Cours Course

e
Name
No
9 Classroom
processes for
understandi
ng
of Social
science and
Himachali
Culture
First Year

Main contents

Relevant course of NCTE

Education)

(Social Science

Suggestive
Reference
Books

Unit -I Nature of Social

Studies
-concept of EVS, Social
Studies and Social Science
-nature, scope, aims and
objectives of Social Studies.
-Instructional objective of
teaching Social studies
(Cognitive, affective and
psychomotor)
-Relationship of Social studies
with other subjects.
-Importance of Social studies in
school curriculum.
-Inculcation of valuesconstitutional, cultural, social
and
moral values
Unit-II Enrichment Material
-Indian freedom struggle
movement (1857 onwards)and
role of H.P. in Indian National
movement
-Indian constitution and its
silent features and
Constitutional history ofH.P.
-Organs of Govt-Iegislative,
executive and judiciary .
-Disaster management: types of
disaster and their ox.
management with special
reference toH.P/ \
-Globalization, Indian economy
and Himachal economy
-Consumer rights.
-People and culture ofH.P 1\
-Tourism in H.P. X.
-Administrative History ofH.P.

Unit 1: Nature of Social

Sciences
Social sciences and social
studies: scope and nature;
role
of social studies in
developing
children.s understanding of
their social context and
social
realities; different
perspectives
on nature and scope of
history, role of historian,
perspectives, sources and
evidence in history;
elitist/statusquoist and activist/social
transformation
perspectives on
civics; different
approaches to geography;
different
approaches to organize
social sciences: discipline
centered, issue-centered,
integrated social studies
and
interdisciplinary social
science.
Unit-II

1.
Bhattacharya,
N. (2009).
Teaching
History
in Schools: The
Politics of
Textbooks in
India .. History
Workshop
Journal. 67(1),
99-110.
Advanced
Readings
1.
Balagopalan,
S. (2009).
Chapter 7:
Unity
in Diversity:
Diversity,
Social
Cohesion and
the Pedagogical
Project of the
Indian State. In
S. Vandiyar et
al
(eds.) Thinking
diversity,
building
cohesion:a
transnational
dialogue on

Unit -III
Methodology
-Methods of teaching Social
Studies using child centered
and
activity based approach:
-Use of narration.
-Observation
-Project
-Field Trips
Exhibitions
-Interpretation of various kinds
of data
-Maps and globes, plays setc be
is
-Lesson Plan
Unit-IV Assessment
-Concept and need of
evaluation
-Type of evaluation
-Concept of CCE.
-Tools of evaluation

Unit-V : Some
suggested Project
(any two)
-Scrap books of
freedom fighter
!historical places of
H.P./culture ofH.P.
-Survey of nature
places/village:
Historical, cultural,
geographical, economic
aspect.
-Preparing map of locality
based on the distance and
directional relationship
from your educational
institution.
-Explore and collect news
clipping, magazine relating
to
status of women /child
labour.
-Role of media in democracy /
-Field visit /exposure visit
-explore how cartoons, stamps,
currency, newspaper,

Unit -III
Pedagogy and assessment
teaching
methods:
discovery
method, project methods,
use
of
narration,
comparison,
observation, dialogue and
discussion
in
social
Science
Concept of data, its
sources and evidence in
different
social science disciplines
Unit-IV
Dominant method of
evaluation in social
sciences based
on information recall,
alternate ways to evaluate
learning
basis of evaluation, types
of questions, use of open
book
Unit 5: Field-based
Project: Some Suggested
Projects
(any two)
1. Critique a historical
film!serial or novel from
the
view point of
2.
3. authenticity. Use
variety of other sources
like for movies, books,
newspaper
article, exhibitions, and
museums to appraise on
authenticity. Understand
the
complex nature of .facts.,
their
construction and their
differences from "opinion
..
2. Map any locality based
on the distance and
directional

education,
Amsterdam
:
Rozenburg
Publicatio
ns.
2. Billinge, M.,
Gregory, D.,
Martin, R.
(eds)
(1984).
Recollections
of
a revolution:
Geography as
spatial
science,
London:
Macmillan

magazines, maps,
globes, plays etc. be
issued in the teaching of Social
Studies.
-study the transport need of a
community by analyzing
different kind of vehicles.
People won examine their
relation
with social-economic standards
Trace changes in the need of
transport by community .

relationship from your

educational institution.
Mark out institutions,
historical
monuments, banks, local
market, and other points of
interest. Also speak with
residents and other people
who
inhabit the same space to
explore the oral history,
and the
distinctiveness of the
particular location. Try to
see the linkages between
various
institutions that exist in
this locality
3. Explore and collect
some books, movies,
cartoons,
magazines and journals of
1950s
and the present times.
Study them carefully to
grasp the
issues of a common
person.
Show the changes that can
be witnessed in the
concerns
and in the lives of a
common
person. Can the reasons for
these changes be traced to
the
economics, polity, history
and socio-cultural
circumstances of our
nation? Present
your understanding in the
form of a report! poem!
collage/ narratives/ drama,
or any
other medium you wish to
use.
4. Through field visits,
understand a slum in
terms of its
economics, subsistence,
politics

and historical
memories. Develop
connections between
these factors to
understand
the nature of their present
concerns and problems.
5. Trace two final
consumer products from
their raw form.
Study the processes that
are
involved in changing
it to the final,
finished product.
Study how various
factors of
geography,
economics,
politics and
history have
influenced them.
Also see the
intermeshed relationship
that exists between them
6. Around any particular
social science theme,
event, date
or a phenomenon, weave
an
oral history project.
Through interviews and
conversations,
understand and give space
to the voice of
people, and their
interpretation and
understanding of
your subject.
Analyze their reliability by
comparing these versions
from
other sources. Use this
project to understand the
plural versions of history
that are
available. Also study how
certain versions become
dominant while
cornering other
ones.

7. Study the transport

needs of a community by
analyzing
different kinds of
vehicles
people own. Examine
their relation with the
gender and
the socio-economic
standards. Historically,
trace the changes that can
be seen
in the transport needs of
the
community. Study the
changes that are
ret1ected through
the historical tracing.
Also
assess the economic and
environmental aspects of
various
forms of transport.
8. Explore how
cartoons, stamps,
currency, newspapers,
magazines,
documentaries,
plays, maps, globes,
historical
film/serial/novel and so
on
be used in the teaching of
social science
Coune Coune name
No

Main contents
Relevant course of NCTE
(Social
Science Education)

9 Classroom
processes for
understandin
g of Social
science and
Himachali
Culture
Second Year

Unit-I Concept of Social

Studies
(History, Civics,
Geography & Economics)
Meaning need &
scope of History, Role
of Historian, Sources
and
Evidences in History

Unit 1: Nature of Social Sciences

Social sciences and social studies:
scope and nature; role of social
studies in developing
children.s understanding of their
social context and social realities;
different perspectives
on nature and scope of history, role
of historian, perspectives, sources

Suggestive
Reference
Books

1. Batra, L.
(2008).
Deconstructi
ng the
World
Class City.
Seminar,
No.
582.

Meaning need &

scope of Civics,
Civics and Political
Science- their
inter relationship. The
revolution
of civics as a subject
Meaning need,
scope& branches
of geography,
approaches- system
and regional
Meaning nature and
scope of
economics

Unit-2 Enrichment
material

Citizenship and
nationality
Decentralization and
Panchyatiraj
(73rd & 74th
amendment act)
Social change and
composite
culture of India
(special reference to
H.P)
Natural resources and
their conservation:
land, water, forest and
wild life (special
reference to
H.P)

Unit-3 Methodology

Methods of teaching
social studies
Group Discussion

and evidence in
history; elitist/status-quoist and
activist/social transformation
perspectives on civics;
different approaches to geography;
different approaches to organize
social sciences:
discipline centered, issue-centered,
integrated social studies and
interdisciplinary social science.

Unit 3: Democracy in India

Institutional Structures: The
centre and the State, the
Judiciary,Legislature and
Executive
Democracy, Party system and
Electoral Politics
Decentralization and
Panchayati Raj (specifically
through 73rd and
74th amendment)
Grassroot social and political
movements and Indian
democracy
Challenges to deepen Indian
democracy in relation to
inequities of caste, class,
gender
and religious and linguistic
identities

Unit 4: Pedagogy and Assessment

Teaching methods:
heuristics/discovery method,
project method, use of
narration,

(Special
Economic
Zones
Issue).
2.
Deshpande,
S. (2004).
Contempora
r
y India: A
Sociological
View. New
Delhi:
Brahmanas
of 'Ancient'
India', New
Delhi:
Tulika
Books,
Chapter on:
History as
Practice:
Introduction
16-30.

Story telling
Role playing
Team teaching
Text book
and
supplementary martial
Question answers
Use of Community
Resources in
teaching of social
studies and the
role of teachers.

Unit-4 Socio Economic

Problems
Poverty
Illiteracy
Unemployment
Population explosion
Child labour
Drug abuse
Pollution
Corruption
Inequality-cast, class,
gender
religious and linguistic
identities
Problems of agrarian
economy

Unit-4 Project (any two)

Analysis of Text book

of EVS of class 4th
and 5th
Data recording of
weather
Scrap book - culture of
Himachal/
natural resources of

comparisons, observations,
dialogue and discussion in social
science;
concept of data, its
sources and evidence in different
social science disciplines;
difference
between fact and
opinion, identifying bias and
prejudices; use of
personal/experiential
knowledge for
critical thinking; dominant method
of evaluation in social sciences
based
on information
recall; alternative ways to evaluate
learning: basis of evaluation, types
of
questions, use
of open book examination etc
Unit 4: Indian Economy
Issues and Debates on
Globalization, Liberalization
and Privatization of economy
Meaning and politics of
development and its effects
Development and
Environmental concerns
Agrarian economy: key
features, land ownership,
landlessness,
agricultural
production, market and credit
Unorganised sector and
migrant labor (to be studied
with the help of a project
based
on locally done field work)
Unit 5: Field-based Project:
Some Suggested Projects (any
two)
1. Critique a historical film/serial
or novel from the view point of
authenticity. Usevariety of other
sources like for movies, books,
newspaper article, exhibitions, and
museums to appraise on
authenticity.

Himachal/ tourism in
Himachal
Linguistic and
religious diversity in
India
Impact of electronic
media on children
Conflicts and social
movements in IndiaWomen, Dalit &
Tribal
movement

Understand the complex nature of

.facts., theirconstruction and their
differences from "opinion ..
2. Map any locality based on the
distance and directional
relationship
from youreducational institution.
Mark out institutions, historical
monuments, banks, localmarket,
and other points of interest. Also
speak with residents and other
people who inhabit the same space
to explore
the oral history, and the
distinctiveness oftheparticular
location. Try to
see the linkages between various
institutions that exist in this
locality
3. Explore and collect some books,
movies, cartoons, magazines and
journals of 1950sand the present
times. Study them carefully to
grasp
the issues of a common person.
Show the changes that can be
witnessed
in the concerns and in the lives of
a common person. Can the reasons
for
these changes be traced to the
economics, polity, historyand
sociocultural circumstances of our
nation? Present your understanding
in the
form of a report! poem! collage/
narratives/ drama, or any other
medium
you wish touse.
4. Through field visits, understand
a slum in terms of its economics,
subsistence, politics and historical
memories. Develop connections
between these factors to
understandthe nature of their
present concerns
and problems.
5. Trace two final consumer
products from their raw form.
Study the

processes that are involved in

changing it to the final, fmished
product.
Study how various factors of
geography, economics, politics and
history
have influenced them. Also see the
intermeshed relationship that exists
between them
6. Around any particular social
science theme, event, date or a
phenomenon, weave an oral
history project. Through
interviews and
conversations, understand and give
space to the voice of people, and
their interpretation and
understanding of your subject.
Analyze their reliability by
comparing these versions from
other
sources. Use this project to
understand the plural versions of
history that
are available. Also study how
certain versions become dominant
while
cornering other ones.
7. Study the transport needs of a
community by analyzing different
kinds of vehicles people own.
Examine their relation with the
gender
and the socio-economic standards.
Historically, trace the changes that
can be seen in the transport needs
of the community. Study the
changes
that are reflected through the
historical tracing. Also assess the
economic and environmental
aspects of various forms of
transport.
8. Explore how cartoons, stamps,
currency, newspapers, magazines,
documentaries, plays, maps,
globes, historical film/serial/novel
and so
on be used in the teaching of social
science

Unit-1 Nature of Social Studies

- Concept of EVS, Social Studies and Social Science
- Nature, scope, aim and objective of Social Studies
- Instructional objective of Teaching Social Studies (cognitive, affective and Psychomotor)
- Relaltionship of social studies with other subjects
- importance of Social Studies in school curriculum
- inculcation of values-constitutional, cultural, social and moral values.

Unit-1
Nature of Social Studies
I 'Concept of EVS, Social studies and Social Science
i;kZoj.k v/;;u dk vFkZ % i;kZoj.k v/;;u dk vFkZ ml v/;;u ls gksrk gS ftldk lEcU/k i;kZoj.k ls gksrk gSA i;kZoj.k
'kCn nks 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gSA ifj& bldk vFkZ gS tks pkjksa vksj vkoj.k dk vFkZ gSs ?ksjs gq, vFkkZr tks gekjs pkjksa vksj
fo|eku gSA gkyS.M ds vuqlkj i;kZoj.k ,d ,slk 'kCn gS tks lHkh ckg~; 'kfDr;ksa] izHkkoksa vkSj n'kkvksa dk dqy feykdj
o.kZu djrk gSA tks thfor izkf.k;ksa ds thou] izfr] O;ogkj] fodkl mUufr rFkk ifjiDork dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
cqMoFkZ ds vuqlkj i;kZoj.k og lc dqN gS tks O;fDr ds fi=;sd ds flok ckdh lHkh dks izHkkfor djrk gSA blls os lHkh
ck dkjd lfEefyr gksrs gSa ftUgksua s tc ls thou vkjEHk gqvk gS euq"; dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA
i;kZoj.k ds ?kVd %& i;kZoj.k izk; nks izdkj dk gksrk gS (Combenents of Environment)
1- izkfrd ;k HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k (Natural or Phycial Enviroument)
2- lkekftd i;kZoj.k (Social Environment)
1 izkfrd ;k HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k %&izkfrd i;kZoj.k esa os lHkh rRo gSa tks gesa pkjksa vkSj ls ?ksjs gq, gSaA vkSj gekjs 'kkjhfjd
vkSj ekufld LokLF; dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA tSls ok;q ty Hkwfe [knku tkuoj i{kh vkfnA
2- lkekftd i;kZoj.k %& lkekftd i;kZoj.k lkekftd lEcU/kksa ls izdV gksrk gSA ekuo ds e/; lkekftd ]vkfFkZd
jktuhfrd lEcU/k lkekftd i;kZoj.k ds vUrZxr vkrs gSaA ifjokj esa ifr & iRuh lEcU/k] firk iq= lEcUk ] lkl cgw
lEcU/k vkfn lkekftd i;kZoj.k ds vUrZxr vkrs gSA blds vfrfjDr fe= fe= lecU/k] iM+kslh lEcU/k ]jk"V lEcU/k vkfn
lHkh lkekftd i;kZoj.k ds vax gSA
11 i;kZoj.k v/;;u vFkok lkekftd v/;;u ds eq[; ?kVd ;k rRo&
(Main Components or Elements of EVS or Social Studies)
izkfrd okrkoj.k vtSfod
tSfod
ouLifr txr
lq{e txr

lkekftd vFkok ekuon'kk

ok;qeaMy fufeZr okrkoj.k
tyeaMy
&ifjokj
LFky eaMy
&leqnk;
izk.kh txr eaMy &vFkZ laca/kh
&jkT;
&ns'k ;k 'kCn
&fo'o
&jkT; ra=
&lekt ra=
&laLfr
&nk'kZfud
i;kZoj.k ls lEcfU/kr v/;;u dks d{kk 1ls ysdj ikapoha rd jk"Vh; 'kSf{kd vuql/a kku dks fuEufyf[kr nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr
fd;k x;k gSA
1 i;kZoj.k v/;;u Hkkx %& I i;kZoj.k v/;;u ls lEcfU/kr bl Hkkx dh fo"k; lkexzh ds eq[; lzksr ukxfjd 'kkL=]
bfrgkl ]Hkwxksy rFkk lekt'kkL= ls lEcfU/kr fo"k; gSaA
i;kZoj.k v/;;u Hkkx %& II i;kZoj.k v/;;u ls lEcfU/kr bl Hkkx dh fo"k; lkexzh ds eq[; lzksr izkd`frd foKku ls
lacf/kr fo"k; gSaA

ekuo rFkk i;kZoj.k dk vkilh lEcU/k %& ekuo vkSj i;kZoj.k esa vkilh pksyh nkeu dk lkFk gS vFkkZr bu nksuksa dks ,d
nwljs ls vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk vFkkZr ;s nksuksa vkil esa varZlEcfU/kr gSA ekuo dk leLr vfLrRo i;kZoj.k ij
vk/kkfjr gS ijUrq lkFk gh lkFk ekuo i;kZoj.k dks Hkh dkQh ek=k esa izHkkfor djrk gSA vr% laf{kIr esa ;g dgk tk ldrk
gS fd ekuo rFkk i;kZoj.k dk vkil esa xgjk lEcU/k gSaA
i;kZoj.k v/;;u dh vko';drk ,oa ego %& Nk=ksa ds fy, i;kZoj.k v;;u fo"k; dk fo'ks"k ego gS D;ksafd bl fo"k;
dks i<+us ls ekuo vkSj izfr dks ,d nwljs ds lehi le>k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr bl fo"k; dks i<+us ls Nk= ekuo vkSj
izfr ds chp ds thoar lacU/kksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA i;kZoj.k v/;;u gesa bl ckr dh Hkh tkudkjh nsrk
gS fd ge izfr ds lkFk fdl izdkj mfpr :i esa thou ;kiu dj ldrs gSaA ;g fo"k; gesa ;g Kku iznku djrk gSA
ftlds }kjk ekuo ds fodkl rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds chp mfpr leUo; LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds vfrfjDr i;kZoj.k
v/;;u fo"k; ds }kjk gesa ;g Kku Hkh izkIr gksrk gS fd ge fofHkUu izdkj ds ekuo lalk/kuksa dk mfpr <+x ls mi;ksx fdl
izdkj ls dj ldrs gSaA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd i;kZoj.k dsoy ,d fo"k; ek= gh ugha gSA cfYd ,d izdkj dh psruk
gSA ftls izkFkfed Lrj ij vo'; i<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A rkfd ckyd ekuo rFkk i;kZoj.k ds vkilh lEcU/kksa ls Hkyh Hkkafr
ifjfpr gks ldsA
lkekftd v/;;u dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk %& lkekftd v/;;u dk vFkZ gS lekt ds fo"k; esa fd;k tkus okyk v/;;uA
lekt esa ge lHkh jgrs gS A dSls jgrs gS\ rFkk dSls gesa jguk pkfg,A bu lHkh ckrksa dk v/;;u lkekftd v;;u fo"k;
ds vUrZxr fd;k tkrk gSA
;g ,d ,slk fo"k; gS ftlls ekuoh; lEcU/kksa ]lekt ds fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kks]a lekt ds O;fDr;ksa dh vusd f;kvksa rFkk
euq"; vkSj mlds okrkoj.k rFkk i;kZoj.k ds lEcU/kksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd lkekftd
v/;;u og fo"k; gS ftlds ek/;e ls ,d ckyd dks vius lkekftd vkSj HkkSfrd okrkoj.k ds ckjs esa tkuus] le>us rFkk
ns'k ds lq;ksX; ukxfjd cudj lekt jk"V vkSj lalkj ds izfr viuk drZO; fuHkkus esa Hkjiwj lgk;rk feyrh gSA
ifjHkk"kk,sa (Definitions) 1- eqQkr ds vuqlkj lkekftd v/;;u] lkekftd foKku rFkk lkekftd thou ij vk/kkfjr
Kku dk og HkaMkj gSA ftlls ;qok oxZ dks vk/kqfud lH;rk ds fodkl dks le>us esa lgk;ek feyrh gSA
2- tsEl gsfeax ds vuqlkj lkekftd v/;;u ,sfrgkfld HkkSxksfyd rFkk lkekftd lacU/kksa rFkk vUrZlca U/kksa dk v/;;u gSA
3- csLa ys ds vuqlkj lkekftd v/;;u uke mu fo|ky; fo"k;ksa ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS tks ekuoh; lEcU/kksa dk
foospu djrs gSaA
4- tksjksfyfed ds vuqlkj lkekftd v/;;u ekuoh; lacU/kksa dk v/;;u gSA
5- Mk- nsos ds vuqlkj lkekftd v/;;u O;fDr;ksa rFkk lkekftd vkSj HkkSfrd okrkoj.k ds lkFk mudh vUrZf;kvksa ls
lEcfU/kr v/;;u gSA
bl rjg ls lkekftd v/;;u ,d foLr`r O;kid ,oa fof'k"V fo"k; gSA blesa fuEu rRo 'kkfey gSA
1- lkekftd v/;;u ,d ,slk fo"k; gS ftlds }kjk ekuo] lekt vkSj mlls lEcfU/kr lHkh ckrksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh
gSA
2- ;g og v/;;u gS tks Nk=ksa dks ml okrkoj.k dks le>us rFkk mldh O;k[;k djus esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA ftlesa
os iSnk gksrs gSaA
3- lkekftd v/;;u lkekftd vkfFkZd ,oa O;kolkf;d mi;ksfxrk dks lkeus j[krs gq, euq"; dks LoLFk lkekftd thou
fcrkus ds fy, rS;kj djrk gSa
4- lkekftd v/;;u vk/kqfud fo'o ,oa lH;rk dks ljy ,oa Li"V cukus esa lgk;rk nsrk gSA
5- lkekftd v/;;u ds vUrZxr ekuoh; lEcU/kksa rFkk ekuo ls tqM+s gq, f;kdykiksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSa
6- lkekftd v/;;u O;fDr esa fofHkUu rF;ksa ds izfr psruk mRiUu djrk gS vkSj mls pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy,
foosd'khy fo'ys"k.k djus dh ;ksX;rk iznku djrk gSA
7- lkekftd v/;;u okLrfodrk ij vk/kkfjr fo"k; gSa ;g thou dh okLrfodrk ]ekuoh; vUrZf;kvksa] lacU/kks]a lg;ksx
vkfn dk v/;;u djrk gsa
8- lkekftd v/;;u lekt dh lajpuk] blds bfrgkl O;fDr dk blds fodkl esa ;ksxnku lkekftd thou ls ifjfpr
djkus esa lg;ksx nsrk gsa
lkekftd v/;;u dh egoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk,sa %&
1- ;g ekuoh; lEcU/kksa dk v/;;u djrk gSA
2- ;g ekuo ds fodkl rFkk laxBu ls lacf/kr gSA
3- lkekftd v/;;u lkekftd f;kvksa dk v/;;u gSA
4- ;g dsoy fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dk leUo; ugha gSA vfirq ,d ,dhr mikxe gSa
5- ;g lkekftd vkSj HkkSfrd okrkoj.k ls lacU/k LFkkfir djrk gSA
6- ;g lkekftd foKkuksa ds vk/kkjHkwr rRoksa dk v/;;u gSA
7- ;g ckyd ds lekthdj.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
(Nature of EVS/Social Studies) i;kZoj.k@lkekftd v/;;u dh izfr ;k Lo:i %& lkekftd v/;;u 'kCn nks
'kCnksa lkekftd$v/;;u ds esy ls cuk gSA vFkkZr blds vUrZxr lHkh lkekftd lacU/kksa rFkk lkekftd f;kvksa dk
v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA lkekftd 'kCn dk lfEefyr vFkZ gSA lekt dk] lekt ds fy,] lekt ds }kjk v/;;u vFkkZr
lekt ls lEcfU/kr lHkh laLFkkvksa o laxBuksa dk v/;;u djukA v/;;u 'kCn dk vFkZ gS izkIr Kku dks O;kogkfjd thou esa

iz;ksx djukA vr% ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd os lHkh v/;;u lkekftd v/;;u ds varxZr vkrs gSaA ftudh fo"k; oLrq dk
lhkk lEcU/k lekt ds laxBu vkSj fodkl ls gSA
vr% lkekftd v/;;u dh izfr O;kid rFkk tfVy gSA lkekftd] v;;u 'kCn ds fo'kky ,oa fof'k"V gksus rFkk bldh
izfr fo'kky gksus ds dkj.k bl fo"k; dks fo|ky; ikB~;e esa egoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k x;k gSA blds varxZr lHkh izdkj dh
lkekftd laLFkkvksa o laxBuksa ds fodkl dk v;;u fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk blesa fofHkUu izdkj ds fo"k;ksa tSls bfrgkl]
Hkwxksy] jktuhfrd 'kkL=] vFkZ'kkL= rFkk lekt 'kkL= vkfn ds vk/kkjHkwr fl)karksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr ge ;g
dg ldrs gSa fd lkekftd v/;;u fo"k; dh izfr O;kid ,oa fo'kky gSA
i;kZoj.k v/;;u vFkok lkekftd foKku
n'kZu rFkk ekuo 'kkL=
bfrgkl
Hkwxksy
vFkZ'kkL=
jktuhfrd 'kkL=
lekt 'kkL=
i;kZoj.k@lkekftd v/;;u dk {ks= (Scope of environmental/Social studies % lkekftd v/;;u dk {ks= vR;ar
foLr`r ,oa fo'kky gSA {ks= dk lEcU/k fdlh fo"k; ds v/;;u] izlx
a foLrkj fo"k; dks ec) djus rFkk dk;Z vkSj mi;ksx
{ks= dh lhekvksa ls gksrk gSA lkekftd v/;u ds varxZr bfrgkl Hkwxksy vFkZ'kkL= lekt'kkL= rFkk ukxfjd 'kkL= vkkfn
fo"k;ksa ds vk/kkjHkwr rRoksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk lkFk gh blsa vk/kqfud leL;kvks]a rRdkfyd ?kVukvksa rFkk
lelkef;d ?kVukvksa dks Hkh LFkku iznku fd;k tkrk gSA vr% la{ksi esa lkekftd v/;;u ds {ks= ds varxZr fuEufyf[kr
ckrsa vkrh gSaA
1- ekuoh; lEcU/kksa dk v/;;u % ekuoh; lEcU/kksa dk v/;;u lkekftd v/;;u dk ,d egoiw.kZ {ks= gSA lkekftd
v/;;u ds varxZr mu lHkh lkekftd foKkuksa rFkk ekuo 'kkL=ksa ls lkexzh xzg.k dh tk ldrh gSA ftuls ekuoh; lEcU/kksa
dks Bhd izdkj ls tkuus vkSj le>us esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA lkekftd v/;;u esa ekuo dk ekuo ds lkFk] ekuo dk vU;
laLFkkvksa ds lkFk rFkk ekuo dk vU; laLFkkuksa ds lkFk rFkk ekuo dk fo'o ds lkFk lEcU/k dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
2- lekt dk v/;;u %& lkekftd v/;;u ds varxZr laiw.kZ ekuo lewg ,oa lekt ls lEcfU/kr f;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k
tkrk gSA lkekftd v;;u ekuo ds bfrgkl ls lEcfU/kr lHkh igyqvksa dks vkjEHk ls ysdj orZeku rd v/;;u djrk gSA
blds varxZr lkekftd okrkoj.k HkkSfrd okrkj.k rFkk ekuo lH;rk ls ysdj orZeku le; rd dh lH;rk dks 'kkfey
fd;k tkrk gSA
3- yfyr dykvksa vkSj izkfrd foKkuksa dk v/;;u %& lkekftd v;;u ds varxZr egoiw.kZ vax ds :i esa izkfrd
foKku] tho foKku] HkkSfrd foKku] jlk;u foKku] 'kjhj foKku] u`R; laxhr vkfn yfyr f;kvksa dk O;ogkfjd v/;;u
fd;k tkrk gSA lkekftd v/;;u rFkk izkfrd foKku dk vkil esa xgjk lEcU/k gSa oLrq dyk] u{k=ksa] xzgksa rFkk xf.kr ds
{ks= esa gq, uohu vkfo"dkjksa dk lkekftd v/;;u esa egoiw.kZ LFkku gSA
4- rRdkyhu ?kVuksa dk v/;;u %& lkekftd v/;;u ds varxZr lekt esa tks ?kj pqdk gSA orZeku esa izfrfnu tks dqN
?kfVr gks jgk gS ;k izpfyr gS] vkfn dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr lkekftd v/;;u ds varxZr ns'k fons'k esa
?kfVr gksus okyh rRdkfyd ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
5- lkekftd rFkk HkkSfrd nksuksa izdkj ds okrkoj.kksa dk v/;;u %& lkekftd v/;;u esa lkekftd rFkk HkkSfrd nksuksa izdkj
ds okrkoj.kksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn ij&ij ls ns[kk tk, rks HkkSfrd foKku rFkk lkekftd foKku nksuksa
fHkUu&fHkUu fo"k; yxrs gSa rFkk nksuksa izdkj ds fo"k;ksa esa fdlh izdkj dk lEcU/k Hkh ns[kus dks utj ugha vkrkA fdUrq nksuksa
dk ikjEifjd lEcU/k cM+k ?kfu"B gSaA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij fiNys 200 o"kksaZ ls foKku m|ksx rFkk VsDuksyth ds {ks= esa vusd
u,&2 izdkj ds vkfo"dkj gq,A bu vkfo"dkjksa ds dkj.k lalkj ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa ogka ds yksxksa ds lkekftd thou ij cgqr
izHkko iM+kA
6- vUrZjk"Vh; ln~Hkkouk ds v/;;u esa lgk;d %& lkekftd v/;;u fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fo'o cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk dks fodflr
djrk gSA rFkk ;g jk"Vksa ds Lo:i] jhfr fjoktksa] laLfr n'kZu vkfn ds ckjs esa vknku iznku dj fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vUrZjk"Vh;
Hkkouk dks c<+krk gSA lkekftd v/;;u esa ,slh ikB~; lkexzh dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vUrZjk"Vh;rk dh
Hkkouk dks iSnk djds fo'o 'kkfUr ,oa lg;ksx dk LoLFk okrkoj.k iznku djrh gSa
7- ukxfjd vkSj lkekftd thou ;kiu dh tkudkjh %& lkekftd v;;u dk ,d egoiw.kZ m)s'; fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ukxfjdrk
ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djuk rFkk mUgsa lkekftd thou ;kiu ds fy, iwjh rjg ls rS;kj djuk gSA blds vfrfjDr lkekftd
v/;;u fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa HkkbZpkjs] lR;rk] R;kx] lfg".kqrk tSls xq.kksa dks fodflr djds mudk lekthdj.k djrk gSA rkfd os
lq;ksX; ukxfjd cu ldsA
8- mfpr n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl %& lkekftd v/;;u fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lkekftd leL;kvksa dks le>us rFkk tkuus ds fy,
lkekftd vuqHko iznku djrk gSA rFkk bUgha vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij fo|kFkhZ lkekftd dq'kyrk dk xq.k izkIr djds lkekftd
Kku dks c<+krs gSA blh Kku ds vk/kkj ij muesa mfpr ckSf)d vkSj HkkokRed nksuksa izdkj dh vfHko`fk;ksa dks mfpr :i esa
fodkl gksrk gSA blls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lQy] lq;ksX; rFkk iztkrkaf=d ukxfjd cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

