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.*10&1 m i = m i +1 m i 2"." m i 0)" !)3 #/0#0!.02"

2" 0.35m i . 0.50m i .212 $. ) 2 0$ 2 # !2! # .#2 *
0.!02. .+2.2 ")! 3 ".2#$).). 12.1 #
3.5.2
[1]
1 /*..1013 !2.
+. 0 *!. /0*#1 2 # 2! # 2 1# ) 0 " 2& 101+ 3 !2&
2 #1.1"# 02..)21$1
Vo = M R d (T) ............................................................................................... (3.12)
) #
M
0.1# 2..2 *0.2".2.10#"
R d (T )
0.22"3.1.2"02$#1"1$0/.1 *)&"! *20.)2"

0.
0.00+/".1*0#2/ 0! / "02.3 !"2.2&1".22

0&! *0 *!. /0*#1 2 # 2! # . # 02. 0
./ 20 ..&!1 / 2" $." 0 ! & 2 %
02!02.03.! 2 #.!.2&00! *2* #.2 # 1)
2"00+/ #"/ 0!)/ #
T = 0.09
H
H
................................................................................ (3.13)
L H + L
) #
[2]
2 *% "2 #2! #
2 "2 #2! #.220&! *0/0*#1# 1 *.
) " 2" 030." 2& /.2 + 2& 2 $&2& . /0*#1 101"
/!1"! "21# 030.2 $&2&.# 12#&2&
.*% ".2. 2&101+3 !2&02.1*3&.021$1

Fi = (Vo VH )
m i i
,
mj j
i, j = 1,2,...N .................................................. (3.14)
) #
mi
0.1#02!&.1212i,
0. 1#12+1. 12 12 L 2" 00+/ #" / !3" 02.3 !"
2.2&1" .2 2 0&! *0 *!. /0*#1 2 # 2! # .
# 02.0 ./ 20..&!1 / 2"$."
[3]
VH =
0.07 T Vo ( 0.25 Vo ) 0. . !)102 /*. # 03.!)02. 12

!#32 #2! #)2. T 1.0 sec .
0. .!)"2& !)3&
0. 2!.02!02..*% ".2. 2&101+3 !2&.02.

1*3&.021$1
Fi = (Vo VH )
mi zi
,
mj zj
i, j = 1,2,...N .................................................. (3.15)
) # z i .)12.12"12"L.)21
[4]
.2. 2& 101+ 3 !2& 1*3&. 0 2 1$1 02!02. .
03.!)02.01"12".!.2&0!2+10"
.
. 2!. 1 #/.)22." . $! /* !)3 #" 10
./ 20+101"0/#)22."

. 2!. 1 #/.)22." . $! 2!0" !)3 #" 12" +0"
101"0/#)22.".

. 2!. 1 #/.)22." . $! 2110!" !)3 #" 12" +0"
101"0/#)22.".
3.5.3
[1]
&!0..
+. 2.#2)$! 12.2 /!1 2& !)2& 101+ 3 !2& Fi .2 2" *!0"
/0#*10" x, y 2 # 2! # 1*3&. 0 2 .! .+" 01" . 2&
.2.)!#3& 101+ 3 !2& 1*3&. 0 2 .! ." .!.0" 2"
ex A 2#$)2 "0 #".)!1"# 2..)21$1
ex A = A, x 2 + A, y 2 + A, z 2 .......................................................................... (3.16)
) # A, x , A, y . A, z 2" 2 # #)% 0 #" 0 2 !)1) 2 #" .
.0!22 12.2 3)!21 2 # 2! # .2 2" 0&! *00" /0#*10" x, y . z,
.212 $.
[2]
. 2.#2)$! ! " 2 ex A 2 B, A 0)" # 0 #" .)!1"
# 02..)21$1
B, A =
A, y
A, x
A,
B, x +
B, y + z B, z ........................................................ (3.17)
ex A
ex A
ex A
) # B, x , B, y . B, z 2" 2 # 0 #" 0 2 !)1) 2 #" . .0!22

12.23)!212 #2! #.22"0&! *00"/0#*10"x, y.z.212 $.
[3]
+. 2 /.12.1 )1 12 $0& .)

