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COMPUTER
NETWORKS
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5309135
NETWORK
NETWORKNG
TOPOLOGY
NETWORKNG DEVCES
OS MODEL
LAYERED ARCHTECTURE
P ADDRESS
0&1 LlNL$
A NETWORK S SET OF DEVCES
CONNECTED BY MEDA LNKS. A
NODE CAN BE A COMPUTER,
PRNTER OR ANY OTHER DEVCE
CAPABLE OF SENDNG AND
RECEVNG DATA THAT S
GENERATED BY OTHER NODES ON
THE NETWORK.
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THE SHARNG OF DATA AND
RESOURCES BY ONE DEVCE TO
ANOTHER DEVCE S KNOWN AS
NETWORKNG.
THREE CATEGORES OF NETWORK
1. LAN(LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
2. MAN(METROPOLTAN AREA
NETWORK)
3. WAN(WDE AREA NETWORK)
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A LAN S USUALLY PRVATELY
OWNED AND LNKS THE DEVCES N
A SNGLE OFFCE, BULDNG OR
CAMPUS. DEPENDNG ON THE
NEEDS OF AN ORGANZATON AND
THE TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY USED.
L0CAL ARLA NL1w0RK
THE MAN S DESGNED TO EXTEND
OVER AN ENTRE CTY. T MAY BE A
SNGLE N/W SUCH AS A CABLE
TELEVSON NETWORK OR T MAY
BE A MEANS OF CONNECTNG A
NUMBER OF LANS NTO A LARGER
NETWORK SO THAT RESOURCES
MAY BE SHARED LAN-TOLAN AS
WELL AS DEVCE-TO-DEVCE.
MA1R0P0Ll1AN ARLA NL1w0RK
A WAN PROVDES LONG DSTANCE
TRANSMSSON OF DATA, MAGES
OR VDEO NFORMATON OVER
LARGE GEOGRAPHCAL AREAS THAT
MAY COMPRSE A COUNTRY OR
EVEN THE WHOLE WORLD.
wlUL ARLA NL1w0RK
WHEN TWO OR MORE DEVCES ARE
CONNECTNG TO A LNK; AND TWO
OR MORE LNKS FORM A TOPOLOGY.
TYPES OF TOPOLOGY
1. MESH
2. STAR
3. TREE
4. BUS
5. RNG
10P0L00
N A MESH TOPOLOGY, EVERY
DEVCE HAS A DEDCATED PONT-
TO-PONT LNK TO EVERY OTHER
DEVCE OR THE TERM DEDICATED
MEANS THAT THE LNK CARRES
TRAFFC ONLY BETWEEN THE TWO
DEVCES T CONNECTS.
ML$ 10P0L00
N THE STAR TOPOLOGY, EACH
DEVCE HAS A DEDCATED PONT-
TO-PONT LNK ONLY TO A CENTRAL
CONTROLLER, USUALLY CALLED A
&.THE DEVCES ARE NOT
DRECTLY LNKED TO EACH OTHER.
$1AR 10P0L00
A STAR TOPOLOGY S SUBSET OF
TREE TOPOLOGY, N A TREE
TOPOLOGY THE NODES ARE
CONNECTED TO A CENTRAL HUB
THAT CONTROLS THE TRAFFC TO
THE NETWORK. THE SECONDARY
HUBS ARE CONNECTED TO THE
CENTRAL HUB.
1RLL 10P0L00
THE ALL TOPOLOGES HAS A
DEDCATED PONT-TO-PONT
CONFGURATON, BUT THE BUS
TOPOLOGY S MULTPONT. ONE
LONG CABLE ACTS AS A BACKBONE
TO LNK ALL THE DEVCES N THE
NETWORK. NODES ARE
CONNECTED TO THE BUS CABLE BY
DROP LNES AND TAPS.
&$ 10P0L00
THE RNG TOPOLOGY S ALSO
PONT-TO-PONT CONFGURATON,
ONLY WTH TWO DEVCES ON
ETHER SDES OF T. A SGNAL S
PASSED ALONG THE RNG N ONE
DRECTON, FROM DEVCE-TO-
DEVCE, UNTL T REACHES TS
DESTNATON.
RlN0 10P0L00
1. SWTCH
2. HUB
3. ROUTER
NL1w0RKlN0 ULvlCL$
A SWTCH S A DEVCE THAT PROVDES
BRDGNG FUNCTONALTY WTH
GREATER EFFCENCY. A SWTCH MAY
ACT AS A MULTPORT BRDGE TO
CONNECT DEVCES OR SEGMENTS N A
LAN. T HAS A BUFFER FOR EACH
NETWORK TO WHCH T S CONNECTED.
WHEN T RECEVES THE PACKET, T
STORES THE PACKET N THE BUFFER OF
THE RECEVNG LNK & CHECKS THE
ADDRESS TO FND THE OUTGONG LNK.
