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Ba 2:

Chu trch nhim xut bn: Chu nh Thy


Trng Ban bin tp: Phm Vn Thiu
Th k To son: on Ngc Cn
Ban Bin tp:
H Huy Bng, Nguyn Vn Bu, on Ngc Cn, Nguyn Vn n, T
B H, Bi Th Hng, Nguyn Th Khi, Nguyn Xun Quang, Phm
Vn Thiu, Chu nh Thy, V nh Tu.

To son & Tr s: 46 Nguyn Vn Ngc, Th l, Ba nh, H Ni
Tel.: (04) 8349209
e-mail: vps@iop.ncst.ac.vn

t mua ti a ch trn hoc ti Vn phng Hi Vt l t.p. H Ch
Minh, 40 ng Khi, Qun 1, t.p. H Ch Minh.Ra hng thng, gi
3500
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Giy php xut bn s 927/BC-GPXB ngy 19 thng 7 nm 1993 v B
sung s 2232/VHTT-BC ngy 27 thng 5 nm 2003 ca B VH-TT. Ch
bn in t ti................. Np lu chiu thng 9 nm 2003
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mc lc : Trong s ny:

1) Lm quen vi vt l hin i:
Mt ln na Einstein li ng
2) ra k ny (THCS, THPT, cu hi trc nghim
3) Gii thiu cc thi:
- thi chn hc sinh gii quc gia: Mn Vt l, nm hc
2002- 2003
- thi chn vo khi chuyn L, HQG - H Ni
4) Chuyn / Trao i:
Cc phn t phi tuyn trong mch in
5) Vt l & i sng:
V sao mui li l ng vt mu lnh?
6) Giai thoi cc nh vt l:
Paul Dirac v ba ngi cu c
7) Ting Anh vt l

8) Nhn ra th gii:
Bc u tin tin ti gii Nobel
9) Gip bn n thi i hc:
Li , to , pha ban u trong dao ng iu ho


Vt l & i sng Vt l & i sng Vt l & i sng Vt l & i sng

V sao mui li l loi ng vt mu lnh

Quc Hng

Dng nng lng ang c hng ngy hng gi pht ra t Mt Tri l v cng
khng l. Cc php o c a vt l cho thy: ngay tng trn ca kh quyn
Tri t, tc l cch xa Mt Tri 150 triu kilmt, mi mt vung din tch
t vung gc vi cc tia sng Mt Tri mi giy nhn c t Mt Tri mt
nng lng bng 1,4 kJ. Con s ny c gi l hng s Mt Tri v c k
hiu bng ch I. Bit hng s Mt Tri I = 1,4 kW/m
2
, d dng tnh c cng
sut bc x tng cng P
1
ca Mt Tri bng cch nhn hng s Mt Tri vi din
tch ca mt cu khng l c tm l Mt Tri v bn knh bng 150 triu
kilmt, v ta thu c kt qu l P
1
= I. 4R
2
4. 10
26
W.
Kh nng ca con ngi v nng lng ng nhin l nh b hn rt nhiu so
vi Mt Tri. Ta c th c tnh d dng cng sut trung bnh m con ngi c
th sn ra da trn nng lng ca thc n m con ngi tiu th trong mt ngy
m. Ta bit rng nhng ngi khng lao ng nng nhc hng ngy phi tiu
th mt lng thc n c nng lng khong 12 MJ. Hu ht nng lng ny
c tiu tn duy tr thn nhit n nh ca con ngi, v suy cho cng th
c con ngi truyn cho mi trng xung quanh. Con ngi ch tiu tn mt
phn rt nh trong 12MJ thc hin cc cng c hc m thi. Nu chia 12 MJ
cho khong thi gian mt ngy m, ta tnh c cng sut trung bnh ca con
ngi l P
2
140 W. Nh vy nu xt v gc sn sinh nng lng th Mt tri
c cng sut ln hn 3.10
24
ln (3 triu t t ln). Tuy nhin nu so snh cng
sut ring (tc l cng sut ng vi mt n v khi lng) th ta li thu c
mt kt qu tht bt ng. Ta bit rng khi lng ca Mt Tri xp x bng 2.
10
30
kg, cn khi lng ca con ngi trung bnh l 80 kg. T suy ra cng
sut ring ca Mt Tri bng 2.10
-4
W/ kg, cn cng sut ring ca ngi l
1,75W/ kg, c ngha l cng sut ring ca con ngi ln hn cng sut ring
ca Mt Tri ti mt vn ln! Thot nhn ta c cm gic kt qu va nhn c
l kh tin, song trn thc t th kt qu li hon ton chnh xc.
Lm th no c th l gii c nghch l ? V l g Mt Tri mt l
phn ng nhit hch khng l li chu thua v cng sut ring so vi con ngi,
mt sinh vt m ngun nng lng c cung cp bi cc phn ng ho hc, mt
loi phn ng yu hn khng bit bao nhiu ln so vi cc phn ng ht nhn?
S khng kh tr li cho cu hi trn, nu ta cho rng nng lng c sn sinh
mt cch tng i ng u theo ton b th tch bn trong c th con ngi v
bn trong Mt Tri. Do , tc sn sinh nng lng t l thun vi th tch,
tc l t l vi lu tha bc ba ca kch thc di. Trong khi , tc mt mt
nhit nng th li t l vi din tch b mt, tc l t l vi lu tha bc hai ca
kch thc. T suy ra vt c kch thc cng ln th t l nng lng cn tiu
tn duy tr mt nhit cho trc li cng nh.
Th tch ca Mt Tri khong 10
27
m
3
, din tch b mt ca n c bng 10
18
m
2
.
Cc ch s tng ng ca con ngi l 10
1
m
3
v 1m
2
. Nh vy, t s gia
cc th tch ca Mt Tri v ca con ngi bng 10
28
, cn t s gia cc din
tch b mt l 10
18
. Ni mt cch hnh tng, i vi Mt Tri, din tch b
mt ng vi mi n v th tch nh hn mi t ln so vi i lng tng ng
ca con ngi. V th khng c g ng ngc nhin khi nhit trn b mt ca
Mt Tri t ti 6000
0
C m tc trao i nng lng ring (tnh cho mt n
v khi lng) ca n ch c bng 0,2 mW/ kg.
Di y l mt s v d minh ho v s lin h gia kch thc, nhp tiu tn
nng lng v thn nhit trong th gii ng vt.
Thn nhit ca cc loi th hu nh khng khc bit nhau lm. Chng hn, thn
nhit ca mt ch voi v mt ch chut ng gn nh bng nhau. Tuy vy, tc
tiu tn nhit lng trong c th mt con voi li nh hn tc tng ng
ca con chut ti 30 ln. Nu nh trong c th con voi v con chut tc sn
sinh nng lng l nh nhau, th nhit lng sinh ra trong con voi s khng kp
tiu tn nhanh qua lp da duy tr thn nhit bnh thng ca n. Kt qu l
con voi s b nng chn ngay bn trong b da ca chnh n.
Mt con vt mu nng cng c kch thc nh th tc sn sinh nhit ring
(tc l tnh cho mt n v khi lng ca n) cng phi ln, b tr nhng tn
hao nhit cn thit cho vic duy tr thn nhit bnh thng ca n. Do , lng
thc n m n phi tiu th (cng tnh ra mt n v khi lng c th) cng
phi ln. Cu b t hon bng ngn tay trong cu chuyn c tch ni ting ginh
cho tr em phi l mt cu b cc k phm n, bi v so vi ngi bnh thng,
n cn mt lng thc n tnh trn mt n v khi lng c th nhiu hn gp
20 ln.
Chut etrus l loi th nh nht trn th gii, khi lng c th ca n ch vn
vn c 1,5 gam. Trong mt ngy m n ngn mt khi lng thc n ln hn
gp hai ln khi lng ca chnh bn thn n. N s b cht ngay nu b b i
ch trong vi gi ng h. Chim colibri chuyn ht mt hoa Nam M l mt
loi chim nh xu vi khi lng c th ch c 2 gam. Hu nh trong sut thi
gian m chng thc, chng ch lm mi mt vic l tm kim v nut thc n.
Chng c th( ng m ko di l nh lc thn nhit ca chng h xung mt
cch t ngt.
C th chng minh rng nhng sinh vt rt nh, nh mui chng hn, khng th
l loi mu nng. Tht vy, ta hy th c lng cng sut nhit do mt ch
mui sn ra.
n gin ta coi c th con mui c dng hnh tr, vi ng knh 0,5 mm v
chiu di 4 mm. Khi din tch b mt v th tch ca n ln lt bng: S =
dl
d