0 / .2".!>@
1 1#!)/0. 03.!)02.
[4]
..2 .2 2" ! *0" 0 / ." 02!02. /.12.1 )1 0

2 /#10120! .)2 #"0)0 #"1#/#.1 *"12.2+3 !210&
F = Fx Fy Fz
F = Fx Fy Fz
F = Fx Fy Fz
) # = = 0.30 2" 1# " .#2" 1$10" 2. Fx , Fy . Fz .!12 # 2.
/.*1.2.2&101+3 !2&.22"/0#*10"x, y.z.2 F .!120
21#12.1013)!2121#0!2&1.)1"2".2.)!#3"
1#12+1." 2 # 101 * .! >@ 2!2 " 1#/#.1)" .!.002. .
202. = 0 12 #"/* !+2 #"

- +
3.6
[1]
0$ " 0 && 3 !& . .2.)!#3 101 /0!1 !0 . 0 0
2. 3.1.2 / &". *&"
.
.2.)!#3101/0!103.!)02.12.10.12!"2 #3 !.

00+/"/ 0! / "2 #3 !.# 02.02 2* 2 #Rayleigh:
T = 2
m i y i2
i
mi yi
....................................................................................... (3.18)
) # y i (i = 1,2,..., n ) 02.2 10" 2& 1#02!&& .+ m i )&

.2.)!#3&3 !2& m i 1 .

..2.)!#3.1013 !2.# 2..)21$1

Fi = M R d , v (T)
mi yi
,
mj yj
(i, j = 1,2,..., n ) ................................................. (3.19)
) # M 2..2 *0 . 2 # 3 !. R d , v (T ) 2 2" 3.1.2" 02$#1"

1$0/.1 *. n .!)"2&1#02!&&.+ m i .
[2]
. 101 3 !2. Fi 03.!) 2. 12.2 0& 12 3 !. . ! *2 #1.
2.12)1 2 #/ #)1 .2&12 $0&12!"2 #! 1202.122.1.)
2" !)20" 1#12+10" 2 # 101 * . /0 03.! 10 .!120! !3
0.."
[3]
! *0 / " 02!02. . 03.!)02. .0!22. .) 2 /
# 1 *.2 !)2.101/0!1
3.7
[1]
32$37+0$7$.7,3, 1
! 1.!2.2. 2!& 0. .2.10#" 2.2. .2.10#+ # /0 . 20 *
!.)! "2 #1002 *)&" $ 12.. . /)$ + 101 .)!1
0)"! 1.!2.2 "0!002..)2101.)!12 #2! #00/1
2 #10 #12!"&12 2! 0./.3 !02.)212 #0/3 #"
[2]
/0 02. .!120! " # 1)" !)2. 101 /*. . 2
# 1) 2& ! 1.!22& . 2& 12 $0& 12!" 2 #" # 02. .) 2
01&1) # 101)"1#20012"0//02..)21$1
= (1 + z / H) ........................................................................................... (3.20)
) #
= A/g ,

[3]
1 + (1 T / T )2
1 , .................................................................................... (3.21)
/ 0! / "2 #! 1.!2.2 ".!2&112 12! #).!
00+/"/ 0! / "2 #2! #
1212!"2 #! 1.!2.2 ".
2 *% "2! #
2 0!2&1 0.2.1210& 0" 1 #/.)22." 0/*& 1#122.