9- Nk=ksa esa leqfpr vknrksa] vfHko`fk;ks]a #fp;ksa rFkk {kerkvksa dk fodkl djuk %& Nk=ksa esa mfpr vknrksa ds izfr psruk
iznku djukA lkekftd v/;;u Nk=ksa esa leqfpr vknrksa] vfHko`fk;ksa] #fp;ksa rFkk {kerkvksa dk fodkl djrk gSA bu
ukxfjd xq.kksa ds fodkl ls og u dsoy vius vkidks izlUufpr j[k ldrk gSA cfYd ftu lewgksa ds lEidZ esa og vk,xk
muds lkFk Hkh mldk vPNk rkyesy gksxkA lkekftd v/;;u dk ;gh eq[; m)s'; gS fd O;fDr dks lkeqnkf;d thou esa
lEefyr djds mlesa lkewfgd vkn'kksaZ ds izfr psruk iznku djsA
10- ubZ&2 ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u %& gekjk lekt ifjorZu'khy gSA blesa fujUrj ifjorZu vkrs jgrs gSaA lkekftd v/;;u esa
izpfyr ?kVukvksa dk v;;u djuk Hkh blds {ks= dk ,d Hkkx gS bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd gj ubZ ?kVuk Hkwrdky ls gh
viuk vk/kkj izkIr djrh gSA vr% bu ?kVukvksa ds iw.kZ v/;;u ls gh bfrgkl rFkk Hkwxksy nksuksa dk i;kZIr Kku feyrk gSA
;gh dkj.k gS fd izpfyr ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u Hkh lkekftd v/;;u dk egoiw.kZ vax gSa
lkekftd v/;;u vkSj lkekftd foKku dk vkilh lEcU/k %&
1- lkekftd v/;;u vkSj lkekftd foKku dk vkil esa xgjk lEcU/k gSA lkekftd foKku lkekftd v/;;u dk gh
ifj.kke gSA
2- lkekftd foKku esa ge lkekftd v/;;u }kjk fd, x, 'kks/kksa bR;kfn dk vuql/a kku ,oa iz;ksxksa dh lgk;rk ls v/;;u
djrs gSaA
3- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lkekftd v/;;u }kjk ,df=r dh xbZ tkudkjh Ok;Ld Nk=ksa dks cM+h d{kkvksa esa lkekftd foKku ds :i
esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
4- nksuksa esa O;fDr rFkk mlds i;kZoj.k ds v/;;u ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gSA vkSj bl ckr ds v/;;u ij cy fn;k
tkrk gSA fd bl ckr dks tkuus dk iz;Ru fd;k tk, fd O;fDr dh lekt dk lnL; gksus ds dkj.k D;k vko';drk,sa gSaA
lkekftd v/;;u vkSj lkekftd foKku esa vUrj %&
1- izkFkfed Jsf.k;ksa esa tgka /khjs&2 cPpksa dks HkkSfrd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLfrd Kku dh vko';drk gSA mUgsa bl pht dh
tkudkjh lkekftd v;;u }kjk nh tkrh gSA ijUrq tc cPpk cM+k gksdj rdZlx
a r ckrsa djus yx tkrk gS rks lkekftd
v/;;u lkekftd foKku dk :i /kkj.k dj ysrk gSA
2- lkekftd foKku fo'ofo|ky; Lrj ij i<+k, tkus okyk oks fo"k; gSA tks ekuo izfr] ekuo f;kdyki] ekuo laLFkkvksa
dk lq{e foospu djrs gSaA blds foijhr lkekftd v/;;u og fo"k; gS tks fo|ky; Lrj ij Nk=ksa esa ln~O;ogkj dh o`f)
ds ms'; ls i<+k;k tkrk gSa
3- lkekftd foKku ds lHkh fu"d"kZ fo|ky; esa ugha i<+k, tk ldrs ijUrq lkekftd v/;;u loZFkk f'k{k.kh; gksrk gSA
D;ksafd blds ikB~;e dk fuekZ.k bl izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS fd bldh f'k{kk fo|ky; esa nh tk ldsA
4- lkekftd v/;;u esa lkexzh lkekftd fo"k;ksa ls yh tkrh gS ijUrq mu fo"k;ksa dks bl izdkj ls lefUor djds <ky
fy;k tkrk gSA fd bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] ukxfjd 'kkL= vkfn lc izdkj ls ?kqyfey tkrs gSa ftlls ;g ,d u;k fo"k; cu tkrk
gSA tcfd nwljh vkSj lkekftd foKku esa fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k; dks i<+kus dk y{; vkSj n`f"Vdks.k Hkh fHkUu gSA
lkekftd v/;;u dk vU; fo"k;ksa ds lEcU/k% lkekftd v/;;u dk vU; fo"k;ksa ds lEcU/k Ldwyh Lrj ij i<+k, tkus okys
izR;sd fo"k; rFkk dk;Z{ks= ls lEcfU/kr gSA vkSj lHkh fo"k; fdlh u fdlh :i esa ekuoh; thou ds lkFk lEcfU/kr gS vr%
bu lHkh fo"k;ksa ds lkFk lkekftd v/;;u dk egoiw.kZ lEcU/k gSA Ldwyh Lrj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks foKku] HkkSfrd foKku]
jlk;u foKku] tho foKku] xf.kr rFkk fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dks i<+k;k tkrk gSA bu lcdk lkekftd v/;;u fo"k; ds lkFk
?kfu"B lEcU/k gSA
1- lkekftd v/;;u ,oa foKku %& vkt dk ;qx foKku vkSj VSDuksykWth dk ;qx gSA foKku rFkk rduhdh dks fodklvkSj
mUufr us ekuo thou ds gj {ks= esa izos'k dj fy;k gSA vr% vkt ds ;qx esa fofHkUu dk;Z {ks=ksa dks HkyhHkkafr le>us rFkk
mlds fodkl esa lg;ksxkRed Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy, mls foKku dh f'k{kk nsuk vR;Ur t:jh gSA ijUrq foKku dh f'k{kk
dsoy foKku dsfy, ugha nh tkrh cfYd ekuoh; rRoksa dks lkeus j[kdj bldh f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA Nk=ksa dks dsoy foKku
ds fofHkUu igyqvksa] fl)karks]a [kkstksa dk gh Kku iznku ugha fd;k tkrk] cfYd mUgsa ;g Hkh tkudkjh nh tkrh gS fd foKku
ekuork ds fy, fdruk mi;ksxh gS vkSj fdruk gkfudkjdA vuqHko cukuk foKku dk fo"k; gS ijUrq blds iz;ksx ds
fouk'kdkjh ifj.kke lkekftd v/;;u dk fo"k; gSA foKku us e'khuksa dk fuekZ.k djds fo'o dks vkS|ksxhdj.k dh vksj
c<+k;k ijUrq bl vkS|ksxhdj.k ls lekt dks fdruk ykHk gqvk vkSj fdu&fdu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k] ;g
lkekftd v/;;u dk fo"k; gSA vr% laf{kIr esa ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd foKku rFkk lkekftd v/;;u dk vkil esa xgjk
lEcU/k gSA
2- lkekftd v/;;u ,oa xf.kr %& oSKkfud fo"k;ksa dh f'k{kk vkt ds ;qx esa cPpksa dks nsuh vfuok;Z yxrh gS ysfdu
izkFkfed d{kkvksa esa xf.kr f'k{kk dh vge Hkwfedk gSA D;ksfa d dksbZ Hkh lekt xf.kr ds ego dks >qByk ugha ldrkA thou
dk dksbZ Hkh {ks= ,slk ugha gS] tgka xf.kr dh vko;';drk u gksA vr% xf.kr dks dsoy xf.kr ds fy, gh ugha i<+k;k tkrk]
cfYd mldh lkekftd mi;ksfxrk dh n`f"V esa j[kdj mldk f'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA thou dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk
xf.kr dks lEcfU/kr djds i<+kus ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lekt dk mi;ksxh lnL; cukus esa enn feyrh gSA Mkd[kkuksa esa cpr
[kkrk] cSafdax] ?kjsyw ctV cukus esa xf.kr lgk;d gSA vr% lkekftd v/;;u dk xf.kr ls Hkh lEcU/k gSA D;ksafd xf.kr dh
tkudkjh ns'k dh ctVizf;k vkfn dks le>us esa lgk;d fl) gksrh gS ftlls fofHkUu leL;kvksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk
feyrh gSA
3- lkekftd v/;;u ,oa Hkk"kk % Hkk"kk fopkjksa dks xzg.k djus vkSj vfHkO;Dr djus dk 'kfDr'kkyh lk/ku gSA Hkk"kk lkfgR;
dk v/;;u gS vkSj lkfgR; lekt dk izfrfcEc gSA Hkk"kk dh ikB~; iqLrd esa ladfyr fuca/k] dgkfu;k] dfork, vkfn lekt
ds fofo/k igyqvksa dks izdV djrh gSaA Hkk"kk og v/;;u gS ftlls v/;kid lkekftd v/;;u dh f'k{kk nsrk gSA Hkk"kk og

lk/ku gS ftlls v/;kid] iz'u iwNdj] cksydj] lekt dh jpuk rFkk mldh ifjorZu izf;k dk Kku iznku djrk gSA mu
ys[kdksa ls Hkh ysuh iM+rh gS ftudh lkfgfR;d {ks= esa [;kfr gksrh gSA
lkekftd v/;;u ,oa dyk, %& Ldwy esa fofHkUu izdkj dh dykvksa dk Hkh egoiw.kZ LFkku gSA Mkbx] isfa Vax] laxhr rFkk
vU; yfyr dykvksa dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{k.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA ijUrq dykvksa dk v/;;u dsoy dykvksa ds fy, ugha
fd;k tkrk] cfYd mlds ek/;e ls fo|kFkhZ esa fuekZ.kkRed izo`fk;ksa dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA mls lekt dk ,d mi;ksxh
lnL; cuus esa lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gSA dyk f'k{k.k ds lHkh ms'; lkekftd v/;;u ds ms';ksa ls esy [kkrs gSaA
dyk, rFkk lkekftd v;;u nksuksa ekuo fodkl ds y{; ij dsfUr gSA v/;kid lkekftd v;;u i<+krs le; mu
laxhrKks]a ewfrZdkjksa] fp=dkjksa] dykdkjksa dh mis{kk ugha dj ldrkA dyk, lkekftd v/;;u ds f'k{k.k dks ljyrk rFkk
lqanjrk iznku djrh gSA bl rjg ls lkekftd v/;;u rFkk dykvksa esa vkil esa xgjk lEcU/k gSA
Instructional objective of teaching Social Studies (Cognitive, affective and psychomotor) lkekftd
v/;;u f'k{k.k ds vuqns'kkRed ms'; KkukRed HkkokRed rFkk f;kRed
vuqns'kukRed ms';ksa dk vFkZ %& vuqns'kkRed ms';ksa dks O;kogkfjd ms'; Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vuqns'kkRed ms'; vf/kxe
drkZvksa ;k lh[kus okys Nk=ksa ds O;kogkfjd ifjorZu ds :i esa izkIr gksrs gSaA vFkkZr vuqns'kukRed ms'; mu ;ksX;krkvksa]
dkS'kyksa] vfHko`fk;ksa rFkk Kku dh vksj ladsr djrs gSaA ftuds fy, v/;kid Nk=ksa ls ;g vk'kk djrk gS fd vuqns'ku ds
QyLo:i os bUgsa izkIr dj ysx
a As vU; 'kCnksa esa ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd vuqns'kkRed ms';] 'kSf{kd ms';ksa dks izkIr djus
ds lalk/ku gSaA
izkFkfed Lrj ij lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k ds vuqns'kukRed ms';ksa dk oxhZdj.k
(Classification of Instructional affective at Primary Level)
1- izkFkfed Lrj ij lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k ds vuqns'kkRed ms';ksa ds oxhZdj.k ds eq[; rhu i{k gSa
1- KkukRed i{k (Cognitive aspect)
2- HkkokRed i{k (Affective Aspect)
3- f;kRed i{k (Phychomotor or Conative aspect)
izkFkfed Lrj ij lkekftd ;k i;kZoj.k v/;;u ds KkukRed vuqns'kukRed ms';
1- Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLfr ds fodkl esa Hkkjr esa jgus okyh fofHkUu izdkj dh tkfr;ksa rFkk mitkfr;ksa ds ;ksxnku ls
Nk=ksa dks ifjfpr djokukA
2- ns'k ds vyx&vyx Hkkxksa esa jgus okys yksxksa rFkk ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh fofo/krk ds ckjs esa Nk=ksa dks
tkudkjh nsukA
3- Nk=ksa dks Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsukA
4- Nk=ksa dks jk"Vh; izrhdksa rFkk ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh nsukA
5- Nk=ksa dks LoLFk yksdra=] /keZfujis{krk rFkk lektokn ds ms';ksa dk Kku iznku djukA
6- vrhr ls lEcfU/kr lkekftd vkfFkZd] ,sfrgkfld rFkk lkaLfrd vkfn ?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa Nk=ksa dks tkudkjh nsukA
7- Nk=ksa esa HkkX;okn] va/kfo'okl rFkk :f<+oknh lksp dks lekIr djus gsrq lq>ko nsukA
8- gekjs ns'k dks Lora= djokus esa fofHkUu kafrdkfj;ksa rFkk egkiq#"kksa ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh nsukA
9- Nk=ksa dks fo'o dh izkphu lH;rkvksa] lar egkRekvksa rFkk lekt lqkkjdksa ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh iznku djukA
10- Nk=ksa dks lekt ,oa jkT; ds ikjEifjd lEcU/kksa rFkk ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk ds ckjs esa Kku nsukA
11- Nk=ksa dks mnkjhdj.k dh izf;k rFkk mUgsa vPNs ukxfjdksa ds drZO;ksa vkSj vf/kdkjksa ls ifjfpr djkukA
2- izkFkfed Lrj ij lkekftd ;k i;kZoj.k v/;;u ls lEcfU/kr HkkokRed vuqns'kukRed ms'; %&
Affective Instructioanl affectives of Social Studies EVS at Primary Level
1- Nk=ksa esa jk"Vh; vkSj HkkokRed ,drk] v[kaMrk rFkk Lora=rk gsrq R;kx dh Hkkouk dks fodflr djukA
2- Nk=ksa esa iztkra=kRed 'kklu iz.kkyh eas vkLFkk mRiUu djuk rFkk muesa cgqer ds fu.kZ; dks ekuus dh Hkkouk dk fodkl
djukA
3- Nk=ksa esa jk"V ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu leL;kvksa ds izfr ltx n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djuk rFkk muesa ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk fodkl
djukA
4- Nk=ksa esa nwljksa ds izfr lEeku o lgu'khyrk dh Hkkouk dks fodflr djuk rFkk muesa ifjokj rFkk lekt ds izfr
lkewfgd ftEesnkfj;ksa dks fuHkkus ds izfr #fp mRiUu djukA
5- Nk=ksa esa i;kZoj.k dks lqjf{kr j[kus dh Hkkouk dk fuekZ.k djuk rFkk muesa ns'k dh lkaLfrd /kjksgj ds izfr xkSjo dh
Hkkouk dks fodflr djukA
6- Nk=ksa esa ns'k ds vkS|ksfxd rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ljdkj }kjk fufeZr fofHkUu izdkj dh cgqeq[kh ;kstukvksa ds izfr
tkx:drk dh Hkkouk dks fodflr djukA
7- Nk=ksa dks Hkkjr dh fofHkUurk esa ,drk rFkk ,drk esa fofHkUurk ds izR;; ls voxr djkukA
8- Nk=ksa esa nwljksa ds izfr lEeku o lgu'khyrk dh Hkkouk dks fodflr djuk rFkk muesa fo'o ca/kqRo ls lEcfU/kr uewuksa dks
bdV~Bk dju sesa #fp dks mRiUu djukA

9- Nk=ksa esa vius drZO;ksa ds izfr lnSo rRij jgus dh Hkkouk dks fodflr djuk rFkk muesa jk"Vh; izrhdksa o lkaLfrd
ewY;ksa ds izfr lEeku dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA
10- Nk=ksa esa gekjs ns'k ds Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa] 'kghnks]a kafrdkjf;ksa ds izfr vknj dh Hkkouk dk fuekZ.k djukA
3- izkFkfed Lrj ij lkekftd v/;;u@i;kZoj.k v/;;u ls lEcfU/kr f;kRed vuqns'kukRed ms'; %&
(Psychomotor or conative instructional affectives of Social Studies@eVS at Primary Level)
1- fofHkUu izdkj ds ,sfrgkfld rFkk vU; egoiw.kZ LFkkuksa] laxgz ky;ksa ,oa izn'kZfu;ksa ds fujh{k.k ls lEcfU/kr dkS'kyksa dks
izkIr djukA
2- fofHkUu izdkj dh lkaLfrd] vkfFkZd] HkkSxksfyd rFkk ,sfrgkfld lwpukvksa dks n'kkZus okyh lkexzh dk fuekZ.k djukA
3- fofHkUu izdkj ds fp=ks]a Mk;xzkEl pkVks rFkk xzkQksa vkfn dks le>dj muds vFkZ fudkyus esa {kerk izkIr djukA
4- vius fo|ky; rFkk ukxfjd thou ls lEcfU/kr leL;kvksa dks le>uk rFkk muds lek/kku gsrq mfpr ppkZ djukA
5- ljyrkiwoZd miyC/k gks ldus okyh ewfrZ;ksa rFkk f'kykys[kksa vkfn ds ekWMyksa dks rS;kj djukA
6- lkekU; izdkj dh leL;kvksa dks le>uk] ppkZ djuk rFkk muds lEcUk esa lek/kku dks fudkyukA
7- fofHkUu izdkj ds ekufp=ksa dks i<+dj] Nk=ksa }kjk ,sfrgkfld ]HkkSxksfyd ]lkaLfrd rF;ksa ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh izkIr
djukA
8- Nk=ksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds pkVks] Mk;xzkEl] le;js[kk rFkk ekufp=ksa vkfn dks fufeZr djus dh ;ksX;rk ;k dkS'ky dk
fuekZ.k djukA
9- Nk=ksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds ,sfrgkfld Lekjdksa] LFkkuksa rFkk oLrqvksa ,oa fooj.kksa ds ladyu laxgz esa dkS'ky vftZr djus dh
{kerk dk fodkl djukA
10- Nk=ksa dks fo|ky;ksa esa Lo'kklu rFkk cky iapk;r vkfn ls lEcfUkr dk;ks esa dkS'ky izkIr djus dh {kerk dk fodkl
djukA
(Aims and Objectives of Social Studies) fofHkUu f'k{kk ij lekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k ls lEcfU/kr ms';ksa dk o.kZu
lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k ls lEcfU/kr ms'; ,d gh ckj izkIr ugha gks tkrsA blds fy, cgqr iz;kl dh vko';drk gSA ;g
iz;kl rHkh vkjEHk gks tkrs gSa] tc cPpk Ldwy esa izos'k izkIr djrk gSA rc rd Ldwyh f'k{kk dks izk;% nks Lrjksa esa foHkkftr
fd;k tkrk gSA
1- izkFkfed f'k{kk rFkk ek/;fed f'k{kk
1- izkFkfed Lrj ij lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k ds ms';
1- lkekftd ,oa HkkSfrd okrkoj.k dk Kku %& izkFkfed Lrj ij cPpksa dks ;g Ku iznku djuk pkfg, fd O;fDr dks viuh
vk/kkjHkwr vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vius lkekftd ,oa HkkSfrd okrkoj.k ij i;kZIr :i ls fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA
euq"; dh f;k, blh okrkoj.k ds lkFk tqM+h jgrh gSaA
2- viuRo dh Hkkouk dk fodkl % 6 o"kZ dh vk;q esa cPpk ?kj ls Ldwy esa vkrk gSA vius ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk jgrs
gq, mls lkekftd thou dh vuqHkwfr gks pqdh gksrh gSA blh vk/kkj ij mls Kku iznku djuk pkfg, fd euq"; ,d
lkekftd izk.kh gSA ysfdu lekt ifjokj rd gh lhfer ugha gksrkA lekt ds vanj mldk eqgYyk] xkao] uxj vkfn vkrs
gSaA bldks ;g Kku gksuk pkfg, fd lekt ds izfr mlds dqN drZO; gSaA bl izdkj cPps esa lekt ds izfr viuRo dh
Hkkouk dk fuekZ.k o fodkl djuk pkfg,A
3- fofHkUu HkkSfrd lk/kuksa dk Kku %& izkFkfed Lrj ij gh cPpksa dks muds ekSfyd lk/kuksa dk Kku iznku djuk pkfg,A
HkkSfrd lk/kuksa esa ok;q ]/kjrh] ty feV~Vh ou ioZr] [kfut inkFkZ vkfn vkrs gSaA cPpksa dks ;g crkuk iM+x
s k fd izkfrd
lk/ku thou ds fy, fdrus egRoiw.kZ gSaA
Je ds izfr iz'kalkRed n`f"Vdks.k %& bl Lrj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g vuqHko djkuk pkfg, fd izkfrd lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx
djus ds fy, ekuo lk/kuksa dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA izkfrd lk/kuksa dk ekuoh; Je ds fcuk okafNr ykHk ugha mBk, tk
ldrsA vr% Je ds izfr iz'kalkRed n`f"Vdks.k viukuk pkfg,A
5- fodkl ,d fujUrj izf;k gS %& bl Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g vuqHko djk nsuk pkfg, fd fodkl izf;k fujUrj pyus
okyh izf;k gSA cM+s gksdj fo|kfFkZ;ksa us fodkl izf;k esa egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i os lekt ds
mi;ksxh lnL; cu ldsx
a As
6- ns'k dh la;qDr laLfr ds ckjs esa Kku izkIr djuk % izkFkfed Lrj ij gh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g tkudkjh ns nsuh pkfg, fd
Hkkjr ,d la;qDr laLfr dk ns'k gSA bl ns'k dks le`) cukus esa fofHkUu /kkjkvksa rFkk fopkjksa dk viuk ;ksxnku gSA viuh
laLfr dks le>us ds fy, bu fofo/krkvksa dk Kku izkIr djuk vR;ar vko';d gSA
7- jk"Vh; Hkkouk dk fodkl %& bl Lrj ij gh cPpksa esa jk"Vh; Hkkkouk ds laLdkj Mkyus pkfg,A mUgsa crk;k tkuk pkfg,
fd gekjk ns'k fofHkUurkvksa rFkk fofo/krkvksa dk ns'k gSA blesa fofHkUu Hkk"kk, cksyh tkrh gSaA bl ns'k esa vusd /keks ds yksx
jgrs gSaA ijUrq lHkh fofHkUurk, rFkk fofo/krk, gksus ds ckotwn Hkkjr ,d jk"V gS vkSj fdlh Hkh izdkj ds HksnHkko ls ij
mB dj jk"V dh lsok djuk izR;sd O;fDr dk drZO; gSA

8- varjkZ"Vh; Hkkouk dk fodkl %& izkFkfed Lrj dh f'k{kk ds vafre o"kks esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa bruh ;ksX;rk fodflr gks tkrh gS
fd os vius ns'k ds ckgj yksxksa esa Hkh #fp ys ldsAa mUgsa le>k;k tk ldrk gS fd fo'o ds lHkh ns'k ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj
gSaA blfy, bl Lrj ij muesa varjkZ"Vh; Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A
ek/;fed Lrj ij lkekftd f'k{k.k ds ms'; (Aims of the Social Studies teaching at Secondary level)
1- ifjorZu izf;k dk Kku %& bl Lrj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks voxr djok nsuk pkfg, fd ifjorZu thou izf;k dk ,d
fu;e gSA orZeku ;qx rd igqaprs&igqaprs lekt vkSj ekuo thou esa dbZ izdkj ds ifjorZu gq, gSaA blfy, ifjorZu izf;k
esa mUgsa Hkh egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gSA
2- ekuo lH;rk dk vk/kkjHkwr Kku %& ek/;fed Lrj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh iznku djuh pkfg, fd ns[kus
esa rks lH;rk, vyx&vyx fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa] ijUrq okLro esa muesa vk/kkHkwr ,drk fo|eku gSA
3- fofHkUu laLfr;ksa ds izfr iz'kalkRed n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl
ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g crk nsuk pkfg, fd ekuo laLfr us tks vkt fodkl fd;k gS] og fdlh ,d tkfr ;k
ns'k dk dk;Z ugha gS] cfYd fHkUu&fHkUu laLfr;ksa ds lg;ksx ls bldk fodkl gqvk gSA blh vkkkj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fo'o
dh fHkUu&fHkUu laLfr;ksa ds izfr iz'kalkRed n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djuk pkfg,A
4- yksdra= dk ego %& bl Lrj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g crk nsuk pkfg, fd euq"; ds O;fDrxr vkSj lkekftd fodkl ds
fy, yksdra= dk gksuk vko';d gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa yxHkx lHkh ns'k yksdra= dks ekU;rk ns pqds gSa vkSj mlds fodkl ds
fy, iz;Ru'khy gSaA blfy, ;g vko';d cu x;k gS fd ekuo ewY;ksa tSls lg;ksx lgu'khyrk] ln~Hkkouk] /keZfujis{krk
vkkfn dks izksRlkgu fn;k tk,A
5- varjkZ"Vh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl
vkt ds ;qx esa fo'o ds fdlh Hkkx esa tks ?kVuk ?kVrh gS] mldk izHkko leLr fo'o esa eglwl fd;k tkrk gSA bldk dkj.k
gS foKku rFkk VSDukWyksth esa gks jgs rsth ls fodklA vk/kqfud ;qx esa lHkh ns'kksa esa ijLij lEcU/k vfuok;Z gks x, gSaA
blhfy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa varjkZ"Vh;rk ds izfr nkf;Ro Hkkouk dk fodkl djuk lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k dk ,d egoiw.kZ
ms'; gSA
6- fo'o ds HkkSxksfyd {ks=ksa dh vUrfuZHkZjrk dk Kku
bl Lrj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fo'o ds fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd {ks=ksa dk Kku iznku djus ds lkFk&lkFk mUgsa bl ckr dh Hkh
tkudkjh iznku djuh pkfg, fd fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd {ks= vius thou dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ,d nwljs ij
fuHkZj gSa rFkk ;gh vUrfuZHkZjrk fo'o dks ,d lw= esa ckaks gq, gSaA
7- HkkSxksfyd vo/kkj.kkvksa dk Kku
bl Lrj ij mUgsa ;g crk fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd fo'o ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa yksxksa dk thou;kiu mudh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr;ksa ls
cgqr izHkkfor gksrk gSA mudks ;g Hkh crk;k tkuk pkfg, fd HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k fo'o esa fofHkUu {ks=ksa dk viuk
fof'k"V vfLrRo gSA
(Inculcation of values Costitutional, cultural Social and Moral values)
f'k{kk ds fy, ewY;ksa dk vFkZ (Values for education& Meaning
ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk }kjk O;fDr dks tkx`r djuk Hkh gekjk ije drZO; gSA O;fDr;ksa dks u dsoy ewY;ksa ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh
nsuk rFkk muds ego dh tkudkjh nsuk gh vko';d gS cfYd mUgsa thou esa /kkj.k djus ds fy, izsfjr djuk t:jh gSA
f'k{kk ds fy, ewY;ksa dk ms'; dsoy cPpksa dks ewY;ksa dk izf'k{k.k nsuk gh ugha gS] cfYd ,slk okrkoj.k iSnk djuk gS ftlls
fd cPps lo;a mfpr vkSj vuqfpr dk Kku izkIr dj ldsAa
ewy; f'k{kk dh vko';drk ,oa ego (Need and Importance of Value Education)
1- O;fDrRo ds lokxh.k fodkl gsrq %& cPpksa dk lokxh.k fodkl vkt ds ;qx esa vfr vko';d gSA vk/kqfud f'k{kk dsoy
ckSf)d fodkl djrh gS] tcfd gesa ,slh ewY; f'k{kk dh ekax gS tks cPpksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd] uSfrd vkfn {ks= esa lHkh
i{kksa dk leqfpr fodkl djsA MkW- jk/kk".ku us dgk gS] f'k{kk dsoy lwpuk nsus vFkok dkS'kyksa ds izf'k{k.k rd gh lhfer
ugha gSA bls f'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa dks mfpr ewY; dk cks/k Hkh nsuk gksxkA
2- O;kolkf;d dq'kyrk dk fodkl %& vk/kqfud ;qx esa csjkstxkjh] vkradokn] Hkz"Vkpkj dh ?kVuk, c<+ jgh gSa o blfy,
t:jh gS fd O;kolkf;d dkslks dk izpyu T;knk ls T;knk 'kq: fd;k tk,A ftlls O;fDr;ksa esa O;kolkf;d dq'kyrk c<+
ldsA ewY;ksa }kjk f'k{kk ls csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dkQh gn rd de gks ldrh gSA
3- iztkrkaf=d ewY;ksa dk fodkl % iztkra= o yksdra=
iz'kkflr ns'k esa buds ewY;ksa dk fodkl vfr vko';d gSA ftlesa vius ukxfjdks a esa izse] lgkuqHkwfe] lg;ksx rFkk n;k tSlh
Hkkoukvksa ds fodkl dks izksRlkgu nsuk o fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa bu ewY;ksa dks fodflr djuk 'kkfey gksA
4- laLfr dh lqj{kk ds fy, % vkt Vhoh ds fodkl] pSuyksa ls izlkfjr dk;Zeksa us gekjh laLfr dks bruk T;knk iznwf"kr
dj fn;k gS fd lPpkbZ] bZekunkjh] HkykbZ o drZO;fu"Brk de gksrh tk jgh gSA vfgalk] ijksidkj larks"k tSlh Hkkoukvksa dk
LFkku lekt dh cqjkb;ksa] fgalk] vR;kpkj] vkradokn vkfn ysrs tk jgs gSaA blfy, vkt le; dh ekax gS fd laLfr dh
lqj{kk ;fn djuk pkgrs gSa] rks ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks nh tk,A

5- /keZfujis{k lekt ds fodkl ds fy, %& /keZ fujis{krk] Lora=rk dk eq[; lkekftd ewY; gSA bldk eryc ;g gS fd
lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks vius fgr ds vuqlkj vkpj.k djus esa Lora=rk gksxhA blds fy, gesa /keZ fujis{krk ds ewY; viukus
pkfg,A
1- lHkh /keks ds izfr vknj
2- iwtk djus dh Lora=rk
3- ukxfjd dk;ks dks djrs le; /keZ dks chp esa u ykukA
6- oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ds fodkl ds fy, %& vkt dk ;qx foKku dk ;qx gSA ,sls esa izkphu :f<+;ksa] ijEijkvksa ;k
va/kfo'oklksa ds lkFk fpids jguk mi;qDr ugha gSA blhfy, vkt oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dks ,d lkekftd ewY; ds :i esa
Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS rkfd O;fDr viuh ekU;rkvksa dks NksM+dj izR;sd ckr dks oSKkfud <ax ls lksp ldsA
7- ekuorkoknh n`f"Vdks.k ds fodkl ds fy, % vkt Hkkjr gh ugha] fo'o Hkj esa ekuorkoknh n`f"Vdks.k dk vHkko gSA vkt
ekuo vius LokFkZ dh iwfrZ ds fy, fgald] vR;kpkjh] vkradoknh curk tk jgk gSA vr% vkt vko';d gS fd ekuork ds
fodkl ds fy, mUgsa ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk nh tk,A
8- lkekftd ewY;ksa ds fodkl ds fy, %& yksdrkafU=d lekt esa lkekftd ewY;ksa ds fodkl gsrq f'k{kk nsuk vfr vko';d
gSA
1- leku volj
2- /ku dk leku caVokjk
uSfrd ewY;ksa ds izfr f'k{kk ds eq[; ms';
1- lkekftd] uSfrd o vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa ds fodkl ds fy,
vk/kqfud ;qx dk okrkoj.k v'kkar o rukoiw.kZ gSA blfy, f'k{kk ,slh gksuh pkfg, fd cPps ds lkekftd] uSfrd rFkk
vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa dk fodkl gks ldsA bl leL;k ij dsoy ,d gh izdkj ls fot; izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA og gS
lkekftd] uSfrd] vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa dks i;kZIr ego fn;k tk,A
2- O;kolkf;d dq'kyrk dk fodkl djuk %& vk/kqfud le; esa c<+rh tula[;k] csjkstxkjh] xjhch us ewY;ksa dk uk'k dj
fn;k gSA tc rd bu leL;kvksa dk fuokj.k ugha gksxk] rc rd lekt esa 'kkafr LFkkfir gh ugha dh tk ldrh gSA bu
leL;kvksa dks lekt ls nwj djus ds fy, O;kolkf;d dq'kyrk dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A 3- jk"Vh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl
%& jk"V dk eku] lEeku o ego ,d ns'k ds ukxfjd dk lcls egoiw.kZ ewY; gSA blfy, cPpksa dks ,slh f'k{kk nh tk,
fd muesa jk"Vh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gks ldsA
4- O;kid izfr dk fodkl % vkt varjkZ"Vh;rk dk ;qx gSA blfy, fo'o ca/kqRo ds ewY;ksa dks le>uk vfr vko';d gSA
ftlls izR;sd O;fDr dks vius ladqfpr LokFkks dks R;kx dj O;kid izfr dk fodkl vius vanj djuk pkfg,A
5- oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl %& gekjs ns'k esa va/kfo'okl p :f<+oknh fopkjksa dk cksyckyk gSA blfy, bls lekIr djus
gsrq f'k{kk dk ms'; oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djuk gksuk pkfg,A
6- i;kZoj.k ds izfr tkx:drk mRiUu djuk %& i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gekjk drZO; cu tkrk gSA D;ksafd i;kZoj.k ds lalk/kuksa
dk laj{k.k ;fn ugha djsaxs] rks ,d fnu ,slk vk,xk fd ge fouk'k dh vksj tk,xs blfy, ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh j{kk gsrq
i;kZoj.k dh f'k{kk nsuk vko';d gSA
7- iztkrkaf=d ewY;ksa dk fodkl %& gekjk ns'k yksdrkaf=d lektokn ds varxZr vkrk gSA gesa ,slh f'k{kk nsuh pkfg, tks
gekjs vanj lekurk] nwljs ds izfr drZO; ikyu] lcds izfr lekurk dk Hkko iSn kdjsA ;s lHkh iztkrkaf=d ewY; gSaA
ewY;ksa ds fy, f'k{kk ;k uSfrd f'k{kk rFkk ikB~;e (Education for Values or Moral Education and
curriculum)
cPpksa dks izkFkfed rFkk ek/;fed Lrj ij ewY; f'k{kk dh n`f"V ls fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh fo"k; lkexzh esa ewY; f'k{kk dh ckrsa
'kkfey fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA tks bl izdkj gSa %&
1- uSfrd f'k{kk %& cPpksa ds pfj= fodkl o vkpj.k dh mUufr gsrq mls uSfrd f'k{kk fo"k; esa egkiq#"kksa ds thou ds izsjd
izlx
a ksa dks LFkku fn;k tk,A uSfrd f'k{kk ds :i esa lHkh /keks ds ewyHkwr fl)karksa dh tkudkjh nh tk,A
2- lkfgR; laxhr ,oa dyk %& cPpksa ds ekufld Lrj ds vuqlkj ,oa mudh #fp ds vuqlkj mUgsa lkfgR; o laxhr dyk dh
f'k{kk nh tk,A dyk ds varxZr iksLVj o isfa Vax ds ek/;e ls cPpksa dks dqN lans'k fn, tk ldrs gSaA ftlesa ewY; f'k{k
fufgr gksA
3- foKku % foKku dk Kku fdlh u fdlh ewY; ls lEcfU/kr vo'; gksrk gSA tSls tho tarq isM+&ikS?ks vU; i;kZoj.k lEcU/kh
tkudkjh ewY;ksa ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gSA muesa LokLF; lQkbZ rFkk i;kZoj.k ds izfr tkx:drk iSnk dj ldrs gSaA
4- lkekftd v/;;u %& lkekftd foKku esa Hkwxksy bfrgkl] ukxfjd 'kkL= lfEefyr gS ftlesa Hkwxksy esa jk"Vksa dh ijLij
fuHkZjrk dk Kku djk;k tkrk gS ftlls jk"Vh; ,drk o fo'o cU/kqRo dk fodkl gks ldsA Hkwxksy esa HkkSxksfyd ,drk] oU;
thoksa dh mi;ksfxrk rFkk jaxHksn vkfn ds fy, mkjnk;h tyok;q dk v/;;u ewY;ksa ds lkFk i<+k, tkrs gSaA bfrgkl esa
jke".k] f'kokth] vdcj] v'kksd tSls egkiq#"kksa ds thou izlx
a }kjk gesa izse] drZO; ijk;.k] R;kx vfgalk] jk"Vizse vkfn
ewY;ksa dk Kku djk;k tkrk gSA ukxfjd 'kkL= dh iqLrdksa esa iztkra=] /keZ fujis{krk] iap'khy ds fl)kar] vf/kdkjksa ,oa
drZO;ksa ls lEcfU/kr Kku fn;k tk ldrk gSA