+
4
2
2

5
10

m
2
,
9
2
10
4

=
l d
V

m
3
.
Ta bit rng mt vt c nhit T s truyn cho mi trng xung quanh vi
nhit T
0
(T
0
< T) cng sut nhit bng
P = S. (T- T
0
) = S. T
Nu nhit c truyn thng qua bc x v T nh so vi nhit T th h s
t l vi T
3
. nhit bng nhit phng, 2 5 W/ (m
2
.), tu thuc vo
kh nng phn x ca vt. Nu gi thit thn nhit ca con mui bng 30
o
C v
chn = 4 W/ (m
2
.), ta tnh c rng khi nhit mi trng xung quanh
bng 17
o
C th con mui bc x mt cng sut P 10
-3
W. Nu cho khi lng
ring ca con mui bng khi lng ring ca nc, ta tm c khi lng ca
con mui m 10
-6
kg. Suy ra cng sut ring ca con mui khi phi bng 10
3
W/ kg, tc l ln hn cng sut ring ca ngi khong 600 ln (v ln hn cng
sut ring ca Mt Tri 6 triu ln!). Nu nh con ngi mi ngy tiu th
khong 1 kg thc n, tc l 1/80 khi lng c th, th con mui s phi tiu th
trong mt ngy m mt lng thc n bng 600/80 = 7,5 ln khi lng ca
bn thn n. Trn thc t con s ny s phi cao hn, v trong qu trnh tnh ton
ta b qua s truyn nhit bng i lu. Khi nhit mi trng bng 7
o
C (
nhit ny loi mui vn hot ng kh tch cc), con mui s phi nut mi
ngy mt lng thc n bng 15 ln khi lng ca bn thn n. T y ta thy
r rng rng con mui khng th no duy tr c thn nhit ca n n nh,
ngha l n khng th l mt ng vt mu nng.
Bng cch phn tch mi lin h gia kch thc di ca mt vt v cng
trao i nhit ca vt vi mi trng xung quanh ta c th tm ra cu tr li
cho mt cu hi rt th v sau : V sao ta c th d dng dng ngn la ca mt
que dim lm nng chy mt dy kim loi mnh, trong khi mt dy kim
loi to th kh c th nung c ngay c khi dng ngn la ca mt chic bp
ga?
Dng nhit lng m dy kim loi nhn c t ngn la t l thun vi din tch
xung quanh S = 2Rl ca n (trong R l bn knh tit din thng v l l chiu
di ca on dy nm trong ngn la). Trong khi , tc tn nhit dc theo
trc dy truyn nhit cho u dy lnh (l u dy khng nm trong ngn la)
li t l thun vi din tch tit din S=R
2
ca dy. Nu bn knh ca hai dy
kim loi trn chnh lch nhau 10 ln th nhng iu kin nh nhau dy kim
loi dy hn s nhn c lng nhit ln hn gp 10 ln so vi dy kim loi
mnh, nhng cng chnh dy kim loi dy hn li mt mt mt lng nhit
ln hn gp 100 ln so vi dy kim loi mnh. R rng l iu kin cn bng,
khi m dng nhit cp cho dy kim loi v dng nhit b mt mt ca dy
bng nhau, nhit ca dy kim loi dy s nh hn ng k.


RA K NY

TRUNG HC C S

CS1/1. Vo lc 6h sng c hai xe cng khi hnh. Xe 1 chy t A vi vn tc khng i v
1
=
7m/s v chy lin tc nhiu vng trn chu vi hnh cha nht ABCD. Xe 2 chy t D vi vn
tc khng i v
2
= 8m/s v chy lin tc nhiu vng trn chu vi hnh tam gic DAC (Hnh 1).
Bit AD = 3km, AB = 4km v khi gp nhau cc xe c th vt qua nhau.
a) thi im no xe 2 chy c s vng nhiu hn xe 1 l mt vng?
b) Tm khong cch ngn nht gia hai xe trong 6 pht u tin.
c) Tm thi im m xe 1 n C v xe 2 n D cng mt lc?
Bit rng cc xe chy n 9h30 th ngh.








CS2/1. Dng mt bp in c cng sut 1kW un mt lng nc c nhit ban u l
20
0
C th sau 5 pht nhit ca nc t 45
0
C. Tip theo do mt in 2 pht nn nhit ca
nc h xung ch cn 40
0
C. Sau bp li tip tc c cp in

nh trc cho ti khi nc
si v bay hi. Tm thi gian cn thit t khi bt u un cho ti khi nc si v bay hi mt
5% lng nc ban u.
CS3/1. C hai vng dy dn ging nhau vi cc ng knh CE v DF c lm t dy dn
ng cht, tit din u, c in tr sut ng k v c t thng ng trn mt tm kim
loi MN dn in rt tt (Hnh 2). Ni A v B vi hai cc ca mt ngun in c hiu in
th khng i bng 6V. Hi nu mc mt vn k c in tr rt ln gia C v D th vn k ch
bao nhiu?






CS4/1. Cho mt gng phng G nm ngang v mt mn M t thng ng. Trn gng
phng t mt khi tr bng g c bn knh R, chiu di L. Trc ca khi tr song song vi
mn M (Hnh 3). Bit nh sng Mt Tri chiu theo phng vung gc vi trc khi tr v
hp vi mt phng nm ngang mt gc 60
0
.
a) Hy xc nh hnh dng v kch thc bng ti trn mn do khi tr gy ra.
b) Cho khi tr chuyn ng tnh tin trn mt gng ti gn mn vi vn tc v. Hi
bng ca n trn mn chuyn ng vi vn tc bao nhiu?





A B
C D
1
v


2
v


Hnh
1
Hnh
2
M
C D

A B
E F
N

R
M
G
Hnh 3





TRUNG HC PH THNG

TH1/1. Mt my bay ln thng vi gia tc 3m/s
2
v vn tc ban u bng khng t mt t.
Sau khong thi gian t
1
phi cng tt ng c. Thi im cui cng mt t cn nghe thy
m thanh pht ra t my bay cch thi im ban u mt khong thi gian t
2
= 30s. Hy xc
nh vn tc ca my bay thi im tt ng c. Bit rng vn tc m thanh l 320m/s.
Nguyn Tr Trung
(Bc Ninh)
TH2/1. Hai vt cng khi lng m c th trt khng ma st trn mt thanh cng nm ngang,
c ni vi nhau bng mt si dy nh, khng gin, c chiu di l 2l. Mt vt khc c khi
lng 2m c gn vo trung im ca dy. Ban u, gi cho ba vt cng cao v si dy
khng chng. Th nh h, hy xc nh vn tc cc i ca mi vt.
Nht Minh
(H Ni)
TH3/1. Mt bnh hnh tr rt cao, din tch y l S = 20cm
2
c t thng ng. Di mt
pittng rt nh l nc c khi lng m = 9g, nhit 20
0
C. Nc c nung nng bi mt
ngun c cng sut N = 100W. Kho st s ph thuc ca to pittng theo thi gian. Tnh
vn tc cc i ca pittng, bit pha trn pittng l khng kh. Cho: nhit dung ring ca
nc C = 4200J/kg.K; nhit ho hi ca nc = 2,26.10
6
J/kg; p sut kh quyn p
0
=
10
5
N/m
2
. Pittng v bnh lm bng cht cch nhit.
Nguyn Xun Quang
(H Ni)
TH4/1. cch xa cc vt th khc trong khng gian, c hai qu cu nh tch in. in tch
v khi lng ca cc qu cu ln lt l q
1
= q, m
1
=1g; q
2
= -q, m
2
= 2g. Ban u, khong
cch hai qu cu l a = 1m, vn tc qu cu m
2
l 1m/s, hng dc theo ng ni hai qu
cu v i ra xa m
1
v vn tc ca qu cu m
1
cng bng 1m/s, nhng hng vung gc vi
ng ni hai qa cu. Hi vi gi tr in tch q bng bao nhiu th trong chuyn ng tip
theo, cc qu cu c hai ln cch nhau mt khong bng 3m? Ch xt tng tc in ca hai
qu cu.

TTKYHA
(H Ni)
TH5/1. Xt mt khi cu thy tinh, bn knh R v chit sut n. im sng S nm trong qu
cu, cch tm qu cu mt khong x (x < R). nh S ca S ch hin r khi tho mn iu kin
tng im (tc l trong trng hp cc tia hp vi trc chnh nhng gc nh). Tuy nhin, c
ba im tho mn iu kin tng im mt
cch tuyt i i vi mi tia sng pht ra t S (ba im ny c gi l cc im
Weierstrass). Tm ba im .

TTKYHA
(H Ni)

CU HI TRC NGHIM

TN1/1. Mt vt c khi lng 0,01kg dao ng iu ho quanh v tr x = 0 di tc dng ca
lc c ch ra trn th bn (H. 1). Chu k dao ng ca vt bng:
A) 1,05 s B) 0,52 s
C) 0,25 s D) 0,03 s

TN2/1. Mt ngi i b trn mt con ng thng, di 2,5 km t nh n ch vi vn tc
khng i 5 km/h. Thy ch ng ca, anh ta lp tc quay tr v nh vi vn tc 7,5 km/h.
Vn tc trung bnh ca ngi trong khong thi gian t 0 n 40 pht l:
A) 5 km/h B) 25/4 km/h
C) 30/4 km/h D) 45/8 km/h

TN3/1. Mt qu bng c nm thng ng ln. cao ca n thay i theo thi gian c
biu din trn hnh (H. 2). Nu gia tc do trng lc gi nh bng 7,5 m/s
2
, th cao h s l:
A) 10 m B) 15 m
C) 20 m D) 25 m











TN4/1. Mt acquy c sut in ng ca bng 2 V, in tr trong bng 0,5 . Acquy c
th cung cp cho mch ngoi mt cng sut cc i bng:
A) 8 W B) 4 W
C) 2 W D) khng c gi tr no trong 3 gi tr ny ng .


