Assoc rof Dr Shahr|r Abdu||ah

L8MI4103 I|u|d Mechan|cs for Mechan|ca| Lng|neer|ng

Ian 200S

I|u|d Cont|nuum
Slnce Lhe fluld flows conLlnuously any meLhod and Lechnlque developed Lo analyse
flow problems should Lake lnLo conslderaLlon Lhe conLlnulLy of Lhe fluld 1here are
Lwo Lypes of approaches LhaL can be used
1 oletloo opptoocb analysls ls performed by deflnlng a coottol volome
Lo represenL fluld domaln whlch allows Lhe fluld Lo flow across Lhe
volume 1hls approach ls more approprlaLe Lo be used ln fluld
mechanlcs
2 oqtooqloo opptoocb analysls ls performed by Lracklng down all
moLlon parameLers and deformaLlon of a domaln as lL moves 1hls
approach ls more sulLable and wldely used for parLlcle and solld
mechanlcs
1he fluld behavlour ln whlch lLs properLles are conLlnuous lelJ votlobles elLher scalar
or vecLor LhroughouL Lhe conLrol volume ls known as cootlooom lrom Lhls concepL
several fluld or flow deflnlLlons can be made as follows
5teoJy(estoblecootlooo) stote low A flow ls sald Lo be ln sLeady sLaLe lf lLs
properLles ls only a funcLlon of poslLlon (xyz) buL noL Llme t
8 8 xyz) v v xyz)
An example ls Lhe veloclLy of a sLeady flow of a rlver where Lhe upsLream and
downsLream veloclLles are dlfferenL buL Lhelr values does noL change Lhrough Llme
W Dolotm low A flow ls sald Lo be unlform lf lLs veloclLy and all veloclLy
componenLs ls only a funcLlon of Llme t
v v t)
An example ls Lhe alr flow ln a consLanL dlameLer ducL where Lhe veloclLy ls
consLanL LhroughouL Lhe lengLh of Lhe ducL buL can be lncreased unlformly by
lncreaslng Lhe power of Lhe fan
W sottoplc lolJ A fluld ls sald Lo be lsoLroplc lf lLs denslLy ls noL a funcLlon of
poslLlon (xyz) buL may vary wlLh Llme t
8 8 t)
An example ls Lhe denslLy of a gas ln a closed conLalner where Lhe conLalner ls
heaLed 1he denslLy ls consLanL lnslde Lhe conLalner buL gradually lncreases wlLh Llme
as Lhe LemperaLure lncreases

V|scos|ty
W vlscoslLy 3 ls a measure of reslsLance Lo fluld flow as a resulL of lnLermolecular
coheslon ln oLher words vlscoslLy can be seen as lnLernal frlcLlon Lo fluld
moLlon whlch can Lhen lead Lo energy loss
W lfferenL flulds deform aL dlfferenL raLes under Lhe same shear sLress 1he ease
wlLh whlch a fluld pours ls an lndlcaLlon of lLs vlscoslLy lluld wlLh a hlgh
vlscoslLy such as syrup deforms more slowly Lhan fluld wlLh a low vlscoslLy such
as waLer 1he vlscoslLy ls also known as dynamlc vlscoslLy
Dn|ts ns/m2 or kg/m/s
@yp|ca| va|ues
WaLer 114x103 kg/m/s Alr 178x103 kg/m/s