10.

5 Water
 Water
• 70-90% of the mass of living things =
water
• All the chemical reactions of Life’s
Processes take place in water.
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 Water
• 2 Hydrogen Atoms
• 1 Oxygen Atom
• Polar Covalent Bond
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δ-
• Oxygen atom is more
electronegative than the
hydrogen atoms
– Pulls electrons towards its
nucleus.

105o
δ+ δ+
 Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen Bond - --- hydrogen bond
force of attraction
between a
hydrogen
containing molecule
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with partial positive

charge and another
molecule with a
partial or full
negative charge.
 Hydrogen Bonding
• Solid and Liquid Water --> Linked by
hydrogen bonds
• (increase in kinetic energy makes hydrogen
bonding difficult)
– As temperature increases the number of
hydrogen bonds decrease
– Makes hydrogen bonding difficult
– Typically 4-8 molecules per group held
together by hydrogen bonds
 Ice Structure
• Forms hexagonal
Structure
• Empty space
between molecules
= low density
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• D=m/V
Water Change of State --> Ice
• As ice is heated molecules vibrate
• At melting point - rigid hexagonal
structure of ice breaks down
• Ice --> Liquid Water
 Water: Change of State -->
Liquid

• Molecules now crowd closer together

• A Sample takes up less volume = More
Dense than Ice
• As temperature rises --> 3.98oC -->Water
molecules are the most closely packed.
– Most dense temperature of water.
– As the temperature rises above 3.98oC more
hydrogen bonds are broken due to the increase in
kinetic energy.
• Consequently, the molecules move further apart.
 Water: Change of State -->
Vapor
• As the temperature approaches boiling
kinetic energy breaks hydrogen bonds
• Groups break into separate molecules
• Result: Water Vapor