Control Panel -> Printers And Other Hardware -> Printers And Faxes. (Note: These steps will be a little different if you're sharing a printer on a PC running a version of Windows other than XP. For example, under Windows Me, you click Start -> Settings -> Printers.) 2. Click the printer you wish to share. 3. Click Share This Printer in the Task Pane. 4. In the printer's Properties dialog, click the Sharing tab. 5. Click Share Name and OK.

Make a printer accessible to others on the network by sharing it. Once a printer has been shared you can access it from other computers on the network. To do so: 1. Click Start -> Control Panel -> Printers And Other Hardware. 2. Click Add A Printer. 3. In the Add New Printer wizard, when asked whether the printer is a local or network printer, select the latter. 4. In the next screen, select the option to Browse For A Printer and click Next. 5. Select the appropriate printer from the list and continue with the wizard. Sharing files and folders Sharing a folder is even easier than sharing a printer: 1. Open a folder (such as My Documents), click Make A New Folder in the Task Pane and name your new folder. 2. With the new folder highlighted, click Share This Folder. 3. In the Sharing tab of the Properties dialog box, select Share This Folder On The Network. 4. Provide a descriptive name for the folder. This name should make it easy for others on the network to recognise the folder; it doesn't have to be the same as the folder name you selected in step 1. 5. You can let other people on the network view and edit your files or view them only. If you want to protect your files from tampering, remove the tick from Allow Other Users To Change My Files. There are a variety of ways to access a shared folder. Here's one way: 1. Click Start -> My Network Places -> View Workgroup Computers. 2. Click the computer whose files you wish to access and then click the shared folder. You can create shortcuts to shared folders to make them easier to access. 18

SELF-CHECK
Test I: Essay 1. Discuss the Five (5) tips for Disassembling a Computer System. 2. How to Disassemble a Computer System? 3. How to Reassemble a Computer System? 4. What is Integrated Circuit Chips (IC)? 5. What is Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)?

Test II: Performance Directions: You will be given a complete set of working computer units. You have to secure tools to perform the task. Assemble the computer units and configure the TCP/IP Address and connect to Local Area Network (LAN). Upon completion of the task ask your instructor to evaluate your work, do not Turn On the Computer unless you are told to do so. You will be evaluated using rating sheet.

ANSWERS KEY

Test I: Essay 1. Refer to Information Sheet 1.1. 2. Refer to Information Sheet 1.2. 3. Refer to Information Sheet 1.3. 4. Refer to Information Sheet 1.4. 5. Refer to Information Sheet 1.5.

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Test II: Performance The Instructor evaluates the performance of the student using the rating Shee

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