0201 .!120! # # 1 * 0 2 $!1 31.2 " .)!1" 2 # /./ #
12!".!0.12! 1 &12"0.212.1"
.(-$$,2
.3,7+3,$;(,$02<.$,.$121((-$302++
$2-<++.$7$33(<+
4.1
4.1.1
[1]
!2!.
.22.)!10)"/ .2 "12 101)1$0/.1 *0.00. /02)"

1$.21)" 0)" 0.12 .12 * $.1 * 0 .)12. .13. 020.12
1#0!3 ! . 22 . 1#0!3 ! 0&!02. )2 0.13.02. 0 2. .) #.
!2!.
(.131 ." 0$12" 12" .2 $" 10 ). 2. 3! 2. 12 $0.
1#0!.. " . 2" 00&1" # .212 $0 12" 101" /!10"
1$0/.1 * 2 # 03.. # .#0" ) # 0. ... 0 2" 0!! " ."
70&"
(.1311# " .12)22." /./ 0.! *" .)22." . .00#!&1
0!0."0020.12.!.)!3&1
(.$12 1 2& .!.)2& # ! . * .0.)220" 12 021 2"
101".)!1"
21$02 .)0"03.! "/ 2.12".) #0".!.!3 #"
4.1.2
4.1.2.1
[1]
!10"# 1 *
01)"1#/#.1)"/!10&
101)" 1$0/.1 * # !02. 12 03. . 200 2#$.2 /!1 2.

02.202" ."1#/# 2.000.2& +/!10&&"0"
S d = G k + P E + 2 Q k ,i ............................................................................... (4.1)
[2]
[3]
21$1.#2$!1 02. .) # "1# 1)"02.2+00+

Gk
.))0"/!10"02$.!.2!122 #"2
.)! 2.1022"$!)0".+00"
.)2 101)1$0/.1 *
Q k ,i
.)2$.!.2!1222"02.2"/!10&"i.
0. 2 2 # 1#20012 1#/#.1 * . .! $!)0" 0 )0"

02.2"/!10"
!10" .2...1 * )&" ! . *00" .) 02. . /.3 !
0! !.1." 1#12 !.1" 2 # 1#! /.2 " . # $&!10" 12!0& /0
$!002. . 1#0!. 2. 12 1#/#.1) 0 101) 1" 101)" /0
1#/#02.00"2#$.2"/!10"$! *10" $2& &
[4]
$! . . !12 * .) 1$02) 0/) . 1) 2" 2 # 1#20012
1#/#.1 */!10&..02..)2 .) # ..
,1$.$#20012"1#/#.1 */!10& 2
- !2.!1"
.2 0"!.30..2.12.2.0 / $0. 1 0.
0.3
A/A
1
1.2
+! 1#$"1#! 1"! 1+&1$ 0..2!.

12/.
0.5
1.3
+! 120#1"
0.6
1.4
+! .! $!).". 0#1" 0".!$0.

. 0"/0.0"1)#/.2)#!
0.8
1.5
.2"120"
0.0
0 "
0.0
)) 10.2"120"
0.3
4.1.2.2
[1]
1.1
!! "." 0&"
/00.!120! "# 1)"02. 2"2.1" #! .02..)2"

.!. !3+10" 2 # 1#) # 2 # 3 !. #) 2 101) 1#/#.1) 2" 1$1"
0!! 3 02!02. . .!.002. )2. 10 0 )! 3 /02" 1$02"
02.02)22.")&"! 1/ !02..)21$1/0#0!.022
=
N
.......................................................................................................... (4.2)
V h
) #
N , V 0..212 $. 1# ". .2 #1./*.2&.2.)!#3&
12 $0&2 # !)3 ##)2 1#/#.1),
h
0.2 *% "2 # !)3 #.
0.# 121$0202.12&.+2 # !)3 #+22 #

..02..)21$1:
= q .......................................................................................................... (4.3)
) #
q
0. 1#20012"1#0!3 !" #$!1 012.#1.
0.1$0202.12&.+2 # !)3 #02! *012 00/ 2 #