5- Hkk"kk f'k{k.k %& Hkk"kk f'k{k.k }kjk Hkh ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa ,slh dfork,] dgkfu;k] ys[k gksrs
gSaA lEcU/k ewY;ksa ls tqM+k gksrk gSA dchj ls ysdj vk/kqfud dkO; esa ekuo dk lgh funs'Z ku djus gsrq ewY; fn, x, gSaA
dgkfu;ks]a ukVdksa] fuca/kksa esa vusd ,sls dFku gksrs gSa] ftudk lh/kk lEcU/k ewY;ksa ls gksrk gSA
izkFkfed Lrj ij uSfrd ;k ewY; f'k{kk (Value of Moral Education at the Primary Level)
fo|ky; ,d ,slk LFkku gS tgka gesa f'k{kk ds ms';ksa dks izkIr djus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A NCERT }kjk 1988 esa
cuk, x, izkFkfed vkSj ek/;fed f'k{kk ds jk"Vh; ikB~;e dh :ijs[kk esa ewY; f'k{kk fo|ky; ikB~;e dk vfHkUu vax
ekuk x;k gSA 1988 esa izfrikfnr ewY; f'k{kk ds izfr flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij izkFkfed Lrj ij U;wure fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dks
i<+kus ds ms'; fn, x, gSaA ftudk lEcU/k cPpksa esa fofHkUu vknrks]a vfHk#fp;ksa vkSj ewY;ksa ls gSA
1- Hkk"kk %& izkFkfed Lrj ij Hkk"kk ds ms'; fuEufyf[kr gSa &
1- viuh Hkk"kk esa lkfgR; iBu ds izfr vPNh vknrksa rFkk vfHko`fk;ksa dk fodkl gksA
2- fo|ky; lkoZtfud iqLrdkyksa esa miyC/k vusdkusd iqLrdksa esa ls vodk'k ds le; iwoZ iBu lkexzh ds :i esa vPNh
iqLrdksa dk p;u djus dh {kerk gksA
3- d{kk ikap Lrj rd mls izFke Hkk"kk esa 5000 'kCnksa dk Kku gksA
2- i;kZoj.k v/;;u %& i;kZoj.k v/;;u esa foKku vkSj lkekftd v/;;u vkrs gSaA blds v/;;u ls fo|kFkhZ esa
fuEufyf[kr ewY;ksa dk fodkl gksuk vko';d gSA
1- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks O;ogkj esa mu izfrekuksa vkSj ewY;ksa dk fodkl djuk pkfg, tks ns'k ds lafo/kku esa mYysf[kr ewY;ksa ds
vuq:i gksAa tSls yksdrkaf=d thou i)fr] leku vf/kdkj] nwljksa ds /keZ vkSj jgu lgu ds izfr vknj] ijLij lg;ksx
djukA
3- Hkkjr dh le`) lkaLfrd ijEijk dks le>ukA
3- lkaLfrd vkSj ekuo tkrh; lekurkvks]a fofHkUurkvksa vkSj fofo/krkvksa dh ljkguk djukA
4- 'kjhj vkSj ifjos'k dks LoPN LoLFk vkSj jksxeqDr j[kus dh vko';drk dks le>ukA
5- vius thou dh xq.kokk esa lq/kkj ds fy, Lo;a LoLFk jgukA
6- dk;Z vuqHko %& dk;Z vuqHko ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fu;ferrk] le; ikyu] lg;ksx] bZekunkjh tSls ewY;ksa dk fodkl
djuk rFkk Je dh xfjek ds izfr ljkguk mRiUu djukA
4- l`tukRed dyk, % laxhr] ukVd] u`R;] dyk] f'kYi esa #fp mRiUu djukA
bu xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysus ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ns'kHkfDr] jk"Vh; igpku vkSj jk"Vh; ,drk vkfn dk fodkl gksxkA
5- LokLF; vkSj 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk
Ldwyksa esa LokLF; vkSj 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk dk i;kZIr izko/kku gksuk pkfg,A blls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Vhe Hkkouk lg;ksx rFkk
lgu'khyrk tSls ewY;ksa dk fodkl gksxkA
f'k{kk }kjk uSfrd ewY;ksa dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fodflr djus ds mik;
i;kZoj.k@lkekftd v/;;u ds f'k{kd ds fy, dsoy lkekftd rFkk nwljs ekuo ewY;ksa dks tkuuk gh vko';d ugha gSA
vfirq mls ;g Hkh irk gksuk pkfg, fd bu ewY;ksa dks d{kk esa fdl izdkj izHkko'kkyh <ax ls i<+k;k tk ldrk gSA blds
fy, ,d ljy fof/k rks ;g gS fd dqN ikB ikB~; iqLrdksa esa Mky fn, tkus pkfg,aA
lkekftd v/;;u esa s uSfrd ewY; f'k{kk dk funs'Z ku nsrs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A
1- ewY;ksa ds ckjs esa Li"V fopkj/kkjk gksuh pkfg,
ewY;ksa ds ckjs esa foospuk vuko';d ugha gksrhA okLro esa ewY;ksa ds ckjs esa ftruh foospu dh tk,] mruh gh ewY;ksa ds ckjs esa
Li"Vrk gksrh tk,xhA
2- /kkfeZd rFkk uSfrd f'k{kk
oSls rks lHkh ns'kksa esa uSfrd f'k{kk rFkk /kkfeZd f'k{kk lkFk&lkFk gh vkjEHk gqbZ rFkk vc Hkh cgqr ls ns'k ,sls gS a ftuesa uSfrd
f'k{kk fdlh /keZ ds vk/kkj ij gh nh tkrh gSA gekjs ns'k esa dqN yksxksa dk fopkj gS fd /kkfeZd f'k{kk ds fcuk uSfrd f'k{kk
ugha nh tk ldrh( ijUrq gekjs lafo/kku esa /keZfujis{krk ds fl)kar dks Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gSA blfy, fdlh ljdkjh ;k
ekU;rk izkIr Ldwy esa /keZ dh f'k{kk ugha nh tk ldrhA nwljk gekjs ns'k esa fofHkUu /keks dk vkil esa ruko bruk gS fd
muds vkkkj ij ,d vPNh uSfrd f'k{kk iznku djuk vlaHko gSA
3dk;Z %& lkekftd rFkk ekuoh; ewY; f'k{kk dsoy 'kCnksa }kjk iznku ugha dh tk ldrhA bl izdkj dh f'k{kk
mi;qDr izdkj ds dk;ks ls gh laHko gSA blfy, mi;qDr lkekftd rFkk uSfrd ewY;ksa dks fo|kfFkZ ;ksa esa izksRlkfgr djus ds
fy, fujUrj f;kvksa dk gksuk vko';d gSA blds fy, fuEufyf[kr lq>ko fn, tkrs gSaA
1- cPpksa esa LoPNrk rFkk lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
2- cPpksa dks lQkbZ rFkk bZekunkjh fl[kkus ds fy, dqN ;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k djuk pkfg,A
3- Ldwy ds cPpksa dks ,d nwljs ds ?kj tkus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A
4- Ldwy esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Hkk"k.kksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;s Hkk"k.k dqN bl izdkj ds gks ldrs gSa
d- gekjs ns'k dh /kkfeZd] lkaLfrd rFkk lkekftd ijEijk,A
[k- Hkkjr esa fofHkUu /keks ds ekuus okys yksxksa dk thouA

x- ns'k dh fofHkUu leL;k, rFkk mudks fu;af=r djus dh fof/k;kA

4- lsfeukjksa dk izcU/k %& fo|kfFkZ;ksa rFkk v/;kidksa ds chp lsfeukjska dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks fofHkUu leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa cksyus vkSj lkspus ds ckjs esa volj fn, tk,A rFkk mUgsa ;g dg nsuk pkfg, fd vius
fopkj izdV djrs le; mUgsa fdlh izdkj ds Mj dk ,glkl ugha gksuk pkfg,A vkSj os cs/kM+d gksdj lc dqN cksy ldrs
gSaA bl rjg ls ekU;rkvksa rFkk ewY;ksa dh foospuk ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izR;sd izpkj ds volj iznku djus pkfg,A
'Teaching of Environement and Inculcation of Values Related to cultural Heritage'
i;kZoj.k@lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k rFkk lkaLfrd fojklr ls lEcfUkr ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk nsukA
lekt dk vFkZ %& lekt O;fDr;ksa dk ,d lewg gksrk gS ftlds lnL; feytqy dj ,d lkFk jgrs gSaA ;g ,slk lewg gS
ftlds lnL; vius dk;ks dks ijLij lg;ksx ls djrs gSaA blds lnL;ksa esa ijLij fuHkZjrk gksrh gSA izR;sd lekt dh
viuh lkekftd] jktuhfrd] /kkfeZd ,oa lkaLfrd fopkjkkjk gksrh gSA lekt esa vPNk thou thus ds O;fDr dks bu lcls
ifjfpr gksuk iM+rk gSA
laLfr dk vFkZ %& ekuo thou dks 'kq) djuk ;k nks"k jfgr djuk laLfr dgykrk gSA gekjs iwoZtksa us gekjs thou dks
vPNk cukus ds fy, ftu vkpkjks&
a fopkjksa dh f'k{kk nh] og lc gekjh laLfr gSA lekt esa jgrs gq, O;fDr vius fy,
thou 'kSyh fodflr dj ysrk gSA ;gh thou 'kSyh ml O;fDr dh laLfr gSA laLfr ds nks i{k gSaA
1- HkkSfrd 2- vHkkSfrd
HkkSfrd laLfr thou ds ckg~; i{k ls lEcU/k j[krh gSA gekjk jgu& lgu] igukok] [kkuiku] dk;Z djus dk <ax vkfn
blesa vkrk gSA vHkkSfrd laLfr dk lEcU/k gekjs fopkjksa] vkn'kks] ewY;ksa rFkk fo'oklksa ds lkFk gksrk gSA
lkekftd o lkaLfrd i`"BHkwfe ls ifjfpr gksus dh vko';drk
lkekftd o lkaLfrd i`"BHkwfe ls ifjfpr gksus dh vko';drk fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls gSA
1- euq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA blfy, ;g LokHkkfod gS fd lekt esa jgrs gq, mldh lkekftd o lkaLfrd i`"BHkwfe ls
ifjp; gksA
2- lekt Hkh O;fDr ls ;g vis{kk djrk gSA og ,slk gh cus] tSlk lekt pkgrk gS] og lekt ds jktuSfrd vkn'kk ds
vuq:i Lo;a dks ,d ;ksX; ukxfjd cuk,A
3- O;fDr ds O;fDrRo ds larqfyr fodkl ,oa mls thou ds fy, rS;kj djus ds fy, Hkh lekt o mldh lkaLfrd
i`"BHkwfe dks tkuuk t:jh gSA
Hkkjrh; laLfr dh fo'ks"krk,
1- izkphurk %& Hkkjrh; laLfr fo'o dh izkphure laLfr gSA tc fo'o ds vU; ns'kksa esa ccZjrk dk va/kdkj Nk;k gqvk
FkkA ml le; Hkkjroklh ,d mPp Lrjh; laLfr dk fodkl dj pqds FksA if'peh iatkc esa lksgu vkfn dh ?kkVh esa
fiaMh?ksj {ks= es]a mkj izns'k ds fetkZiqj ds fjgUn {ks= esa e/; izns'k dh ueZnk ?kkVh esa vrhr ds iwoZ ik"kk.kdky ds tks vusd
vo'ks"k fpUr izkIr gq, gSa] muls ;g Li"V gS fd ekuo thou ds izkjEHk dky ls Hkh Hkkjro"kZ ekuo laLfr dh yhyk Hkwfe
jgk gSA
2- fujUrjrk %& izkphurk ds lkFk Hkkjrh; laLfr esa fujarjrk dh fo'sk"krk Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ;wuku] jkse vkSj lqesj
dh izkphu laLfr;k le; dh /kkjk izokg esa D;k ekywe dgk cg xbA vkt ogka fuokl djus okys yksxksa ds thou esa
mldk dksbZ fpUg ugha jg x;k gSA ijUrq Hkkjrh; laLfr ij ;g ckr ykxw ugha gksrhA Hkkjrh; laLfr vkt Hkh thfor gSA
vkt esa tuthou esa og txexk jgh gSA
3- /keZ dh iznkurk %& Hkkjrh; laLfr esa /keZ vkSj v/;kReokn dk viuk ,d fof'k"V LFkku gSA blls og laLfr vksrizksr
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fgUnq fookg dks vkt Hkh ,d /kkfeZd laLdkj ekuk tkrk gSA blh izdkj o.kks dh mRifk ds lEcU/k esa
;g ekuk tkrk gS fd czkg~e.k] {kf=;] oS';] 'kw dh mRifk e'k% czg~ek ds eq[k] ckag] tka?k vkSj isV ls gqbZ gSA blh ls ;g
Li"V gksrk gS fd ekuo thou dk 'kk;n gh dksbZ vax ,slk gks] ftls /keZ ds vkhu u dj fn;k x;k gksA Lo/keZ] o.kZ /keZ]
dqy /keZ] jkt/keZ vkfn Hkkjrh; laLfr ij /keZ dh iz/kkurk ds gh |ksrd gSaA
4- nk'kZfud rRo %& Hkkjrh; laLfr dh i`"BHkwfe nk'kZfud jgh gSA nk'kZfud iz.kkfy;ks]a fl)karksa] ijaijkvksa dk vkJ; ysdj
gh Hkkjrh; laLfr zizokfgr vkSj fodflr gksrh jgh gSA Hkkjrh; laLfr dh ;g ,d fof'k"V nsu gSA iqjk.k] bfrgkldkj]
ys[kd] dfo] fp=dkj vkfn lHkh vius dk;ks o fr;ksa esa mPp nk'kZfud rRoksa dks ysdj izfrf"Br djus esa layXu jgs gSaA
5- nso ijk;.krk %& Hkkjrh; laLfr dh ,d vkSj mYys[kuh; fo'ks"krk bldh nso ijk;.krk gSA Hkkjrh; laLfr izfrekuksa ds
varxZr vusd nsoh nsork vius vla[; HkDrksa dh vuU; HkfDr esa f?kjs gq, fojkteku gSaA txr dh mRifk] fLFkfr ,oa izy;
ds fy, e'k% rhu nsork czg~ek] fo".kq o egs'k dh dYiuk dh tkrh gSA

(Richness and continuity of Indiain culture)

Importance of Social Studies in School Curriculum

Constitutional Cherished valued

Constitutional Values

Not covered

( Union Conetitution Committee)

(Provincial Committee)
( Union Powers Committee)
(Commottee on Fanancial relations between Union
and States)
(Committee on Fundamental Rights)
(Committee on Minorities)
(Drafting Committee)

(Salient Features of Indian Conititution)

(USA)

(writ)
(writ of Habeas corpus)
(writ of Prohibition)
(writ of quo_warranto)
(writ of Certiorare)

(Special court)

(SDM)

and Indian Economy )

ISI
LPG f

12345678-

12345678-

12345-

Unit: 3 Methodology

 Methods of Teachings S.St. using child centered and activity based approach

o Use of narration

fooj.k

o Observation

fujh{k.k voyksdu

o Project

iz;kstuk

o Fileld trip

{ks=h;

o Exhibition

iznksuZ

Lesson plan
Interpretation of Data
Map & Globe

Methods of Teaching Social Studies

According to the Secondary Education Commission" Even the best curriculum and the
most perfect syllabus remains dead unless quickened into life by the right methods of

teaching and the right kind of teachers". Method is the means of reaching predetermined
ends. It, in fact, forms the most important link in the total teaching - learning process
which has, on one hand the goal and purposes, and on the other, results and values. It is the
method that determines the quality of result.
Methods of teaching can be classified into the following categories.
1. Traditional Method :- The text book method is included in the traditional method of
teaching.
2. Teacher Centred Method :- This includes those methods in which the teacher plays
a major role e.g. Lecture method, .story telling method.
3.Child Centred Method :- The child plays a major role in these methods. The
teacher performs the role of a guide or facilitator. In these methods the child is
active and he learns by doing.
The effect of recent development in .educational philosophy and educational
Psychology upon the methods of teaching has been revolutionary. The central place in
the school, has been given to the child (student). Any process that is not based on
student -activity is not in accord with the recent education theories.
Learning by Doing (Activity Method)
Children have been endowed by nature with tremendous vitality. They have within
them the springs of youth, joy and vigour. They possess curiously and wish to know things
for themselves. In the words of T.S. Avinashilingam, "The Great Ganga of life flows
majestically on. But if anyone tries to retain and make a dam on it, the dam will break
unless attempts are simultaneously made to divert it into other channels. These waters can
only be diverted, but cannot be dammed indefinitely. If anyone tried to do the impossible,
it would be at his peril, for the dam will break, sooner or later. So is the nature of children.
The great vitality of our children cannot be permanently restrained without providing a
positive purpose. In ordinary bookish classroom education, the teacher teaches, students are
but passive listeners. Their energy has not to be restrained by fear, inducement or
punishment. This is against their nature and that is why we see much outbursts of so-called
indiscipline. But, on the other hand, if we provide such activities in which the children
themselves can take part we will find that discipline becomes natural. Thus, providing for
various types of activities which will interest the children and give them opportunities for
observation and the use of their hands is to offer them the fulfillment and satisfaction,
which nothing else confers.
Activity does not mean mere physical activity:Of course, it comes first. But it means, as Ryburn puts, "Activity of the intelligence

and also of the emotions, and of the will. If a pupil is to develop all sides of his personality,
then it is necessary for him to be active in all ways, to exercise all the different powers he
has. Doing is necessary in learning. It is not a mere device but a part and parcel of the
learning process without which learning is not complete. Doing must be with a purpose.
1. Instinctive Tendencies:- Children are active by nature. Construction is a powerful
drive roused in childhood. The hand of the child are ever ready to make new things.
If he does not find material to construct, he begins to destroy. In fact, construction
and destruction are the aspects of the same activity. The teacher should utilize this
instinct by encouraging children to construct and create things. Children Possess
curiosity:- They want to understand the environment and put
hundred of questions to teachers, parents and friends. This urge must be exploited.
Children are lone collecting things. They should be encouraged to collect useful
things for their museum.
2.Self-motivation:- Motivation facilitates the process of learning by doing. It
arouses the interest of the child and once interest is aroused, the child becomes
active, attentive and learns by doing.
3.Purposeful-activities:- Abstract things cannot be followed and understood by
children. Mental activities should be followed by concrete activities and this gives
them the idea what they are doing and that with some purpose and aim.
4.Utilisation of all senses:- The children are required to utilize all of their senses in
learning by doing. They have to be attentive in learning, seeing, feeling, smelling
and sometimes testing even. This makes learning fruitful.
5.Close relation of mind and body:- Mental activities fail to develop
harmoniously the mind and body which are closely related. In learning by doing the
hand and the head work in close cooperation and the learning becomes successful.
6.The principle of linking with life:- Learning is linked with the life and the
environment of the child and thus it becomes part and parcel of our nature. In a
lesson on gardening, if we take the students to a garden and explain to them the
relevant topic, it creates more impression and the students learn it easily.
7.Lessening of Fatigue:- Undoubtedly mental work is more fatigue-giving than the
manual one and if children are kept busy in purely mental activities, they feel
mental fatigue. But when we coordinate both mental and manual work, fatigue is
lessened to a great extent.
Social Development:- Social development is as important as individual
development. Children want to work in groups. In learning by doing they learn
from each other and thus develop qualities like co-operation. Sometimes learning
by doing take the form of productive activities as the case in basic education. The
students then produce things for society. Thus they develop feelings of being a part
of the community and try to be useful for it.
9.Inferiority complex resolved:- Learning by doing affords opportunities to backward

children in studies to show their talents in various kinds of productive and constructive
activities and in physical activities. This helps them in gaining confidence which further
assists them in resolving their inferiority complex and they succeed in mental activities
also.
10.Use of almost all the theories of learning:- Various theories of learning have been put
forward. 'Learning by trial and error,' 'Learning by imitating' others and' learning insight'all are employed in learning by doing. Thus, learning becomes quicker, easier and more
effective.

Learning by doing at Primary Stage:This method can be employed at all stages of education. In the primary classes
some manual work or craft work is at the centre. This may take the form of building a
room, or making post office or making envelopes. It may take the form of action songs,
games, clay modeling, paper-cutting etc. The use of apparatus as devised in Kindergarten
and Montessori systems also implies learning by doing. The Project Method is also and
activity method which provides life situations and presents purposeful activities.
Learning by doing and out-of-class activities:Learning by doing and out-of-class activities is not related only to the learning of
various subjects but also to the out-of-class activities. Students should be engaged in
debating, editing, scouting, dramatizing, etc. Games and sports are other fields. Students
should be provided opportunities to render social service to community. Social education
centres, social service clubs etc., should start N.C.C. N.S.S., all provide useful channels to
harness the energies of the youth and thereby sublimate the instincts of the students.
Learning by doing in social studies:- The principle can be employed in all the' school
subjects.
History:Children should be taken to places of historical interest, i.e. ancient monuments,
caves, forts, ruins, edicts, museums etc. Charts and models of the various battles should be
prepared. Maps of various dynasties and the extent of empire should be prepared.
Historical plays may be dramatized. The students may be encouraged to read
historical novels.
Geography:Excursions to the places of geographical interest should be arranged. The students
should be asked to prepare geographical maps, models and charts to show geographical

facts in colours and lines on paper as well as on earth.

Civics:Visits to the meetings and sessions of village panchayat, District Boards, State
Assemblies, etc., may be arranged.
Need of a Variety of Methods:The social sciences teachers must be conversant with the theory and practices of
different methods of teaching the subject for mainly two reasons.
First, there is no royal road to successful learning:There are many roads-highways and byways; royal roads and narrow lanes,
delightful paths and rough ones which need to be tried for meeting particular needs and
situations. The teacher should be able to use any permutations and combinations of
methods, devices, and techniques to make the subject interesting, vital and living, for
example, he could use lecture or discussion method or a combination of these two, to lend
colour to class. The point which needs emphasis is the urgency of the teacher to be
conversant with a variety of methods of social sciences.
Second, for avoiding monotony:Different lessons or units demand different approaches of teaching. If a teacher
uses the same method for every circumstance- lecture or text-book, project or discussion or
socialized recitation or discussion, it may be monotonous indeed. What a tremendous
increase in equipment, materials, means and teaching procedures have been witnessed in
the past few decades, how necessary it is to be able to utilize all these to provide variety
and colour to teaching social sciences. Let children be exposed to varied experiences to
create and maintain their interest and avoid monotony.
No single method can be advocated as the best for all situations, and with all
teachers and pupils. The method, the teacher adopts should emerge out of the abundance of
information and skill of the teacher and, to top it all, should harmonise with the content to
be taught. Method is the means- let every teacher of social sciences be familiar with the
different means for reckoning the desired ends.
Characteristics of a good teaching method:1.It should provide a group of related experiences and activities, arranged on an individual
as well as group basis, specially designed to produce certain changes in terms of
knowledge, understandings habits, attitudes and skills, in short, in the behaviour of the
educators.

2.It should give scope for the creative expression of the child's individuality.
3.It should rouse a large range of interests in the minds of the students rather than be a
mechanical device for passing on facts and figures.
4.It should shift emphasis from verbalism and memorization to learning through
purposeful, concrete and realistic situations.
5. It should train the students in the techniques of self study and the methods of
acquiring knowledge through personal effort or intuition.
6. It should stimulate the desire for further study and exploration.
7. It should awaken an interest in the materials and techniques used by a social
scientist. It should give them peeps into the workshop of the social scientists to
enable them to know the varied interpretations of events and clash of characters.

O;k[;ku vFkok fooj.k fof/k

O;k[;ku vFkok fooj.k dk vFkZ gs dgkuh ds :Ik esa nwljs dks crkuk O;k[;ku ds
laca/k esa izks-vkbZ-,p- isUVksu us dgk gS fd O;k[;k gh vius vki esa ,d dyk gS
ftldk mn~ns'; cPpksa dks ec) ?kVukvksa dh Li"V] ltho rFkk #fpdj <ax ls bl
izdkj dh tkudkjh djokuk gS fd cPps bu ?kVukvksa dks iqu% ec) dj lds vkSj
lkFk gh ?kVukvksa dh n'kZd vFkok Lo;a ,d ik= ds :i esa dYiuk dj ldsaA
v/;kid dks ,d Js"B rFkk izHkkoiw.kZ vkj/kkrk cuus ds fy, mldk Hkk"kk ds iz;ksx
ij vf/kdkj gksuk vko';d gksuk vR;ko';d gSA mls ,slh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djuk
pkfg, ftlls okLrfod fLFkfr rFkk ?kvuk dk vkHkkl gksA blds vfrfjDr v/;kid
ds }kjk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh Hkk"kk ckydksa ds ekufld Lrj ds vuqlkj gksuh
pkkfg,A v/;kid dks mnkgj.k ds :i easa ,slh miekvksa dgkorksa eqgkojksa rFkk #idksa
dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, ftuls ckyd vPNh rjg ls ifjfpr gksA izR;sd fo"k; ds
izR;sd ikB esa O;k[;ku vFkok fooj.k dh vko';drk gksrh gS ijarq bfrgkl rFkk
Hkwxksy lkekftd foKku esa rks bldh furkar vko';drk gSA v/;kid dks bl i)fr
dk iz;ksx djrs le; v/;kid ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk fo'ks" k /;ku j[kuk
vR;ko';d gSA
1- v/;kid ftl ikB dks i<+k jgk gs v/;kid ds efLr"d esa mldh Li"V rFkk
l'kDr :ijs[kk gksuh pkfg,A mldk Kku dsoy lS)kfUrd lwpukvksa rd gh lhfer
ugha gksuk pkfg,A v/;kid dh Hkk"kk ljy rFkk Li"V gksuh pkfg,A
2- v/;kid dks igys fo"k; dh foLr`r :ijs[kk nsuh pkfg,A
3- v/;kid dks igys fo"k; dh foLr`r :ijs[kk nsuh pkfg, blds i'pkr~ lw{e
o.kZu djuk pkfg,A
4- dFku ckydksa dh vk;q rFkk ekufld Lrj ds vuqlkj gksuk pkfg, rFkk f'k{kd
Hkh dFku djrs le; muds Lrj dk /;ku j[ksaA
5- f'k{kd }kjk fn;k tkus okyk o.kZu vf/kd yEck ugha gksuk pkfg, vkSj mlds
foLrkj ij Hkh jksd yxkuh pkfg,A
6- dFku djrs le; f'k{kd dks iz'uksrj fof/k rFkk lgk;d lkexzh dk Hkh mi;ksx
djuk pkfg,A

7- fooj.k djrs le; v/;kid bl ckr dk Hkh /;ku j[ks fd igys og fo"k; dh
foLr`r tkudkjh iznku djs vkSj rRi'pkr~ mldk lkajk'k nsA
8- o.kZu djrs le; ,sfrgkfld vkSj HkkSxksfyd ifjHkkf"kd ^'kCnksa dks Hkyh&Hkkafr
Li"V dj nsuk pkfg,A
9- o.kZu ds vk/kkj ij fu"d"kZ Hkh fudkys tk ldrs gSA o.kZu lnSo iw.kZ gksuk pkfg,
rkfd Nk=ksa dh dYiuk v/kwjh ;k =qfViw.kZ u jgsA
10- o.kZu ds le; iz;ksx fd, tk jgs fp=] ekufp= cM+s vkdkj ds gksa rkfd ,d
LFkku ij [kM+s v/;kid iw.kZ d{kk dks bUgsa fn[kk ldsaA
11- v/;kid dks fp= ;k uewus d{kk ds Nk=ksa dks fn[kkrs le; vuq'kklu lac/kh
leL;kvksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A
12- o.kZu@dFku ikB dks tfVy u cuk,a bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd dFku
ds }kjk cPpksa esa mRlkg vkSj mRlqdrk iSnk dh tk,A
13- mls O;k[;ku djrs le; cgqr le; vf/kd ckrksa dk foLr`r foospu ugha
djuk pkfg, D;ksafd blls ckyd ?kcjk tkrs gSA
14- v/;kid dks O;k[;ku nsrs le; dsoy egRoiw.kZ ckrksa ij gh cy nsuk pkfg,
rFkk mudks nksgjkuk pfg,A
15- o.kZu ,d fuf'pr e esa gksuk pkfg,A
16- O;k[;ku ds vUrxZr dsoy 'kCnksa dk ughaa cfYd rlohjksa ekMy o ekufp=ksa dk
iz;ksx Hkh djuk pkfg,A
17- v/;kid dks Nk=ksa ds O;k[;ku vFkok fooj.k dk mn~ns'; irk gksuk pkfg,A
18- O;k[;ku vFkok fooj.k ds nkSjku v/;kid dks Nk=ksa ds }kjk ifjfpr miekvksa
rFkk :idksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
v/;kid esa O;k[;ku vFkok fooj.k dyk dks fodflr djus gsrq vko';d fu;e %&
v/;kid fuEufyf[kr pkj fu;eksa dk ikyu djus ls O;k[;ku vFkok fooj.k
dh dyk dks vius esa fodflr dj ldrk gSA
1- vius fo|ky; ds vU; fuiq.k ,oa ;ksX; v/;kikdksa ds dk;Z dk fujh{k.k djuk
2- dgkuh dgus dk fujarj vH;kl djuk
3- cPpksa ls lacaf/kr lQy ys[kdksa dh iqLrdksa rFkk dk;ksZa dk v/;;u djukA
4- vius dk;ksZa dk vkykspukRed fufj{k.k djukA
lkekftd v/;;u ds f'k{k.k esa fooj.k fof/k dk iz;ksx %&
v/;kid Hkqxksy i<+kus esa fdlh izns'k rFkk bfrgkl i<+kus esa fdlh ;q) dk o.kZu
dj Nk=ksa ds efLr"d esa mldk fp= vafdr dj ldrk gSA HkkSxksfyd rF;ksa dks Li"V

djus esa bl fof/k dk iz;ksx fo'ks"k :i ls fd;k tkrk gSA ,d fon~oku ds 'kCnksa esa
ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds fuokfl;ksa ds thou fofHkUu izkfrd n`';ksa i`Foh ij
vkarfjd o ok 'kfDr;ksa ds dk;Zdykiksa dk f'k{k.k fooj.k fof/k ls fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
O;k[;ku ;k fooj.k fof/k dh fo'ks"krk, %&
1- fooj.k fof/k ds }kjk fo"k; ds vusd i{kksa ij izdk'k Mky dj mldh iw.kZ:isu
leh{kk dh tk ldrh gSA
2- fooj.k ds }kjk ckydksa dks bruk Kku izkIr gks tkrk gS fd ckyd dks fofHkUu
izdkj dh iqLrdsa i<+kus dh vko';drk ugha iM+rhA
3- bl fof/k ds }kjk ckydksa dk mfpr ekxZn'kZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls mUgsa
thou dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
4- bl fof/k ds }kjk ckyd Kku dks iqLrdksa dh mis{kk de le; esa izkIr dj ysrs
gSA
5- iqLrkdksa dks i<+kus dh mis{kk ckydksa dks fooj.k lquus esa vf/kd vkuUn feyrk
gSA vr% fooj.k dk ckydksa ds efLr"d ij LFkkbZ izHkko iM+rk gSA
O;k[;ku ;k fooj.k i|fr dh nks"k ;k lhek, %
1- O;k[;ku fof/k ds chp esa ckyd izk;% cksyus vFkok iz'u iqNus dk lkgl ugha
dj ikrsA blls mudh dfBukbZ nwj ugha gksrh vkSj os ikB dk cgqr de va'k gh
xzg.k dj ikrs gSA
2- O;k[;ku fof/k dk iz;ksx djrs le; ckyd fuf"; Jksrk ds :i esa jgrk gS
vkSj f'k{kd lf;A
3- izR;sd v/;kid fooj.k rks rkfdZd ,oa euksoSKkfud e esa mifLFkr ugha dj
ldrk gSA
4- O;k[;ku dks izLrqr djus esa Hkk"kk dh 'kq)rk rFkk mi;qDrrk rFkk fo"k; lkexzh
dh jkspdrk vkfn vusd xq.kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA tc v;kid bu xq.kksa ij
/;ku ugha nsrk rks fooj.k dk ego de gks tkrk gSA
5- O;k[;ku fof/k dk vR;kf/kd iz;ksx djus ls ikB vjkspd rFkk uhjl gks tkrk gSA

voyksdu fof/k
voyksdu fof/k esa dkuksa vFkok ok.kh dh vis{kk v/;udrkZ vius us=ksa dk vf/kd
iz;ksx djrk gSA ljy vFkZ esa voyksdu dk vFkZ gS fdlh fof'k"V mn~ns'; dks /;ku
esa j[kdj fdlh ds dk;ksZa rFkk O;ogkjksa vkfn dks ns[kukA bl fof/k ds }kjk v/;kid
Nk=ksa ds O;ogkj dks LokHkkfor ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ns[krk gS rFkk muds O;ogkj ls
lacf/kr ckrsa uksV djrk gSA bl fof/k dk iz;ksx ckydksa ds lkewfgd O;ogkj ds

v/;;u esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA voyksdu fof/k esa Nk= ds O;ogkj ls lacf/kr fdlh
ifjfLFkfr fo'ks"k dk foLrkj djds v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ls Nk= ds
O;ogkj dk fujh{k.k djds v/;;udrkZ dqN fu"dk"kksZa ij igqaprk gsA fujh{k.k gsrq
v;kid vFkok v/;;udrkZ Nqidj Nk= ds O;ogkj dk fujh{k.k djrk gS ;k ns[krk
gS] ftlls fd mldh mifLFkrh esa Nk= dk O;ogkj izHkkfor u gks vkSj Nk= ds
LokHkkfod O;ogkj dk v/;;u gks ldsA
bl fof/k ds }kjk ckydksa dks okLrfod d{kk esa O;Lr ns[kdj mudh

