Chapter 22 Interactive Question 22. 1 a.

Match the theory or philosophy and its proponent(s) with the following descriptions A. catastrophism B. Inheritance of acquired characteristics C. Gradualism D. Natural Selection E. Taxonomy F. Scale of nature G. Uniformitarianism a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Aristotle Cuvier Darwin Hutton Lamarck Linnaeus Lyell

Answers a. 1. E f 2. A b 3. B e 4. C c, d, g 5. F a 6. D c 7. G g b. 5,1,2,4,3,7,6 Interactive Question 22.2 Summarize in your own words Darwins theory of natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. Answer: The excessive production of offspring sets up the struggle for existence; only a small proportion can live to leave offspring of their own. Natural selection is the differential reproductive success of individuals within a population that are best suited to the environment, which leads over generations to greater adaptation of populations of organisms to their environment. Interactive Question 22.3

Within a few weeks of treatment with the drug 3TC, a patients HIV population consists entirely of 3TC-resistan HIV. Explain how this rapid evolution of drug resistance is an example of natural selection. Answer: Treatment with the drug 3TC prevents most HIV from reproducing when their enzyme reverse transcriptase inserts this cytosine mimic into its DNA, halting replication and production of new HIV. The 3TC-resistant HIV have a version of reversetranscriptase that discriminates between cytosine and 3TC, and they are still able to reproduce. With HIVs short generation time, it takes very little time for 3TC-resistant HIV to be strongly selected for by this drug and 100% of a patients HIV population to be 3TC resistant. Interactive Question 22.4 Complete the following concept map that summarizes the main sources of evidence for evolution Answers a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. biogeography fossil record homologies island species and mainland species or neighboring species in different habitats ancestral and transitional forms homologous structures embryological development molecular comparisons DNA and proteins Descent from a common ancestor

Structure Your Knowledge 1. Briefly state the main components of Darwins theory of evolution Answer: The two major components of Darwins evolutionary theory are that all life has descended from a common ancestral form and that this evolution has been by natural selection. The theory of natural selection is based on several key observations and inferences. The overreproduction of offspring in conjunction with the limited resources leads to a struggle for existence and the differential reproductive success of those organisms best suited to the local environment. The unequal survival and reproduction of the most fit individuals in a population leads to the gradual accumulation of adaptive characteristics in a population. Test Your Knowledge Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer 1. b. taxonomy p.439

2. c. paleontology p.440 3. e. local catastrophic events such as droughts or floods p.440 4. a. the gradual accumulation of adaptations to changing or different environments p.445 - 446 5. c. the reproductive success of the members of a population best adapted to the environment p.445 - 446 6. a. are vestigal structures p.448 7. e. fossils of extinct whales found in Egypt and Pakistan that had small hind limbs p.448 8. d. molecular biology p.449 9. d. a population p.450 10. d. Many adaptive traits may be acquired during an individuals lifetime, helping that individual to evolve p.445 - 446 11. c. Insects and vertebrates diverged from a common ancestor more recently than did yeasts and molds p.450 12. e. Mendels paper in which he described his laws of inheritance p.442 - 443 13. b. Bats and humans evolved in the same geographic area p.448 14. d. found only in that location and nowhere else on Earth p.450 15. c. similarities between the marsupial sugar glider and the eutherian flying squirrel p.450 16. c. the two groups share relatively recent common ancestor p.450