/#10120! #0!02! *.1 #)&"! *20.2 1#/#.1)
.) 0.12 .#1 020 0 2 1 /*. 12.2 / 020 0 2
/#. /
[2]
20! !1)"2 #.0$02.0$&!1210/* ! +0"/0#*10";.<
[3]
0 0!2&1 # 0.10 < 0.20 0!! ." 0&" )& 2" 1$02"
02.02)22." 2& .+ 02!02. . .02. #)% ! 1012 0
..1.1) 2& . 20012& 2" .212 $" 101" /!1" 0 1#20012
1
.
1
[4]
/002!02..#0!.02210..0!2&1
[5]
0#!02.)2....)2 0$ 0!! +." 0&")&02.02)22."

)&" !02.12 0/3 >@.+". 1$02"0/!10")&"! 1/ ! 2..)
2. 0/3. >@ . >@ .*2 # 0 0!! ." 20&" 12 2.1 )& 2"
02.02)22." 2& !)3& &" 0!.2!& 0$ " .2.)!#3& &
12 $0&#)20/!.12 #101 *1#/#.1 *02!02..02.0&!+2."
)22..212 $.!.2&12 $0&0..0202.
4.1.3
[1]
0$ .2 $"
2"!10"/.2 ")&2&0+2 #/ .2 "!0.. 02..1

.1&1.130."
S d R d ............................................................................................................. (4.4)
) #
[2]
4.1.4
Sd
0.2.11$0/.1 *)&"! *20.)2 1#/#.1).
Rd
0..2 $1$0/.1 * ## 02.1*3&.02 #". 1 *"2&

.212 $&#+02"2"2&0!+1#20012+.130."# * ( m )
#1$* #.2 #".1 *"1#/#.1 *"2&1#&/!10&
2. 2.1 $0 0!11)20!0" .) . 1#12+10" 0 #1+/ .0/!.1 12
.2 $$%0. /*./. %0. /*..1&1
.130.".!0.. 02..212.20$12201#12+1."
. 2."#)%2.0/!.12&.212 $&2+2& +1#12&1+
.131.)22.".00#!&1"0!0.".12)22."12 1* 2 #
/ .2 "+0 .)0". 2 *1$0/.1 *
[1]
+. . 0.13.120 /#.2)22. .00#!&1" 0!0." .) 2 /). .2 2
.)!112101/!11$0/.1 *$&!" 0!.2!!0#1!0
020.12 .)!1 . $0 12 !3 . . .2.02. 12 0.*20!
/#.2) .!) 30!)2& 12 $0& 10 0! $" 0 0! !1 " .12"
.!!+10" #2) ! ( 20 )2 $0 0.13.120 . 3# )& 2& .+
%.#!+ !3+.12 $." #0./#.2).! *
[2]
0 0 .2 02 #!. 020.12 .)!1 !0 . 0! !02. 12
1$.21) .2+ .12+ .!!+10& 12. !. 2& 12 $0& 0
.2.)!#3 #" /2#&2 *" 1#/1 #" .) $#. 020.12 .)!1 !0 .
! 02. 10 030#)00" /.+ #" 10 0! !1 # #" /.22"
.2".!!+10"/2#&2 1*/01 0002!)22.
[3]
." ! 0)00" 10" .12+ .!!+10& 0. 000" 12" 0"

#!$0 !)0% 0 .)22. 031" 2& .!!+10& /0$)00"
10" .12+ .!!+10& 0. 000" 12" 0" #!$0 !)20! .)22.
/ #!." .!!+10& !0 )&" . /.2 # .# .12)22. 00/
!1 2. 10 0! $" /.20!. !10" . 2 0#120. 2 # / .2 " 2 0"
10" 0&! *2. ). 2. !. 2& # 12#&2& .). . )2. ." 10"
.12+.!!+10&!1 2.10/ *"
[4]
+ 0.131 0)" 22 # .)12 # 0.12 .12 * $.1 * .)!1" 2 #