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EACH DEVCE HAS A DEDCATED
PONT-TO-PONT LNK ONLY TO
CENTRAL CONTROLLER, USUALLY
CALLED A & . THE HUB WORKS AS
AN EXCHANGE: F ONE DEVCE
WANTS TO SEND DATA TO ANOTHER,
T SENDS THE DATA TO THE
CONTROLLER(HUB) , WHCH THEN
RELAYS THE DATA TO THE OTHER
CONNECTED DEVCE.
&
A DEVCE THAT S USE TO CONNECT
DFFERENT N/W S CALLED ROUTER.
T PROVDES THE ROUTE OR PATH
TO THE PACKET TRAVELLNG FROM
ONE N/W TO ANOTHER.
R0&1LR
ROUTERS RELAY PACKETS AMONG
MULTPLE NTERCONNECTED
NETWORKS. THEY ROUTE PACKETS
FROM ONE NETWORK TO ANY OF A
NUMBER OF POTENTAL DESTNATON
NETWORKS ON AN NTERNET. A PACKET
SENT FROM A STATON ON ONE
NETWORK TO A STATON ON A
NEGHBORNG NETWORK GOES FRST
TO THE JONTLY HELD ROUTER, WHCH
SWTCHES T OVER TO THE DESTNATON
NETWORK.
R0&1LR$ lN AN lN1LRNL1
THE OPEN SYSTEMS NTERCONNECTON
MODEL S A LAYERED FRAMEWORK FOR
THE DESGN OF NETWORK SYSTEMS
THAT ALLOWS FOR COMMUNCATON
ACROSS ALL TYPES OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS. T CONSSTS OF SEVEN
SEPARATE BUT RELATED LAYERS, EACH
OF WHCH DEFNES A SEGMENT OF THE
PROCESS OF MOVNG NFORMATON
ACROSS A N/W
0$l M0ULL
. APPLCATON
6. PRESENTATON
5. SESSON
4. TRANSPORT
3. NETWORK
2. DATA LNK
1. PHYSCAL
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THS LAYER COORDNATES THE
FUNCTONS REQURED TO
TRANSMT A BT STREAM OVER A
PHYSCAL MEDUM.
1. P$lCAL LALR
THS LAYER TRANSFORMS THE
PHYSCAL LAYER, A RAW
TRANSMSSON FACLTY, TO A
RELABLE LNK & S RESPONSBLE
FOR NODE-TO-NODE DELVERY. T
MAKES THE PHYSCAL LAYER
APPEAR ERROR FREE TO THE
UPPER LAYER(N/W LAYER).
. UA1A LlNK LALR
THS LAYER S RESPONSBLE FOR THE
SOURCE-TO-DESTNATON DELVERY OF
A PACKET POSSBLY ACROSS MULTPLE
N/WS. WHEREAS THE DATA LNK LAYER
OVERSEES THE DELVERY OF THE
PACKET BETWEEN TWO SYSTEMS ON
THE SAME N/W, THE N/W LAYER
ENSURES THAT EACH PACKET GETS
FROM TS PONT OF ORGN TO TS FNAL
DESTNATON
3. NL1w0RK LALR
THS LAYER S RESPONSBLE FOR
SOURCE-TO-DESTNATON
DELVERY OF THE ENTRE
MESSAGE. WHEREAS THE N/W
LAYER OVERSEES END-TO-END
DELVERY OF NDVDUAL PACKETS,
T DOESN'T RECOGNZE ANY
RELATONSHP BETWEEN THOSE
PACKETS. THS LAYER ENSURES
THAT THE WHOLE MESSAGE
ARRVES NTACT AND N ORDER.
. 1RAN$P0R1 LALR
THE SERVCES PROVDED BY THE
1
ST
THREE LAYERS ARE NOT
SUFFCENT FOR SOME
PROCESSES. THE SESSON LAYER
S THE NETWORK DIALOG
CONTROLLER . T ESTABLSHES,
MANTANS AND SYNCHRONZES
THE NTERACTON BETWEEN
COMMUNCATNG SYSTEMS.
5. $L$$l0N LALR
THS LAYER S CONCERNED WTH
THE SYNTAX AND SEMANTCS OF
THE NFORMATON EXCHANGED
BETWEEN TWO SYSTEMS.
. PRL$LN1A1l0N LALR
THS LAYER ENABLES THE USER,
WHETHER HUMAN OR SOFTWARE,
TO ACCESS THE NETWORK. T
PROVDES USER NTERFACE &
SUPPORT FOR SERVCES SUCH AS
ELECTRONC MAL, REMOTE FLE
ACCESS & TRANSFER, SHARED
DATABASE MANAGEMENT & OTHER
TYPES OF DSTRBUTED
NFORMATON SERVCES.
. APPLlCA1l0N LALR
EVERY COMPUTER HAS A UNQUE
ADDRESS THAT S CALLED
NTERNETWORK PROTOCOL ADDRESS
(P ADDRESS). EACH NTERNET ADDRESS
CONSSTS OF FOUR BYTES(32 BTS).
CLASSES
CLASS A:- 0-12
CLASS B:- 128-191
CLASS C:- 192-223
CLASS D:- 224-239
CLASS E:- 240-255
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