#fp;ksa]

Hkkoukvksa] vfHko`fr;ksa rFkk O;ogkj dh eksVh&2 ckrksa dk Hkyh izdkj ls irk yxk;k
tk ldrk gSA v/;kid dks ;g Hkh irk py ldrk gSA fd ckyd d{kk esa fdl gn
rd vuq'kklu ls jgrs gSA ckyd nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa rFkk #fp;ksa dk fdruk vknj
djrs gS] d{kk dh fofHkUu f;kvksa esa fdruk Hkkx ysrs gSaA vius mkjnkf;Ro dk
ikyu fdl lhek rd djrs gSaA ijarq bl fof/k dh lQyrk gsrq v/;kid ds fy,
;g vko';d gS fd

og izR;sd Nk= dh fujh{kr ckrksa dk fu;fer :i ls fjdkMZ

j[ksA voyksdu fof/k ckydksa ds LoHkko fuekZ.k Le`fr] Nk= ds vijk/kh O;ogkj vkSj
mudh vU; izdkj dh ekufld o 'kkjhfjd f;kvksa ds v/;;u esa Hkh vR;ar
mi;ksxh gSA
voyksdu fof/k ds izdkj %&
1- vkSipkfjd voyksdu
2- vukSipkfjd voyksdu
1 vkSipkfjd %& bl fof/k ds vUrxZr Nk= dks bl ckr dk irk gksrk gS fd mlds
O;ogkj dk v/;;u fd;k tk jgk gSA blfy, bl fof/k esa cPpksa ds vLokHkkfod
gksus dh vk'kadk cuh jgrh gSA
2- vukSipkfjd %& blesa Nk= dks bl ckr dk Kku ugha gksrk fd mlds O;ogkj dk
v/;;u fd;k tk jgk gSA blfy, bl fof/k esa cPpk vius O;ogkj esa lgt cuk
jgrk gSA
voyksdu fof/k dk vFkZ %&
ekslj ds vuqlkj %& fujh{k.k dks mfpr :i ls oSKkfud iwNrkN dh Js"B fof/k dgk
tk ldrk gSA Bksl vFkZ esa fujh{k.k esa nksuksa dkuksa vkSj ok.kh dh vis{kk us=ksa dk
mi;ksx gksrk gSA
;ax ds vuqlkj %&
fujh{k.k us=ksa }kjk lko/kkuh ls fd, v/;;u dks lkewfgd O;ogkj] tfVy
lkekftd laLFkkvksa vkSj fdlh iw.kZ oLrq dks cukus okyh i`Fkd bdkb;ksa dk fujh{k.k

djus ds fy, ,d fof/k ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;ax ds dFku ls
Li"V gS fd fujh{k.k fof/k ds v/;;udrkZ rF;ksa dk v/;;u viuh vka[kks }kjk
djrk gSA bl fof/k ds }kjk lkewfgd O;ogkj o tfVy leL;kvksa dk v/;;u
ljyrk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;g fof/k lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k esa cgqr mi;ksxh gSa ;g Bhd gh dgk tkrk gS
fd Lo;a ds vuqHko O;fDr dks lh[kus dh izf;k esa

LFkk;h Kku iznku djrs gSaA

;g izfof/k izkFkfed d{kkvksa ds Nk=ksa ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls mi;ksxh gSA bu d{kkvksa

dk ckyd vkjafHkd voLFkk esa vius vklikl ds ?kjsyw rFkk fo|ky; ds okrkoj.k ds
laidZ esa vkrk gSA og mudk Lo;a voyksdu dj vius rFkk okrkoj.k ds laca/kks dk
vuqHko dj muds fo"k; esa lksprk gS vkSj buls vf/kd laidZ LFkkfir djds vius
vuqHkoksa esa o`f) djrk gSA lkekftd v/;;u fo"k;ksa dh tkudkjh fujh{k.k izfof/k ls
vklkuh ls yh tk ldrh gSA fo|ky; dk okrkoj.k cPps dks vusd izdkj ds volj
iznku djrk gSA ,d vPNs v/;kid dh ns[kjs[k esa fd;k fujh{k.k Nk= dks iz'u
djus] rF;ksa dks bdV~Bk djus vkSj izkIr dh xbZ tkudkjh dks laokjus ds fy,
lgk;rk djrk gSA v/;kid Nk=ksa dks ,sfrgkfld LFkkuksa ds voyksdu ds fy, ys tk
ldrk gS vkSj ogka izR;{k n'kZu] Kku rFkk vuqHko ls ckyd ds Kku esa o`f) djus
esa lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA blds fy, v/;kid fujh{k.k ds fuEufyf[kr <ax viuk
ldrk gS %&
1 Hkze.k %&

v/;kid Hkze.k ds ek/;e ls Hkh fujh{k.k dj ldrk gSA ;g

txg&txg ij tkdj foLrkjiwoZd tkudkjh izkIr djs vkSj yksxksa ds }kjk fd, x,
fofHkUu dkeksa dh leh{kk rFkk voyksdu djsA bl izdkj v/;kid fofHkUu LFkkuksa
dk nkSjk djds muds }kjk fd, tk jgs dk;ksZa dh leh{kk dj ldrkd gS vkSj mlds
vk/kkj ij Nk=ksa dk ekxZn'kZu dj ldrk gSA
2- lkewnkf;d losZ{k.k %& fujh{k.k izfof/k esa v/;kid }kjk lkeqnkf;d losZ{k.kksa dk
Hkh lgkjk fy;k tk ldrk gSA ;g losZ{k.k cPpksa dk leqnk; ds Lo:i] izfr rFkk
izf;k ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh iznku djsaxs vkSj mUgsa leqnk; dh leL;kvksa dk
v/;;u djus esa lgk;rk iznku djsaxsA
3- leqnkf;d dk;ksZa dk fujh{k.k %& lkeqnkf;d dk;ksZa dk fujh{k.k djds Hkh cPpksa
dh f'k{kk esa ;ksxnku fn;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, v;kid lkeqnkf;d
dk;ksZa dk fujh{k.k djds ;g tkudkjh izkIr djus dk iz ;Ru djrk gS fd lekt dh
mUufr ds fy, dkSu&dkSu ls dk;ksZa dks c<+kok fey jgk gS vkSj buesa

fdl ckr dh

deh jg xbZ gSA ml deh dks nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lkeqnkf;d
dk;Z ,d leqnk; ls nwljs leqnk; esa lnSo fHkUu jgrs gSA blfy, ;fn v/;kid

Lo;a lksp ysrk gS vkSj d{kk ds Nk= Hkh #fp ysrs gSa rks lkeqnkf;d dk;ksZa esa #fp
ysus ls leqnk; laca/kh] lkaLfrd] ,sfrgkfld] vkfFkZd vkSk oSKkfud tkudkjh Bhd
<ax ls izkIr dj ldsaxs vkSj mudk Lo;a dk lkekthdj.k Bhd <ax ls gks ik,xkA
v/;kid dks fujh{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx djrs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dh vksj /;ku
nsuk pkfg, %&
1- iwjh ifjfLFkfr dk voyksdu djuk %& fujh{k.k fof/k esa Nk= dks viuk /;ku
dsoy O;ogkj rd lhfer ugha djuk pkfg, cfYd f'k{kd Lo;a xUrO;] LFkku ij
tkdj mldks Lo;a ns[ksa vkSj mldh =qfV;ksa dks nwj djus dk iz;Ru djsaA v/;kid
bl ckr dks Hkh ns[ksa fd fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa }kjk ckyd ds O;ogkj esa ifjorZu yk;k
tk ldrk gSA
2- ,d le; ij ,d gh Nk= dk voyksdu %& v/;kid dks O;fDrxr fujh{k.k ij
tksj nsuk pkfg,A ,d gh le; ij ,d gh Nk= dk voyksdu djus dk iz;Ru
djuk pkfg, D;ksafd ,d ls vf/kd dk fujh{k.k fof/k }kjk fo'oluh; voyksdu
laHko ugha gSA
3- yEcs le; rd fujh{k.k %& Nk=ksa ds O;ogkj&n`f"Vdks.k dk yEcs le; rd
fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A de le; esa fd;k x;k voyksdu v;kid dks fdlh
,d fo'oluh; ifj.kke rd ugha igqapk ldrkA
4- fujh{k.k djrs le; v/;kid dks le;&le; ij Nk=ksa dks crk, x, fl)karks
dks Hkh fu;fer f;kvksa esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsA
fujh{k.k fof/k ds ykHk ;k xq.k
1- fujh{k.k izfof/k }kjk pqus gq, rF;ksa dk voyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d vPNk
fujh{kd fujh{k.k dh lgk;rk ls ikB ds lHkh igyqvksa dk voyksdu dj ldrk gSA
2- fujh{k.k cPpksa ds O;kogkfjd Lrj dk voyksdu djus ds fy, Hkh Bhd gSA NksVs
cPpksa dk voyksdu }kjk v/;kiu djus ds fy, ;g ,d mi;ksxh fof/k gSA NksVs
cPpksa dk voyksdu }kjk v/;kiu djus ds fy, ;g ,d mi;ksxh fof/k gSA NksVh
d{kkvksa ds cPpksa esa vkRe Kku dk fodkl de gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa ikl fcBkdj
mudk fujh{k.k djrs gq, mudh dfe;ksa dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ekxZn'kZu
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3- fujh{k.k i}fr O;fDrxr ;k lewg nksuksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA bl fofk }kjk ,d
O;fDr dk Hkh voyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj lewg dk Hkh voyksdu fd;k tk
ldrk gSA blh izdkj ,d le; esa ,d ;k vusd xq.kksa dk Hkh fujh{k.k laHko gSA

4- fujh{k.k i}fr esa Nk=ksa ds vlyh O;ogkj dks voyksfdr fd;k tkrk gSA blfy,
;g oLrqfu"B vkSj vf/kd fo'oluh; gksrh gSA
5- fujh{k.k i}fr dk iz;ksx ,d lk/kkj.k v/;kid Hkh dj ldrk gSA blds fy,
fo'ks"k izdkj ds v/;kid dh ;k fdlh fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA
lHkh v/;kid FkksM+h&lh tkudkjh izkIr djds ,d vPNs fujh{kd dh Hkwfedk fuHkk
ldrs gSA
6- fujh{k.k fof/k ls vU; fof/k;ksa ds }kjk ,df=r lwpukvksa dh iqf"V djus esa
lgk;rk feyrh gSA izk;ksfxd tkapksa ls izkIr rF;ksa dh iqf"V ds fy, ;g fof/k cgqr
mi;ksxh gSA lkekftd v/;;u fo"k; esa vusd ,sls izdj.k vkrs gS ftudh ge
iz;ksx }kjk tkap djds f'k{kk iznku djus dk iz;kl djrs gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fnu
jkr dSls curs gS\ v/;kid blds iz;ksx dk cPpksa dks fujh{k.k djok dj foLr`r
tkudkjh iznku dj ldrk gS tks muds fy, vfr mi;ksxh fl) gksxhA
fujh{k.k izfof/k ds nks"k] dfe;k ;k lhek, %&
fujh{k.k izfof/k esa tgka vusd xq.k gSA ogka ij muesa dqN =qfV;ka ;k nks"k Hkh gSa tks
fd fuEufyf[kr gS %&
1- fo|ky; esa d{kk dk vkdkj cM+k gksus ds dkj.k lHkh cPpksa dk fujh{k.k Bhd ls
ugha gks ikrkA v/;kid&fujh{kd ds ikl bruk le; ugha gksrk fd og lHkh cPpksa
dk fujh{k.k dj ldsA
2- fujh{kd dk ekufld Lrj Hkh fujh{kd ds jkLrs esa dbZ ckj #dkoV Mkyrk gSA
bl fof/k ds }kjk Nk= ds O;ogkj dk fujh{k.k djrs le; ;g Hk; cuk jgkr gS
fd fujh{k.kdrkZ Lo;a vius iFk ls u HkVd tk,A
3- dsoy 'kkjhfjd f;kvksa dk gh fujh{k.k gks ldrk gS ekufld f;kvksa dk ughaA
ekufld f;kvksa dk voyksdu u gksus dh otg ls fujh{k.k dk dk;Z v/kwjk jg
tkrk gSA ,slh voLFkk esa ekufld fLFkfr dk Kku v/kwjk jg tkrk gSA
4- fujh{k.kdrkZ }kjk Nk= ds O;ogkj dk fujh{k.k djrs le; ;g Hk; cuk jgrk gS
fd og LOk;a vius n`f"Vdks.k ls Nk= ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor u djsA Hkkouk ds
vuqlkj viuh eukso`fr vkSj i{kikrksa ds izHkko esa vkdj fujh{k.kdrkZ dHkh&dHkh
fujh{k.k dh lR;rk dks izHkkfor dj nsrk gSA blls fujh{k.k esa i{kikr dh laHkkouk
cuh jgrh gSA

iz;kstuk fof/k

iz;kstuk fof/k fk{k.k dh uohu fof/k ekuh tkrh gSA bldk fodkl fk{kk esa
lkekftd izo`fr ds QyLo:i gqvk gSA fk{kk bl izdkj dh nh tkuh pkfg, tks
thou dks lkeFkZ cuk ldsA W. H. Kilpatrick us bldks 1918 esa M~;who ds
iz;kstukokn ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr djds fufpr :i iznku fd;kA ;g fof/k
vuqHko dsfUnzr gSA Kilpatick ds vuqlkj] iz;kstuk ,d ,slh ms';iw.kZ fdz;k gS ftls
lkekftd okrkoj.k esa iw.kZ rUe;rk ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA
MkW-ts-,- lVhoulu ds vuqlkj iz;kstuk ,d leL;kRed dk;Z gS ftls izkfrd
fLFkfr;ksa esa iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA
ckykMZ ds vuqlkj] iz;kstuk okLrfod thou dk ,d Hkkx gS ftls Ldwy esa yk;k
tkrk gSA
bu lHkh ifjHkk"kkvksa dh foospuk djrs gq, dgk tk ldrk gS fd izkstsDV esa
fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk, gksrh gSa %&
1- iz;kstuk esa lkss'; f;k fufgr jgrh gSA
2- vPNh iz;kstuk dsoy ek= d{kk v/;;u gh ugha gS mls lkekftd okrkoj.k esa
lEikfnr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g okLrfod ifjos'k esa ;g iw.kZ gksrh gSA
3- mke ;kstuk okLrfod thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gSA buesa mu
leL;kvksa dk lekos'k ugha gksrk tks pkjksa vksj thou ls lEcfUkr u gksaA
4- vPNh iz;kstuk O;kogkfjd gksrh gSA
5- tc iz;kstukvksa dk pquko fd;k tk, mUgsa ego'kkyh o 'kSf{kd xq.kksa okyk gksuk
pkfg,A
6- iz;kstuk Nk=ksa dh ;ksX;rk vkSj {kerkvksa ds vuq:i gksuh pkfg,A vkSj budk
vk/kkj Hkh muds iwokZuqHkoksa ij gksuk pkfg,A
7- iz;kstuk ,slh gks ftlls lEcfU/kr lkexzh fo|ky; rFkk mlds vkl&ikl miyC/k
gks ldsA
8- blds varxZr fd;k x;k dk;Z vius vki esa iw.kZ gksA
iz;kstukvksa dk oxhZdj.k %&
iz;kstukvksa dk nks izdkj ls oxhZdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1- O;fDrxr cuke lkewfgd
2- ljy cuke cgqeq[khA
izFke oxhZdj.k esa ;kstuk izk;% nks izdkj dh gksrh gSaA
1- O;fDrxr

2- lkewfgd

O;fDrxr iz;kstuk esa izR;sd Nk= viuk&viuk dk;Z djrk gS vkSj lkewfgd iz;kstuk
esa lHkh Nk= lfEefyr :i ls fdlh dk;Z dks iwjk djrs gSa rFkk blds fy, iz;Ru
djrs gSaA
nwljs oxhZdj.k esa lkekU;r% izkstsDV nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa %&
1- ljy
2- cgqeq[kh
1- ljy izkstsDV os gksrs gSa ftuds djus esa ,d gh dke gksrk gSA tSls iqLrd
[kjhnukA
2- cgqeq[kh izkstsDV os izkstsDV gSa ftuesa ,d ls vf/kd dke gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds
fy, vkxjs dk rktegy ns[kus dk ,d izkstsDV] bl izkstsDV ds }kjk ikB~;p;kZ ds
dbZ fo"k;ksa dh f'k{kk nh tk ldrh gSA
cgqeq[kh izkstsDV vkxjs dk rktegy ns[kuk
I-

okrkZyki dh f'k{kk % izkjaHk esa cPps izkstsDV dks iwjk djus ds fy, dk;Ze

cukrs gSaA blesa mUgsa ckrphr djuh iM+rh gSA ftlls mUgsa okrkZyki djuk vkrk gSA
os rdZlaxr <ax ls lkspus o fu.kZ; ysus esa vH;Lr gks tkrs gSaA cPps lg;ksx ls
dk;Z djuk lh[krs gSa vkSj okLrfod thou ds fy, rS;kj gksrs gSaA
II-

Hkk"kk % rktegy ds fo"k; esa vusd ys[k ,oa dfork,a i<+kbZ tk ldrh gSaA

rktegy ns[kus ds fy, jsyos vf/kdkfj;ksa ls i=&O;ogkj djokus] rktegy ij

fuca/k fy[kokus vkSj ?kwers le; nSufUnuh Diary Hkjokus ls Hkh Hkk"kk dh f'k{kk nh
tk ldrh gSA
III-

xf.kr %& vkus tkus ds O;; dk fglkc] [kkus&ihus o jgus ij gksus okys O;;

dk fglkc vkSj O;; gksrs le; mldk ys[kk tks[kk j[kus ls O;kolkf;d xf.kr dh
f'k{kk nh tk ldrh gSA xf.kr f'k{kk dh ;gh mi;qDre fof/k gSA
IV.

bfrgkl %& rktegy ds fo"k; esa v/;;u djus ls mlds lkFk tqM+k bfrgkl

o eqxydkyhu dyk] lkfgR;] lH;rk o laLfr dk Kku gksuk LokHkkfod gSA

V-

Hkwxksy %& bl izkstSDV esa cPpksa dks ekufp= ij vkxjs dks tkuus vkSj ogka

dh tyok;q] jgu&lgu] [kku&iku rFkk m|ksx&/ka/ksa ds fo"k; esa tkuus ds fy,

vxzlj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
VI-

dyk% rktegy ns[kdj cPpksa esa rktegy dk fp= cukus dh bPNk gks ldrh

gSA v/;kid bldks tkxzr djus dk iz;Ru dj ldrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj dyk dh
f'k{kk ns ldrs gSaA
iz;kstuk i)fr ds lksiku %

izR;sd iz;kstuk esa fuEufyf[kr ikap lksikn in fufgr jgrs gSaA

1- ifjfLFkfr mRiUu djuk ;k ms'; fu/kkZj.k djuk %
iz;kstuk dk fu/kkZj.k fdlh ms'; ij fu/kkZfjr gksuk pkfg,A f'k{kd ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka
mRiUu djsa ftuesa Nk=ksa dks mfpr iz;kstuk pquus esa lgk;rk feysA ifjfLFkfr;ka Nk=ksa
dh vko';drk] ;ksX;rkvksa] {kerkvksa o #fp;ksa ds vuq:i gksuh pkfg,A tc Nk=
fdlh iz;kstuk dks pquus dh bPNk djrk gS rc og viuh ;kstuk izLrqr djrk gSA
ijarq iz;kstuk dk pquko djus ls igys ;g vko';d gS fd Nk= vkil esa vkSj
v/;kid ds lkFk okn&fookn dj ysa rkfd bl ;kstuk dh mu ckrksa ij fu'p; dj
fy;k tk, ftuls lc lger gksaA
2- iz;kstuk dk pquko %& fHkUu&fHkUu Nk=ksa] d{kk ds lkFk fofHkUu iz;kstuk,a j[kh
tkrh gSa rkfd muesa ls fdlh ,d dk pquko dj fy;k tk,A iz;kstuk dk pquko
djrs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk /;u j[kk tk, %
1- iz;kstuk ,slh gks ftlesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fdlh okLrfod vko';drk dh iwfrZ
gks ldsA
2- 'kSf{kd n`f"Vdks.k ls iz;kstuk lgh gksA
3- iz;kstuk ds pquko esa Nk=ksa dk iwjk lg;ksx gksA v/;kid dks Nk=ksa ij
dksbZ iz;kstuk Fkksiuh ugha pkfg,A
4- iz;kstuk dk pquko djrs le; v/;kid dqN lq>ko rks ns ldrk gS] ijarq
iz;kstuk dk vafre pquko rks Nk=ksa ds gkFk esa gh gksuk pkfg,A
5- iz;kstuk dk y{; leLr d{kk ds fy, lkekU; gksA blds lkFk&lkFk og
y{; lcdks ekuuh; gksA
;fn Nk= fdlh xyr iz;kstuk dk pquko djrs gSa rks v/;kid igys gh mUgsa
crk ldrk gS fd bl ;kstuk ds vlQy gksuk gSA blfy, bl ij iqufoZpkj cgqr
vko';d gSA ijarq fQj Hkh iz;kstuk v/;kid }kjk Fkksih ugha gksuh pkfg, rFkk og
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh viuh gksA ;kstuk dks f;kfUor djus ls igys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bls
viuh iqfLrdk esa uksV dj ysuk pkfg,A
3- vk;kstu %& iz;kstuk ds pquus ds ckn mldks iwjk djus dk dk;Ze cukuk
iM+rk gSA bl dk;Ze esa os leLr f;k,a vkrh gSa tks ;kstuk dks iwjk djus ds
fy, vko';d gSaA bl dke ds fy, Hkh Nk=ksa o v/;kid ds chp okn&fookn dks
izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A izR;sd ckyd dks ppkZ eas Hkkx ysus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k
tk,A lcdh lgefr ls leLr dk;ks dk pquko fd;k tk,A bl ckr dks Hkh /;ku
esa j[kuk gksxk fd izR;sd ckyd dks mldh ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj dk;Z djus dks feys
D;ksafd ;kstuk dks vafre :i v;kid us nsuk gSA dk;Ze lEcU/kh lHkh fooj.kksa

dks fy[kr :i esa fn;k tkuk pkfg,A bldk ykHk ;g gksxk fd Nk=ksa dks iw.kZ fofnr
gks fd mUgksaus D;k djuk gSA blfy, muds b/kj&m/kj HkVd tkus dh vk'kadk de
gks tk,xhA
4- f;kUo;u %& vk;kstu ds ckn f;kUo;u dk in vkrk gSA bl in esa Nk=ksa us
vius&vius fuf'pr dk;ks dk lEiknu djuk gksrk gSA f;kUo;u ds le; cgqr ls
Nk= mfpr ekxZn'kZu u gksus ds dkj.k viuk cgqr&lk le; O;FkZ gh f;kvksa vkSj
ckrksa esa cckZn dj nsrs gSaA v/;kid dks ;g ns[kus ds fy, lrdZ jguk iM+sxk fd
Nk=ksa dk le; O;FkZ dh ckrksa esa O;; u gksA dbZ ckj mfpr ekxZn'kZu u gksus ds
dkj.k vkSj i;kZIr le; ds vHkko ds dkj.k ckyd iz;kstuk dks chp esa gh NksM+ nsrs
gSaA blfy, v/;kid ds fy, vko';d cu tkrk gS fd og ckydksa dks ;kstuk ds
f;kUo;u ds fy, i;kZIr le; ns vkSj blds lkFk&lkFk le;&le; ij mudk
ekxZn'kZu Hkh djrk jgsA dbZ ckj iz;kstuk ds nkSjku Nk=ksa dk mRlkg ean iM+ tkrk
gSA nwljs] lksikuksa dh rqyuk esa f;kUo;u dk lksiku vf/kd yack gSA bl lksiku esa
fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk cgqr lh f;kvksa dks djuk gksrk gSA tSls fHkUu fHkUu yksxksa ds ikl
tkuk] muds lkFk lk{kkRdkj djuk] uewus bdV~Bs djuk] ekufp= rFkk pkVZ vkfn
cukuk vkfn f;k,a blh lksiku esa vkrh gSaA
5- ewY;kadu %& iz;kstuk fof/k dk vafre lksiku mldk ewY;kadu djuk gSA bl
lksiku esa bl ckr ij fopkj djuk gksrk gS fd tks y{; lkeus j[ks x, Fks] mudks
fdruh ek=k esa dj fy;k x;k gS\ iz;kstuk ds nkSjku dgka& dgka lQyrk izkIr gqbZ
vkSj fdu {ks=ksa esa vlQyrk dk eqag ns[kuk iM+kA bl izdkj iz;kstuk ds ifj.kkeksa
ij fopkj djds Hkfo"; ds fy, mu lq>koksa dks fuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls
Hkfo"; esa ;s nks"k o lkeus u vk,A ewY;kadu ds le; lHkh Nk=ksa dks iw.kZ Lora=rk
ds lkFk vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr djus dk volj feyuk pkfg,A v/;kid Hkh dk;Z
dh izxfr ds lEcUk esa viuh lEefr ns ldrk gSA ewY;kadu ,d izdkj dk
vkRe&fo'ys"k.k gS tks f'k{k.k dk egiw.kZ vax gSA
dk;Z dk ys[kk %&
dk;Z dk ys[kk j[kuk cgqr vko';d gSA ;fn ,slk ugha fd;k tkrk rks tks Hkh
izHkko ;kstuk dh vof/k esa izkIr fd;k gS] fnekx esa feV tk,axsA blfy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa
ds iz;Ruksa ls tks miyfC/k;ka gqbZ gSa] ftl lkexzh dk mUgksaus laxzg fd;k gS] tks
u;s&u;s rF; mUgksaus [kksts gSa] tks dfBukb;ka mUgksaus eglwl dh gSa& bu lcdk ys[kk
j[kuk cgqr vko';d gSA lQyrk,a fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks larks"k o xkSjo iznku djsaxh vkSj
vlQyrk,a mudks psrkouh iznku djsaxh fd Hkfo"; dh ;kstukvksa ds fy, mUgsa dSls
lrdZ jguk gSA bl izdkj Hkfo"; esa iz;kstuk&fof/k ls dk;Z lEiknu esa mUgsa lqfo/kk

feysxhA ;kstuk dk ys[kk j[kus ds fy, lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikl ,d ;kstuk iqfLrdk
gksuh pkfg, ftlesa iz;kstuk laca/kh lHkh f;kvksa dk ys[kk j[k ldsa dc ls ;kstuk
vkjEHk dh xbZ vkSj dc mls iw.kZ dj fy;k x;kA bl vof/k dh lkjh f;k,a bl
;kstuk&iqfLrdk dk ys[kk j[k ldsa dc ls ;kstuk vkjEHk dh xbZ vkSj dc mls iw.kZ
dj fy;k x;kA bl vof/k dh lkjh f;k,a bl ;kstuk& iqfLrdk esa gksuh pkfg,A
;kstuk dk pquko] pquko ls iw.kZ gq, lkjs okn& fookn fHkUu&fHkUu lewgksa ds dk;ks
dk c[kkjk] iqLrdsa vkSj if=dk,a tks i<+h xbZ gSa vkSj f;kUo;u ds nkSjku eglwl
dh xbZ dfBukb;ka blesa fjdkMZ dh tkuh pkfg,A Hkkoh funsZ'ku rFkk iz;ksx ds fy,
egoiw.kZ ckrsa blesa fy[kh tk ldrh gSaA
izkstsDV fof/k ds ykHk %&
euksoSKkfud vk/kkj ij fodkl %&
1- iz;kstuk ds izfr fo|kFkhZ dh ftKklk gksrh gSA blfy, rRijrk dk fu;e ykxw
gksrk gSA fofHkUu dk;ks dks vH;kl }kjk dSls lEiUu fd;k tkrk gS blfy, vH;kl
dk fu;e blesa iz;ksx gksrk gSA iz;kstuk dh lQyrkiwoZd lekfIr ij ckyd dks
larks"k feyrk gSA blfy, izHkko dk fu;e viuk dke fn[kkrk gSA
2- LorU=rk o [ksy [ksy esa lh[kukA
3- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vUos"kd 'kfDr dk fodklA
4- Je ds ego dk fodkl
5- iztkra=h; Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsuk
6- mkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk fodflr djuk
7- okLrfod vkSj iz;ksxh Kku
8- izkIr Kku LFkk;h gksrk gSA
9- mke ewY;kadu
10- Nk=ksa dks Lora=rk iznku djrk gSA
11- lkekftd lek;kstu dk izf'k{k.k
12- ikB~;&lkexzh esa lg&lEcU/kA
13- ;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks leL;k lek/kku esa izf'k{k.k iznku djrh gSA
14- ;g v/;kid dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gSA
15- vuq'kklughurk dh leL;k dks nwj djrk gSA
16- jVus dh izo`fr dks fu:Rlkfgr djrk gSA
iz;kstuk fof/k ds nks"k %&
1- vf/kxe dh xfr /khehA
2- dbZ ckj f'k{kdksa }kjk xyr ;kstuk dk p;uA
3- ikB~;e ds iquxZBu fd, fcuk bl fof/k dks ykxw djuk [krjukd gSA

4- le; o 'kfDr dk viO;;