/ .2 " 12" .$" 2" 101" /!1" 02#$02. 0 2 . 2) 1$0/.1)
/./0.20!!$12&.2 $+2&12 $0&2 #3 !.#0!.
00 / .2 #. 2 *1$0/.1 *0..) #
0 )0" 2" ." . 0/0$)00" 10" .12+ .!!+10& 0.13.02.
0.!" 2 .12)22. .12)22. .# 22& . .1.
02 #!. . .212 $ " 0$ " % 0 ! /*. . .1.
02 #!. 02. 0 2. 02.2 0 # ! *2 # .) 2 /#10120!
101)1#/#.1)1$1
! 1/ ! 2. 2. 02.2 0 . 2 * 1$0/.1 * /./ 2. 0 #
! *2 # .) 2" 1#0" 1 !! ." 0)" 12 $0 # /." 12 $0& )2.
12" ." 10" .12+ .!!+10& ..2*1102. . .+2.2 2
12" .2 $" #0!.2 $ 00 2. . 2 .#2 0 02. 0$ "
. 3#" %.#!+ !3+ .12 $." 10 ). 2. 2 # 3 !. # 0!$ #
02 # 0 .12" .!!+10" .+" . 0$ " .12& !3+
.12 $."$%1010" #!0.. 30#$0 1$.21)".12+
.!!+10&
0 #+! 3. 2!. . 2. 2!. . 2 . 3# 1$.21 * $.1 *
!)3 # /./ 1#2!&1" 2& .12+ .!. !3+10& 10 . )
)! 3
2 #" . 2 *" 0$ #" # ! 2. .!.2& .! 4.1.4.1.[2], .! 5.2.2,
. .!!2. % # 12 ! .2 $" M R /.2 " .12"
.!!+10&"012 .! 1/ !02.#0!.2 $..02.10
2 12 2 # .212 $0 10 1*$! /!1 2" . " /*." #
! .02. .) 2 101) 1#/#.1) # $!1 02. 12 .212 $
. 2) 0$ + .2 $ .#2 # 02. 2 20 0 1 2" 20"
/.1210".2 1# )20) 1)2"/.2 "
[5]
0/ .2..) 1 ! 0202. 1#!)/0.$#.2 $ . 0$

. 2 0.131 .)12 # 0.12 .12 * $.1 * /0 ..2 *2. )2.
$!1 02. 1#20012" 1#0!3 !" q # /0 #0!.0 2" 2" q/2,
2&")$!)20! 2 #) #q 2" #/ 2.12 ..
&" 10 22 . / .2. /0 ..2 *2. . 2 0$ 2" .!
.+". ..210"2&.!.)&"01". .212 $ .)0"
03.! " 2& .!.!22& . + 2& ..210& 2" .! +.>@ 2
0$ 2& 00+10& 1*3&. 0 2 .! 2 2 # 1#20012 * cd .
.02.102 /.
0 02. 2!. 2& & 2 1*12. .!.." 2& ! 2& 101+
/#0& 0!.0 /.2 " .2 !." 1*3&. 0 2 #!&+/. .
.02.1#20012"1#0!3 !"q=1.
4.1.4.1
[1]
3#$.21 *$.1 *!)3 #
02!. #. 20 *2..).1&2 *"3 !0" 1$.21)"$.1 * !)3 #

!0.. 002./002..!120! "# 1)".#2)02#$02.0
2. 3#.2#".12+.!!+10&12.# 12#+.2..2!)0%2&
.+10&.12+.!!+10&12"/ *"+.2 1 ).#2)00.!012"

