LINK BUDGET

ASEN 5090 Lecture 30

WITH FIGURES FROM TEXTBOOK : MISRA & ENGE

ASEN 5090 LECTURE NOTES LARSON, AXELRAD

OUTLINE & KEYWORDS

Flux Density Path Loss Antenna Gain EIRP Noise C/No, SNR

ASEN 5090 LECTURE NOTES LARSON, AXELRAD

FLUX DENSITY

Flux density is power/surface area

Misra & Enge Figure 10.11

ASEN 5090 LECTURE NOTES LARSON, AXELRAD

FREE SPACE LOSS

Different from book definition

Space loss is spreading of signal due to enlarging sphere

ASEN 5090 LECTURE NOTES LARSON, AXELRAD

GPS SATELLITE GEOMETRY

Misra & Enge Figure 10.11

ASEN 5090 LECTURE NOTES LARSON, AXELRAD

GPS TRANSMISSION

GPS Satellites transmits ~27W = 14.3 dBW on C/A L1 (Can be 2-4 dB higher.) Antenna beamwidth is 21.3 deg (Earth subtends 13.9 deg as seen from GPS satellite) Antenna focuses more gain towards the limb of the earth to compensate for additional path loss and create ~constant received power on earth surface

ASEN 5090 LECTURE NOTES LARSON, AXELRAD

GPS ANTENNA PATTERN

GPS Elements transmit over frequency range of 1200-1600 MHz Ideal Beamwidth is 28 deg with -2.1dB dimple in the middle

Description and Performance of the GPS Block I and II L-Band Antenna and Link Budget Francis M. Czopek, Scott Shollenberger, ION GPS-93, Salt Lake City, UT Page(s):37 - 43
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GPS Satellite Antenna

Photo from Lockheed Martin: http:// www.lockheedmartin.com/products/GPS/

ASEN 5090 LECTURE NOTES LARSON, AXELRAD

EIRP

Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP)

Nadir angle Elevation angle GT EIRP

=90 deg =90 deg 10.2 dB 24.5 dBW =40 deg 12.9 dB 27.2 dBW =5 deg 12.1 dB 26.4 dBW

ASEN 5090 LECTURE NOTES LARSON, AXELRAD

ANTENNA GAIN & EFFECTIVE AREA

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GPS POWER RECEIVED BY ISOTROPIC ANTENNA on EARTH

Misra & Enge Figure 10.11

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RECEIVED POWER DENSITY

Received power density (dB) is EIRP space loss atmospheric loss

Elevation angle PD

=90 deg -134.6 dBW/m2

=40 deg -132.6 dBW/m2

=5 deg -134.6 dBW/m2

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RECEIVING ANTENNA

Elevation angle GR patch antenna PR

=90 deg 4 dBic -156 dBW

=40 deg 2 dBic -156 dBW

=5 deg -4 dBic -164 dBW

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NOISE
Thermal noise in the receiver (noise figure) Natural noise outside (ambient) Reflected signals other GNSS signals, other transmissions Noise power is noise spectral density times bandwidth Noise spectral density is ~ -201 to -203 dBW/Hz Noise Temperature is between 290 to 320 K

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NOISE FIGURE

Noise figure of a device

Friis formula for cascaded devices

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NOISE IN A GPS RECEIVER

Misra & Enge Figure 10.11

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C/No, SNR

Ratio of signal to noise spectral density : function of transmitted signal, distance, receiver hardware Outdoors it is typically 35 to 55 dB-Hz.

Signal to noise ratio depends on the tracking loop BW SNR = C/No / BW Largest BW is 1kHz, so SNR would be C/No (dB) 30 Usually much smaller 10 Hz, 1 Hz or even less

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RANGING PRECISION

Tracking error due to noise

Proportional to the Tc Can reduce by increasing power, increasing integration time

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