5- [kphZyh fof/k
6- v/;kidksa ij vf/kd HkkjA
7- v/;kid ds ego dks de le>ukA
8- blesa vlaxr ckrksa dks dHkh&dHkh vf/kd ego fn;k tkrk gSA
9- dkepksjksa vkSj 'kehZys Nk=ksa ds fy, mi;qDr ughaA
10- ikB~;e iwjk djuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA
11- le; foHkkx p dk ikyu djuk vlEHko
12- vH;kl dk;Z dh dehA
13- mi;qDr lkexh ikuk dfBuA
14- NksVs cPpksa ds fy, vuqi;qDr A
15- fo|ky; esa fo|eku orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqi;qDrA
16- mi;qDr ikB~; iqLrdksa dk vkHkkoA
17- fo|ky; ds vU; dk;ksZa dk vO;ofLFkr gks tkukA
lgh n`f"Vdks.k ls fopkj fd;k tk, rks ;gh dguk gksxk fd iz;kstuk fof/k
f'k{k.k ds tks nks"k fxuok, x, gSa] os nks"k ugha vfirq bl fof/k dks iz;ksx esa ykus
dh dqN dfBukb;ka gSaA D;ksafd bl fof/k dk lQy lapkyu f'k{kd dh ;ksX;rk]
lw>&cw>] dk;Z{kerk] ekxZfunsZ'ku ij fuHkZj djrk gSA v/;kid dh lgt cqf)
dfBukb;ksa dk fujkdj.k djus esa lQy gks ldrh gSA
lkekftd v/;;u esa ;kstukvksa ds mnkgj.k %&
lkekftd v/;;u esa fofHkUu ;kstukvksa dk iz;ksx lEHko gSA lkekftd v/;;u
ekuoh; lEcU/kksa dk v/;;u djus okyk fo"k; gSA bu laca/kksa ds vkarfjd Lo:i
dks le>us

gsrq

iz;kstuk,a

cgqr gh

egRoiw.kZ

gSA

D;ksafd iz;kstukvksa dh iwfrZ

lkekftd okrkoj.k esa gh laHko gSA lkekftd v/;;u esa fuEufyf[kr ;kstukvksa dks
iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS
1- xzke iapk;r dk pquko] laxBu ,oa dk;Z iz.kkyhA
2- fo|ky; ds fofHkUu pquko
3-

fo|ky;

esa

fofHkUu

ifj"knksa

xksf"B;ksa

dk;Z&iz.kkyhA
4- xzke] uxj rFkk fo|ky; dh lQkbZA
5- gekjs mRlo
6- fo|ky; dh f"kA
7- flapkbZ ds lk/ku

rFkk

leqnk;ksa

dk

laxBu

mudh

8- lkeqnkf;d losZ{k.k
9- fofHkUu ,sfrgkfld] HkkSxksfyd vkfn LFkkuksa dh ;k=k,aA
10- ukVdksa dk ys[ku o vfHku;
11- fofHkUu oLrqvksa&flDdksa] fVdVksa] eqgjksa vkfn dk laxzg
12- Lsi cqd dk fuekZ.k
13- ekufp=] ekWMy] le;&js[kk] le;&xzkQ] fp= vkfn dk fuekZ.kA

izn'kZuh
Nk=ksa ds lg;ksx ls fufeZr oLrqvksa dks mfpr <ax ls ltkdj lkekftd
v/;;u ds foKku ls lEcfU/kr izn'kZuh dk vk;kstu djds LFkkbZ o mke Kku fn;k
tkrk gSaA
'kSf{kd egRo dh oLrqvksa dk izn'kZu ^'kSf{kd izn'kZuh dgykrk gSA fo|ky;
}kjk vk;ksftr f'k{kk lEc/kh midj.kksa ds izn'kZu dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk
ldrk gS %&
1- d{kk izn'kZuh

2- fo|ky; izn'kZuh

1- d{kk izn'kZuh %& d{kk&d{k ds vUrZxr f'k{kk egRo dh lkexzh dk izn'kZu d{kk
izn'kZuh ds uke ls tkuk tk ldrk gSA
2- fo|ky; izn'kZuh %& fo|ky; }kjk vk;ksftr f'k{kk egRo dh lkexzh dh izn'kZuh
ftlesa fo|ky; ds leLr Lrjksa ds Nk=ksa }kjk fufeZr oLrqvksa dk izn'kZu fd;k tkrk
gS fo|ky; izn'kZuh d uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA
izn'kZuh dh O;oLFkk %&
f'k{k.k dks izHkkoh] ljy ,soa jkspd rFkk cks/kxE; cukus ds fy, izn'kZuh dk
vk;kstu djuk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA lkekftd v/;;u fo"k; ls lcaf/kr izn'kZuh esa
fp=] ekWMy] js[kkfp=] pkVZ] flDds vkfn dks LFkku fn;k tkrk

gSA izn'kZuh dh

O;oLFkk djrs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrs /;ku esa j[kuh pkfg,A

d izn'kZuh esa j[kh oLrq,a fo"k; ls lacaf/kr gksaA
[k izn'kZuh esa j[kh xbZ oLrq,a mfpr izdkj ltk dj j[kh tk,a rFkk O;oLFkk esa
Nk=ksa dk lg;ksx izkIr fd;k tk,A

x izn'kZuh esa Nk= }kjk fufeZr oLrqvksa dks izkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,A
?k izn'kZuh esa j[kh xbZ oLrqvksa ds le>kus dk dk;Z Nk=ksa dks fn;k tk,A
M- izn'kZuh ds vk;kstu ls vHkh"V mns~';ksa rFkk iz;kstu ds ckjs esa Li"V fp= izLrqr
fd;k tk,A
izn'kZuh ds vk;kstu ds mn~ns'; %&
,d izn'kZuh ds vk;kstu lEcU/kh mn~ns';ksa dks fuEu izdkj ls fooj.k nsdj
izdV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1- fofHkUu izdkj dh lkexzh ,oa lk/kuksa ls izR;{k :i ls ifjfpr djokuk %&
izn'kZuh

ds

vk;kstu

ls

fo|kfFkZ;ksa

dks

izR;{k

:i

ls

lkexzh]

midj.k

rFkk

iz;ksxkRed f;k, ns[kus dks feyrh gSA

2- izjs.kk %& Nk=ksa rFkk v/;kidksa dks ,d nwljs ds dk;ksZa rFkk mudh miyfC/k;ksa dks
ns[kus dk volj nsdj Lo;a dks dqN laxzg djus rFkk cukus dh izjs.kk iznku djukA
3- f'k{k.k rFkk ijh{k.k fcUnqvksa ij fo'ks"k cy %& izn'kZfu;ka vk;ksftr djds cPps
vius&vius vuqHko ls ,d&nwljs dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gSA ftlls f'k{k.k rFkk ijh{k.k
fcUnqvksa dks fo'ks"k cy feyrk gSA
4- d{kk vf/kxe fof/k esa lq/kkj %& izn'kZfu;ka fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa l`tukRed izo`fr;ksa dk
fodkl djrh gSA
5- vewrZ fopkjksa dks iznf'kZr djuk %& izn'kZuh }kjk vewrZ fopkjksa dks fdlh u fdlh
ewrZ oLrq ls lEcfU/kr djds iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkSj ,slk djus ij Nk=ksa
dks mls le>us esa vklkuh jgrh gSA
6- Ldwy leqnk; rFkk Nk=&v/;kid rkyesy %& izn'kZuh;ka leqnk; ds yksxksa dks
Ldwy ds fudV ykrh gSA f'k{kd rFkk fo|kfFkZ;;ksa dks bdV~Bs feydj dke djus ds
volj iznku djrh gSA
7- fopkjksa dks ljy rFkk Li"V cukuk %& izn'kZfu;ka fopkjksa dks Li"V] ljy cuk nsrh
gSA ftlls ekSfyd fopkj le>us esa vklkuh jgrh gSA
8- u;h fof/k;ksa rFkk fo"k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr izdj.kksa dks n`';&JO; lkexzh ds mi;ksx
}kjk vPNh izdkj ls Li"V dj ldus ds fy, u;h fof/k;ka rFkk rduhd iznf'kZr
djrh gSA
izn'kZuh dk vk;kstu
,d Ldwy izn'kZuh dk vk;kstu djrs le; bu ckrksa ij /;ku ns %&
1- oLrqvksa dks Bhd izdkj ls tkpuk %& ftu phtksa dh izn'kZuh yxkuh gS mudks
Bhd izdkj ls tkap djds j[kuk pkfg,A izn'kZuh esa oLrqvksa dks fn[kkus dk mfpr
izca/k cgqr vko';d gSA izn'kZuh esa yksxksa dks Hkhrj tkus vkSj ckgj fudyus dk

lqfo/kktud izca/k gksuk pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr fofHkUu oLrq,a LVkyksa esa bl izdkj
yxkbZ xbZ gks fd ns[kus okys bUgsa fcuk Nq, Li"V :i ls ns[k ldsaA
2- ysoy yxkuk %& ftu oLrqvksa rFkk inkFkZ dks izn'kZuh esa j[kuk gs mudk iSfdax
yscy yxkuk rkk est ;k vyekjh esa ltkus dk dk;Z mi;qDr gksuk pkfg,A
3- le; fuf'pr djuk %& izn'kZuh dk fnu le; o LFkku dks eq[;k;kid rFkk
LVkQ ds ijke'kZ ds vuqlkj fuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Bhd le; ij izn'kuh
vk;ksftr dh tkuh pkfg, rks blls Nk=ksa rFkk lekt ds vU; oxksZa dh ml izn'kZuh
esa #fp c<+sxh vkSj ;g izn'kZuh dks lQy cukus esa lgk;d gksxhA mnkgj.k ds rkSj
ij ;fn izn'kZuh xka/kh t;arh ij yxkbZ tk, tks vius vki fo|kFkhZ blesa lf;
:i ls Hkkx ysaxsaA
4- nks njoktksa dh O;oLFkk %& izn'kZuh dh mfpr O;oLFkk gsrq nks njoktksa dk izca/k
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ,d n'kZdksa dks izos'k ds fy, o nwljk ckgj fudyus ds fy,A
5- mi;qDr LFkku %& Ldwy izn'kZuh yxkus ds fy, pquk x;k dejk jks'kuh rFkk
goknkj gks blds vfrfjDr tgka izn'kZuh dk vk;kstu fd;k tk,A ml LFkku dh
lQkbZ vkSj lqO;oLFkk ij iwjk /;ku nsuk pkfg,A
6- oLrqvksa dks Nwus ls turk dks jksduk %& izn'kZuh ns[kus okyh turk dks izn'kZuh
esa j[kh oLrqvksa vkSj inkFkksZa dks Nwus dh vuqefr ugha nsuh pkfg, ugha rks oLrqvksa o
inkFkksZa dks {kfr igqpus dk Hk; cuk jgsxkA
7- oLrqvksa dh foLr`r tkudkjh iznku djus dk izko/kku %& izn'kZuh esa izR;sd oLrq
ds fooj.k dk izko/kku gksuk pkfg,A mu ij yscy yxkus pkfg, ftuesa oLrq ds
fuekZrk dk uke] mi;ksfxrk] rS;kj djus dh izf;k vkfn gksaA
8- iqjLdkj %& loksZre lkexzh ds fy, iqjLdkj j[k nsus pkfg, rkfd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
vf/kd la[;k esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldsA
9- 'kSf{kd mn~ns';ksa dh tkudkjh %& izn'kZuh&vk;kstu esa /;k;u j[ksa fd vk;kstu
D;ksa vkSj fdlfy, fd;k tk jgk gSA bldk ^'kSf{kd egRo D;k gS \ vkSj ;g
dkSu&dkSu ls mn~ns';ksa dks iwjk djsxhA
10- O;fDr ds leLr igyqvksa ds fodkl ij fopkj %& v/;kid dks izn'kZuh dk
vk;kstu djrs le; bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd blds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa
ds O;fDrRo ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa tSls KkukRed] f;kRed RkFkk HkkokRed igyqvksa dk
fodkl gks vkSj mUgsa bu igyqvksa djs iznf'kZr djus dk iwjk volj feysaA
11- Lrj&fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vk;q %& #fp;ksa ds vuqlkj gksuk pkfg,A
12- vk;kstu ls igys fopkj&foe'kZ %& v/;kid dks izn'kZuh vk;ksftr djus ls
igys fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls blls lEcfU/kr lHkh ckrksa ij fopkj dj ysuk pkfg,A fo|kfFkZ;ksa

ds vfrfjDr mls fo"k; lEcU/kh fo'ks"kKksa ls Hkh fopkj foe'kZ dj ysuk pkfg, ,slk
djus ls gh izn'kZuh iwjh rjg lQy gks ldrh gSA
13- vuqkklu O;oLFkk cuk, j[kukA

{ks= Hkze.k
f'k{kk ;k=ka, f'k{k.k ds ckjs ikB gksrs gSa] ftudk okLrfod Kku fo|ky; ls
ckgj gh fn;k rk ldrk gSA d{kk esa tks Nk=ksa dks fn;k tkrk gs og ekSf[kd gksrk
gSA f'k{kk ;k=k ls Nk=ksa dks LFkkuh;] ftyk ,oa jkT; rFkk jk"V ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu
izdj.kksa dk okLrfod Kku fn;k tk ldrk gS] ftUgsa ns[k rFkk lqudkj Nk=ksa dks
LFkk;h Kku izkIr gksrk gS vr% LFkkuh; lekt ds v/;;u ds fy, Hkze.k ;k i;ZVu
lcls mke fof/k gSA
;g thouksi;ksxh vuqHkoksa }kjk thou ds fy, f'k{kk gS tks mUgsa cM+s jkspd vkSj
f;kRed <ax ls vuk;kl izkIr gks tkrh gSA blfy, lkekftd v/;;u f'k{kd dks
mfpr volj feyrs gh bl izdkj ds Hkze.k ,oa i;ZVu dk vk;kstu djrs jguk
pkfg,A
{ks= Hkze.k] ns'kkVu vkfn dk {ks= dkQh O;kid gSA bldh 'kq#vkr fo|ky;
ds fcYdqy] fudV {ks=ksa ls dh tkrh gSA xzkeh.k bykdksa esa ,sls LFkku [ksr]
[kfygku] rkykc] dq,a] ufn;ka] >jus] xkscj xSl IykuUV gks ldrs gSA ^'kgjh bykdksa
esa

fey

dkj[kkus]

fctyh?kj]

jsyos&LVs'ku]

gokbZ

?kj]

vM~Ms]

rkj?kj]

VsyhQksu]

,Dlpsat] Mkd[kkuk cSad] flusek] fpfM+;k?kj] laxzgky;] feYdIykUV fofHkUu ljdkjh

Hkou gks ldrs gSaA ,sls O;fDr;ksa ds lEidZ esa fo|kFkhZ vk ldrs gSA ftlls mUgsa
fofHkUu izdkj ds okrkoj.k lEcakh vuqHko izkIr gks ldsaA xzkeh.k fo|ky;ksa ds Nk=ksa
dks 'kgjh vapy ds vuqHko djkus ls lEcfU/kr Hkze.k djkus ls dbZ xquk ykHk gks
ldrs gSA blds vfrfjDr Nk=ksa dks iw.kZ izca/k ds lkFk nwj LFkkuksa ds Hkze.k ds fy,
ys tk;k tk ldrk gSA tgk ds HkkSxksfyd] ,sfrgkfld] /kkfeZd] jktuSfrd] oSKkfud
rFkk izk|ksfxdh #fp ds LFkyksa ,oa dk;Z txr~ ls mUgsa lekt ds chp tkdj
lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k&lEcU/kh fofHkUu vuqHkoksa dks vftZr djkus esa lqxerk gks
ldrh gSA bu Hkze.k LFkyksa dk iwjk&iwjk ykHk mBkus ds fy, LFky dk pquko] tkus
ls iwoZ dh xbZ lHkh vko';d rS;kfj;ka] Hkze.k ds nkSjku ,oa ckn esa fd, tkus okys
mi;ksxh vuqorhZ&dk;ksZ ds ek/;e ls lkekftd v/;;u fo"k; ds fy, vko';d
f'k{k.k] vf/kxe vuqHkoksa ds izHkkoiw.kZ vtZu vkfn ds ij f'k{kd }kjk iwjk&iwjk
/;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,] rkfd Hkze.k ,oa i;ZVu euksjatu rFkk lSj dk lk/ku u
cudj lekt ds fudV tkdj 'kSf{kd lkekftd vuqHko izkIr djus esa izHkko'kkyh
lk/ku fl) gks ldsA
MCY;w-,e- xzsxjh ds dFkukuqlkj % f'k{kk dks vk/kqfud thou ds cqfu;knh
vuqHkoksa ls nwj gVk fn;k x;k gSA cgqr ls Ldwyksa esa uohu [kksa vkSj vuqHkoksa ds fy,
i;kZIr voljksa dh deh gSA mUgsa oLrqvksa] fLFkfr;ksa vkfn ds lEcUk esa ^'kCnksa dh

de vkSj f;kvksa dh vf/kd vko';drk gSA mi;ksxh f'k{k.k ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
thou dk vuqHko izkIr djus dh vko';drk gSA m|ku] nqdku] i'kq] [ksr] dkj[kkus]
LVksj] ikdZ] laxzgky; vkfn dh ;k=k dks vkkqfud Ldwy ikB~;e esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku
feyuk pkfg,A
{ks= Hkze.k D;ksa vko';d gS
1- ikB'kkyk esa dk;ks esa vkuUn dh o`f) gksrh gSA cgqr lh ikB'kkyk,a {ks=h; Hkze.k
dks vius le;&foHkkx dks fu;fer Hkkx ekurh gS D;ksafd mUgksaus vuqHko }kjk ;g
lh[kk gS fd 'kkyk&dk;Z ds cgqr ls eq[; ms'; {ks=h; i;ZVuksa }kjk ghvklku :i
ls izkIr gks ldrs gSaA
2- ckydksa dh ftKklk dh izo`fk dk fodkl gksrk gS tc ckyd fdlh oLrq ds
lehi tkdj mlds dk;ks dks izR;{k ns[krs gSa rks fofHkUu dk;ks dks ns[kdj mu
dkj.kksa dks tkuus dks mRlqd jgrs gSaA
3- okLrfodrk ds lEidZ esa vkus ds fy, rFkk fLFkj Kku izkIr djus ds fy, bl
izdkj ds Hkze.k lgk;d fl) gksrs gSaA
4- lekt vkSj ikB'kkykvksa esa fudV lEcU/k LFkkfir gksrs gSa tks v;kid Nk=ksa dks
{ks=h; Hkze.k ij ys tkrs gSa os fo'okl djrs gSa fd 'kkyk dk dk;Z lekt ds dk;ks
ls lEcfU/kr gksuk pkfg,A
5- lekt ds lnL; fdl izdkj ,d nwljs ij vkfJr gksrs gSaA ckydksa dks ;g ns[kus
dk ekSdk Hkze.k ds nkSjku feyrk gSA blls ckydksa esa Hkzkr`Ro dh Hkkouk dk fodkl
gksrk gSA blh ds vk/kkj ij varjkZ"Vh; Hkzkr`&Hkko dh uhao iM+ ldrh gSA
6- ckydksa dk 'kehZykiu lekIr gks tkrk gS] izR;sd ckyd dks vkxs c<+uk gksrk gS
rFkk O;fDrxr :i ls Kku vftZr djuk iM+rk gSA v/;kid Hkh izR;sd ckyd dks
le>us esa lQy gks tkrk gSA
7- ckydksa esa vuq'kklu dh Hkkouk dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gSA
v/;kid dks D;k izcU/k djuk pkfg,\
1- {ks=h; Hkze.k ij tkus ds dbZ fnu iwoZ gh v/;kid dks izcU/k djuk pkfg, rFkk
ckydksa dh ,d NksVh lfefr pquuh pkfg,A
2- fdlh Hkh {ks=h; Hkze.k ij tkus ls igys v/;kid dks iz/kkukpk;Z o izcU/k
lfefr ls fopkj&foe'kZ dj ysuk pkfg, rFkk muls ckydksa dks {ks=h; Hkze.k ij ys
tkus dh Lohfr ysuh pkfg,A

3- v/;kid dks fdlh LFkku ij {ks=h; Hkze.k ij ys tkus ls iwoZ ;g lks p ysuk
pkfg, fd og LFkku iw.kZ lqjf{kr gS vFkok ugha D;ksafd ckydksa ds lkFk gj izdkj dh
ftEesnkjh v/;kid dh gh jgrh gSA
4- ftl fdlh n'kZuh; igkM+ ij {ks=h; Hkze.k tk jgk gks ogka ds v;{k ls fdlh
fuf'pr frfFk ds ckjs esa Lohfr ys ysuh pkfg,] ftlls Hkze.k ds le; dksbZ
leL;k [kM+h u gks lds D;ksafd dHkh&dHkh vpkud gh fdlh LFkku ij igqapus ij
mlds ns[kus dh vkKk ugha feyrhA
5- tgka ij {ks=h;&Hkze.k tk jgk gks] ogka ij Bgjus vkfn dh O;oLFkk igys ls gh
dj ysuh pkfg,A
6- fuEu eq[; ckrksa dks Hkh v/;kid dks igys ls gh fuf'pr dj ysuk pkfg,&
d- 'kkyk NksM+us o okil vkus dk le;A
[k- gksus okys [kpsZ dk vuqekuA
x- vkokxeu dk dkSu lk lk/ku dke esa yk;k tk,xkA
?k- fdl ekxZ ls ;k=k dh tk;sxhA
- jkLrs esa dgka&dgka vkSj fdruh&fdruh nsj Bgjk tk;sxkA
p- ckydksa ls D;k lh[kus dh vk'kk dh tk ldrh gSA
{ks=h;&Hkze.k ds fy, Nk=ksa }kjk rS;kjh &
Nk=ksa ds {ks=h; Hkze.k ds izcU/k rFkk ;kstuk esa v/;kid dh lgk;rk djuh
pkfg,A vxj fo|kFkhZ ;g vuqHko djus yxrs gSa fd mUgksaus ;kstuk esa ,d lkFkZd
dk;Z fd;k gks rks {ks=h; Hkze.k dk egRo c<+ tk,xkA Nk=ksa }kjk ,d lfefr cuk
ysuh pkfg] tks fHkUu&fHkUu dk;ks esa v/;kid dh enn dj ldsA

{ks=h; Hkze.k ls okil vkus ds ckn Hkze.k dk ys[kk tks[kk %&

Hkze.k ls okikl vkus ds ckn Hkh ckydksa dks dkQh dk;Z djuk 'ks"k jg tkrk gSA
ckydksa us tks dqN Hkh ns[kk o lh[kk gS] mlds ckjs esa okn&fookn gksuk pfg,A tks
ckydksa dks Li"V ugha gks ldrk gS mlds fopkj&foe'kZ esa iz'uksa }kjk gy djus dh
lqfo/kk ckydksa dks nh tkuh pkfg,A
{ks=h; Hkze.k ls okil vkus ds ckn ,d lw{e lwpuk dh rS;kjh djuh
pkfg,A ;g lwpuk lkewfgd ;k O;fDrxr vkSj fyf[kr ;k ekSf[kd :i ls gks ldrh

gSA ml lwpuk ls rFkk Kku ls vU; d{kkvksa ds ckyd Hkh {ks=h; Hkze.k dks izsfjr
fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
{ks=h; Hkze.k ls okil vkus ij mudh fujh{k.k&'kfDr ds ewY;kadu ls mudh
tkap djuh pkfg,A ;g tkap fucU/kkRed ijh{kk iz.kkyh ls ;k ms';kRed ijh{kk
iz.kkyh ls gks ldrh gSA

ikB ;kstuk
(Lesson Planning)

ikB ;kstuk dk vFkZ ,oa egRo %

ikB ;kstuk dk vFkZ gS] ikB i<+kus ds fy, fo"k; lkexzh ds eq[; fcUnqvksa
dh :is[kk ftlesa mUgsa d{kk esa iz Lrqr djuk gksrk gSA ikB ;kstuk esa mu lc ckrksa
rFkk f;kvksa dk fooj.k jgrk gS tks fd v/;kid dks i<+krs le; djuh gksrh gSA
vFkkZr~ ikB i<+kus ds ms'; D;k gSa\ mu ms';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, fdu&fdu lk/kuksa
dk iz;ksx esa ykuk gSA
ikB ;kstuk ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ gh rS;kj dj yh tkrh gSA blesa dksbZ lansg
ugha gS fd dsoy f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ugha vfirq ekuo thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa
;kstuk gksuk vko';d gh ugha vfuok;Z gSA According to R. L. Stevenson ^^eS izR;sd
v/;kid ls dgwaxk fd og igys ls gh ^ikB ;kstuk* rS;kj dj ys] ijUrq ;kstuk dk
nkl u cusA** mnkgjr.k;k MkDVj igys dsl dks ns[krk gS] vkxs ;a= rS;kj djrk gSA
rHkh jksxh dks vkizs'ku ds fy, cqykrk gSA ,d odhy dks yhft, og U;k;ky; esa
igqapus ls iwoZ vfHk;ksx dh iwjh rjg ls tkap djrk gSA ,d bathfu;j fdlh iqy ;k
fdlh Ldwy ;k vLirky dk Hkou rS;kj djokus ls igys mldk uD'kk rS;kj djrk
gSA
fofHkUu f'k{kk 'kkfL=;ksa us vius&vius <ax ls ikB ;kstuk dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS %&
1- fcfuax vkSj fcfuax %&
^nSfud ikB ;kstuk esa ms';ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk] ikB~;oLrq dk p;u djuk
rFkkk mls ec) :i ls O;ofLFkr djuk rFkk fof/k;ksa o izf;k dk fu/kkZj.k djuk
'kkfey gSA
2- N.L. Bossing %
^^ikB ;kstuk f'k{k.k ms';ksa ds dFkuksa vkSj f'k{k.k vof/k ds nkSjku lEiUu
dh tkus okyh izf;kvksa dks fn;k x;k ,d 'kh"kZd gSA
ikB ;kstuk cukus ds eq[; ykHk %&
1- v/;kid dks vius nSfud dk;Z dk irk gks tkrk gSA blls v/;kid dk dk;Z{ks=
lhekc) gks tkrk gSA
2- v/;kid dks igys ls irk gksrk gS fd mls fdu ms';ksa dks izkIr djuk gSA
3- ms'; fuf'pr gks tkrk gSA vr% v/;kid mls ikus ds fy, vf/kd lrdZ gks
tkrk gSA
4- v/;kid vius fo"k; ls ckgj ugha tkrkA ikB&;kstuk v/;kid rFkk cPpksa ds
le; dks u"V gksus ls cpkrh gSA blls v/;kid O;ofLFkr] fu;fer o fuf'pr gks
tkrk gSA

5- ;kstuk v/;kid dks laxfBr ,oa i)frc) djrh gSA ikB esa gksus okyh izR;sd
f;k ikB ls lEcfU/kr jgrh gSA f'k{kkRed e dk rkjrE; tqM+k jgrk gSA
6- ;kstuk ls fujFkZd iqu#fDr ugha gksrhA
7- ;kstuk ls v/;kid dk vkRefo'okl c<+rk gS] og ?kcjkrk ugha] og n`<+ fo'okl
ls d{kk dks i<+k ldrk gSA
8- ikB ;kstuk ls v/;kid ,sls dbZ vU; mik; lksp ysrk gS ftlls fd ikB
euksjatd rFkk #fpdj cu ldsA og dbZ Hkkoizo.k iz'u djrk gS ftlls cPps
vf/kdkf/kd lksp fopkj dj mkj nsaA
9- ikB ;kstuk ls cPpksa dk nSfud dk;Z fu;fer gksrk gSA
ikB esa iz;qDr gksus okyh lk/ku lkexzh dk Hkh igys ls gh izcU/k dj fy;k tkrk
gSA
vPNh ikB ;kstuk ds eq[; rRo %&
1- ikB ;kstuk fyf[kr gks %&
ikB ;kstuk fyfic) gksA iSaVu (Panton) dk dguk gS] v/;kid dks esjk
lkuqjks/k lq>ko gS fd de ls de izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa og ikB dh rS;kjh fy[kdj
djsaA Lej.k&'kfDr dHkh&dHkh ?kkrd ifj.kkeksa dk dkj.k cu tkrh gS] fo'ks"krk tc
mldh ,dkxzrk foHkkftr gksA bldk ;g vFkZ ugha fd v;kid ikB ;kstuk dks
ns[k&ns[k dj i<+k;s] D;ksafd ,slk djus ls v;kid dk vfkRefo'okl lekIr gks
tk,xk vkSj og ^ikB ;kstuk* ds fcuk i<+k gh u ik,xkA ;g Hkh cqjk gS fd
v/;kid ^ikB ;kstuk* dks u ns[krs gq, Hkh utj cpkdj mldh vksj ns[k ysaA blls
vPNk rks ;g gS fd v/;kid izR;{k :i ls ikB ;kstuk ls Hkh dHkh&dHkh lgk;rk
ysA ,slk djus ls gkfu dksbZ ugha gksxh] ijUrq ;fn og cPpksa dh utj cpkdj ns[ksxk
rks cPps mlds fo"k; esa cgqr xyr /kkj.kk cuk ysaxs* ikB ;kstuk fy[kus ls fopkj
Li"V gksrs gSa vkSj tYnh le> esa vk tkrs gSaA
2- ikB ;kstuk dk Li"V ms'; %&
ikB ;kstuk esa ^izkIr ms';ksa* ^lk/kkj.k vkSj fo'ks"k* dk Li"V o.kZu gksA
3- iwoZ Kku ls lEcfU/kr gks %&
;kstuk ,slh u gks fd ikB 'kwU; esa yVdus yxs vFkkZ r~ bldk iwoZ Kku ls
dksbZ lEcU/k gh u gksA bldk vk/kkj d{kk ds cPpksa dk igys ls gh izkIr Kku gksuk
pkfg,A
4- v/;kiu dk 'kSyh dh vksj ladsr %&
ikB ;kstuk ikB ds fofHkUu pj.kksa rFkk muds mkjkskj fodkl dh vksj ladsr
djs v/;kid }kjk iwNs tkus okys iz'u Hkh blesa fy[ksa gksaA

5- n`"VkUr lkexzh dk o.kZu %

ikB ;kstuk esa mu lHkh lk/kuksa rFkk lgk;d lkexzh dk mYys[k gks ftls
v/;kid iz;ksx esa ykuk pkgrk gSA
6- mi;qDr ikB~;&fo"k; dk lekos'k %&
ikB~; fo"k; dk pquko vkSj laxBu cqf)erkiwoZd fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
7- n`';&JO; lk/kuksa dks mi;qDr %&
ikB ;kstuk esa n`';&JO; lk/kuksa dks mi;qDr LFkku feyuk pkfg,] D;ksafd
bUgha ls rks cPpksa dk mRizsj.k gksrk gSA
8- ikB ;kstuk bdkb;ksa esa foHkkftr gks %&
ikB ;kstuk bdkb;ksa esa foHkkftr gks] ijUrq bl ckr dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kk
tk, fd ikB dh ,drk cuh jgsA
9- f;kRedrk dks LFkku feys %&
ikB ;kstuk cPpksa dks lf; cuk;s j[kus dk mie Hkh djsA ikB ;kstuk
,slh u gks fd cPps fuf"; Jksrkx.k gksdj cSBs jgsA
10- O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa dk /;ku %&
ikB ;kstuk bl izdkj gks fd ftlls fofHkUu #fp;ksa rFkk {kerkvksa okys
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkh larks"k izkIr gks ldsA
11- lkekU; ckrksa dk mYys[k%&
ikB ;kstuk esa ihfj;M dh vof/k] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekU; vk;q] fo"k; rFkk
d{kk vkfn lkekU; ckrksa dk mYys[k Hkh vo'; gksA
12- ikB ;kstuk lk/ku gS %&
ikB ;kstuk ,d lk/ku gS lk/; ughaA bldk va/kkuqdj.k rks ew[kZrk gksxhA ;g
rks

,d

lk/ku

;a=

gS

ftldk

mi;ksx

;a=&:i

esa

gh

gksuk

pkfg,A

vr,o

vko';drkuqlkj v/;kid dks viuh ikB ;kstuk dks ifjofrZr djus ds fy, Hkh
m|r jguk pkfg,A
13- lkjxfHkZr gks %&
ikB ;kstuk esa iwjs ikB dk lkjka'k Hkh fn;k gqvk gksA v/;kid dks pkfg, fd
og mlh lkjka'k dks ';keiV~V dh lgk;rk ls fodflr djds cPpksa dks le>k,A
14- lUnHkZ iqLrdksa dk mYys[k %&
ikB ;kstuk vkSj Hkh vf/kd lQy gks tkrh gS ;fn mlesa lanHkZ esa iqLrdksa dk
Hkh mYys[k gksA v/;kid cPpksa dks bu iqLrdksa dks i<+kus dk lq>ko ns ldrs gSaA
ijUrq iqLrdsa os gh crkbZ tk,a tks fd f'k{kky; ds iqLrdky; ls izkIr gks ldsA
15- cPpksa ds x`g&dk;Z dk mYys[k %&