0!2+10" # ..3! 2. 12 .! 2. # 12#+.2. . 0$ 2. 10
%0. /*.02"! ". 2 *1$0/.1 * M CD .2.2"! "
# ! *2 # .) 2 1#/#.1) + . /*. . 2 0$ 2&
/.2 +02!02...02..)2 1#/#.1)
[2]
+! . 2 *1$0/.1 *12 ! 0)" # 12#+.2 " M CD ,c .2 2 /0*#1
0)"0/ #.1 # !0.# 02..)212! 2 ## 12#+.2 "
M Ec 12 /. 1 . /0*#1 )&" ! *20 .) 2 .#1 . 2 101
/!11&2"1$1"
M CD ,c = CD M Ec ............................................................................................... (4.5)
) # 1#20012" CD 1#20012". 2"0#1"2 #) # )".2
#0!00 .# 00 # 12*&.0.
CD = Rd M Rd / M Eb ................................................................................... (4.6)
.) #
M Rd
0. 2 ! 1. 20+ ! + .2 $" 2& / + 2 # ) # 2 #
.1 #0 2 3 ! # 00! *2. .) 2 101 /!1 #
! .02! M Ec .
M Eb
0. 2 ! 1. 2& ! + 2& /& / + )&" ! *2 # .) 2
.#1.2/.101/!1 #! .02! M Ec .
Rd
=1.40 0. 1#20012" . 2 02.2! 2" # 12" .2 $" 2&
/ +12.1222"
[3]
H ! 1.1 2& ! + /!10& !0 . 0. 1#0" ! " 3 ! /!1"
2 #" & 12 #" ) #" O 0$ " 2& # 12#&2& 02!02. . 02. 12"
/.2 " 0.3" 2 #" 0 2 & . 2& . 2" / * 0 .212 $ 0&1 2&
. 2+! +102&20 #1+/#0& #.! *% #
[4]
0 0 ) 0/ # .1 # # 2. 0 0 /* 2" . 2 1#20012
CD 0" .212 $ * 12" .2 $" 2& / + )&" 00! *2. .) /*
.2020"3 !"2"101"/!1"
[5]
0) #"12 #" #"! 2 ##0!0 #.2.)!#3 #12 $0 # M Ec,1 0.
0.*20!.)2 ! 1.2&! + #.1 *2..)2 *&./
M Ec,1 > M Eb
! . 2 *1$0/.1 *..02..)21$1
M CD ,c =1.40 M EC M SC ..................................................................................... (4.7)
) # M SC 0.! #! *20.)2 101)1#/#.1)
[6]
2 # 12*&..010.1 .12/0*#1 0$ ".02..

/. %02. 2! 12!+2/0*#10+12/0*#1
03.!)02.! #! *20.)2 1#/#.1).2/0*#1.3 !
2"101"/!1"12 ..212 $0. 2! 20!2&1.#2.
!0.0. .. . 2)"0$ "12/0*#12 # #.1 #
4.1.4.2
[1]
.
.!10".)2 .).. 3#".12+.!!+10&10

# 12#+.2.
.! *2. .) 2 # $!0&2 03.! 2 # .). . 3#" 1$.21 *
.12+.!!+10&12.# 12#+.2. .) #0"0!2+10"
2!.0 / 2012.2)1*12.
[1]
. .2.)!#3. 12 $0. 2 # .&22 # !)3 # .+" . 2& 2#$) #0!0&

. 0&. 12.1&1"2..2.)!#3.12 $0. +! 3&2!&.+"
.. +/&!)3&12. ./0! 02.! 1 # !)3 #
[2]
10"2&1".2.)!#3&12 $0&1012 $0.00&1"/.2 $+.2.

# 0&2"0! $".#2"/00./#.2).. 30#$0.)22.1$.21 *
.12+ .!!+10& 2 0$ " 2& /.2 + 2& # 12#&2& 12" 10" .#2"
02.0! 1.35 M Ec M SC 012)$ 2! 1112 00/ .2 $"2&&
!1& /.2 + 2 # # 12#+.2 " . 2 .212 $ 0&1 2" ..2 #"
.12)22."
[3]
! & 2 $+.2. # 1#02$ # 10 .1. 02 #!. 0 2 .10 !
./!0." 2" /.2 " 2 #" /0 $!002. . 0$ 2. . 2 12 .10
/0*#1 03)1 .1. 02 #!. 0.13.02. .) 2. . .2.)!#3.
12 $0.
[4]
0 0/01. # 12#+.2. 0/& .1& 1#20012" CD /0 $!002. .