TN5/1. Mt dy ng c tit din ngang hnh vung, mi cnh di 2,0 mm, mt electron
t do trong n bng 8.10
28
m
-3
. Nu c dng in cng bng 8 A chy qua dy th vn tc
nh hng ca cc electron bng:
A) 0,156.10
-3
ms
-1
B) 0,156.10
-2
ms
-1

C) 3,12.10
-3
ms
-1
D) 3,12.10
-2
ms
-1











-80
F(N)
x(m)
0,2
-0,2 0,2
80
Hnh 1.
1 2 5 6
h
cao (m)
Thi gian (s)
Hnh 2
Lm quen vi vt l hin i

Mt ln na Einstein li ng

Phm Vit Hng
Khoa hc li va t c mt chin cng vang di khi hai nh khoa hc M, Kopeikin
v Ed Fomalont ti i hc Missouri Columbia, ln u tin o c tc lan
truyn ca lc hp dn, khp vi d on thin ti ca Albert Einstein trong Thuyt
tng i rng. Thnh tu ny ng h cho L thuyt ca Tt c (TOE - Theory of
Everything), mt l thuyt trung tm ca vt l hin i nhm thng nht ton b cc
lc trong t nhin, tc l thng nht ton b th gii vt cht v cng mt bn cht.

Hai sai lm ca Newton
Lc hp dn c khm ph t th k 17 bi isaac Newton, mt trong nhng nh ton hc
v vt l v i nht ca mi thi i. Newton thin ti khng nhng d on c s tn ti
ca lc hp dn m cn tnh c chnh xc lc tc dng gia hai vt th c khi lng, pht
minh ra nh lut vn vt hp dn v dng nh lut ny gii thch chuyn ng ca cc
thin th. Tuy nhin Newton phm hai sai lm:
- Mt, ng coi khng gian gia cc thin th l trng rng, lc hp dn c kh nng
truyn qua khng gian trng rng tc dng ln nhau.
- Hai, lc hp dn tc dng tc thi t vt ny ln vt kia, khng cn thi gian i qua
khng gian. Ni cch khc, tc lan truyn ca lc hp dn l v hn.
Sai lm th nht b Michael Faraday th k 19 bc b. Theo Faraday khng th c khng
gian trng rng v nht thit lc phi truyn qua mt mi trng trung gian. Mi trng ny
khng nht thit c cu to bi vt cht nhn thy, m c th bng mt loi vt cht khng
nhn thy c gi l trng. L thuyt v cc trng ra i t .
Nhng sai lm th hai th phi i mi n u th k 20, nm 1916, khi Einstein cng b
Thuyt tng i rng (TTR) mi b bc b. Trong thuyt tng i ny, Einstein nu ln
gi thit lc hp dn c tc gii hn, thm ch ng cho rng n bng tc nh sng. Gi
thit ny l mt trong nhng c s nn mng ca TTR. Nu gi thuyt ny sp th l
thuyt ca Einstein cng sp theo.
Nm 1919, th nghim ca Authur Eddington o lch ca tia sng pht ra t mt ngi sao
khi n i ngang qua gn Mt Tri, xc nhn hon ton tin on ca Einstein v tnh cong ca
khng gian, mt trong nhng h qu ni ting ca TTR. T l thuyt ca Einstein hon
ton c sc thuyt phc. Trong gn 100 nm qua, khoa hc lm li th nghim ca
Eddington nhiu ln vi nhng cng c ngy cng tinh vi hn, thu c nhng kt qu ngy
cng gn vi tnh ton l thuyt ca Einstein hn. Mt khc, vi TTR cc nh v tr hc
gii thch v tnh ton c hng lot hin tng thin vn v v tr mt cch chnh xc. Do
n nay TTR tr thnh mt trong nhng tr ct ca khoa hc, thm ch ca c trit hc
v nhn thc ca loi ngi ni chung. Khng cn ai nghi ng n na, ngi ta ch s dng n
nh mt cng c sc bn khm ph nhng hin tng mi, nguyn l mi ca t nhin.
Gi thit v tnh gii hn ca tc lc hp dn c ng khng?
Cu hi ny t lu thch thc cc nh khoa hc, v l mt trong nhng thch thc v i
nht. V phi i gn mt th k sau Einstein, u nm 2003 mi c cu tr li: Mt ln na
Einstein li ng, Kathy Sawyer, k gi khoa hc ca nht bo The Washington Post, phi
tht ln nh vy khi a tin bnh lun v s kin vang di ny: Kt qu o c ca Fomalont
v Kopeikin cho thy tc lan truyn ca lc hp dn bng 1,06 ln tc nh sng, tc
bng 299337km/s trong chn khng vi sai s 20%.
Nhng lm th no m hai nh khoa hc lm c iu k diu y? Cu tr li l: H
hc k th nghim ca Authur Eddington. Vy n y xin c gi hy tr li vi Eddington.
Nm 1916, Einstein tin on lc hp dn s lm un cong khng gian xung quanh n, v do
nh sng i qua mt vng gn thin th c khi lng ln cng s b cong di tc dng
ca lc hp dn do thin th y gy ra. Eddington l ngi v cng sc so khi ng ngh
kim tra tin on ca Einstein nhn dp mt hin tng nht thc hi hu xy ra vo nm
1919, trong Tri t, Mt Tri v mt ngi sao bit r danh tnh nm gn nh thng hng,
do vy nh sng t ngi sao n Tri t s phi i ngang qua gn Mt Tri. Nu Einstein
ng th v tr ngi sao trn bn sao lc xy ra nht thc s phi lch i mt cht so vi v
tr vn c, do nh sng ca n b lch khi i gn Mt Tri. Kt qu nh trn ni, th nghim
xc nhn tin on ca Einstein.












n lt Fomalont v Kopeikin, vi chng trnh nghin cu c chun b t nhiu nm
trc, hai ng chp c mt hin tng cng v cng hi hu xy ra mt ln trong mt
thp k: Tri t, Mc tinh (mt hnh tinh trong h Mt Tri) v mt quasar cch xa Tri t
vi t nm nh sng, sp xp gn nh thng hng vo ngy 8 thng 9 nm 2002. Sng v tuyn
pht i t quasar ti Tri t khi i ngang qua gn Mc tinh s b lch di tc dng ca
lc hp dn ca Mc tinh. Lc hp dn cng ln th lch cng ln. T lch thu nhn
c t rt nhiu i quan st khc nhau, cc nh khoa hc c th tnh c tc truyn ca
lc hp dn.

l ni dung cn bn ca th nghim. Tuy nhin, thit lp c mt bi ton c ni dung
dn ti p s l tc truyn ca lc hp dn cn phi c mt trnh ton hc siu ng
thit k mt h thng quan st sao cho c th thu nhn c nhng thng s cn thit. Hn
na, cn phi c mt h thng my quan st cc k tinh vi c th ghi nhn c nhng du
hiu thay i nh nht ca cc d kin. p ng c hai kh khn rt ln , th nghim
phi phi hp hot ng ca mt h thng knh vin vng tri rng trn mt phm vi cha
tng c nh trn Tri t: t cc knh vin vng v tuyn trong ni a nc M n cc knh
vin vng v tuyn trn vng qun o Virgin Island v Hawaii, cng vi cc knh vin vng
v tuyn ti eeffelsberg c. chnh xc ca cc knh vin vng ny t ti mc nhn
din c mt si tc cch xa 400 km. Fomalont ni: Chng ti phi thc hin mt php o
vi khong 3 ln chnh xc hn bt k ai tng lm. Thc ra Fomalont v Kopeikin v cng
lo lng v thi tit trn Tri v cc cn bo in t c th xy ra trn Mc tinh s lm hng
k hoch ca h. Nhng h gp may.
Kt qu, nh trn thng bo, cha ng hai ni dung c bn:
Sng hp dn
ca Mc tinh

Quasar

Tri t


Lc hp dn
ca Mc tinh
lm cong tia
sng
Tia sng
pht i t
Quasar
- Lc hp dn c tc lan truyn hu hn. Nm 2003 mi thc s l thi im co
chung ca t tng Newton v tnh tc thi ca lc hp dn, ng thi xc nhn tin
on thin ti ca Einstein.
- Tc ca lc hp dn tng ng vi tc nh sng. Fomalont ni: Mc tiu ch
yu ca chng ti lc u l chng minh rng tc v hn ca sng hp dn l sai,
nhng cui cng chng ti t c kt qu vt mc d kin. By gi chng ti rt
t tin ni rng chng ti s loi tr bt k mt tc no ca lc hp dn nhanh ti
mc gp hai ln tc nh sng.
Kt qu th nghim c cng b trong cuc hp ca Hi thin vn M u nm nay. i
a s cc nh khoa hc c mt u tin vo kt qu ca Fomalont v Kopeikin, mc d th
nghim s cn c lp li trong tng lai. Ch c mt nh khoa hc Nht Bn t nghi ng
khi cho rng trnh k thut ngy nay ch mi c th o c tc nh sng ch cha th
o c tc truyn ca lc hp dn, nhng kin ny khng c hi ngh ng h.
V sao Fomalont v Kopeikin chn phng n Eddington?
Hy nghe Kopeikin gii thch: Cha ai c nh o tc ca lc hp dn, v hu ht cc
nh vt l u ngh rng ch c mi mt cch thc hin iu ny l phi pht hin ra sng hp
dn trc . Tht vy, t nhiu nm nay nhng trung tm nghin cu khng l c xy
dng nhm thm d cc sng hp dn lan truyn trong khng gian, pht i t cc s kin nh
s va p ca cc sao ntron hoc ca v n Big Bang 14 t nm trc y. Fomalont v
Kopeikin i ng tt v ti ch nhanh hn.
Kt qu ny c bit lm cho cc nh vt l l thuyt rt thch th, bi v h ang theo ui
L thuyt ca Tt c, hu thn ca l thuyt thng nht do Einstein ch xng t nm 1920.
L thuyt ny tm ra s thng nht ca lc in t v lc ht nhn yu, gi tt l lc in-
yu. Nhiu c gng ang tm cch hp nht lc in-yu vi lc ht nhn mnh. Nhng Steven
Weinberg, mt trong ba ngi ot gii Nobel vt l nm 1979, tng cnh bo n lc ny ch
c th thnh cng nu hp nht lun c lc hp dn vo trong . V th cuc sn ui tm
bt lc hp dn tr thnh ti chnh ca cu chuyn L thuyt ca Tt c. Trong bi cnh
, Fomalont v Kopeikin to nn mt t ph u tin. Khng nghi ng g na, y l mt
thng li v i ca khoa hc!.