,d lQy vkSj vPNh ikB ;kstuk ogh gks ldrh gS ftlesa cppksa ds x`g
dk;Z dk mYys[k gksA x`g dk;Z iz'u :i eas Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj lkj ys[ku :i esa
HkhA
16- vkRekykspu dh O;oLFkk %&vPNh ikB ;kstuk ogh gksxh ftlesa viuh vkykspuk
ds fy, Hkh LFkku gksA v/;kid dqN iz'u vius&vkils djs vkSj muds Lrjksa ls ns[ks
fd D;k mldk ikB izHkko'kkyh gks ldk ;k ughaA

ikB ;kstuk
Nk=k/;kid vuqekad

d{kk& ikap

fo"k; lkekftd v/;;u

vkSlr vk;q& 11 o"kZ

mifo"k; ekSfyd dkZO;

vof/k & 35 feuV

fnukad ------lkekU; d{kk&d{k lkexzh %

d{kk dk dejk] pkd] >kM+u] ladsrd vkfnA
fo'ks"k lgk;d lkexzh %&
pkVZ ftuesa fofHkUu ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA
vuqns'kkRed ms'; %
izLrqr ikB dks i<+k, tkus ds i'pkrA
1- fo|kFkhZ] ekSfyd dkZO; D;k gksrs gSa\ ;g crk ldsaxsA
2- ekSfyd dkZO;ksa ls lacaf/kr lafo/kku la'kks/ku izR;kLej.k dj ldsaxsA
3- fofHkUu dkZO;ksa dk mYys[k dj ldsaxsA
4- fofHkUu dkZO;ksa ds ikyu ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu mnkgj.k ns ldsaxsA
5- dkZO;ksa dk ikyu D;ksa fd;k tkuk pkfg,\ ;g Li"V dj ldsaxsA
iwoZKku % fo|kfFkZ;ksa us Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk uke lqu j[kk gS vkSj os mlesa of.kZr
ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dks Hkh i<+ pqds gSaA
iwoZ Kku ijh{kk %&
1- gekjk ns'k dc Lora= gqvk\
2- gekjs ns'k ds lafo/kku dk fuekZ.k dc gqvk\
3- bl lafo/kku esa ukxfjdksa ds dkSu&dkSu ls ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k
x;k gS\
4- vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk ukxfjdksa ds fy, blesa fdu ekSfyd dkZO;ksa dh ckr dh
xbZ gS\
ms'; dFku %&
vafre iz'u dk Nk=ksa ls larks"ktud mkj u ikdj Nk=k/;kid ;g ?kks"k.kk djsxk fd
vkt ge lafo/kku esa of.kZr ekSfyd dkZO;ksa ds ckjs esa i<+saxsA
izLrqfrdj.k
ikB~; oLrq
izkjEHk esa ftl
Hkkjrh;
lafo/kku

ikB~;fof/k
le; v/;kid }kjk fo"k; oLrq
ykxw dks O;k[;ku fof/k }kjk

';keiV~V dk;Z

fd;k x;k mlesa dsoy

ewy vfkdkjksa dk mYys[k
fd;k x;k Fkk] dkZO;ksa dk
blesa dksbZ izko/kku ugha
FkkA
ckn
esa
budh
vko';drk
vuqHko
dj
1976
bZesa
42osa
la'kks/ku vuqPNsn ds rgr
bUgsa lafo/kku esa LFkku nsus
dk iz;Ru fd;k x;kA
vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy,
dkZO;ksa dk ikyu djuk
vko';d gksrk gSA

izLrqr fd;k tk;sxkA

1-dkZO;ksa
dks
gekjs o"kZ 1976 esaA
lafo/kku esa dc LFkku
fn;k x;k\
42osa
la'kks/ku
vuqPNsn
2-lafo/kku ds fdl ua- ds }kjk
la'kks/ku ls bUgsa 'kkfey dkZO;
vkSj
vf/kdkj
fd;k x;k\
,d&nwljs ds iwjd gSaA
3-budh vko';drk D;ksa
vuqHko dh xbZ\
v/;kid ;gka ;g crk,xk
fd vf/kdkjksa dk miHkksx
djus ds fy, dkZO;ksa dk
ikyu D;ksa vko';d gS\

mnkgj.k ds fy,] vxj ge

viuh Lora=rk dk miHkksx
djuk pkgrs gSa rks gekjk
;g Hkh dkZO; gS fd ge
nwljksa dh Lora=rk esa dksbZ
ck/kk u MkysaA
';keiV~V ij izeq[k
fy[kh tk,axhA
gekjs lafo/kku esa dqy 11
ekSfyd dkZO;ksa dk mYys[k
fd;k x;k gSA ;s dkZO;
fuEufyf[kr gSa %&
1- lafo/kku dk vuqikyu
djuk vkSj mlds vkn'kks
,oa laLFkkvksa] jk"Vh; /ot
rFkk
jk"Vh;
xku
dk
lEeku djukA

ckrsa

11 ekSfyd dkZO;ksa dkA

4- gekjs lafo/kku esa dqy
fdrus ekSfyd dkZO;ksa dk
mYys[k fd;k x;k gS\
bu dkZO;ksa dks pkVZ }kjk
izLrqr fd;k tk,xk
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls jk"Vh; xku
dh izkjafHkd iafDr;ksa dks
fy[kokk;k tk,xkA
v/;kid }kjk bl dkZO;
dks Li"V djus dk iz;Ru
fd;k tk;sxkA jk"Vh; /ot]
vkfn ds fp= Hkh izLrqr
fd;s tk,axsA
5- jk"Vh; xku ds le;
rqe fdl eqk esa [kM+s gks
tkrs gks\

6- lafo/kku dk vuqikyu
2- mu egku vkn'kks dh fd;k tkuk D;ksa vko';d
j{kk ,oa ikyu
djuk gS\

ftulesa gekjh Lora=rk

dk
jk"Vh;
laxkz e
vuqizkf.kr jgk gSA
7- Lora=rk ds jk"Vh;
laxzke esa fdu&fdu izeq[k
usrkvksa dk ;ksxnku jgk\
8- ;g laxzke fdu&fdu
egku vkn'kks ls vuqizkf.kr
jgk gS\ bl dkZO; dh
3- Hkkjr dh izHkqlkk] lHkh ckrksa dks v/;kid
,drk rFkk v[k.Mrk dk vius dFku ds ek/;e ls
leFkZu ,oa j{kk djukA
Li"V djsxkA
4- ns'k dh j{kk djuk 9- Hkkjr esa ,drk dh gesa
rFkk vko';drk iM+us ij D;k vko';drk gS\
jk"Vh; lsok djukA
10- ,drk dks [krjk fdu
ckrksa ls gksrk gS\
5- /keZ] Hkk"kk] izns'k vFkok
{ks= dh fofHkUurk ls ijs
lHkh
Hkkjrokfl;ksa
esa
ln~Hkkouk ,oa Hkzkr`Ro dh
Hkkouk esa c<+ksrjh djuk
rFkk ukfj;ksa dh izfr"Bk ds
izfrdwy
izFkkvksa
dk
ifjR;kx djukA

11- jk"Vh; lsok ds :i

esa vki D;k dj ldrs
gSa\

12- gekjs ns'k esa /keZ]

Hkk"kk] izns'k vFkok {ks= dks
ysdj D;k&D;k fofHkUurk,a
ns[kus dks feyrh gSa\
6- viuh la;qDr laLfr
lk>h
lkaLfrd
dh le`f) dh fojklr dks 14fojklr
dk
vFkZ
Li"V
ewY;oku
le>uk
rFkk
fd;k
tk;s
x
k
mldh j{kk djukA
15- lkaLfrd fojklr dh
j{kk
D;ksa
dh
tkuh
pkfg,\ fo|kFkhZ lkaLfrd
fojklr dk vFkZ le>rs
mldh
j{kk
dh
7oU;
thou
rFkk gq,
crkus
dk
izkfrd i;kZoj.k dh j{kk vko';drk
iz
;
Ru
djs
a
x
s
A
djuk rFkk thoksa ds izfr
16- bl izdkj dh j{kk esa
n;k&Hkko j[kukA
gekjk D;k dkZO; gS\
17- ou lEink rFkk ou
ds tho&tUrqvksa] vkfn dh
j{kk djuk D;ksa vko';d
gS\
8oSKkfud
n`f"Vdks.k] 18- bl fn'kk esa gekjk
ekuorkokn] ftKklk rFkk D;k dkZO; gS\
lq/kkj
dh
Hkkouk
dks bl dkZO; dh vko';drk
vkSj gekjs lg;ksx dks
fodflr djukA

Li"V djus gsrq pkVks dk

mi;ksx fd;k tk,xkA
9- lkoZtfud lEifk dh 19- gesa viuk n`f"Vdks.k
j{kk djuk rFkk fgalk ls oSKkfud
rFkk
lq/kkjoknh
?k`.kk djukA
D;ksa cukuk pkfg,\
20- ekuorkoknh fopkj/kkjk
cukus ds fy, geesa dkSu
ls xq.k gksus pkfg,\

10O;fDrxr
,oa
lkewfgd
dk;Z{ks=ksa
esa
Js"Brk izkIr djus dh fn'kk
esa iz;kl djuk ftlls
jk"V fujUrj m|e rFkk
miyfC/k ds mPpre Lrjksa
rd mBrk jgsA

21lkoZtfud
lEifk
D;k gksrh gS\ bldh j{kk
D;ksa dh tkuh pkfg,\
22- lkoZtfud lEifk dks
fdl rjg uqdlku igqaprk
gS\ bl laca/k esa vko';d
pkVZ fn[kk;s tk,axs rFkk
fgalk ls ?k`.kk djus dh
Hkkouk fodflr djus ds
fy, vko';d pkVZ] iksLVj
vkfn fn[kk;s tk;saxsA
v/;kid }kjk ;g Li"V
fd;k tk;sxk fd jk"V dk
fodkl lHkh ukxfjdksa ds
lg;ksx }kjk gh laHko gSA

23- jk"V dh izxfr gsrq

izR;sd O;fDr dks Lo;a
vdsys rFkk lkewfgd :i
11- ekrk&firk }kjk vius ls
iz;Ru
djuk
D;ksa
cPpksa
ds
fy,
f'k{kk vko';d gS\
lEcU/kh
lqfo/kkvksa
dh
O;oLFkk djukA fnlEcj
2002 esa jk"Vifr }kjk
86osa laoS/kkfud la'kks/ku
dks viuh Lohfr iznku blds }kjk tgka ekSfyd
dh FkhA
vf/kdkjksa ds Hkkx r`rh; ds
varxZr vuqPNsn 21&, esa
f'k{kk
ds
vf/kdkj dks
'kkfey fd;k x;k] ftlds
varxZr
ekrk&firk
}kjk
vius
cPpksa
dks
f'k{kk
miyC/k
djokus
dh
vfuok;Z cuk;k x;k gSA

fnlEcj
}kjk
la'kks/ku
Lohfr

2002 esa jk"Vifr

86osa
laoS/kkfud
21&, dks viuh
iznku dh xbZA

iqujko`fk %& ikB dh iqujko`fk rFkk ewY;kadu gsrq fuEu iz'u iwNs tk,axs &
1- dkZO;ksa dk ikyu D;ksa vko';d gS\
2- gekjs lafo/kku esa fdrus dkZO;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS \

3- ns'k ds izfr gekjs D;k&D;k eq[; dkZO; gSa\

x`g dk;Z %&
1- ^vf/kdkj o dkZO; ,d&nwljs ds iwjd gSa* bl fo"k; ij vius fopkj
fy[kdj ykb,A
2- ^lekt vkSj ns'k ds izfr gekjs dkZO;* bl fo"k; ij ,d fucU/k fyf[k,A

ikB ;kstuk
fo"k; % lkekftd v/;;u

d{kk % 5

mifo"k; % feV~Vh ds izdkj

le; % 35 feuV

lgk;d lkexzh % Hkkjr dk ekufp=] fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh fefV~V;ksa ds uewusA

lkekU; ms'; %
1- Nk=ksa esa Hkwxksy ds izfr #fp mRiUu djukA
2- feV~Vh dkSu&dkSu ls jax dh gksrh gS\
3- feV~Vh ds D;k&D;k mi;ksx gSa\

4- feV~Vh fdrus izdkj dh gksrh gS\

ms'; %& Nk=ksa ls larks"ktud mkj u ikdj Nk=k/;kfidk ;g ?kks"k.kk djsxh fd
vkt ge vius ns'k dh feV~Vh ds fofHkUu izdkj ds ckjs esa i<+saxsA
izLrqfrdj.k
ikB~;oLrq

ikB~;fof/k

Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa feV~Vh dSls cuh gS\

esa fofHkUu izdkj dh 'kSyas
ikbZ tkrh gSaA 'kSyksa ds
VwVus&QwVus
ls
feV~Vh
curh gSA

';keiV~V dk;Z
'kSyksa ds VwVus&QwVus
feV~Vh curh gSA

ls

Hkkjr esa vyx&vyx Hkkjr

esa
fdl
dkj.k tyok;q dh fofHkUurk ds
izdkj dh tyok;q ikbZ fofHkUu izdkj dh fefV~V;ka dkj.kA
tkrh gS] tyok;q dh ikbZ tkrh gSa\
fofHkUurk dk feV~Vh ij
cgqr izHkko iM+rk gSA
blls
blds
xq.k
o
LoHkko esa ifjorZu gksrk
jgrk gSA
Hkkjr esa fuEu N% izdkj
dh fefV~V;ka ikbZ tkrh
gSaA
tyks<+ feV~Vh fdls dgrs
gSaA ;g dgka dgka ikbZ
1- tyks<+ feV~Vh % ,d tkrh gS\
izdkj dh jsr
feV~Vh ufn;ksa }kjk ykbZ
xbZ jsr ds tek gksus ls
curh gS D;ksafd ufn;ka
izR;sd o"kZ ubZ feV~Vh
ykrh gSa rFkk eSnkuksa esa
tek
djrh
gSaA
bl
izdkj dh feV~Vh mitk
gksrh gSA leLr lryqt]
xaxk dk eSnku] egkunh
esa bl izdkj dh feV~Vh
ikbZ tkrh gSA
dkyh
feV~Vh
fn[kkdj
dkyh feV~Vh fdl izdkj
2- dkyh feV~Vh % ;g curh gS\ ;g feV~Vh
feV~Vh ykok dh pV~Vkuksa fdlds fy, mke gS\
ds VwVus ls curh gSaA bl
izdkj dh feV~Vh mkjh
dukZVd] xqtjkr e/;
izns'k] mkjh vka/kz izns'k
esa ikbZ tkrh gS vkSj
dikl dh Qly ds fy,
cgqr mi;ksxh gksrh gSA
ySVjkbM feV~Vh esa fdl
pht dh deh gksrh gSA

tks feV~Vh ufn;ksa }kjk ykbZ

tkrh gS] tyks<+ feV~Vh
dgykrh gS] ;g xaxk rFkk
lryqt ds eSnku esa ikbZ
tkrh gSA

ykok dh pV~Vkuksa ds VwVus

ls curh gSA ;g dikl
dh Qly ds fy, mke
gSA

eSXuhf'k;e] QkLQsV] pwuk

3- ySVjkbV feV~Vh % bl
izdkj dh feV~Vh vf/kd
o"kkZ okys Hkkxksa esa ikbZ
tkrh gSA o"kkZ ds dkj.k
feV~Vh ds egoiw.kZ ro
flfydu]
pwuk]
eSXuhf'k;e QkLQsV vkfn
ikuh ds lkFk og tkrs
gSaA bl izdkj feV~Vh dh
ijh 'kfDr de gksrh
gSA ykSg vkDlkbM ds
dkj.k bldk jax dqN
ysgs ds jax tSlk vFkok
ihyk gksrk gSA

dhA
;g feV~Vh dgak ikbZ tkrh
gS\
vf/kd o"kkZ okys Hkkxksa esa
bl feV~Vh dk jax dSlk
gksrk gS]
yksgs dh tax tSlk vFkok
ihykA

uewuk fn[kk dj
bldk jax dSlk gS\

4- yky feV~Vh % bl
izdkj dh feV~Vh mu yky feV~Vh dSls curh
pV~Vkuksa ls curh gS] gS\
ftuls yksgs dh ek=k
vf/kd gksrh gSA buesa
pwus dk vHkko jgrk gSA
bl izdkj dh feV~Vh
Hkkjr ds nf{k.kh vkSj
iwohZ Hkkxksa esa tkrh gSA
uewuk fn[kk dj
bldk jax dSlk gS\
5- e#LFkyh; feV~Vh %&
bl izdkj dh feV~Vh]
if'peh
jktLFkku] e#LFkyh;
feV~Vh
gfj;k.kk o nf{k.kh iatkc dgka&dgka ikbZ tkrh gS\
esa ikbZ tkrh gSA bl
feV~Vh ls jsr ds Vhys cu
tkrs
gSaA
;g
feV~Vh
jsrhyh gksrh gSA mitk
cgqr de gksh gS vkSj
bldk jax gYdk Hkwjk ioZrh; feV~Vh dgka ikbZ
gksrk gSA
tkrh gSA\
6- ioZrh; feV~Vh % bl
izdkj dh feV~Vh Hkkjr ds
mkj esa fgeky; ioZr ds
aps Hkkxksa esa ikbZ tkrh
gSA feV~Vh dh xgjkbZ
de gksrh gS rFkk blds
uhps dBksj pV~Vkus ikbZ
tkrh gSaA apkbZ ds dkj.k
blesa dkQh fofHkUurk
ikbZ tkrh gSA
iqujko`fk

yky

yksgs dh vf/kd ek=k okyh

pV~Vkuksa lsA

gYdk Hkwjk

ia- jktLFkku] gfj;k.kk] niatkc

fgeky; ioZr ds aps

Hkkxksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA

1- feV~Vh dSls curh gS\

2- Hkkjr esa dkSu&dkSu lh fefV~V;ka ikbZ tkrh gSa \
3- e#LFkyh; feV~Vh dSlh gksrh gS\
4- tyks<+ feV~Vh f"k ds fy, dSlh ekuh tkrh gS \
nkdk;Z % Hkkjr ds uD'ks esa fofHkUu izdkj dh feV~Vh dk {ks= Hkjok;k x;kA
x`g dk;Z % Nk=k/;kfidk }kjk ;g dgk tk,xk fd os feV~Vh o mlds izdkj ds ckjs
esa fy[kdj yk,aA

iznkksa dh O;k[;k
ljy 'kCnksa esa losZ{k.k ijh{k.k ;k vuqla/kku ds QyLo:i gesa tks Hkh lkexzh
izkIr gksh gS] mls vkadM+s@iznk dgk tkrk gSA iznk vaxzsth 'kCn Data dk fgUnh
:ikUrj gSA ;|fi fganh esa ^MsVk* cgqopu dk iz rhd gSA bls ,dopu esa Datum)
dgrs gSaA
xSjV ds vuqlkj] iznk og vad] e la[;k] lwph rFkk lwpuk,a gSa tks ijh{k.k]
losZ{k.k rFkk o.kkZRed v/;;u }kjk izkIr gksrh gSa
("Data are figure, ratings, check list and other information collected in experiments,
surveys and descrptive studies." Grarrett)
iznkksa ds ladyu dh vko';drk
iznkksa ds ladyu dh fuEufyf[kr ms';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, vko';drk gksrh gS&
1- 'kks/k dk;ks esa iznkksa dk ladyu ifjdYiukvksa dh iqf"V djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA
2- iznkksa dk ladyu 'kks/k dk;ks ds fy, Bksl vk/kkj iznku djrk gSA
3- tSls fdlh mRiknu ds fy, dPps eky dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
4- iznkksa dh lgk;rk ls 'kks/k ds lqfuf'pr iz'u dk lqfufpr mkj fn;k tk ldrk
gSA oSKkfud 'kks/k dk;ks ds fy, iznkksa dh vko';drk dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA
5- 'kks/k ds fu"d"kks dh iqf"V ds fy, iznkksa dk fo'ks"k ego gksrk gSA
6- uohu fof/k;ksa dh izHkko'khyrk Kkr djus ds fy, vkadM+ksa dh lgk;rk yh tkrh
gSA
7- iznkksa dh lgk;rk ls leL;kvksa ds oSKkfud gy <wa<us dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
8- xq.kkRed vkadM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij rF;ksa dk irk yxk;k tkrk gSA

9- 'kks/k ds lkekU;hdj.k dh 'kq)rk iznkksa dh fo'oluh;rk vkSj oSkrk ij vk/kkfjr

gksrh gSA
vkadM+s rHkh mi;ksxh fl) gksrs gSa tc budks bdV~Bk djrs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa
dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gS%&
1- vkadM+ksa dks mfpr ,oa laf{kIr gksuk pkfg,A
2- vkadM+s fo'oluh; gksus pkfg,A
3- vkadM+ksa dks vFkZiw.kZ ,oa mi;qDr gksuk pkfg,A
4- vkadM+k laxzg dh ;kstuk ds varxZr vuns[kh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dh
iwfrZ djus ds fy, leqfpr ifjorZu djus dh xqatkb'k gksuh pkfg,A
5- vkadM+k laxzg dh ;kstuk dks LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy gksuk pkfg,A
6- ;kstuk vf/kd foLr`r] tfVy ,oa egokdka{kh u gksdj lw{e] ljy ,oa izk;ksfxd
gksuh pkfg,A
iznkksa ds izdkj vFkok iznksa dk oxhZdj.k
vkadM+ksa o rF;ksa dks bdV~Bk djus ds i'pkr mudk oxhZdj.k djuk pkgrs gSaA
,ygal ds erkuqlkj] lkexzh ;k vkadM+ksa dks] mldh ,d:irk ,oa lekurk
ds vuqlkj lewg ;k oxks esa O;ofLFKr djus dh izf;k dks gh oxhZdj.k dgk tkrk
gSA
("The process of arranging data in groups or classess according to resembalances and
similarities is technically called classification."- Elhance)
dksuj ds 'kCnksa esa] oxhZdj.k] oLrqvksa okLrfodrk ;k mlds Hkkoksa ds vk/kkj
ij dks mlds leku xq.kksa ds vuqlkj lewgksa ;k laoxks esa O;ofLFkr djus dh
izf;k gS tks bu y{;ksa dh ,drk dks n'kkZrh gS tks fd O;fDr;ksa dh fHkUurk esa
fLFkr gksrh gSA
oxhZdj.k ds fcuk u rks fo'ys"k.k laHko gS vkSj u gh 'kks/kdrkZ fdlh fu"d"kZ
ij igqap ldrk gSA oxhZdj.k izf;k bdV~Bs fd, x, vkadM+ksa dks ,d :i nsus dk
<ax gS ftlesa leku o vleku y{k.kksa ls ;qDr lkexzh dks i`Fkd&i`Fkd pkVZ %&
fp=ksa vkSj xzkQksa ds :i eas tks dqN vyx vyx iznf'kZr fd;k tk drk gS ml lHkh
dks lqfo/kkiwoZd vyx&vyx ;k bdV~Bs :i esa iznf'kZr djus ds fy, pkVks dh
lgk;rk yh tkrh gSA pkVks dh lgk;rk ls la[;kRed vkSj xq.kkRed nksuksa gh izdkj
dh lwpukvksa] rF;ksa rFkk vkadM+ksa dks Hkyh&Hkkafr ls Nk=ksa ds lkeus j[kk tk ldrk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, 'kkgtgka }kjk fufeZr Hkou] eqxyoa'k ds 'kkld] jk"Vifr ds
pquko dh izf;k] U;k;ikfydk dk xBu] tyok;q dks izHkkfor djus okys ro vkfn

cgqr ls lkekftd v/;;u ds izdj.kksa dks pkVks }kjk izHkkoh <ax ls iznf'kZr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
ekufp= %& lkekftd v/;;u ds f'k{k.k esa ekufp=ksa dk iz;ksx Hkh egoiw.kz gSA
ekufp=ksa }kjk i`Foh ds /kjkry ls lacaf/kr Hkkxksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fofHkUu izdkj jktuSfrd] HkkSxksfyd] ,sfrgkfld rFkk vkfFkZd ekufp=ksa dh lgk;rk ls
lkekftd v/;;u f'k{kd mu {ks=ksa ls lacaf/kr vkadM+ksa dks Nk=ksa ds lkeus iznf'kZr
dj ldrk gSA
xzkQ lgkd& lkexzh dk 'kSf{kd mi;ksx
fdlh Hkh fo"k; esa fofHkUu izdkj ds xzkQ fuEufyf[kr :i ls mi;ksxh fl) gks
ldrs gSa %&
1-

rqyukRed

izdj.kksa

dks

iznf'kZr

djus

esa

lgk;d

%&

bl

izdkj ds

xzkQ

rqyukRed izdj.kksa dks iznf'kZr djus esa lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA
2- ikB #fpdj %& xzkQ ikB dk foLrkjiwoZd o.kZu djus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA
ifj.kkeLo:i izf;k dks #fpdj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
3- NksVh vk;q ds cPpksa ds fy, mi;ksxh %& xzkQ esa lHkh ckrksa dks foLr`r :i ls
crk;k tkrk gSA blfy, xzkQ dk iz;ksx NksVh vk;q ds ckydksa ds fy, Hkh lgk;rk
iznku djrk gSA
4- ean&cqf) okys Nk=ksa ds fy, mi;qDr %& xzkQ fo'ks"kdj fp=kRed xzke ean&cqf)
ckydksa ds lh[kus esa lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA
vkadM+ksa dks bdV~Bk djus ls budk fdlh izdkj dk vFkZ] Li"Vrk ;k fupksM+ fn[kkbZ
ugha nsrkA bldh blfy, vko';drk gksrh gS fd 'kks/kdrkZ lkj.kh rS;kj djds
vkadM+ksa dks ljy ,oa Li"V cuk ysa rFkk bUgsa O;ofLFkr :i nsdj izn'kZu ds ;ksX;
cuk,a djfyaxj (Kerlinger) ds vuqlkj] lkj.kh;u ljy :i esa dsoy fofHkUu
izdkj ds izR;qkj dh la[;kvksa ds izdkjksa dks muds mi;qDr lao.kks esa vfHkfyf[kr
djus dh izf;k dks dgrs gSaA
djfyaxj ds vuqlkj] fo'ys"k.k ds varxZr iznkksa dks ec) in iznku fd;k tkrk
gS rFkk mUgsa fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa bl izdkj izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS fd muesa vuqla/kku
}kjk mBk, x, iz'uksa ds mkj izkIr fd, tk ldsaA
lkj.kh; dbZ izdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls&
1- ,d xq.k lkj.kh 2- f}xq.k lkj.kh] 3- f=xq.k lkj.kh] 4- cgqxq.k lkj.kh lkj.kh;
dk vuqla/kku esa cgqr ego gSA blds ek/;e ls 'kks/kdrkZ u dsoy leLr bdV~Bh
dh gqbZ lkexzh ;k vkadM+ksa dks rdZiw.kZ <ax ls O;ofLFkr djrk gS cfYd izkIr vkadM+ksa
dk laf{kIrhdj.k Hkh djrk gSA blls mlds le; rFkk Je dh cpr gksrh gSA

vkadM+ksa dks bdV~Bk djus ds i'pkr v/;kid mu vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gS vkSj
fdl ifj.kke ij igqapus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA vkadM+ksa ds fo'ys"k.k djus ds vk/kkj
ij iwoZ fufeZr midYiukvksa dh tkap gksrh gS rFkk bUgha ds vk/kkjij v/;kid
fu"d"kks rd igqaprk gS rFkk pquh xbZ leL;k ds laca/k esa Bhd <ax ls mkj ns djds
fofHkUu laoxks esa j[kk tkrk gSA
iznk vusd izdkj ds gksrs gSa vkSj mudh vfHkO;fDr dbZ izdkj ls gks ldrh gSA
iznkksa dk lk/kkj.kr;k pkj Lrjksa esa oxhZdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1- elwpd iznk (Ordinal Data)
2- uke laca/kh iznk (Nominal Data)
3- vkokarj iznk (Interval Data)
4- vuqikr iznk (Ratio Data)
izfr ds vk/kkj ij iznkksa dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Data on the basis of Nature)
& izfr ds vk/kkj ij vkadM+ksa dks iqu% nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS&
v- x.kukRed vkadM+s (Quantitiative Data)& x.kukRed vkadM+s lkekU;r% mUgsa dgk
tkrk gS ftuesa rF; dh izfr la[;kRed gksrh gS vkSj tks x.kuk ds ;ksX; gks ldsa]
tSls 1] 2]1000 1274 vkfnA
mnkgj.k %& tkiku esa izR;sd O;fDr dh okf"kZd vk; 5500 Mkyj gSA ikfdLrku esa
izfr O;fDr okf"kZd vk; 500 #i;s gSA
c- xq.kkRed vkadM+s %& xq.kkRed vkadM+s mUgsa dgk tkrk gS tks fd ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed
,oa laca/kh i{k ls lacaf/kr gksa og rF; fdlh fo'ks"krk dks Li"V djrk gSA
mnkgj.k %& eksgu ^lkekftd v/;;u* esa detksj gSA bl okD; esa eksgu dh
'kSf{kd fu"ifk pkj@fo'ks"krk dk cks/k ^detksj* 'kCn ls gksrk gSA xzkfQd lk/kuksa ls
vfHkizk; fp=] vkys[ku] js[kkfr rFkk 'kCnksa esa leUo; ls cus mu Hkh 'kSf{kd
lgk;d&lkexzh ls gS ftldh lgk;rk ls fdlh Hkh okLrfodrk dks pkgs og oLrq]
izf;k ;k /kkj.kk fdlh ls Hkh lacaf/kr D;ksa u gksa] mlds lw{e] izrhdkRed vkSj
lkekU;hr :i esa bl izdkj fo|kFkhZ ds lkeus j[kk tkrk gS fd ns[kus ek= ls gh
vizR;{k :i ls oLrq ;k izf;k ls lacaf/kr okLrfod vuqHko dh izkfIr esa mUgsa
iwjh&iwjh lgk;rk fey ldsA
bl izdkj xzkQ la[;k rFkk lacaf/kr vkadM+ksa dks 'kh?kz rFkk izHkko'kkyh <ax ls izLrqr
djus dk ,d l?ku gSA ;g lkaf[;dh vkadM+ksa dh Li"Vrk rFkk jkspdrk ls rqyuk
rFkk lEcU/k dks n'kkZrk gSA xzkQksa dk iz;ksx izR;sd fo"k; ds v/;;u ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA ;|fi lkaf[;dh ds Kkrk xzkQ dk vfkdrj iz;ksx djrs gSaA ijarq

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikl Hkh dfBu rF;ksa dks Li"V djus gsrq mudk rqyukRed v/;;u
djus ds fy, ;g ,d mi;ksxh lk/ku gSA
js[kk xzkQ %& js[kk xzkQ esa ikB~; oLrq ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu rF;ks a ,oa laizR;;ksa dks
ljy js[kkvksa ds ek/;e ls mudh yEckbZ rFkk cukoV ds vk/kkj ij iznf'kZr fd;k
tkrk gSA bfrgkl f'k{k.k esa le; js[kk dk iz;ksx blh rjg ds xzkQksa dk izfrfuf/kRo
djrk gSA bfrgkl ds vfrfjDr xzkQ dk iz;ksx okf.kT;] f"k rFkk vU; bathfu;fjax
ds fo"k;ksa ds f'k{k.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
fp=
js[kk xzkQ dk fuekZ.k djrs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A
1- le; ds varj dks 'kh"kZ ;k {kSfrt ljy js[kkvksa dh yEckbZ esa O;Dr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
2- dkMks dk iz;ksx & js[kk xzkQ dk fuekZ.k djrs le; i;kZIr vkdkj ds dkMZ
iz;ksx eas ykus pkfg,A ;fn os miyC/k u gksa rks lk/kkj.k dkxt dk iz;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
3- js[kkvksa ds [khapus dk <ax & js[kk,a Bhd <ax ls [khaph tk,a] ;fn ,d ls vf/kd
js[kk [khapus dh vko';drk gks rks fofHkUu jaxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,A
4- 'kwU; js[kk ds ck;ha vksj funsZf'kdk vad yxkuk pkfg,A fo'ys"k.k dh izf;k esa
fuEufyf[kr mif;kvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS%&
1- lkexzh dk lEiknu (Editing of Data)
2- lkexzh dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Data)
3- lkexh dk ladsrhdj.k (Coding of Data)
4- lkexzh dk lkj.kh;u (Tabulation of Data)
5- lkexzh dh foospuk (Generalisation)
xzkQ] pkVZ ,oa ekufp= }kjk vkadM+ksa dk izn'kZu
1- xzkQ (Graph) %& xzkQ dk lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k esa fo'ks"k ego gksrk gSA
blds iz;ksx ls ckydksa dks Hkwxksy] bfrgkl vkfn ds fo"k; esa ljyrkiwoZd Kku
iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA xzkQ dh lgk;rk ls Hkwxksy ds ikB esa tyok;q] mit
rFkk tula[;k vkfn dk Kku fn;k tk ldrk gS rFkk bfrgkkl f'k{k.k esa bldk

iz;ksx Lora=rk laxzke dh izxfr rFkk /kkfeZd rFkk jktuSfrd fodkl dh izxfr dk
Kku nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA xzkQksa dks bl rjg ls iznf'kZr fd;k tk, fd
ckyd muds fugr varj vkSj fodkl dh fn'kk dks Li"V :i ls le> ldsaA xzkQ
'kSf{kd lk/ku ds :i esa fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls gksrs gSaA
1- js[kk xzkQ 2- ckj xzkQ