.02. 0.*20! " .) 2 2 2 # 1#20012 1#0!3 !" q #
$!1 0.2 . !1)2"101"/!1"/./ CD q ).

2!.0.2./. !3& 2)1*12.
[1]
0 2!. 0 3! 2. !.1) .) .1. . 2 $+.2. /0 0. # $!0&2
03.! 2 #.).. 3#"1$.21 *.12+.!!+10&12.# 12#+.2.
)2. 2. 2 $+.2. 0. 0.! . $ # .2 /2. . 2 !1) 2&
2 $&2&
[2]
.!0&! *2. 2. 2 $+.2. 10 . /0*#1 )2. 12 /0*#1 .#2 ) "
v 2 #1.2 $&2&121/.2"1# "2 #1."121. 0
21#
v > 0.60 ........................................................................................................... (4.8)
+.2 .!.&0$ 2.2 $+.2..2.# 12#+.2.02!02..0&! *2.
!&".2&.121
[3]
[4]
/2. 2& 2 $&2& !0 . 0. 22 . +120 . . 00 2 1$.21)
.. * !)3 # 1& 12!02" .!.)!3&1" 2 # 2! # #2) 0&!02. )2
0.13.02... 02...)2".) #0"1#0"
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0!.0.22!12&/.20&2".!. 5.2.4.1
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VSd R Sd + R Pd ............................................................................................... (5.4)
) #
[2]
VSd
0. 2 #1. /*. .!. 0 2 030. /!.1" # ! *20
.) 2 101 /!1 2" 1$1" 0.# .) 2#$) #31200"
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)&"..3! 2.12.!>@
R Sd
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!02..!.2&.
R Pd
0. ..2#11)00" .21210" .) .2" &10" 10 .2.)!#3.

2&. 2 # 00 # +. ) #" 0! !1 * 2& .!.0 #1+
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2"0$12"! #".2"+1"#)101"1#0"+..30
#)% R Pd .!0.0.13.02..22.2.10#!"0.3
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0.!+" 1##& 0$&1 2" 01.3" . . #!$0 .)22.
0 2".3.!01"2 #.212! 2 "0/3 #"
.212.110 11 R Sd 02!02..# 02.&"0"

1)
0 +/0/3
R Sd = NFd tan( d ) ............................................................................................ (5.5)
) #:
N Fd
0. 00!)" ! /*. # /!. 02. 12 030. /!.1" .
.212 $012/!11$0/.1 *2"1$1".
0. 2 1$0/.1 * 2" &." 2!" 12 /030. 0/3 #" #
.02.1
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0 (2 / 3) d 10 0!2&1 ! .2.10#.1 # 00 # .) 1#!)/0.

00.030./!.1".
0 2 &. 2!" 0!" 0&#31.2 " 03)1 .!002.

120. 20!02.*00 #.0/3 #"
01#020/3
2)
R Sd = A s u 0.4 N Fd ..................................................................................... (5.6)

) #:

[1]
0. 00!)" 030. 2 # 00 # 1*3&. 0 2 .!!2. .

! & 030. /!.1" .. # )0 . /!.1 #
1$.2 "
su
0. 2 1$0/.1 * 2" .12!12" /.22" .2 $" 2& 12!+10&
2 #0/3 #"#)2 0 .
N Fd
0. !/*.12/030./.3 #"00 #
12 $./ +12 $0&2 #00 #