NHn ra th gii

Bc u tin ti gii Nobel v vt l
Nguyn Th Khi
H S Phm I H Ni
Chng ti xin gii thiu vi cc bn cuc thi quc t hng nm mang tn Bc u
tin ti gii Nobel v Vt l ( (First Step to Nobel Prize in Physics).
y l mt cuc thi v cc cng trnh nghin cu vt l ca hc sinh trung hc trn
ton th gii. Cuc thi nhm vo cc hc sinh trung hc yu thch vt l v c nguyn
vng tin hnh cc cng trnh nghin cu ring v vt l. Tn gi ca cuc thi th
hin m c ca tt c cc nh vt l, c bit l cc nh vt l tr. Tuy nhin, cn
nhn mnh l cuc thi ny l mt cuc thi c lp, khng c lin quan g n c quan
gii thng Nobel.

Mc tiu cuc thi:
1. ng vin lng ham thch khoa hc trong hc sinh tr.
2. La chn cc hc sinh xut sc v gii thiu h.
3. Khuyn khch cc trng, cha m hc sinh, cc trung tm gio dc quan tm, h
tr cho cc hc sinh ham thch nghin cu khoa hc.
4. Thit lp quan h b bn gia cc nh khoa hc tr.

Quy ch cuc thi:
1. Hc sinh trung hc tt c cc nc u c quyn d thi. Ngi d thi khng qu
20 tui tnh n ngy 31 thng 3, l hn cui cng np bi thi hng nm.
2. Khng c hn ch no v ti, trnh v phng php nghin cu ca cng
trnh. Tuy nhin, cng trnh cn phi c tnh cht nghin cu, v cp n cc ch
vt l hoc lin quan n vt l.
3. Mi th sinh c th np mt hay nhiu bi thi, nhng mi bi thi ch c c mt
tc gi. Mi bi (gm bi vit, hnh v, bng biu, ti liu tham kho...) khng vt
qu 25 trang nh my thng thng (khong 50 000 k t).
4. Cc cng trnh s c Ban T chc nh gi v cc cng trnh tt nht s c
trao gii thng. Khng gii hn s cng trnh c gii. Mi cng trnh c gii
u tng ng. Cc tc gi ca cc bi thi c gii c mi n Vin Vt l
thuc Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Balan nghin cu trong mt thng. Kinh ph cho
thng nghin cu (khng k kinh ph i li) do Ban T chc tr. Tuy nhin, Ban
T chc khng thanh ton kinh ph cho vic i n Ba Lan v t Ba Lan v; ngi
c gii cn tm ngun ti tr cho vic .
5. Ngoi gii chnh thc, Ban T chc cn trao mt s Bng khen. Ngi c Bng
khen khng c mi tham gia nghin cu.
6. Ngi tham d cn gi hai bn cng trnh bng ting Anh, trc ngy 31 thng 3
(nm 2004, cho k thi th 12), n a ch :

Mrs. Maria Ewa Gorzkowska, M.A.
Secretary of the First Step
Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences
al. Lotnikow 32/46, (PL) 02-688 Warszawa

7. Mi bi cn ghi tn, ngy sinh, a ch nh ca tc gi cng vi tn v a ch ca
trng hc.
8. Quan trng: Cc bi thi khng ph hp vi cc iu kin trn y s khng c
xt.

T chc cuc thi:
Cuc thi c iu hnh bi Ban T chc. Cc cng trnh c nh gi bi Hi
ng Chm thi. Hin nay, mt Hi ng C vn Quc t c thnh lp, bao gm
25 ngi t nhiu nc, c nhiu kinh nghim lm vic vi hc sinh trung hc.
Cho n nay c 11 k thi c tin hnh. n k thi th 10, c hc sinh t 69
nc gi 1554 bi d thi. Trong s bi d thi, c 5 bi ca hc sinh Vit nam; 3 bi
c tng Bng khen.

Thng tin thm v cuc thi c th tm website sau:

http://info.ifpan.edu.pl/firststep

Giai thoi v cc nh vt l Giai thoi v cc nh vt l Giai thoi v cc nh vt l Giai thoi v cc nh vt l

Paul Dirac v ba ngi cu c

Paul Dirac l nh vt l thuyt ni ting ngi Anh, gii thng Nobel v vt l nm mi 31
tui. ng cng l mt trong s nhng ngi sng lp mn c hc lng t, mt l thuyt cng
vi thuyt tng i hp v thuyt tng i rng ca Einstein to nn ba tr ct ca lu i
vt l hin i. Trong s nhng thnh tu v i ca ng, c l n tng nht l tin on s tn
ti ca cc phn ht, m c th l phn electron hay positron. Trc ht, chng ta hy ni qua
v con ng dn Dirac ti tin on ny.

Hi Dirac lp c phng trnh m t hnh trng ca electron, trong c tnh n cc
hiu ng ca thuyt tng i. Phng trnh ny gii thch c mt cch tuyt vi mt
lot cc s kin thc nghim, nhng ng pht hin thy c mt iu hi "l", l mt phn
cc nghim ca phng trnh li ng vi cc gi tr nng lng m. Phi lm g vi cc
nghim ny y? Vt b chng hay c gng lm sng t ngha vt l cn n giu trong ?
i vi Dirac cu tr li l r rng. Chng ti xin trch ra y li pht biu ca ng trong
mt bi ging thc ra l k nim Einstein cng vi thuyt tng i, nhng cng rt thch
hp cho chnh Dirac: "Bt k ai hiu s hi ho su xa lin h nhng hin tng t nhin v
nhng nguyn l ton hc tng qut u phi cm thy rng nu mt l thuyt p v tao
nh nh l thuyt ca Einstein th v cn bn n nht thit phi l ng n". V qu tht ng
a ra mt gi thuyt c o v to bo cho rng cc nghim tng nh khng c ngha
vt l trong phng trnh ca ng thc ra l nhng nghim m t mt ht s cp m hi cn
cha ai bit. Ht ny hu nh ging ht electron nhng in tch ca n c du ngc li (tc
l bng +e). chnh l tin on ht positron m ta ni trn. V ch trong nm tip sau
(1932) ht ny c pht hin thy trong tia v tr.

C l chnh do thnh cng ny trong cuc i y nhng thnh tu sng to ca Dirac m
hnh thnh mt giai thoi c lu truyn trong nhiu cun sch ph bin khoa hc di nhiu
d bn khc nhau. Ngi ta k rng thi tr Dirac tnh c gp bi ton sau: C ba ngi i
cu m.Qu na m, do mt qu h ln ra ng v chng bun chia nhau s c cu c.
Gn sng, mt ngi thc dy, do khng mun quy ry hai ng bn, anh ta bn chia s c
lm ba phn bng nhau, v sau khi nm 1 con c cn d xung sng, anh ta mang phn c
ca mnh i v nh. Sau , ngi th hai thc dy. Do khng bit ngi th nht ly phn
c ca mnh, anh ta li chia s c cn li thnh ba phn bng nhau, vt xung sng 1 con c
cn d, ri mang phn ca mnh i v. Cui cng, ngi th ba thc dy. Do khng bit vic
hai ngi trc lm, anh ta cng hnh ng ht nh h, tc l chia s c cn li lm ba
phn bng nhau, vt 1 con c cn d xung sng ri lng l mang phn c ca mnh v nh.
Hi ba ngi c thy cu c bao nhiu con c?.

Theo truyn thuyt th Dirac gii bi ton v tm ra p s l: "Ba ngi cu
c...m hai con", v ngi ta cn n l Dirac b m nh bi cc con s m t thi .
D dng kim tra li rng v mt hnh thc th y khng c g l sai c. Thc vy, khi ngi
th nht pht hin thy c thy ch c m hai (-2) con (!), bn nm mt con xung sng v ly
mt phn ba s c cn li (l -3 con). Ngi th hai v th ba cng lm ht nh vy, ngha l
mi ngi mang v m mt (-1) con c. Tht kh c th tm c v d no n gin v tao
nh hn minh ho cho s to bo ca tng v nim tin vo "tnh hiu qu khng sao
hiu ni ca ton hc trong cc khoa hc t nhin", nh nh vt l M, gii thng Nobel v
vt l, Wigner din t.