3- o`r xzkQ

js[kk xzkQ NM+@;k yEc xzkQ %& bl izdkj ds xzkQ esa ljy js[kkvksa ds LFkku ij
vkadM+ksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus ds fy, NM+ksa dks iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA bl
izdkj ds xzkQksa dk fuekZ.k cM+h vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA budks le>us esa
Hkh dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gksrhA ;g xzkQ 'kwU; dks vk/kkj ekudj lery <ax ls
yEch; <ax ls izdV fd, tk ldrs gSaA ckj xzkQ esa fn, x, jax] yEckbZ] pkSM+kbZ]
vkdkj bR;kfn fofHkUu ewY;ksa dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA ;s xzkQ fo'ks"k rkSj ij mu fo"k;ksa
esa cgqr lgk;rk gksrs gSa tgka ij fofHkUu ekin.Mksa dk vkil esa rqyukRed v/;;u
fd;k tkrk gSA
fp=
ckj xzkQ dk fuekZ.k djrs le; eq[; lko/kkfu;ka
ekie ds vuqlkj izR;sd funsZf'kdk dk o.kZu iz;ksx djuk pkfg,,A
xzkQ lnk :yj rFkk iSafly ls [khapukpkfg,] L;kgh dk iz;ksx ckn esa djuk pkfg,A
xzkQ dks Bhd izdkj ls v/;;u djus ds fy, yEch; funsZf'kdk dk iz;ksx djuk
pkfg,A
'kwU; js[kk ds lkFk i;kZIr LFkku NksM+uk pkfg,A
3- ikbZ ;k o`r&xzkQ %& bl xzkQksa dks cukus ds fy, o`r [khapdj mUgsa fofHkUu
[k.Mksa esa bl izdkj ckaVk tkrk gS fd izR;sd o`r [k.M lEiw.kZ&o`r dks ,d fuf'rp
Hkkx] va'k ;k ifj.kke dks O;Dr dj ldsaA ,d o`r [k.M fdlh fo'ks"k lwpuk ;k
rRo dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA bu ckrksa dks 'kCnksa ;k ladsrksa ds ek/;e ls O;Dr
fd;k tkrk gSA bu o`r [k.Mksa esa buds NksVs cM+s vkdkj ds vfrfjDr buds fofHkUu
jax ;k Nk;k O;oLFkk Hkh vkadM+ksa ds rqyukRed v/;;u esa egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk
ldrs gSaA
fp=

ikbZ&xzkQ dk fuekz.k djrs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksadk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,&

1- izR;sd Hkkx esa izfr'kr dks n'kkZuk pkfg,A
2- lEiw.kZ&ikbZ dk fuekZ.k djus ls iwoZ ikbZ ds izfr'kr dk o.kZu djuk pkfg,A
3- xzkQ dks lqanj cukus ds fy, xzkQ esa jax Hkjuk pkfg,A
4- isafly ;k isu&;qDr izdkj dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A fMxzh dks ekius vFkok o`r
cukus ds fy, dks.kekid dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

ekufp=
;g i`Foh ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx dk ,d lery lrg ij mlh vuqikr esa izfrn'kZu
gSA
dsoy mlh fp= dks ekufp= dgk tkrk gS tks i`Foh ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx dks izdV
djrk gSA ekufp= esa lnSo i`Foh ds ml :i dk izfrn'kZu fd;k tkrk gS] tks mldks

ij ls ns[kus ls izrhr gksrk gSA ij ls ns[kus ij izR;sd oLrq dks ;fn piVh
vFkkZr~ dsoy mldh yEckbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ gh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ekufp=
esa edku] isM+ rFkk ioZr bR;kfn dh dsoy yEckbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ gh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
ekufp= dk fuekZ.k djrs le; /kjrh dh HkkSfrd vkSj lkaLfrd vkfr;ksa dks dqN
fpUgksa }kjk izdV fd;k tkrk gSA /kjrh vFkok blds fdlh Hkkx dh HkkSfrd vkSj
lkaLfrd vkfr;ksa dks dqN fpUgksa }kjk izdV fd;k tkrk gSA /kjrh vFkok blds
fdlh Hkkx dh HkkSfrd vkSj lkaLfrd vkfr ds ,d Ldsy ds vuqlkj :<+ fpUgksa
}kjk izzdVhdj.k dks ekufp= dgrs gSaA /kjrh dh nwfj;ksa dk ekufp= ij fn[kkbZ xbZ
nwfj;ksa ds lkFk ,d fuf'pr vuqikr gksrk gS] ftl dks ge Ldsy dgrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh
ekufp= Ldsy ds fcuk rS;kj ugha gks ldrkA ekufp= esa dsoy vko';d oLrq,a gh
fn[kkbZ tkrh gSaA ekufp= ij varj /kjrh ds okLrfod varjksa ls lnSo gh de gksrs
gSaA
ekufp= fp= ugha gksrkA fp= esa varj /kjrh ds okLrfod varjksa ls cM+s vkSj NksVs Hkh
gks ldrs gSA vkSj fp= esa fdlh {ks= dk fn[kkbZ nsus okyk lc dqN fn[kk;k tkrk gS
u fd vko';d oLrq,aA blh izdkj ekufp= pkVZ ugha gksrkA tehu lEifk ds
lEcU/k esa losZ{k.k djds rS;kj fd, x, ekufp=ksa dks Iyku dgk tkrk gSA tSls fd
fdlh Hkwfe dh Iyku vFkok ?kj dh Iyku vkfnA ;fn dksbZ Iyku fcuk Ldsy ds
cukbZ tk,rks bldks ,d LdSp dgk tkr gSA

ekufp=ksa dk ego %& okLro esa Hkwxksy dk v/;;u vkSj v/;kiu ekufp=ksa dh
lgk;rk ls gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g dguk dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr u gksxk fd 66
izfr'kr Hkwxksy ekufp= ij izdV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
euq"; vkfn dky ls gh ekufp=ksa dk fdlh u fdlh :i esa iz;ksx djrk vk;k gSA
le; ds cnyus ds lkFk ekufp=ksa esa la'kks/ku gksrk x;kA euq";

vkfn dky ls gh

ekufp=ksa dh vko';drk vuqHko djrk vk;k gSA dksbZ le; Fkk] tc felz esa feV~Vh
dh rf[r;ksa ij ekufp= cuk, tkrs FksA ekufp=ksa dk okLrfod fodkl ;wuku esa
izkjaHk gqvkA ;gka ds fgjksMksV~l] ikjFkkxksjl vkfn nk'kZfudksa us dqN ekufp= rS;kj
fd, FksA ekufp= cukus dk dk;Z ;wuku ds gh nk'kZfud VkSyeh us cM+h lqanjrk ls
izkjaHk fd;k vkSj loZizFke ,Vyl dks rS;kj fd;kA ekufp= rS;kj djus dk vf/kd
dk;Z fQj iUoh 'krkCnh esa ml le; gqvk] tc u, egk}hiksa dh [kkst gsrq iz;Ru
fd, x,A fQj ;wjksi ds ns'kksa esa ekufp= rS;kj djus dk dk;Z cgqr vf/kd gqvkA
ekufp=ksa dh vko';drk izfrfnu gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dks le>us ds fy, cgqr
vko';d gSA blh izdkj Hkwxksy ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ekufp= ,d ewy vko';drk gSA
ekufp= ds fcuk Hkwxksy dk fo"k; le>k ugha tk ldrkA ;q) djus ds fy, 'k=q

ds {ks= dk ekufp= cgqr vko';d gSA vius ns'k dh izxfr ds fy, ns'k ds fofHkUu
Hkkxksa dks le>us ds fy, Hkh ekufp= vko';d gSA ekufp= v/;kidksa ds fy,
lekpkj i=ksa ds fy,] bathfu;jksa ds fy,] Ldwy] dkWyst ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy,]
lkSnkxjksa ds fy,] O;kikfj;ksa ds fy,] bfrgkldkjksa ds fy,] leqnzh ;kf=;ksa ds fy,]
vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa ds fy,] i;ZVu ds fy, vkSj foekuksa ds fy, cgqr lh vko';d gSA
ekufp= ,d {ks= ds lEcUk esa FkksM+s ls LFkku esa cgqr lh tkudkjh nsrk gS tks
'kCnksa esa O;Dr ugha dh tk ldrhA ekufp=ksa dk ego ;q) ds fnuksa esa vkSj Hkh c<+
tkrk gSA 'k=q rd dks vius ns'k ds ekufp=ksa dh tkudkjh ugha nh tkuh pkfg,A
bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ekufp= fdlh Hkh {ks= ds lEcU/k esa Hkjiwj tkudkjh nsus ds
fy, cgqr gh vko';d gSA
/kjrh dk lgh izfrfuf/kRo Xyksx djrk gS] ekufp= ughaA fQj Hkh ekufp= Xkysc ls
vf/kd yksdfiz; gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd Xyksc lkjh kjrh dk gh gks ldrk gS]
fdlh Hkkx dk ugha tcfd ekufp= fdlh Hkh Hkkx ls gks ldrs gSa vkSj lkjh /kjrh
ds HkhA Xyksc ij ge ekufp= ftruh ckkjhfd;ka ugha fn[kk ldrsA ;fn Xyksc cgqr
cM+k gks rks bldk iz;ksx djuk dfBu gksxkA izk;% gesa /kjrh ds ,d {ks= ds lEcU/k
esa i;kZIr vkSj vFkZiw.kZ tkudkjh dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tks Xyksc ls ekufp=
vf/kd iw.kZ djrs gSaA bl dkj.k Xyksc ls ekufp= gekjh vko';drkvksa dks vf/kd
vPNs <ax ls iw.kZ djrs gSaA

ekufp=ksa dh mi;ksfxrk dk ego

ekufp=ksa dh lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k esa fuEufyf[kr mi;ksfxrk,a ekufp=ksa dh
lgk;rk ls ikB dks #fpdj cuk;k tk ldrk gS d;ksafd ;g okLrfod :i fn[kkus
esa enn djrs gSaA loZizFke ljy ekufp= fn[kkdj cPpksa dh #fp dks iSnk fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ekufp= }kjk i`Foh ds /kjkry ls lEcfU/kr Hkkxksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA dkSu lk LFkku fdlh nwljs LFkku ls fdruh nwjh ij gS] fdlh fo'ks"k
Qly] [kfut] lEink vkfn dk fooj.k ns'k ;k lalkj dh n`f"V ls dSlk gS] bl
rjg dh cgqr lh ckrksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djus dh n`f"V ls ekufp=ksa ls mi;qDr
dksbZ lk/ku ugha gSA fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh lhekvksa dk Kku] jkt/kkfu;ksa dh tkudkjh]
egoiw.kZ LFkkuksa ds fooj.k dks ekufp= dh lgk;rk ls ljy <ax ls fn;k tkk
ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh LFkku dh tyok;q ouLifr vkfn dh tkudkjh ekufp= }kjk
ljyrk ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA ekufp=ksa }kjk ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa
ds le{k mi;ksxh <ax ls i<+k;k tk ldrk gSA thou ds izR;sd i{k esa HkwxkSfyd
ekufp=ksa dk cgqr egRo gSA ijUrq Hkwxksy esa ekufp=ksa dk egRo cgqr vf/kd gSA
ekufp=ksa ds fcuk Hkwxksy ds Kku dh Bhd tkudkjh izkIr ugha gks ldrhA ;q) esa

;q) djus okyh lsuk ekufp=ksa ds vk/kkj ij gh vkxs pyrh gSA bfrgkl O;kikj]
vkfFkZdrk] ekSle] tyok;q] ouLifr] /kjkry] f"k] O;kikj] /kkrq,a] m|ksx] ;krk;kr]
i;ZVu vkfn esa lokZf/kd egRo ekufp= dk gh gSA
ekufp=ksa dk oxhZdj.k
ekufp=ksa dks nks izeq[k oxks ls ckaVk tkrk gS %&
1- Ldsy ij vk/kkfjr ekufp=A
2- ms';ksa ij vk/kkfjr ekufp=A
bu nksuksa izeq[k oxks dk v/;;u djus ds fy, budks ge vkxs miHkkxksa esa
foHkkftr djus i<+rs gSa&
v- Ldsy ij vkk/kkfjr ekufp= & Ldsy ij vk/kkfjr ekufp=ksa dks fuEufyf[kr pkj
Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa %&
1- lhek ls lEcfU/kr ekufp= %& ;s ekufp= cM+s Lrj ij rS;kj fd, tkrs gSa vkSj
;s ckjhd tkudkjh ds fy, vko';d gSaA buesa jktLo lEcU/kh ekufp= vkSj cankscLr
lEcU/kh uD'ks vkSj xkao dk [kljk ekufp= (Revenue map, Settlement Maps, Village
Maps) vkfn vkrs gSaA bu ekufp=ksa ls iVokjh] dkuwuxks] rglhynkj vkSj uxjikfydk
viuk dk;Z djrs gSaA budks lEifk lEcU/kh ekufp= Hkh dgk tkrk gSA budk LdSy
1 % 200* rd gksrk gSA
2- LFky vkfr ekufp= %&(Topographical Maps) ;s ekufp= Hkh cM+s Lrj ij rS;kj
fd, tkrs gSa vkSj buls Hkh ckjhd tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA bu ekufp=ksa ls
HkkSfrd vkSj lkaLfrd vkfr;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr dh tkrh gSA bu ekufp=ksa dh
Ldsy 1:1 ls1%4 ehy gksrh gSA
3-nhokjh ekufp= (Wall Maps) %& bu ekufp=ksa dh Ldsy 1 % 4 ehy ls 1 %
64 ehy rd gksrh gSA nhokjh uD'kksa ds lkFk izk;% egk}hiksa vkSj fofHkUu ns'kksa ds
ekufp= cuk, tkrs gSaA
4- ,Vyl ekufp= ( Atlas Maps) %& ekufp=ksa dks ,df=r djus okyh iq Lrd dks
,Vyl dgk tkrk gSA blesa NksVs iSekus ds ekufp= gksrs gSaA Ldsy 1 %64 ehy
vFkok blls Hkh T;knk gksrk gSA bu ekufp=ksa dk iz;ksx Hkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA

c- ms'; ij vk/kkfjr ekufp= (maps based on purpose)%& ;s os ekufp= gSa tks fdlh
fo'ks"k ms'; dks lkeus j[k dj rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA budks ge ms'; ds vuqlkj
nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrs gSa %&
d- HkkSfrd ekufp=
[k- lkaLfrd ekufp=
d HkkSfrd ekufp=( Physical Maps) %& HkkSfrd ekufp=ksa esa fdlh Hkh {ks= dh
HkkSfrd vkfr dks izdV fd;k tkrk gSA HkkSfrd rRo dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSaA HkkSfrd
rRoksa ds vuqlkj rS;kj fd, x, ekufp= Hkh fuEufyf[kr lkr izdkj ds gksrs gSa %&
1- /kjkryh; ekufp=(Relief Maps) %& bu ekufp=ksa esa fdlh egk}hi vFkok ns'k
vFkok {ks= ds /kjkry dks izdV fd;k tkrk gSA ;s ekufp= lkjs fo'o ds Hkh gks
ldrs gSa vkSj fdlh {ks= ds Hkh gks ldrs gSaA bu ekufp=ksa esa ioZr iBkj eSnku
e#LFky dh vkd`fr;kWa izdV dh tkrh gSaA
2- ty fudkl lEcU/kh ekufp= ( Drainage Maps) %& ty fudkl lEcU/kh
ekufp=ksa esa fdlh Hkh {ks= dh ty fudkl iz.kkyh dk izdVhdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
3- Hkw&oSKkfud ekufp=( Geological Maps) %& bu ekufp=ksa esa fdlh Hkh {ks= dh
pV~Vkuksa dh lajpuk dk izdVhdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA ;s ekufp= /kjrh dh vkarfjd
iiM+h ds lEcU/k esa vko';d tkudkjh nsrs gSaA
4- tyok;q lEcU/kh ekufp=(Climatic Maps) %& bu ekufp=ksa ls gesa fo'o ds
fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds tyok;q ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA ;s ekufp=
rkieku] ok;qHkkj] o"kkZ vkfn ds lkFk lEcfU/kr gksrs gSaA
5- ouLifr lEca/kh ekufp=(Vegetation Maps) %& bu ekufp=ksa esa fo'o ds fofHkUu
Hkkxksa esa feyus okyh ouLifr vkSj ouksa dh fofHkUu fdLeksa ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh
izkIr gksrh gSA
6- ekSle ls lEcfU/kr ekufp= (Weather Maps)%& ;s os ekufp= gksrs gSa] tks fdlh
{ks= ds izfrfnu ds ekSle dh tkudkjh nsrs gSaA bu ekufp=ksa ls ge rkieku]
ok;qHkkj] ckny] /kqa/k] o"kkZ] vksys] fgeikr gksuk vkSj leqnzh voLFkkvksa ds lEca/k esa
tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA
7. fef;ksa ls lEcfU/kr ekufp= (Soil Maps) %& bu ekufp=ks ls gesa /kjrh dh
fef;ksa dh fdLeksa ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA
[k lkaLfrd ekufp= (Cultural Maps) %& bu ekufp=ksa esa euq"; dh lkaLfrd
f;kvksa ds lEcU/k esa izdVhdj.k gksrk gSA euq"; dh lkaLfrd f;k,a dbZ izdkj
dh gksrh gSa] ftlds vuqlkj lkaLfrd ekufp= Hkh vxzfyf[kr 8 fdLeksa ds gksrs gSaA

1- jktuhfrd ekufp= (Political Maps) %& bu ekufp=ksa ls vUrjkZ"Vh; lhekvksa]

fofHkUu ns'kksa ds vkdkj] jktuhfrd lhekvksa vkSj jkt/kkfu;ksa vkfn dks izdV fd;k
tkrk gSA
2- vkfFkZd ekufp= (Economic Maps)%& bu ekufp=ksa esa fo'o dh vkfFkZd oLrq,a
mRiUu djus okys ns'kksa vkSj {ks=ksa ds lEca/k esa tkudkjh izkIr gks rh gSA xsgaw] pkoy]
eDdh] dks;yk] isVksy vkfn iSnk djus ds lEca/k esa ekufp= gksrs gSA m|ksx ls
lEcaf/kr ekufp= Hkh vkrs gSaA
3-

tula[;k ls lEcfU/kr ekufp=( Population / Demographic Maps)

%& bu

ekufp=ksa esa fo'o ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa iznf'kZr tula[;k ds foHkktu dks izdV fd;k
tkrk gSA bu ekufp=ksa esa gesa l?ku tula[;k o fojyh tula[;k ds lEcU/k esa
{ks=ks dk Kku gksrk gSA
4- Hkk"kk ls lEcfU/kr ekufp=(Language maps) %& bu ekufp=ksa ls gesa fo'o esa
cksyh tkus okyh fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ds lEcU/k es tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA
5- O;kikj ls lEcfU/kr ekufp= (Commercial Maps)%& bu ekufp=ksa ls gesa

O;kikj

ls lEcfU/kr oLrqvksa o nskksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA

6- ;krk;kr vkSj lapkj lEca/kh ekufp= ( Transport & Communication Maps) %& ;s
ekufp= jsyksa] lM+dksa] leqnzh] ekxksZa vkSj ok;q ekxksZa ds ekufp= gksrs gSaA i;ZVu esa
Hkh budk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
7- uLyksa ds lEcU/k esa ekufp= ( Ethnographic Maps ) %& fo'o esa fofHkUu uLysa
fofHkUu {ks=ksa ls fuokl djrh gSaA bu ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh gesa uLy lEcfU/kr
ekufp=ksa ls feyrh gSA
8- ,sfrgkfld ekufp= (Historical Maps )%& ;s ekufp= bfrgkl ds lkFk lEcfU/kr
O;rhr gks pqds le; ds jktuhfrd lhekaduksa ds lEcU/k esa gksrs gSa

ekufp=

Ldsy ij vk/kkfjr

mn~ns';ksa ij

vk/kkfjr
Lhek lEcfU/k

LFky vkfrd

lkaLfrd ekufp=

nhokjh

,Vyl

HkkSfrd ekufp=

/kjkryh;
jktuhfrd

tyfudkl
vkfFkZd

Hkw&oSKkfud

tula[;k

tyok;q

Hkk"kk

O;kikj

ouLifr

ekSle feV~V;ksa

;krk;kr vkSj lapkj uLyksa

,sfrgkfld

ekufp= dks rS;kj djus ds le; vkSj ekufp= dks i<+us ds le; fuEufyf[kr
vko';d ckrksa dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gS %&
1- Ldsy
2- fn'kk
3- :<+ fpUg
1- Ldsy (Scale) %& iSekus ij nks fcUnqvksa dh okLrfod nwjh ds vuqikr dks iSekuk
(Scale) dgrs gSaA lk/kkj.k 'kCnksa esa iSekuk ekufp= ds varj vkSj kjrh ds varj dk
vuqikr gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i ;fn ekufp= ij ,d lSa -eh- vUrj /kjrh ij 1 fd-ehgS rks bldk Ldsy 1 lS-eh- % 1 fd-eh- gqvkA ;fn /kjrh ds 20 ehy ekufp= ij
4 bap djds fn[kk, tkrs gSa rks %&
4 % 20 ehy
iSekuk 1 % 5 ehy
iSekus esa ge ekufp= ds varj dks izk;% 1 j[krs gSa rkfd fofHkUu ekufp=ksa ds
iSekus esa ,d lekurk gksA

Ldsy ds vk/kkj ij ekufp= nks izdkj ds gksrs gS %

1 cM+k iSekuk Large Scale %& tc ekufp= dk ,d lSaVhehVj Hkwfe ds ,d
fdyksehVj ds de varj dks izdV djrk gks rks bldks cM+k iSekuk dgrs gSaA cM+s
iSekus okys ekufp=ksa esa FkksM+s LFkku dk ekufp= vkSj cM+k djds vf/kd ckjhfd;ka
fn[kkbZ tkrh gSA vdsys uxj dk ekufp= cM+s iSekus dk ekufp= gksrk gSA
2 NksVk iSekuk (Small scale)%& tc ekufp= dk ,d lSaVhehVj Hkwfe ds ,d
fdyksehVj vFkok blls vf/kd varj dks izdV djs rks bldks NksVk iSekuk dgrs gSaA
NksVs iSekus okys ekufp=ksa esa vf/kd LFkku dk ekufp= NksVk djds fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
blfy, blesa dsoy eksVh&eksVh oLrq,a gh fn[kkbZ tk ldrh gSa vkSj ckjhfd;ka fn[kkbZ

ugha tk ldrhaA jkT;ksa] ns'kksa] egk}hiksa vkSj fo'o ds ekufp= NksVs iSekus ds ekufp=
gksrs gSaA
Hkwfe dk varj vf/kd rks iSekuk NksVk]
Hkwfe dk varj de rks iSekuk cM+kA
iSekuk izdV djus ds <ax %& fdlh Hkh ekufp= ij Ldsy dks izdV djus ds
fuEufyf[kr rhu <ax gSa %&
1- o.kkZRed iSekuk ( Statement of Scale)
2- izfrfuf/k fHkUu (Representative Fraction or R.F)
3- js[kh; iSekuk

(Linear Scale)

1 o.kkZRed iSekuk %& bl iSekus esa ge ;g crkrs gSa fd ekufp= dk 1 /kjrh ds

fdrus ehyksa dks izdV djrk gSA ;s varj lSaVhehVjksa vkSj fdyksehVjksa esa Hkh gks ldrk
gSA ;fn o.kkZRed iSekuk 1 % 5 ehy gS rks bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ekufp= dk 1
Hkwfe ds 5 ehy varj dks izdV djrk gSA ;fn o.kkZRed iSekuk 1cm %10 Kms gS
rks bldk vFkZ gS fd ekufp= dk 1 lSaVhehVj Hkwfe ds 10 fdyksehVj varj dks
izdV djrk gSA ;g lcls lh/kk vkSj vklku <ax gSA
2- izfrfuf/k fHkUu Representative Fraction% bl iSekus dks izk;% RF dgk tkrk gS]
ftldk vFkZ gS izfrfuf/k fHkUuA bl Ldsy esa ekufp= dh nwjh vkSj Hkwfe ij
okLrfod nwjh dks ,d gh bdkbZ esa fHkUu :i esa izdV fd;k tkrk gSA bl fHkUu
:i esa vak lnSo 1 gksrk gS] tks ekufp= dk varj gksrk gS vkSj gj Hkwfe dk varj
gksrk gSA vak vkSj gj ,d gh bdkbZ esa gksus vko';d gSaA RF ds fy, fuEufyf[kr
QkewZyk gS
RF

Map Distance
Ground Distance

ekufp= dh nwjh
{ks= dh nwjh

bu o.kkZRed iSekus ls RF vkSj RF ls o.kkZRed iSekuk Kkr dj ldrs gSaA

mnkgj.k ;fn o.kkZRed Ldsy 1 : 1 mile gS rks RF fudkys\
gy : 1 izdV djrk gS 1 mile
5280 Feet
63360
blfy, RF 1 / 63360

mnkgj.k ;fn o.kkZRed Ldsy 1cm : 1 km gS rks RF fudkys\

gy : 1cm izdV djrk gS 1 km
1000 m
100000 cm
blfy, RF 1 / 100000
mnkgj.k RF 1@1000000 gS rks o.kkZRed Ldsy fdyksehVjksa esa Kkr djsaA
gy
1 cm izdV drk gS 1000000 cm
1000000
= 10000 m
100
10000
= 10 km
1000
3- js[kh; iSekuk % Ldsy dks izdV djus dk ;g rhljk <ax gSA bl <ax dks xzkfQd
iSekuk Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g iSekuk ,d ljy js[kk gksrk gS] ftldh yackbZ {ks= ds
vuqlkj gksrh gSA bl iSeksu esa nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA
1- eq[; Hkkx
2- NksVk Hkkx
igys ljy js[kk dks izeq[k Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkr gSA fQj ck,a Hkkx okys
eq[; Hkkx dks NksVs Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA js[kh; iSekuk rS;kj djrs
le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gSA
d- ljy js[kk dh yackbZ 6 bap vFko yxHkx 15 lsaVhehVj gksA
[k- js[kh; iSekuk rS;kj djrs le; vkdM+k iw.kkd gksA
x- iSekus dh nkh;a vksj eq[; Hkkx vkSj ck;ha vksj NksVs Hkkx fd, tk,a
?k- iSekus dh ckaV ds izR;sd fpUg dk varj fy[kk gksA
- NksVs Hkkxksa vkSj cM+s Hkkxksa dk foHkktu djus okys LFkku ij 'kwU; dk vkadM+k gksA
p- vkadM+s 'kwU; ls nk;ha vksj ck;ha vksj c<+rs tk,aA
N- js[kh; iSekus ds ij vFkok uhps o.kZukRed iSekuk vkSj RF iSekuk fy[kuk
pkfg,A

js[kh; ekufp= dk izeq[k ykHk ;g gS fd ge ekufp= ds fdUgha nks fcUnqvksa dk

varj eki dj lh/kk gh js[kh; iSekus ij j[k dj okLrfod varj ds lEcU/k esa
tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

ekufp=ksa dks NksVks vkSj cM+k djuk

ekufp=ksa dk ijLij rqyukRed v/;u djus ds fy, ekufp=ksa dks cM+k vkSj
NksVk djuk iM+rk gSA ekufp= lnSo Ldsy ds vuqlkj rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA ubZ Ldsy
ds vuqlkj ekufp= rS;kj djuk gksrk gS rks u;k ekufp= iqjksu ekufp= ls ;fn
cM+k gks rks bl ekufp= dks cM+k djuk (Enlargement of Map) dgrs gSaA ;fn u;k
ekufp= iqjkus ekufp= ls NksVk djuk gks rks bldks ekufp= dks NksVk djuk dgrs
gSaA ;fn mlh iqjkus iSekus ij u;k ekufp= rS;kj djuk gks rks mls ekufp= dks
rS;kj djuk dgrs gSaA
ekufp=ksa dks cM+k&NksVk djus ds fuEu eq[; <ax gSa %&
1- QksVks }kjk %& blesa dSejs ds lkFk QksVks [khap dj ekufp= dks cM+k&NksVk fd;k
tkrk gSA
2- isaVksxzkQ }kjk %& ;g ,d ;a= gksrk gS ftldh lgk;rk ls ekufp= NksVs&cM+s fd,
tkrs gSaA
3- ,d lh f=dks.kksa }kjk %& bl fof/k ds vuqlkj lM+d] ugj] vkfn yEckbZ okys
ekufp=ksa dks ,d lh f=dks.kksa dh lgk;rk ls cM+k&NksVk fd;k tkrk gSA
4- oxks }kjk %& bl fof/k ds vuqlkj ekufp= ij Ldsy ds vuqlkj oxZ cukdj
ekufp= dks cM+k NksVk fd;k tkrk gSA
2 fn'kk fcanq (Cardial Points)
/kjrh dh pkj eq[; fn'kk,a gSa& mkj (North). nf{k.k (South), iwoZ (East) vkSj if'pe
(West)A bu pkj fn'kkvksa dks gh fn'k fcanq dgk tkrk gSA blfy, fn'kk fcanqvksa dh
la[;k Hkh pkj gksrh gSA ;kn j[ksa fd ekufp= ds lnSo ij dh vksj mkj] uhps dh
vksj nf{k.k] nk;sa gkFk dh vksj iwoZ vkSj ck;sa gkFk dh vksj if'pe gksrk gSA ;fn
fdlh fn'kk dk irk py tk, rks 'ks"k lHkh fn'kkvksa dk Kku gks tkrk gSA ge izk;%
mkj fn'kk <wa<rs gSa vkSj bldh lgk;rk ls 'ks"k fn'kk,aA
mkj dh fdLesa (Types of North)
mkj fn'kk dh fuEu 3 fdLesa gksrh gSa
1- HkkSxksfyd mkj %
bldks okLrfod mkj Hkh djrs gSaA /kjrh viuh nSfud xfr ds vuqlkj vius dsU
ds bnZfxnZ 24 ?kaVs esa ,d iw.kZ p yxkrh gSA /kjrh ds dsU dk mkjh Hkkx
HkkSxksfyd mkj dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA vr% /kjrh ds dsU ds mkjh fdukjs] uhps
ladsr fd, gq, mkj dks ge HkkSxksfyd mkj o okLrfod mkj dgrs gSaA ;g mkj
lnSo ,d LFkku ij gh jgrk gS] b/kj&m/kj ugha gksrkA

2- pqEcdh; mkj %& pqacdh; lwbZ tc vius vki Bgj tkrh gS] rks bldk ,d
fdukjk mkj dh vksj rFkk nwljk nf{k.k fn'kk dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA bl izdkj
pqacdh; lwbZ ds ladsr fd, x, mkj dks pqacdh; mkj dgrs gSaA ;g pqacd ,d
LFkku ij ugha jgrk] FkksM+k cgqr b/kj&m/kj gksrk jgrk gSA
3- fxzM mkj %& /kjrh xsan dh Hkkafr xksy gS vkSj bl ij okLrfod mkj ,d fcanq
gSA ijUrq gekjk ekufp= lkns dkxt ij gksrk gSA blfy, mls Iysu dkxt ds
ekufp= ij okLrfod mkj izdV djus esa dqN dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
ekufp= ij mkj ge nskkarj js[kkvksa }kjk izdV djrs gSaA nskkarj js[kkvksa }kjk
ekufp= ij izdV fn;s x;s mkj dks ge fxzM mkj dgrs gSaA ekufp= ij izk;%
v{kka'k vkSj nskkarj js[kkvksa dk ,d tky cuk gksrk gSA bl tky dh js[kka'k js[kkvksa
ds lkFk tks mkj feyrk gS] mldks fxzM mkj dgrs gSaA bl fp= esa NX js[kka'k gS
vkSj ;gka fxzM vkSj okLrfod fxzM ,d gh gksrs gSaA fxzM mkj vkSj okLrfod mkj ds
varj dks Angle of Convergence dgrs gSaA bl fp= esa fxzM mkj vkSj okLrfod mkj
Li"V fn[kk, x, gSaA

3 ekufp= ds fpUg
(Map Symbols)
ekufp= (Maps)] LFky vkfr ekufp=ksa

(Topographical Maps)

vkSj ekSle ds

ekufp=ksa (Weather Maps) dks vPNh izdkj le>kus ds fy, ge ekufp= fpUgksa
(Map Symbols) dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA blfy, budks le>uk cgqr vko';d gSA gekjs
iz;ksx esa vkus okys ekufp= fpUg (Map Symbols) fuEufyf[kr nks eq[; izdkj ds gSa
%&
1- :<+ fpUg (Conventional Signs)
2- ekSle fpUg Weather Symbols)
1 :<+ fpUg (Conventional Signs)
LFky vkfr;ksa ekufp=ksa (Topographical Maps) vkSj HkkSfrd vkfr;ksa (Physical
Features)

dks

izdV

djus

ds

fy,

iz;qDr

fd,

x,

fpUgksa

dks

:<+

fpUg

(Conventioanl signs are the symbols used for representing the Physical Features of an
area on the Topographical Maps) ekufp= dks Li"Vrk ls i<+s tk ldus ds fy, ge
fofHkUu vkfr;ksa (Features) dks fofHkUu :<+ fpUgksa }kjk izdV djrs gSaA izk;% ;s :<+
fpUg varjkZ"Vh; Lrjij Lohdkj fd, x, gksrs gSaA dksbZ O;fDr viuh bPNk ds
vuqlkj budks cny ugha ldrkA ekufp= fpUgksa