. / 12 $0. 2 # 00 # . 0$ 2. 10 !. .212.1 .12 $." #) 2
0/!.1 2& /!10& 1$0/.1 * 2" 1$1" . 2& 1$02+ .2/!10& 2 #
0/3 #"200#2.0"02!02..# 2..)2"1#0"1 !! ."0200
0+!11#200120.12"/!.1"2* #Winkler1#0 *"! "2 !3.
2 0 "2 #002.)0 #12 $0 #.2.!. !3&1)22.2 #0/3 #"0200
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5.2.3.3
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11"101$102 /.3 "2!02.$!1 12+ #.212 $ *
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[5]
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! !$02.00.)2".) #0".20"
2/!112!"/./202.3 !2&/!10& 2".&/ "12 /.3 ".
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!.".2.1210".12 $."
!0 . 02. 0$ " #!.1" 2& !.+ .2.1210& .12 $." #
! 2.12"# .!.!3 #"..!.2&
12 $.10. )3 !2 2)030#12)
!2! .#2).02.12. 12".) #".1&1"
N Pd R Nd ........................................................................................................ (5.7)
) #:
[2]
N Pd
0. . /*. 2 # /#10120! # .11 # )&" ! *20 .) 2

.#1#)20/!.12"/!10&"2"1$1".
R Nd
0.3! #1..)22. !.) 3 !2 2 # .11 # )&" ! 1/ !02.

#) 12.2" 1#0" 1*3&. 0 1$* 20" . 1 *" .!./0/00"
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0&1"2".2 $"2 #0/3 #"0.2."2"101".2. 10&" R Nd
.0+02..212 $.
0 0!2&1 # !" .2# 2 # !. * . * 3 !2 # 1#002. 2

.2# 1.2+ .!.0 #1+ # $&!10& 2 # .11 # !0 . 02.
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.!. !3+10" /0 #312.2. 0/ ) 0#.11." 2 # 12.2 * 1#12.2 "
2".&/ "02!02..0&!0.02).!.)!3&1$!PP

[1]
12 $.100!1..212.12 #0/3 #"

!2! .#2).02.12. 12".) #".1&1"
VT ,d R Td ........................................................................................................ (5.8)
) #:

VT ,d
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.#1#)2/!12"1$1".
R Td
0.3! #1..)22.2 #0/3 #"100!1. 3)!21 0 ! 03."

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12 $./ +12 $0&2"00&1"
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5.2.4
5.2.4.1
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5.2.4.2
#/02!0"/
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1#/02!0" / 02!02. . . 2. #)% 12 .#1 2 # 3 !.
,.0$ 2.2&".20$12 0/!1. "/*."
Fd = N m ....................................................................................................... (5.9)
) #
.
0..10102$#12 #0/3 #" = A / g ),
Nm
0. 1 ")! "2&.2.)!#3&3 !2&2&1#/0 &12 $0&
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2 $ " 2" ." !0 . 0. 2 #$12 m # 1)" 2" ."
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5.2.4.3
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. .".12".!!+10"2&2 $&2&03. 2.0012 /0/
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V W 12 !1 !1. 0 ! " : ..2 ! * . $!1 *
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h = / q w ...................................................................................................... (5.10)
) #:
.
0..10102$#12 #0/3 #".
qw
1#20012"1#0!3 !" "$02".) #0"2"

* " $ #
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10!$ .11 #"
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p(z) = (7 / 8) h w Hz ................................................................................. (5.11)
) #
[3]
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0.2 "2 #002.)0 #10 #.
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0+!1 2& . *& !)102& 00!+ 02.$*10& # /! # 12 0/.3
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.2.)!#3 V = 0.50 ......................................................................... (5.13)
) # 0. 101 02$#1 1$0/.1 * 2 # !. *" # .02. 1 0
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[2]
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5.4.2
[1]
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+0#120...$&2&0*% "$!.m.0$02.00+!1! 12&

! 2&00!+02.$*10&2"."2 #" #02. 2..)
B = 0.50 121$! K = B (T) 12 !#32 #..$+.2 "
) #:
.
0..10102$#12 #0/3 #".
( T )
0.3.1.20#1 #.212 $01200+// 0! / 2 #

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