Tuy nhin, bi ton v ba ngi cu c bn thn n cng l mt bi ton th v. By gi
chng ta hy th gii bi ton ny. Trc ht chng ta hy chuyn nhng iu kin ca bi
ton thnh cc phng trnh. Gi s N = N
0
l tng s c ba ngi cu c, N
1
l s c cn
li sau ln chia th nht, N
2
- s cc cn li sau ln chia th hai v N
3
- s c cn li sau ln
chia th ba. Khi , hin nhin ta c ) 1 (
3
2
0 1
= N N v ni chung vi k = 0, 1, 2 ta c:
) 1 (
3
2
1
=
+ k k
N N (1)
Bi ton t ra l tm s nguyn N cho c cc s N
1
, N
2
, N
3
cng l s nguyn. Chng ta
cng s i hi tt c cc s u l khng m. D nhin, ngay c vi hn ch nh th, bi ton
cng vn c v s nghim. Chng ta s c gng rt ra cng thc tng qut tnh s N.

By gi ta hy tm thi b iu kin khng m (!). Chng ta thy ngay rng bi ton s cho
mt v ch mt nghim trong tt c cc s N
k
u bng nhau v cng bng D. Khi t (1)
ta rt ra phng trnh tm D l ) 1 (
3
2
= D D , t suy ra D = -2. chnh l "nghim" ca
Dirac. By gi gi s {N
k
} l mt dy ty tho mn h thc (1). Ta hy kho st hiu
'
k
N
ca hai nghim ca bi ton - c th l hiu ca nghim N
k
v nghim Dirac D:
2
'
+ = =
k k k
N D N N (hay 2
'
=
k k
N N ). V

'
1
'
1
3
2
) (
3
2
) 1 (
3
2
) 1 (
3
2
k k k k k
N D N D N D N N = = = =
+ +

nn dy {
'
k
N } l mt cp s nhn vi cng bi l 2/3. Do :

2 ) 2 (
3
2
2
3
2
2
0
'
0
'
+ |

\
|
= |

\
|
= = N N N N
k k
k k
(2)

T suy ra cc s N
k
vi k = 0, 1, 2 v 3 khi v ch khi N+2 chia ht cho 3
3
=27. Bi
vy N = -2 + 27n, trong n l s nguyn bt k. S N
3
v cng c ngha l cc s N
k
vi k
3, s l khng m nu n 1. c bit nghim khng m nh nht N
min
= 25 nhn c khi n =
1, cn khi n = 0 ta nhn c nghim Dirac N = -2.

P.V.T
(Su tm v gii thiu)
Gii thiu cc thi

thi chn hc sinh gii quc gia
Mn vt l lp 12 THPT, nm hc 2002 2003
Thi gian: 180 pht (khng k thi gian giao )
Ngy thi : 12 / 03 / 2003
Bng A
Bi I: C hc
1.Mt thanh cng AB c chiu di L
ta trn hai mt phng P
1
v P
2
(Hnh 1).
Ngi ta ko u A ca thanh ln trn dc
theo mt phng P
1
vi vn tc
0
v

khng
i. Bit thanh AB v vct
0
v

lun nm
trong mt phng vung gc vi giao tuyn
ca P
1
v P
2
; trong qu trnh chuyn ng

Hnh 1
0
v


A
B
P
1


P
2


cc im A, B lun tip xc vi hai mt phng; gc nh din to bi hai mt
phng l =120
0
. Hy tnh vn tc, gia tc ca im B v vn tc gc ca thanh
theo v
0
, L, ( l gc hp bi thanh v mt phng P
2
).
2.Trn mt bn nm ngang c hai tm
vn khi lng m
1
v m
2
. Mt lc F

song
song vi mt bn t vo tm vn di. Bit
h s ma st trt gia 2 tm vn l k
1
, gia
vn di v bn l k
2
(Hnh 2). Tnh cc gia
tc a
1
v a
2
ca hai tm vn. Bin lun cc
kt qu trn theo F khi cho F tng dn t gi
tr bng khng. Xc nh cc khong gi tr ca F ng vi tng dng chuyn
ng khc nhau ca h.
p dng bng s: m
1
= 0,5kg; m
2
=1kg;
k
1
= 0,1 ; k
2
= 0,3; g = 10m/s
2
.
Bi II: Nhit hc
Cho mt mol kh l tng n nguyn
t bin i theo mt chu trnh thun nghch
c biu din trn th nh hnh 3; trong
on thng 1- 2 c ng ko di i qua
gc to v qu trnh 2 - 3 l on nhit.
Bit : T
1
= 300K; p
2
= 3p
1
; V
4
= 4V
1
.
1. Tnh cc nhit T
2
, T
3
, T
4
.
2. Tnh hiu sut ca chu trnh.
3. Chng minh rng trong qu trnh
1-2 nhit dung ca kh l hng s.

Bi III: in hc
Trong mch in nh hnh v, l it
l tng, t in c in dung l C, hai cun
dy L
1
v L
2
c t cm ln lt l L
1
= L,
L
2
= 2L; in tr ca cc cun dy v dy ni
khng ng k. Lc u kho K
1
v kho K
2

u m.
1. u tin ng kho K
1
. Khi dng qua
cun dy L
1
c gi tr l I
1
th ng thi m
kho K
1
v ng kho K
2
. Chn thi im ny
lm mc tnh thi gian t.
a) Tnh chu k ca dao ng in t trong mch.
b) Lp biu thc ca cng dng in qua mi cun dy theo t.
2. Sau , vo thi im dng qua cun dy L
1
bng khng v hiu in
th u
AB
c gi tr m th m kho K
2
.
a) M t hin tng in t xy ra trong mch.
b) Lp biu thc v v phc th biu din cng dng in qua cun
dy L
1
theo thi gian tnh t lc m kho K
2
.

Bng B
F


m
1

m
2

Hnh 2
k
1

k
2

K
2

K
1

L
2

L
1

C

E
Hnh 4
A
B
4
3
V
2
p
O
Hnh 3
1
V
1
V
2
V
4

p
1

p
3

p
2

Bi I: C hc
1. Nh Bng A
2. Trn mt bn nm ngang c hai tm vn khi lng m
1
= 0,5kg v m
2
=1kg
(Hnh 2). C mt lc F =5N song song vi
mt bn t vo tm vn di. H s ma st
trt gia hai tm vn l k
1
= 0,1; gia vn
di v bn l k
2
= 0,2.
Chng minh rng hai vn khng th
chuyn ng nh mt khi. Tnh gia tc
ca mi tm vn. Ly gia tc g = 10m/s
2
.
Bi II: Nhit hc: Nh Bng A
Bi III: in hc
Trong mch in nh hnh v, t in c
in dung l C, hai cun dy L
1
v L
2
c t
cm ln lt l L
1
= L, L
2
= 2L; in tr ca cc
cun dy v dy ni khng ng k. thi im t =
0, khng c dng qua cun L
2
, t in khng tch
in cn dng qua cun dy L
1
l I
1
.
1. Tnh chu k ca dao ng in t trong
mch.
2. Lp biu thc ca cng dng in qua mi cun dy theo thi gian.
3. Tnh hiu in th cc i gia hai bn t.

( thi ngy th hai, 13 thng 03 nm 2003 s ng trong s sau)



thi tuyn sinh khi chuyn l
i hc KHTN - i hc QG H ni, nm 2003
(thi gian lm bi: 150 pht)

Cu 1. Ba ngi i xe p t A n B vi vn tc khng i. Ngi th nht v ngi th hai
xut pht cng mt lc vi cc vn tc tng ng l v
1
= 10km/h v v
2
= 12km/h. Ngi th
ba xut pht sau hai ngi trn 30 pht.Khong thi gian gia hai ln gp ca ngi th ba
vi hai ngi i trc l t = 1gi. Tnh vn tc ca ngi th ba.

Cu 2. Mt chic cc hnh tr khi lng m, trong cha mt lng nc cng c khi
lng m ang nhit t
1
= 10
0
C. Ngi ta th vo cc mt cc nc khi lng M
ang nhit 0
0
C th cc nc ch tan c 1/3 khi lng ca n v lun ni trong
khi tan. Rt thm mt lng nc c nhit t
2
= 40
0
C vo cc. Khi cn bng nhit th nhit
ca cc nc li l 10
0
C, cn mc nc trong cc c chiu
cao gp i chiu cao mc nc sau khi th cc nc . Hy
xc nh nhit dung ca cht lm cc. B qua s trao i nhit
vi mi trng xung quanh, s gin n nhit ca nc v cc.
Bit nhit dung ring ca nc l c = 4,2.10
3
J/(kg.), nhit
nng chy ca nc = 336.10
3
J/kg.
F


m
1

m
2

Hnh 2
k
1

k
2

L
2

L
1

C
Hnh 4
A
B
Cu 3. Cho mch in nh hnh 1a, vn k V ch 30V. Nu thay vn k bng ampe k A mc
vo hai im M, N ca mch in trn th thy n ch 5A. Coi
vn k v ampe k u l l tng v b qua in tr dy ni.


