Works Cited- Primary Sources

Source: De Klerk, F.W. 'Opening Speech oI the Second Session oI the 9th Parliament oI The
Republic oI South AIrica. South AIrican Parliament. 2 Feb. 1990.
Annotation: F.W De Klerk`s opening oI Parliament Speech was basically his road map oI what he
was going to do as president oI South AIrica. It helped me to see all oI the drastic changes
F.W De Klerk made when he came into power. It is primary because it is one oI the actual
events that helped to end apartheid.

Source: Mandela, Nelson. 'Free at Last. 11 Feb. 1990.
Annotation: Nelson Mandela gave his Free at Last speech in 1990 when he was Ireed Irom jail
aIter 27 years. In it he talks about how thankIul he is Ior everyone that helped him to end
apartheid it helped me to see how many people went into ending apartheid. It is primary
because Nelson Mandela lived through and experienced apartheid.

Source: Mandela, Nelson.Widlake, Brian. 'Nelson Mandela`s First TV Interview. 1961, N. pag.
Annotation: In Nelson Mandela`s Iirst TV interview, he talks about what AIrican`s really want and
he talks about violence as a way to end apartheid. It helped me to see what Nelson
Mandela stood Ior even in his early years. This is primary because it was a TV interview
that took place in the middle oI the apartheid regime.

Source: Nelson, Mandela. 'Freedom in our LiIetime. Liberation 30 June 1956, N. pag. AIrican
National Congress. Web. http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id2603~.
Annotation: This article by Nelson Mandela was published in an banned newspaper oI the ANC
called liberation. It helped me because it talks about what things the country needs to
adopt to make a working democracy and to end apartheid.

Source: Nelson, Mandela. %e Struggle is my Life. Bombay, India: IDAF Publications, 1990. Print.
Annotation: This book is primary because it puts together every article that Nelson Mandela wrote
during apartheid. It talks about the struggles oI the AIricans under apartheid and the
injustices oI the government. It helped me because I was able to see with all oI these
articles just how unjust and unIair apartheid really is.

Source: Tambo, Oliver. 'Apartheid - A threat to AIrica`s survival. Secaba 18 Sept. 1971, N.
pag. AIrican National Congress. Web. 25 Nov. 2011
http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id4311~.
Annotation: This article talks about apartheid, it discusses why apartheid cannot continue in South
AIrica. It helped me to see how the rest oI the world viewed apartheid and how the policy
would eventually ruin South AIrica iI it didn`t end. The source is primary because it was
written and published in a South AIrican Newspaper during apartheid.


Works Cited- Secondary Sources
Source: Chokshi, Monal, Cale Carter, Deepak Gupta, et al. %e History of Aparteid in Sout
Africa. StanIord University. 1995. Web. 25 Nov. 2011
http://www-cs-students.stanIord.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html~.
Annotation: This website helped my project because it gave a good background on how apartheid
started and the early history oI South AIrica. It is secondary because it was written by
StanIord University years aIter apartheid had taken place.

Source: Ellis, Elisabeth, and Anthony Esler. orld History. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2007. Print.
Annotation: My school Global History textbook was the starting point in my research. It helped
my project because it gave me a starting point Ior the rest oI my research and all it gave me
a small brieI background on Apartheid. It is a secondary source because it was written by
historians much aIter apartheid was ended.

Source: A History of Aparteid. %e Rise and Downfall. Mount Holyoke University. 16 Dec. 2006.
Web. 25 Nov. 2001 http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~shaIi20k/~.
Annotation: This website again is a very good history oI early South AIrica and the start oI
apartheid. It helped me better understand the early history oI South AIrica and why
apartheid was instituted. It is a secondary source because it website about apartheid that
was written by Mont Holyoke University much aIter apartheid was over.

Source: F. de Klerk biograpy. Biography.com. 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2011
http://www.biography.com/people/I-w-de-klerk-9270025~.
Annotation: This biography on F.W De Klerk`s liIe helped my project because it gave me a good
background on F.W De Klek and what kind oI person he was beIore he took the position oI
president in South AIrica. It is a secondary source because it a biography that is written by
many historians and is continuously updated to keep accurate inIormation.

Source: F.. de Klerk - Biograpy. Nobelprize.org. Web. 25 Nov 2011.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/peace/laureates/1993/klerk.html~
Annotation: Again the Nobel Peace Prize website helped my project because it details F.W De
Klerk`s liIe Iocusing on the steps he took in South AIrica to bring peace and an end to
apartheid there. It is secondary because it is a biography written about De Klerk aIter the
events oI apartheid.

Source: Nelson Mandela biograpy. Biogrpahy.com. 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2011
http://www.biography.com/people/nelson-mandela-9397017~.
Annotation: Biogrpahy.com provides good, accurate inIormation on the lives oI many Iamous
people throughout history. Their account oI Mandela`s liIe is very descriptive and helped
to better understand how Mandela came to be a leader in the Iight against apartheid. It is a
secondary source because it is a continually updated biography oI Mandela written by
many historians that were not directly involved in apartheid.

Source: Nelson Mandela - Biograpy. Nobelprize.org. Web. 25 Nov 2011.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/peace/laureates/1993/mandela.html~
Annotation: The Nobel Peace Prize website details Mandela`s liIe in the aspect oI the things that
he did to bring peace to South AIrica. It helped my project because it shows that Nelson
Mandela is really a good person that strived Ior peace. It is secondary because it a
biography written about Mandela aIter the all the events oI his liIe that he did to end
apartheid.

Source: Nelson Mandela- Mini Bio. Biography.com, Web. 25 Nov 2011.
http://www.biography.com/people/nelson-mandela-9397017~.
Annotation: The mini documentary that was produced by biography.com is very inIormative on
the liIe oI Nelson Mandela. It helped my project because it was a good supplement and
helped me to reinIorce key concepts oI Mandela`s liIe on my website. It is secondary
because although it uses primary pictures and video clips it was directed and produced by
historians well aIter apartheid was over.