1) Xc nh hiu in th U
0
v in tr R
0
.
2) Mc in tr R
1
, bin tr R (in tr ton phn ca n
bng R), vn k v ampe kt trn vo hai im M, N
nh hnh 1b. Khi di chuyn con chy C ca bin tr R,
ta thy c mt v tr m ti ampe k ch gi tr nh
nht bng 1A v khi vn k ch 12V. Hy xc nh
gi tr ca R
1
v R.
Cu 4. Hai thu knh hi t O
1
v O
2
c t sao cho trc
chnh ca chng trng nhau. Khong cch gia hai quang
tm ca hai thu knh l a = 45cm. Tiu c ca thu knh O
1

v O
2
ln lt l f
1
= 20cm, f
2
= 40cm (tiu c l khong
cch t tiu im n quang tm ca thu knh). Vt sng
nh AB c dng mt on thng c t vung gc vi
trc chnh v trong khong gia hai thu knh.im A
nm trn trc chnh v cch quang tm ca thu knh O
1
mt
khong bng x (Hnh 2).
1) Cho x = 30cm. Hy xc nh v tr cc nh v v nh.
2) Tm x hai nh cng chiu v cao bng nhau.


Cu 5. Cho mch in nh hnh 3: U = 60V, R
1
= 10, R
2
=
R
5
= 20, R
3
= R
4
= 40, vn k l l tng. B qua in tr
dy ni
1) Hy tm s ch ca vn k.
2) Nu thay vn k bng mt bng n c dng in
nh mc l I
d
= 0,4A, mc vo hai im P v Q ca
mch in th bng n sng bnh thng. Hy tm
in tr ca bng n.



(Nh Sn cho cc ch Hnh 1b, Hnh 2, Hnh 3 to ln gip)




GIP BN N THI I HC

LI , TO , pha baN U trong dao NG IU hO
Nguyn Vn Hnh
Trng Chuyn Phan Bi Chu, Ngh An

I.t vn
Trong cc k thi tuyn sinh i hc nhng nm gn y, vit phng trnh dao ng l phn
khng th thiu trong cc thi tuyn sinh. Tuy khng phi l vn qu kh, song khi gii
cc thi cc th sinh vn thng mc phi nhng sai lm nh khng phn bit r khi nim
li v khi nim to , hoc khng ch ti iu kin ban u ca bi nn thng chn
nhm pha ban u dn n kt qu l vit sai phng trnh dao ng. Trong phm vi bi vit
ny, chng ti xin cp vic phn bit cc khi nim cng nh xc nh chnh xc pha
ban u vit phng trnh dao ng.

II. Phn bit khi nim li v to trong dao ng iu ho, nhng ch
vit ng phng trnh dao ng

Theo SGK vt l lp 12 CCGD: li x l di ca vt khi v tr cn bng (VTCB) vi
) t sin( A + = x . Nh vy:
Nu gc to trng VTCB ca vt th li chnh l to ca vt v phng trnh
dao ng c dng: ) t sin( A + = x
Nu bi ra chn gc to O ca trc Ox khng trng VTCB C ca vt (hoc VTCB
ca vt dch chuyn khi thm bt gia trng vi con lc l xo khng nm ngang m gc
to khng thay i) th lc ny x l to ca vt ch khng phi l li dao ng
na. Chn li trc to mi C O Ox X O ' , ' - VTCB ca vt (y chnh l php
i gc to ), khi li ca vt l:
c
x - x ) t sin( A = + = X (vi x
c
l to
VTCB ca vt, suy ra to vt: ) sin( + + = t A x x
c
.
Tm li:
+ Nu gc to trng VTCB th phng trnh dao ng (ptd): ) t sin( A + = x
+ Nu gc to khng trng VTCB ca vt th ptd:
) sin( + + = t A x x
c

V th khi vit phng trnh dao ng cn ch nhng iu sau:
1- Kim tra xem gc to c trng VTCB ca vt khng, xc nh x
c

2- Sau , xc nh A, , :
Bin
2
1
= A di qu o
2 2
2
2
2
m
E v
x = + = ( trong x l li , E l c
nng) hoc
2
max max

a
V
A = = ( A cng c th xc nh ng thi vi t iu kin
ban u)
Pha ban u c xc nh t iu kin ban u: ti t = 0

=
=

=
=
0
0
0
0
cos
sin
v A
x A
v v
x x



(trong v
0
l gi tr i s ca vn tc). T y suy ra:
0
0
V
x
tg

=
(lu du ca sin v cos chn nghim ca phng trnh ny sao cho tho mn
)
Ch rng khi thay i gc thi gian, ch c pha ban u thay i. Nu iu kin ban u
cho di dng bi ton va chm th s dng nh lut bo ton ng lng xc nh v
0
.
III.Cc v d minh ho
V d 1. Mt con lc l xo treo thng ng gm mt l xo khi lng khng ng k, c
chiu di t nhin l
0
= 30cm, cng k = 100 N/m, treo vt nh khi lng m = 100g. B
qua mi ma st, ly g = 10m/s
2
,
2
= 10. Nng vt ln theo phng thng ng sao cho l xo
c chiu di l = 29cm ri truyn cho n vn tc s cm/ 3 20 hng thng ng ln trn.
Chn trc Ox hng thng ng xung di O VTCB ca vt.
1. Vit ptd ca vt nu chn gc thi gian t = 0:
a, Lc vt v tr thp nht.
b, Lc vt v tr cao nht.
c, Lc vt i qua VTCB theo chiu dng.
d, Lc vt i qua VTCB ngc chiu dng.
e, Lc truyn vn tc cho vt.
2. Gi s khi vt i n v tr thp nht, ta t nh nhng ln n mt gia trng m
1
= 300g.
Sau khi t, c hai cng dao ng iu ho, vit ptd ca h, chn t = 0 lc t gia trng.
Trc Ox vn gi nh c.
Gii:
1. * Ti VTCB: l xo gin l = mg/k = 0,01m = 1cm l xo c chiu di l
cb
= 31cm.
* Vt dao ng iu ho theo phng trnh dng ) t sin( A + = x (v gc O
VTCB). Trong :
+ ) / ( 10 s rad
m
k
= =
+ C nng ca vt:
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
kA mv kx E = + =

2
2
2

v
x A + =
Lc truyn vn tc x = -(l
cb
1) = -2cm, s cm v / 3 20 = , suy ra:
cm A 4
) 10 (
) 3 20 (
2
2
2
2
= + =


a) t = 0 lc vt v tr thp nht: x = A A sin = A sin = 1
2 / = . Vy ptd: x = 4 sin(10t + /2) (cm)
b) t = 0 lc vt v tr cao nht: x = -A A sin = -A sin = -1
2 / = . Vy ptd: x = 4 sin(10t - /2) (cm)

c) t = 0 lc vt i qua VTCB theo chiu dng, ta c:

>
=
0 cos
0
0
0
A
x
x
x

= 0. Vy ptd c dng: x = 4 sin(10t) (cm)
d) t = 0 lc vt qua VTCB ngc chiu dng, ta c:

=
0 cos
0 sin
0
0

A
A
v
x


= 0. Vy ptd c dng: x = 4 sin(10t) (cm)
= . Vy ptd c dng: x = 4 sin(10t + ) (cm)
e) t = 0 lc truyn vn tc ta c:

=
=

=
=
3 20 cos
2 sin
/ 3 20
2

A
A
s cm v
cm x

= =
= =

2 / 3 10 / 3 20 cos
2 / 1 / 2 sin
A
A


= -5/6. Vy ptd c dng: x = 4 sin(10t-5/6) (cm)













Nhn xt:
- Bin dao ng ch ph thuc vo cng ca kch thch ban u.
- Pha ban u ph thuc vo cch chn gc thi gian t = 0.
2) * Ti VTCB mi sau khi t m
1
:
+ L xo gin l
1
= (m + m
1
).g/k = 0,04m = 4cm.
+ VTCB mi C dch xung so vi O mt on OC = 4 1 = 3cm
* Chn trc C O Ox X O ' , ' ta c:
X = x x
c
= x OC = x 3 (cm) (1), h dao ng iu ho xung quanh VTCB nn li l
) sin(
0 0 0
+ = t A X , trong :
+ ) / ( 5
1
0
s rad
m m
k
=
+
=
+ t = 0 lc t m
1
:

=
=

= =
= =
0 cos
1 sin
) 0 ( 0
1 3 4
0 0 0
0 0
'

A
A
X v
cm X

=
=

cm A 1
2 /
0
0


Li X = 1sin(5t + /2) (cm)
Theo (1) ta c ptd l: x = X + 3 = 1sin(5t + /2) + 3 (cm).

V d 2. ( thi tuyn sinh H Kinh t quc dn 2001 Cu 2):
Con lc l xo gm mt vt nng M = 300g, l xo c cng k = 200N/m lng vo mt
trc thng ng nh hnh v. Khi M ang VTCB th vt m = 200g t cao h = 3,75cm
so vi M. Coi ma st khng ng k. Ly g = 10m/s
2
, va chm l hon ton mm.
a) Tnh vn tc ca m ngay trc khi va chm v vn tc ca hai vt ngay sau khi va
chm.
b) Sau va chm hai vt cng dao ng iu ho. Ly t = 0 l lc va chm. Vit ptd ca
hai vt trong h to nh hnh v, gc O l VTCB ca M trc va chm.






x
X
x x
m

O

O

-2

V
0
C

4

k

31
cm

29cm

K
M
m
h
X
x
O
C,O


Gii:
1) * Vn tc ca vt m ngay trc lc va chm

) / (
2
3
10 75 , 3 10 2 2
2
s m gh v = = =


* H (m + M) lc va chm c th coi l h kn, theo nh lut bo ton ng lng mv
= (m + M)v
0
(theo gi thit va chm hon ton mm). Suy ra vn tc ca hai vt ngay sau
va chm ) / ( 5 / 3 ) /(
0
s m M m mv v = + =
2) * Ti VTCB ban u ca M (v tr O), l xo nn mt on:
l
0
= Mg/k = 0,015(m) = 1,5cm
Ti VTCB C ca h sau va chm, l xo nn mt on:
l = (m + M)g/k = 0,025(m) = 2,5 (cm),
suy ra OC = l - l
0
= 1 (cm).
* Chn trc C O Ox X O ' , ' (C l VTCB), ta c:
+ X = x +1 (cm) (2)
+ Sau va chm h dao ng iu ho xung quanh VTCB ' O C = nn li :
) sin( + = t A X , trong : ) / ( 20
) (
s rad
m M
k
=
+
=
Chn t = 0 lc va chm, nn :

= = =
= =
) / ( 3 20 5 / 3 100
) ( 1
0
s cm v v
cm OC X

=
=
3 20 cos 20
1 sin

A
A

=
=

3 / 1
0 sin / 1

tg
A

=
=

6 / 5
) ( 2

cm A

Suy ra li ca vt: X = 2.sin(20t + 5/6).
Theo (2) ta c ptd ca vt l: x = X -1 = 2.sin(20t + 5/6)-1 (cm).

V d 3. Mt con lc l xo nm ngang, l xo c khi lng khng ng k v c cng
k = 100N/m, vt nng c khi lng m = 400g. Chn trc Ox cng phng vi trc l xo,
O l v tr cn bng ca vt. Ti thi im t = 0 lc con lc ang cn bng ngi ta tc
dng ln m mt lc F = 2(N) theo chiu ngc dng ca trc Ox trong thi gian 0,3(s).
B qua mi ma st. Vit phng trnh dao ng ca vt.





Gii:
Vi ) ( 3 , 0 0 s t
+ Cc lc gy chuyn ng cho vt l F v lc n hi ca l xo: F

= - kx
+ Khi vt c to x, theo nh lut II Newton: ' ' mx kx F =
' ' mx
k
F
x k = |

\
|
, t
k
F
x X = th ' ' ' ' ' ' mX kX X x = =

0
2 "
= + X X vi
m
k
=
2
Li ca vt X = Asin(t + ), trong :
K

x
m
F

o
) / ( 5 s rad
m
k
= = .

Ti t = 0 :

= =
= = =
) 0 ( 0
) ( 2
'
X v
cm
k
F
k
F
x X
(v x = 0)

=
=

0 cos
( 2 sin

A
cm A
) )( 2 / 5 sin( 2 cm t X =
Suy ra: to ) ( 2 ) 2 / 5 sin( 2
4
cm t
F
X x + = + = vi ) ( 3 , 0 0 s t .
Vi ) ( 3 , 0 s t .
+ Lc ny F = 0, lc gy chuyn ng cho vt l F

= -kx
+ Theo nh lut II Newton: -kx = mx

+
2
x = 0, suy ra li ca vt:
0 0
sin( A x + = t vi ) / ( 5 s rad
m
k
= =
iu kin lin tc ti t = 0,3(s) cho:

=
+ =
' '
2 ) 2 / 3 , 0 . 5 sin( 2
X x
x

= = +
= +

) / ( 10 ) 2 / 3 , 0 5 cos( 2 5 ) 3 , 0 5 cos( 5
) ( 2 ) 3 , 0 5 sin(
0 0
0 0
s cm A
cm A



= +
= +

) ( 2 ) 5 , 1 cos(
) ( 2 ) 5 , 1 sin( A
0 0
0 0
cm A
cm


=
= +

+
=
= +

cm A
A
tg
2 2
4 / 3 5 , 1
5 , 1 sin(
2
1 ) 5 , 1 (
0
0
0
0
0




Suy ra: ) )( 4 / 3 5 sin( 2 2 cm t x =
Vy: + ) ( 3 , 0 0 s t : ptd: ) ( 2 ) 2 / 5 sin( 2 cm t x + =
+ ) ( 3 , 0 s t : ptd: . ) )( 4 / 3 5 sin( 2 2 cm t x = .

Qua bi vit ny chng ti hi vng cc bn hc sinh ang chun b n thi i hc s nm
vng cc khi nim li , to v thnh tho trong vic chn pha ban u chnh xc ph
hp vi ra, bit cch tnh bin dao ng vit ng phng trnh dao ng trong
cc thi tuyn sinh sp ti. Chc cc bn thnh cng.
BA 4

KT QU CC K THI OLYMPIC VT L NM 2003
CA ON HC SINH VIT NAM

1. Kt qu k thi Olympic Vt l Chu
(T chc ti Bng Cc - Thi Lan, t 20 29/4/2003)

TT H v tn Hc sinh c trao
1. Cao V Nhn
Khi THPT chuyn Vt l, trng
HKHTN H Ni
Huy chng vng
2. Nguyn Hu Thun
Khi THPT chuyn Vt l,
trng HKHTN H Ni
Huy chng bc
3. V Quc Hin
Trng THPT chuyn Hng Vng,
tnh Ph Th
Huy chng bc
4. L Huy Nguyn
Trng THPT Quc Hc Hu,
tnh Tha Thin-Hu
Huy chng bc
5. Ng B Thng
Trng THPT chuyn Nguyn Hu,
tnh H Ty
Huy chng bc
6. Trn Cng Ton
Trng THPT chuyn L Hng Phong,
tnh Nam nh
Huy chng bc
7. Hong Trung Tr
Trng THPT chuynNguyn Tri,
tnh Hi Dng
Huy chng ng
8. Bi L Minh
Trng THPT chuyn
tnh Thi Bnh
Bng khen

(nh 8 ngi)

2. Kt qu k thi Olympic Vt l quc t ln th 34 nm 2003
(T chc ti i Bc i Loan t 2 11/8/2003)

TT H v tn Hc sinh c trao
1. V Quc Hin
Trng THPT chuyn Hng Vng,
tnh Ph Th
Huy chng bc
2. Nguyn Hu Thun
Khi THPT chuyn Vt l,
trng HKHTN H Ni
Huy chng ng
3. Hong Trung Tr
Trng THPT chuyn Nguyn Tri,
tnh Hi Dng
Huy chng ng
4. Cao V Nhn
Khi THPT chuyn Vt l,
trng HKHTN H Ni
Bng khen
5. Nguyn Xun Tng
Trng THPT chuyn Lam Sn, tnh
Thanh Ho
Khng ot gii

(nh 5 ngi)

(Nu khng ch th in Kt qu k thi chu TBD trc, kt qu thi
Olympic quc t sang s thng 10)


CHUYN /TRAO I

CC PHN T PHI TUYN TRONG MCH IN

Nguyn Xun Quang

Nhng kh khn ln nht i vi cc th sinh trong cc k thi hc sinh gii l nhng bi tp
v in trong c mt cc phn t phi tuyn. l cc phn t c ng c trng vn -
ampe, tc th m t s ph thuc ca in p U hai u phn t vo cng dng in
I i qua n - khng phi l ng thng i qua gc to .
Mt v d in hnh v phn t phi tuyn v cng l phn t thng gp nht trong cc bi tp
l mt it l tng. Khi ngi ta t mt in p ngc vi bt k ln bng bao nhiu ln
phn t ny th khng c dng in i qua it v ta ni it b ng. Trong trng hp
in tr ca it bng v cng tnh hung ny tng ng vi s ngt mch. Trong trng
hp in p t vo l thun, in tr ca it bng khng v n khng c nh hng g n
dng in i qua n.
Mt loi phn t phi tuyn khc l nhng in tr ph thuc vo cng dng in i qua
n. V d, dy tc ca cc bng n in: theo s tng ca cng dng in qua dy ny
m nhit v do c in tr ca n cng tng ln. Mt phn t phi tuyn na l nhng
dng c trong xy ra s phng in, v d cc n cha y kh, cc n tiratron v cc
linh kin v tuyn khc.
Ngoi ra, phn t phi tuyn c th l: cun dy c li st (do hin tng t tr), t in c
xecnhec (hiu ng p in), v.v.
gii cc bi ton c phn t phi tuyn ngi ta thng dng cc phng php sau: phng
php th, phng php s, phng php biu din gn ng bng hm gii tch.
Di y chng ta s xt mt s mch in c th c cha cc phn t phi tuyn.

V d 1. Trn hnh 1 l ng c trng vn-ampe ca mt phn t phi tuyn no . Trc
in p U
0
= 100V, khng c dng in i qua phn t ny, nhng sau cng dng
in tng tuyn tnh theo hiu in th (h..t.). Khi mc phn t ny vo mt ngun in c
sut in ng khng i v in tr trong r = 25 th cng dng in i qua n l I
1
=
2mA, nhng khi mc n vi cng ngun in nhng qua mt ti c in tr R = r th
dng qua n l I
2
= 1mA. Hy xc nh sut in ng ca ngun in.













Gii:
Da vo ng c trng vn-ampe ta thy dng in I chy qua phn t phi tuyn ny ph
thuc vo h..t. U gia hai u phn t: khi 0 < U <U
0
th I = 0; khi U > U
0
th I = (U U
0
)
vi = I/U = const.
Khi mc phn t phi tuyn trn vo ngun in c s... E v in tr trong r, cng dng
in trong mch l I
1
, ta c:

0
1
1
U
I
r I E + + =

(1)
Khi mc phn t ny vo ngun in nhng qua mt ti c in tr R = r th dng in trong
mch l I
2
, ta c:
I, mA
0
U,V U
o

0
2
2 2
U
I
R I r I E + + + =

(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
0
2 1
1 2
U r
I I
I I
E +

=
Thay s ta c: E = 150V.
V d 2. Cho mt mch in nh hnh 2, X l mt phn t phi tuyn m cng dng in
i qua n ph thuc h..t. hai u phn t theo cng thc:
3
X X
U I = vi = 0,25A/V
3
. Hy
tnh cng sut to ra trn X, khi dng qua in k G bng khng. Bit rng R
1
= 2, R
2
=4
v R
3
=1.



Gii:
Gi U l h..t. hai u mch in, U
2
l h..t. hai u in tr R
2
, ta c:
2 1
2
2
R R
UR
U
+
=
Khi in k G ch s 0 th h..t. gia hai u phn t phi tuyn X bng h..t. hai u R
2
: U
X
=

U
2.
Ta cng c :
U
1
=U
3
=

2 1
1
R R
UR
+

Cng dng in chy qua X l :

3 2 1
1
3
3
) ( R R R
UR
R
U
I
X
+
= =
Theo bi ra :
3
X X
U I = nn ta c :

( )
3
2 1
3
2
3
3 2 1
1
) (
R R
R U
R R R
UR
+
=
+

T rt ra :

3
3
2
2
2 1 1
) (
R R
R R R
U

+
= (1)
Cng sut to ra trn X l :

4
2 1
2 4
X X
R
|
|

\
|
+
= = =
R R
U
U U I P
X X
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:

2
3 2
1
1
|
|

\
|
=
R R
R
P
X


Thay s ta c P
X
= 1W.

Vi d 3. Trong mch in trn hnh 3, t in c in dung C = 100F c tch in n U
0

= 5V v c ni in tr R = 100 qua it D . ng c trng vn-ampe ca it nh
hnh v. thi im ban u, kho K m. Sau ng K. Xc nh cng dng in trong
mch ngay sau khi ng K. Tnh h..t trn t in khi dng in trong mch bng 10mA. Tnh
lng nhit to ra trn it sau khi ng kho K.

Gii:
Ngay sau khi ng kho, h..t. trn t vn cn cha thay i c v ln v du. Gi thit
rng dng in ban u I
0
trong mch ln hn 10mA. nh lut m i vi mch kn ti thi
im c dng:

R I U U
d 0
+ =
trong U
d
l h..t. hai u it (U
d
= 1V). Thay s vo ta c:
mA
R
U U
I
d
40
0
0
=

=
V gi tr nhn c ca dng in ln hn 10mA, nn gi thit ca chng ta l ng.
Sau khi ng kho, t in s phng in, cn dng in trong mch s gim. Khi dng gim
ti gi tr I
1
= 10mA, p dng nh lut m ta tm c h..t. U
C
gia hai bn t:
V R I U U
d C
2
1
= + =
T thi im ng kho cho ti khi t phng ht in, it s p73 hai ch : khi dng in
trong mch bin thin t I
0
= 40mA n I
1
= 10mA v khi dng in gim t I
1
= 10mA n
0.
Trong ch th nht, h..t. trn it khng i v bng U
d
= 1V, cn ..t trn t gim t U
0

= 5V n U
C
= 2V. Trong thi gian , in lng chy qua it l:
C U U C q
C
4
0
10 . 3 ) (

= =
v nhit lng to ra trn it l:
J qU Q
d
4
1
10 . 3

= =
Trong ch th hai, it hot ng nh mt in tr R
d
= U
d
/I
1
= 100. Sau khi kt thc
ch th nht, h..t. trn t bng U
C
= 2V v nng lng cn li ca in trng trong t l:

J
CU
W
C 4
2
10 . 2
2

= =
V in tr R
d
ca it bng in tr R, nn nng lng to ra trn it v trn R l nh nhau.
Do , nhit lng to ra trn it ch th hai bng:

J
W
Q
4
2
10
2

= =
Vy nhit lng to ra trn sau khi ng kho bng:
. 10 . 4
4
2 1
j Q Q Q
d

= + =

V d 4. Cho mch in nh hnh v, cc i lng trn hnh bit. l it l tng. Kho
K ng trong thi gian ri ngt. thi im kho K ngt, dng in trong cun cm l I
0
.
a) Sau bao lu k t khi ngt kho K, dng in trong cun cm t gi tr cc i, bit
gi tr bng 2I
0
.
b) V th biu din s ph thuc ca cng dng in qua cun cm vo thi gian
(ly t = 0 lc ngt kho K).

Gii:
a)Trong thi gian , dng qua cun cm tng tuyn tnh theo thi gian, nn ta c E = LI
0
/
(1). Lc t = 0, dng in trong cun cm bng I
0
, in tch ca t in q
0
= EC, hiu in th
U gia A v B dng, nn it ng, trong mch bt u xy ra dao ng. Khi dng in
trong cun cm cc i, th in tch ca t in bng 0. p dng nh lut bo ton nng
lng, ta c:
2
0
2 2
0
2
0 2
0
) 2 (
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
I L C E LI
C
q
LI = + = +
Suy ra: C E LI
2 2
0
3 = (2)
T (1) v (2), ta c: 3 = LC (3)
Mt khc,

' '
'
Lq Li
dt
di
L
C
q
L
L
= = =
trong i
L
l dng in i qua cun cm. T phng trnh trn suy ra:
0
1
' ' = + q
LC
q
Nh bit, phng trnh ny c nghim l:
q = Q
0
sin(t +) vi LC / 1 =
v i
L
= -q = - Q
0
cos(t +) vi Q
0
= 2I
0
.
Khi t = 0,
q = EC = Q
0
sin = 2I
0
(sin)/
i
L
= I
0
= -2I
0
cos
Suy ra: = 2/3. Do biu thc ca dng in qua cun cm l:
i
L
= - Q
0
cos(t +2/3) = Q
0
cos(t - /3).
Nh vy, i
L
cc i khi: cos(t - /3) = 1, suy ra:
LC t
3 3

= = (4).
T (3) v (4), ta c:

814 , 1
3
3
= t .
Vy sau thi gian 1,814, k t khi ngt kho K, th dng in trong cun cm t cc i.
b)+ Khi

3
3
0 < < t , th i
L
= 2I
0
cos(t - /3)
+ Khi

3
3
= t , th in tch q ca t bng 0 v U = 0, it bt u m. K t thi
im ny dng in khng i, ch i qua cun cm v it .
th biu din s ph thuc ca i
L
vo t, xin dnh cho bn c t v.



Bi tp
1. Cho mch in nh trong V d 2, nhng by gi s ph thuc ca cng dng
in I
X
vo hiu in th U
X
c dng
2
X X
aU I = v cc in tr R
1
= R
3
= 2, R
2
=
4. Vi gi tr no ca hng s a, cng sut to ra trn X bng P
X
= 1W trong trng
hp cu cn bng (tc in k ch s 0).

S:
2
2
1 3 2
/ 125 , 0
) / (
1
V A
R R R P
a
X
= =

2. Cho mch in nh hnh v, kho K ng trong thi gian , ri sau ngt. Ti thi
im ngt K cng ng in qua cun dy l I
0
. Hi qua thi gian bao lu sau khi
ngt K cng dng in qua cun dy t gi tr cc i bng 2I
0
? Dng th
biu din s ph thuc ca cng dng in trong cun dy theo thi gian, bt u
t thi im ng kho K. B qua in tr thun trong mch in cho.


S: *
3

= t
* Bn c t v th
Ting Anh Vt l

Problem: A sled is given a quick push up the snowy slop. The sled slides up and then comes
back down; the whole trip takes time t. If the coefficient of sliding friction between the sled
and snow is , find the time t
u
it took the sled to reach the top point of its trajectory. The
slope makes the angle with the horizontal.



Solution: Newtons second law applied to the sled gives accelerations upwards (positive
direction up) and downwards (positive direction down) as follows:

) cos (sin + = g a
u

and
) cos (sin = g a
d

If u and v are, respectively, the initial velocity when moving upwards and the final velocity
when moving downwards, then according to the (constant acceleration) kinematical formula
involving squares of velocitis,
2
) / ( / v u a a
d u
= (try to prove this formula!). If t
u
and t
d
are,
respectively, the time it takes to move up and the time it takes to move down, then according
to the definition of acceleration and using the previous equation,
2 / 1
) / ( /
u d d u
a a t t = .
Combining the latter equation with the first two, we get (noting that tan > since the sled
comes back):

) /(tan ) (tan 1 + +
=
t
t
u


T mi:
sled: xe trt tuyt nh
slope: mt phng nghing
trip: hnh trnh
coefficient: h s
coefficient of slid friction: h s ma st trt
to take time t: mt khong thi gian l t
the top point: im cao nht
trajectory: qu o
horizontal: (mt phng) nm ngang
to make the angle: lp mt gc
law: nh lut
acceleration: gia tc
velocity: vn tc
initial (final) velocity: vn tc ban u (cui cng)
to move up (down): chuyn ng i ln (xung)
according to: theo
kinematical: (thuc v) ng hc
formula: cng thc (s nhiu: formulae)
definition: nh ngha
equation: phng trnh
square: bnh phng

Ch : Mt t ting Anh c th c nhiu ngha, y chng ti ch cho ngha trong bi.

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