(Map Symbols) esa :<+ fpUgksa dk

,d gh vkdkj dk gksuk vksbZ vko';d ugha gSA fofHkUu vkdkj LFky

vkfrd

(Topographical Maps) ekufp= esa iz;qDr fd, x, :<+ fpUg (Conventional Signs)
dk vkdkj vyx vyx gksrk gSA izk;% ;s :<+ fpUg Lovkfrd ekufp= ds ,d
vksj fn[kk, x, gksrs gSaA
LFky vkfrd vkSj ,Vyl ds ekufp=ksa esa iz;qDr fd, x, :<+ fpUgksa dk vPNh
izdkj v/;;u djus ds fy, ge bu :<+ fpUgksa dks pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djds
i<+rs gSa %&
1- /kjkry (Relief)
2- ty fodkl (Drainage)
3- ouLifr (Vegetation)
4- lkaLfrd vkfrd (Cultural Features)
1- /kjkry %& LFky vkfrd ekufp= ij /kjkry dks le mu js[kkvksa }kjk iznf'kZr
fd;k tkrk gSA ;s Hkwjs jax dh js[kk,a gksrh gS vkSj izR;sd daVwj js[kk ij mldh leqnz
ry ls apkbZ fy[kh gksrh gSA bu daVwj js[kkvksa dh apkbZ i<+ dj /kjkry ds lEcU/k
esa irk py tkrk gS fd {ks= eSnkuh gS] iBkjh vFkok igkM+h gSA daVwj eksM+ vkSj eksM+
[kkus ds vyx&vyx vkfr;ksa dk Kku gksrk gSA geus daVwj okys v/;k; esa
v/;;u fd;k Fkk fd ?kkVh] >jus] okVj'kSM] yVdrh ?kkVh] ;w&vkdkj ?kkVh vkSj lM+d
vkfn vkfr;ksa ds daVwjksa dh 'kDy vyx&vyx gSA bl izdkj daVwj dh 'kDyksa esa
{ks= dh eq[; HkkSfrd vkfr;ksa (Physical Features) dk irk py tkrk gSA
,Vyl ds /kjkry dks fofHkUu jaxksa dk iz;ksx djds Li"V fd;k tkrk gSA ioZrksa vkSj
eSnkuksa ds fy, iz;qDr fd, x, jaxksa ds vyx&vyx

'ksMksa (Shades) ds lkFk

fuEufyf[kr <ax ds lkFk izdV fd;k tkrk gS%&

ioZr& Hkwjk (Brown) lcls apk ioZr&rst yky (Crimison Red)
mlls uhpk ioZr& yky Hkwjk (Reddish Brown)
mlls uhpk ioZr & xgjk Hkwjk (Dark Brown)
mlls uhpk ioZr & Hkwjk (Brown)

lcls uhpk ioZr & gYdk Hkwjk (light Brown)

eSnku & gjk (Green) lcls apk eSnku & ihyk gjk (Yellowish Green)
mlls uhpk eSnku & gjk (Green)
mlls uhpk eSnku & gYdk gjk (Light Green)
lcls uhpk eSnku & Hkn~nk gjk (Dull Green)
aps ioZrh; cQhZys {ks=ksa dks lQsn jax ds lkFk fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
2- ty fudkl (Drainage) %& ty fudkl /kjkry ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA ty
fudkl ,d LFky vkfrd ekufp= ij fuEufyf[kr ds vuqlkj fn[kk;k tkrk gS %&
ufn;ka (Rivers) %& ufn;ka nksgjh js[kk ds lkFk fn[kbZ tkrh gS vkSj blesa uhyk jax
Hkjk gksrk gSA ijUrq 15 QqV pkSM+h ufn;ksa dks bdgjh js[kk ds lkFk gh iznf'kZr fd;k
tkrk gSA
ugjsa (Canals) %& uhys jax dh nksgjh lekukarj js[kk ds lkFk ygjs fn[kkbZ tkrh gSaA
nynysa (Marshes) %& nynysa yEc js[kkvksa ds ij NksVs fVd (Ticks) yxk dj
iznf'kZr dh tkrh gSA
3- ouLifr (Vegetation) %& LFky izkfrd ekufp= ij ouLifr gjs jax ls izdV
dh tkrh gSA ouLifr dh fdLesa fuEufyf[kr <ax ls izdV dh tkrh gSaA
ou (Jungles) & ou gjs jax ds o`{kksa (Trees) dk fp= cukdj izdV fd, tkrs gSaA
Qynkj ckx (Orchards) & Qynkj ckxksa ds fy, NksVs&NksVs gjs jax ds o`{kksa dks e
esa fpu dj (ranged symmetrically) fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
ckxhps (Parks) & ckxhpksa dks dkys fcUnq (Black Dots) yxk dj fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
pjkxkgsa (Pastures) & ekuqlkj dkys jax dh fVd yxk dj fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
4- lkaLfrd vkfr;ka % (Cultural Features) & lkaLfrd vkfr;ka os vkfr;ka
gksrh gSa] tks izfr us ugha] vfirq euq"; us iSnk dh gSaA /kjrh ij euq"; dh mRiUu
dh xbZ vkfr;ksa (Features) dks vxzfyf[kr <ax ds lkFk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS %
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY
STATE BOUNDARY
DISTRICT BOUNDARY
METRE GAUGE
METALLEC ROAD
CONIFEROUS TREES

DATE PALM
DECIDUOUS TRES
CHURCH
MOSQUE
TEMPLE
LFky vkfrd ekufp= dk v/;;u
(Studying topogrphical Map)
LFky vkfrd ekufp= dk v/;;u fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa (Heading) ds vuqlkj fd;k
tkrk gS %&
1- lhekvksa ds ckjs esa lwpuk (Marginal Information) %& bl 'kh"kZd ds varxZr ge
ekufp= ds {ks= dk v{kka'k (Latitue) vkSj js[kka'k (Longitude) ekufp= dk uEcj
vkSj Ldsy ds lEcU/k esa v/;;u djrs gSaA
2- /kjkry(Relief) %& bl 'kh"kZd ds varxZr ge daVwj dk v/;;u djds {ks= ds
lEcU/k esa] bldh vkfr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa vkSj {ks= dh <kyu ds lEcU/k esa
v/;;u djrs gSaA
3- ouLifr (Vegetation) & blesa ge ouksa ds lEcU/k esa] nynyksa ds lEcU/k esa
vkSj ckx&cxhpksa ds lEcU/kesa v/;;u djrs gSaA
4- /kkrq,a (Minerals) & blesa ge ekufp= ls {ks= esa mRiUu gksus okyh /kkrqvksa ds
lEcU/k esa i<+rs gSaA
5- f"k (Agriculture) %& bl 'kh"kZd ds varxZr ge ekufp= ls f"k ds lEcU/k esa
vkSj bldh eq[; Qlyksa ds lEcU/k esa v/;;u djrs gSaA
6- ;krk;kr vkSj ifjogu ds lk/ku (Means of Coomunicaton and Transportation) &
blesa ekufp= ls ge ;g v/;;u djrs gSa fd {ks= ds yksxksa ds ;krk;kr vkSj
ifjogu ds fy, lM+dksa] jsyksa vkfn ds lk/ku dSls gSaA
7- vkcknh (Settlement) & bl 'kh"kZd ds varxZr ge v/;;u djrs gSa fd yksxksa dh
vkcknh] xkaoksa] uxjksa vkSj cM+s uxjksa esa fdl izdkj foHkkftr gSA vkcknh ?kuh gS
vFkok fojyhA
8- ifj.kke (Conclusion) & blesa vkius ekufp= ds {ks= ds lEcU/k esa viuh
lewph jk; nsrh gS fd {ks= fdl izdkj dk gSA
ekSle lwpd fpUg (Weather Symbols)

ekSle lwpd ekufp= ij dqN ckrsa ekSle lwpd fpUgksa ds lkFk le>kbZ tkrh gSaA
blfy, bu fpUgksa ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh vko';dr gSA ;s fpUg varjkZ"Vh; Lrj
ij izHkkfor gksrs gSaA vkSj viuh bPNk ds vuqlkj ifjofrZr ugha fd, tk ldrsA
ekSle lwpd ekufp= (Weather Map) ij iz;qDr fd, x, ekSle lwpd fpUg
(Weather Symbols) fuEufyf[kr vuqlkj gSa %&
weather Symbols
HAIL
LIGHT THUNDER
DRIZZLE
SNOW
RAINFALL
FOG
MIST

Unit IV
- Concept and need of Evaluation
- Type of Evaluation
- Concept of CCE
- Tools of evaluation

Unit-IV Assessment
Concept And Need Of Evaluation

assignment

fu"ifk ijh{k.k ;k miyfC/k ewY;kadu dh tkudkjh %

fu"ifr ijh{k.k ;k miyfC/k ewY;kadu dh tkudkjh% fo|ky; esa Nk= }kjk vftZr Kku dh ijh{kk fu"ifr ijh{kk dgykrh gS
bls nwljs 'kCnksa esa miyfC/k ewY;kaduHkh dg ldrs gSA bl ls f'k{kd tku tkrk gS fd d{kk esa tks f'k{k.k fd;k tkrk gS
og fdruh ek=k esa Nk= }kjk vf/kxe fd;k x;k gS vFkkZr~ f'k{k.k vkSj vf/kxe nksuksa dk ijh{k.k gSA blls f'k{kd dh
lQyrk vkSj Nk= dh miyfC/k dk Kku gksrk gSA v/;kid ;g tku ldrk gS fd Nk= us d{kk esa cSBdj mUufr dh gSA
mls i<+kbkZ xbZ lkexzh iw.kZ :Ik ls le> vkbZ ;k ughaA ;g ijh{k.k Nk= ds KkuktZu dk ekiu gSA
lwij us ^fu"ifr* dks n{krk dgk gSA muds vuqlkj] ^^,sd fu"ifr ;k n{krk ijh{kk ;g fuf'pr djus dks iz;ksx dh tkrh gS
fd D;k vkSj fdruk lh[kk gS ;k fdl n{krk ls dk;Z lEiUu fd;k x;k gSA blesa eq[; /;ku Hkwr ;k Hkfo"; dks u j[krs gq,
ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA Hkfo"; dk rks dsoy bruk /;ku j[kk tkrk gS fd izkIr Kku ;k n{krk Hkfo"; esa mUgha ds i{k esa
fgrdkjh fl) gksxhA**
miyfC/k ijh{kk esa fujarjrk gksuh pkfg,A ;g ijh{kk oS| o fo'oluh; gks] blfy, mlh fo"k;&oLrq ij iz'u iwNs tk,a rks
Nk= dks i<+k;k x;k gSA ,sls iz'u iwNs tk,a tks f'k{k.k ds leLr ms';ksa dk ekiu djrs gksA
ewY;kadu ds izdkj Types of evaluation
1-

2-

:ins; ,oa ;ksxns; ewY;kaduFormative Evaluation% :ins; ewY;kadu rc gksrk gS tc fo|kFkhZ mu o"kksaZ esa ls
xqt+j jgs gksrs gSa tc muds :I dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA bl dk fufgr vFkZ gS& vuqns'ku ds nkSjku fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk
ewY;kaduA blesa ikB~;e dh NksVh Lora= bdkb;ksa dks vk/kkj cuk;k tkrk gSA izR;sd bdkbZ ds var esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dk ijh{k.k gksuk pkfg, vkSj mudh detksfj;ksa dk funku gksuk pkfg,A funku ds Ik'pkr~ mipkjkRed f'k{k.k gksuk
pkfg, vkSj fQj :ins; ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A :ins; ewY;kaadu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr fo"k; oLrq esa
izoh.krk izkIr djus dk volj iznku djrk gSA :ins; ijh{kk;sa f'k{kd vf/kxe dh izf;k dks izHkko'kkyh cukrh
gSA buesa y{;ksa dh izkfIr ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gSA vuqns'ku dh izR;sd bdkbZ ;k v/;k; ij fof'k"V ijh{kk,a
rS;kj dh tkrh gSA ;s lkekU;r% v/;kid }kjk rS;kj dh tkrh gSA
:ins; ewY;kadu fo|kFkhZ ,oa v/;kid nksuksa dks vf/kxe dh lQyrk ,oa vlQyrk ds lEcU/k esa fujUrj i`"Biks"k.k
Feedback iznku djrk jgrk gSA
1 fo|kFkhZ dk i`"Biks"k.k% mlds lQy vf/kxe dks iqucZyu iznku djrk gSA ;g mldh mu fof'k"V xyfr;ksa dh
igpku djrk gSa ftUgsa rRdky 'kq) djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
2 v/;kkid dk i`"Biks"k.k% mls viuk vuqns'ku lq/kkjus dh lwpuk iznku djrk gS vkSj mls oS;fDrd ,oa nyh;
mipkjkRed dk;Z dh vksj vxzlj djrk gSA
:ins; ewY;kadu ikB~;e] f'k{k.k ,oa vf/kxe dks lq/kkjus esa mi;ksxh fl) gksrk gSA
:ins; ewY;kadu dh fo'ks"krk,a Characteristic of Formative Evaluation%
1- bdkbZ dk pquko% :ins; ewY;kadu esa vf/kxe dh fdlh ,d fof'k"V bdkbZ dk pquko fd;k tkrk gSA
2- bdkbZ dh fof'k"Vrk% bdkbZ ds Hkkxksa dk fof'k"Vrkvksa ds :Ik esa fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA bdkbZ dh
fof'k"Vrkvksa esa lfEefyr gS%
fo"k;oLrq
fo|kFkhZ dk O;ogkj
fo"k; oLrq ds lEcU/k esa izkIr fd;s tkus okys y{;

3-

fo"k; oLrq fu/kkZfjr djuk% :ins; ewY;kadu esa bdkbZ dh u;h fo"k;&oLrq fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSA blesa u;s 'kCn]
u;s lEcU/k rFkk ubZ izf;k,aa lfEefyr gSA

4-

vf/kxe& ifj.kke fu/kkZfjr djuk% fo"k; lkexzh ds u;s rRo ls lEcfU/kr vf/kxe ds ifj.kke ;k fo|kFkhZ dk
O;ogkj fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
:ins; ijh{kk& ljapuk ds lkekU; fl)kar%&
:ins; ijh{kk& ljapuk ds lkekU; fl)kar fuEufyf[kr gS%&
1- bdkbZ esa lHkh egRoiw.kZ rRoksa dks lfEefyr djukA
2- IkzR;sdfof'k"Vhd`r O;ogkj & Lrj ij ubZ ensa lfEefyr djukA
3- ijh{k.k ensa fuEu Lrj ls mPprj Lrj dh vksj c<+uh pkfg, vFkkZr~ ljy ls dfBu dh vksjA
4- izR;sd fof'k"V ls bdkbZ & rRo esa fo|kFkhZ dh fuiq.krk Li"V gksuh pkfg,A
5- ijh{k.k }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh xyfr;ka Li"V gksuh pkfg,A
6- mipkjkRed vuqns'ku lkexzh iznku dh tkuh pkfg, tSls ikB~;&iqLrds]a dk;Z&iqLrdsa] vfHkfer vuqns'ku
fQYesa vkfnA
:ins; ewY;kadu dh mi;ksfxrk% Uses of Formative Evaluation :ins; ewY;kadu v/;kidksa ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa
nksuksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA

1 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, mi;ksfxrk% fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, :ins; ewY;kadu dh fo'ks"krk;sa fuEufyf[kr gS%&
123456-

fo"k; oLrqq vf/kxe% ;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izR;sd vf/kxe bdkbZ dh fo"k;&oLrq tkuus vkSj mlds vuq:i
O;ogkj lh[kus esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA
vf/kxe esa fuiq.krk% ;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lh[kus esa fuiq.krk izkIr djus dh xfr rst+ djus esa lgk;rk iznku
djrk gSA
vf/kxe ds y{;% blls lh[kus ds y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;s tk ldrs gSA
vf/kxe e% blls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vf/kxe e dks NksVh&NksVh bdkb;ksa esa ckaVus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
izHkko'kkyh iqucZyu% blds ifj.kkeLo:i fo|kfFkZ;ksa leL;kvksa dks vf/kxe&bdkbZ esa fuiq.krk izkIr djus dk
iqucZyu feyrk gSA
funkukRed egRo% bldk funkukRed egRo gSA blls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh leL;kvksa dk funku gksrk gS vksj fQj
muds lek/kku ds fy, mfpr mik; fd;s tk ldrs gSA

2 v/;kidksa ds fy, mi;ksfxrk%

12-

xyfr;ka tkuuk%& :ins; ewY;kadu v/;kidksa dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh dfBukbZ;ksa vkSj xyfr;ka tkuus esa lgk;rk iznku
djrk gSA
xq.kkRed fu;a=.k% ;g v/;kid ds fy, xq.kkRed fu;a=.k dk lk/ku cu tkrk gSA bllss orZeku d{kk dks fiNyh
d{kk ls vf/kd lq/kkjus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA

;ksxns; vFkok ladfyr ewY;kadu Summative Evaluation% Cywe]FkkWel ,oa tktZ us viuh iqLrd Hand book of
Froamative and Summative Evaluation of student learning esa fy[kk gS]^^ ;ksxkns; ewY;kadu ,d izdkj dk
ewY;kadu gS ftldk iz;ksx fuf'pr dkykof/k] dkslZ ;k dk;Ze ds Ik'pkr~ xzsfMax] izek.khdj.k] izxfr ds ewY;kadu ;k
ikB~;e] v/;;u & dkslZ vFkok 'kSf{kd ;kstuk dh izHkko'khyrk ds 'kks/k ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ^^
;ksxns; ijh{k.k }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkekU; Lrj ij Kku gksrk gS vkSj fQj mlh ds vk/kkj ij f'k{k.k ,oa vuqns'ku dh
izHkko'khyrk dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ;g v/;kid dks iqucZyu iznku djrk gSA mls Hkkoh f'k{k.k ds csgrj
xBu ,oa vk;kstu esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds dk;Z ls bl ckr dk Hkh vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd f'k{kk
ds y{;ksa dh dgka rd izkfIr gqbZ gSA
;ksxns; ewY;kadu dh fo'ks"krk;sa Characteristic of Summative Evaluation%
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dkslZ ds var esa % ;ksxns; ewY;kadu ,d fuf'pr~ dkykof/k] dksl]Z dk;Ze vFkok lheSLVj ds var esa gksrk gSA
vafre ,oa fu.kZ;kRed % ;g vafre ,oa fu.kZ;kRed gksrk gSA
vuqns'ku y{;% bldk xBku bl ckr dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa us dgka rd
vuqns'ku ds y{; izkIr fd;s gSA ;ksxns; ewY;kadu ds eq[; ms'; fuEufyf[kr gS%&

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fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk xzsM fu/kkZfjr djuk vkSj mUgsa izekf.kr djukA

izxfr dk ewY;kaduA
v/;kid dh izHkko'khyrk dh tkap djukA
ikB~;e] v/;;u dkslZ vFkok 'kSf{kd ;kstuk dh izHkko'khyrk dh tkap djukA

Cywe rFkk vU;ksa ds vuqlkj] ^^lEHkor;% ;ksxns; ewY;kadu dh vfuok;Z fo'ks"krk vf/kxe vFkok vuqn s'ku ds i'pkr
mldh fo|kFkhZ] v/;kid vFkok ikB~;e ds lUnHkZ esa izHkko'khyrk dh tkap djuk gSA**
4- fu/kkZfjr dkslZ&ewY;kadu dk vk/kkj% fof'k"V dkykof/k vFkok lheSLVj ds fy;s fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k dkslZ ladfyr
ewY;kadu dk vk/kkj curk gSA
izks0 Cywe vkSj mlds lkfFk;ksa ds dFkukuqlkj] ^^;ksxns; ewY;kadu vkjEHk djus ls igys de ls de mu dqN dkS'kyksa
vFkok vo/kkj.kkvksa dk lfEefyr :i izLrqr djuk pkfg, ftu ls O;kid ;ksX;rk dk vk/kkj cu ldsAa **
5-

ijh{kk dh enksa ds }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;s tkus okys lkekU;hdj.k dk Lrj ;ksxns; ewY;kadu dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk
gSA
;ksxns; ewY;kadu ds izdkj Types of Summative Evaluation%Cywe ,oa mlds lkfFk;ksa us nks izdkj ds
;ksxns; ewY;kaduksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS%
1- vUroZrh ;ksxns; ewY;kadu% bldk lEcU/k vf/kd lh/ks] de lkekU;hd`r rFkk de LFkkukarj.kh; ifj.kkesa ls
gksrk gSA
2- nh?kZdkyhu ;ksxns; ewY;kadu% bldk lEcU/k ewY;kadu ds fy, izLrqr ekWMy ds visf{kr lewps ifj.kkeksa esa
fo|kFkhZ }kjk miyfC/k ls gS vFkkZr fo|kFkhZ us visf{kr lewps ifj.kkeksa esa dgka rd miyfC/k izkIr dh gSA

nksuksa izdkj ds ewY;kaduksa dk viuk viuk egRo gSA izks- Cywe vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa dk dFku gS] ^^vUroZrh rFkk nh?kZdkyhu
nksuksa izdkj dk ;ksxkns; ewY;kadu egRoiw.kZ gSa vkSj nksuksa esa ls fdlh dks Hkh de egRo ugha nsuk pkfg,A ijUrq ;fn ewY;kadu
dks f'k{k.k vkSj vf/kxe nksuksa izf;kvksa dk lgk;d cukuk gS rks ;s ewY;kadu bu izf;kvksa ds dsoy var esa ugha gksuk pkfg,
cfYd rc gksuk pkfg, tc ;s izf;k,sa py jgh gks vkSj muesa la'kks/ku gks ldrk gksA
;ksxns; ewY;kadu ijh{k.k dk fuekZ.k Summative Evaluation Test Construction% izks- Cywe us ;ksxns; ewY;kadu
ijh{k.k dh ljapuk ds fy, fuEufyf[kr pj.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS%&
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fof'k"Vrkvksa dh rkfydk fodflr djuh pkfg, ;k mls viukuk pkfg,A

ijh{k.k enksa dk fodkl% v/;kid dks lEcfU/kr ijh{k.k enksa dk fodkl djuk pkfg, ;k mUgsa viukuk pkfg,A
ijh{k.k enksa dk p;u% ijh{k.k enksa dk fofHkUu dks"kdksa esa ls vkSfpR;iw.k p;u gksuk pkfg,A
ijh{k.k enksa dk ladyu% ijh{k.k enksa dk fof/kor~ ;kstuk ds vuqlkj^ ljy ls dfBu dh vksj* ladyu gksuk
pkfg,A fofHkUu izdkj dh ensa tSls ;qxe cukuk] cgqfo/k p;u] lR;@vLkR; vyx&vyx lewgksa esa ladfyr dh
tkuh pkfg,A
vadu fof/k% mfpr vadu fof/k viukbZ tkuh pkfg,A

;ksxns; ewY;kadu dh mi;ksfxrk;sa Uses of Summative Evaluation% Cywe rFkk muds lkfFk;ksa us ;ksxns;
ewY;kakdu dh fuEufyf[kr mi;ksfxrkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS%&
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xzsM nsus dk vk/kkj% ;ksxns; ewY;kadu xzsM nsus dk vk/kkj iznku djrk gSa xzsM vadksa esa Hkh fn;s tk ldrs gSa vkSj
v{kjksa esa HkhA xzsfMax ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds oxhZdj.k esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
izek.khdkj.k dk vk/kkj% ;ksxns; ewY;kadu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa dq'kyrkvksa ds izek.khdj.k dk vk/kkj izLrqr
djrk gSA
lQyrk dh Hkfo";ok.kh% ;ksxns; ewY;kadu vkxkeh lEcfU/kr dkslZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lQyrk dh Hkfo";ok.kh djrk
gSA ;g mUgsa 'kSf{kd ,oa O;olkf;d funs'Z ku iznku djus dk vk/kkj izLrqr djrk gSA
izxfr dk Kku% :ins; ewY;kadu ds leku ;ksxns; ewY;kadu Hkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks viuh izxfr dk Kku iznku djrk
gSA blls mUgsa viuh dfe;ksa dks tkuus rFkk mUgsa nwj djus esa lgk;rk feyuk gSA
vuqns'ku dk vkjEHk% ;ksxns; ewY;kadu fo|kFkhZ dh miyfC/k&Lrj dk Kku iznku djrk gSA ;g bl ckr dk fu.kZ;
ysus esa lgk;e gksrk gS fd fo|kFkhZ ds fy, vkxkeh dkslZ dc vkjEHk fd;k tk;sA
lewgksa dh rqyuk% ;ksxns; ewY;kadku fofHkUu v/;kidksa }kjk i<k;s x;s fofHkUu fo|kFkhZ lewgksa ds ifj.kkesa dh rqyuk
djus esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA

fu"d"kZ% :ins; ewY;kadu rFkk ;ksxns; ewY;kadu ,d nwwljs ds iwjd gSA :ins; ewY;kadu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lh[kus dh
dfBukbZ;ksa dks tkuus esa vf/kd lgk;rk iznku djrk gS tcfd ;ksxns; ewY;kadu esa f'k{k.k dh izHkko'khyrk dh vf/kd

tkap gksrh gSA :ins; ewY;kadu lh[kus dh izf;k dk egRoiw.kZ vax gsA ;g vuqns'ku uhfr;ksa blesa f'k{k.k&fof/k;ka Hkh
lfEefyr gS ds la'kks/ku esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSa ;g f'k{k.k&vf/kxe dks izHkko'kkyh cukrk gS vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
fo"k;&oLrq esa fuiq.krk izkIr djus ds volj iznku djrk gSA ;gka y{;ksa dh izkfIr ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gSA bl
izdkj :ins; ewY;kadu ;ksxns; ewY;kadu ds lq/kkj esa lgk;d gksrk gSA ;ksxns; ewY;kadu dk lq/kkj :ins; ewY;kadu ij
fuHkZj gksrk gSA
Concept of continuous and comprehensive evaluation
fujUrj rFkk O;kid ewY;kadu%& fujarj rFkk O;kid ewY;kadu dk vFkZ& fujarj rFkk O;kid ewY;kadu ,d vf/kdre
ewY;kadu i)fr gS ftlds }kjk xr~ ewY;kadu i)fr;ksa dh dfe;ksa dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj dk ewY;kadu
ijEijkxr i)fr;ksa dks Lohdkj ugha djrkA f'k{kk ds fofHkUu Lrjska ij fujarj O;kkid EkwY;kadu dk iz;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ewY;kadu ,d fujarj O;kid f;k gS vkSj lewph f'k{kk ds fofHkUu Lrjkssa ij fujarj O;kid ewY;kadu dk
iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fofHkUu izdkj ls fd, tkus okys ewY;kadu dk y{; fu/kkZfjr gksuk vko';d
gSA bu y{;ksa dh izkfIr jktuSfrd] lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ka] euksoSKkfud fodkl] ekuoh; Kku ,oa lkaLd`frd
/kjksgj tSls vusd L=ksrksa ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA bl izdkj ds y{;ksa dks dsoy 'kSf{kd f;kvksa rd lhfer ugha dj
ldrsA cfYd blesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lokZfa x.k fodkl dks Hkh 'kkfey djuk vko';d gS blds vUrZxr fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds 'kSf{kd
fodkl dk Lrj rFkk okafNr O;fDrxr ,oa lkekftd xq.kksa vkfn ds fodkl dk Hkh /;ku j[kuk gksxkA
mijksDr y{;ksa ds izkfIr ds fy, ikB~; lkexzh ,oa mls izkIr djus dh fofHkUu i)fr;ksa esa vf/kxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ek/;e
ls O;kid <ax ls] fodflr djus dh vko';drk gSA Nk=ksa dks mudh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls ifjfpr djokus ds ckn bldk
ewY;kadu djuk gksxk fd mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa us Nk=ksa dks y{; izkIr djus esa fdl lhek rd lgk;rk dhA ;fn okafNr
Kku ds Lrj dk fodkl mfpr <ax ls ugha gqvk rks bldk rkRi;Z ;g gksxk fd bl y{; dks izkIr djus ds fy, ftu
ikB~;&ikBu dh i)fr;ksa dh leh{kk djuh gksxh rFkk mUgsa visf{kr Kku ds Lrj rd ykus ds fy, muesa ;Fkk&vko';d
ifjorZu djuk gksxkA bl izdkj ls ewY;kadu dks y{; vk/kkfjr cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
fujarjrk Continuity% okf"kZd ijh{kk ds ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij Nk=ksa ds fodkl ,oa muds KkuLrj dh tkudkjh
fey tkrh gS] ijUrq bl izFkk ds vkoakfNr ifj.kkeksa ls ge Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gSA ;g izFkk 'kSf{kd y{;ksa ds fcYdqy
foijhr gSA fo|ky; ds lHkh dk;Zeksa esa vUrjfufgr fujUrj ewY;kadu bl leL;k ds ek/;e ls Nk=ksa dh ;ksX;rk ,oa
v;ksX;rk ds lEcU/k esa fu;fer :I ls mi;ksfxrk y{; ladyu lEHko gks ldsxkA bl izdkj ds rF;ksa dk iz;ksx ,sls
fodflr f'k{k.k ds :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlds }kjk Nk=ksa ds lokZxh.k fodkl ij /;ku dsfUnzr jgs vkSj f'k{kk
ds iwoZ ?kksf"kr y{;ksa dks Hkh izkIr fd;k tk ldsA bl izdkj ds jpukRed ewY;kadu Nk=ksa dh dk;Zdq'kyrk ds Lrj dks
lq/kkjus ,oa muds vf/kdre fodkl dh O;oLFkk dks l{ke cukus esa lgk;rk djrs gSA gesa bl izdkj ds ewY;kadu ds
ifj.kke tYnh gh fey tkrs gSA blfy, fujUrj O;kid ewY;kadu Lo;a y{; u gksdj ,d y{; ikus dk lk/ku ek= gSA
O;kidrk Comprehensivess% ijEijkxr ewY;kadu i)fr ij ,d ut+j Mkyus ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd bldk {ks=
dsoy 'kSf{kd i{kksa rd gh lhfer Fkk] tks bl i)fr dh lcls cM+h deh Fkh] f'k{kk ds vfrfjDr vU; i{kksa ds ewY;kadu
dh dksf'k'k dh ugha dh tkrh Fkh] D;ksafd ;g muds fodkl dk y{; gh ugha FkkA bl izdkj ls fo|ky; ds v/;kidksa
,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkjh 'kfDr dsoy f'k{kk ds lhfer {ks= rd gh dsfUnzr jgrh FkhA ifj.kkeLo:i ewY;kadu dh ;kstuk
esa ikB~; lgxkeh] f;kvksa dh rjQ /;ku ugha fn;k x;k rFkk cPpksa ds lokZxh.k fodkl ds ms'; ds ckn Hkh f'k{kk
i)fr mls gkfly djus esa lQy ugha jghA bl izdkj ls ifjfLFkfr dkQh fpUrktud gks xbZ ifj.kkeLo:i Nk=ksa esa
fod`r O;fDrRo mRiUu gksus yxsA bl lEcU/k esa Nk=ksa ds O;fDrRo ds fofHkUu i{kksa ls tqMs+ gq, O;kid ewY;kadu dh
;kstuk dh xbZ gSA ewY;akdu dh bl vk/kqfudre i)fr ds }kjk fl)kUr vkSj O;ogkj ds chp dh [kkbZ dks ikVus esa
egRoiw.kZ lgk;rk fey ldsxhA blfy, O;kid ewY;kadu ,d ,slh i)fr gS] ftlds }kjk Nk=ksa ds O;fDrRo ls lEcf/kr
fuEu fofo/k {ks=ksa ij /;ku fd;k tk ldsxkA
1. Nk=ksa ds LokLF; Lrj ls lEcf/kUr dn] otu fofoUu fcekfj;ksa ls cpko ,oa i{k foLrkj vkfnA
2. Nk=ksa dh fofHkUu :fp;ksa tSls lkfgR;] [ksydwn] laxhr ,oa dyk vkfnA
3. Nk=ksa ls le;] fu"Bk] lQkbZ dh vknr fu;ferrk] lg;ksx ,oa mrjnkkf;Ro dh Hkkouk] usr`Ro] LFkkf;Ro vkfn O;fDrxr
,oa lkekftd xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA
4. mUgsa ukVd] okn] fookn ]Hkk"k.k ]rSjkdh] LdkfVax twfu;j jSM dkWl tSlh vkarfjd ,oa ckgk ikB~; lgxkeh dk;Zdzeksa ls
fuiq.k djukA
5. x.kra= iztkra=] lektokn] /keZ fujis{krk] ,dhdj.k] Ldwy dh fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa ,oa dk;Zdzeks Ldwyksa dh lEifr vkfn
okaNuh; eukso`fr;ksa ds izfr Nk=ksa dk LoLFk n`f"Vdks.k cukukA
f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa O;kid ewY;kadu dh ;kstuk ds fodkl ds fy, mlesa yphykiu gksuk vko';drk gS] ftlls bls
viukus esa fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa okyh laLFkk, fofHkUu izdkj dh HkSfrd lqfo/kkvksas dh O;oLFkk vko';drk vuqlkj dj

ldsAa mijksDr of.krZ {ks=ksa esa ls fdlh dk Hkh ewY;kadu rc rd u fd;k u tk, tc fd mlds ifj.kke miyC/k u gksA
bl lEcU/k esa ,d mi;ksxh lq>ko ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd O;fDxr ,oa lkekftd xq.kksa esa le; fu"Bk fu;ferrk lQkbZ
j[kus dh vknr ,oa ikB~; lkexzh fdz;kvksa esa [ksydqn dks avko';d ewY;kadu ds fo"k; cuk, tk, fo|ky; dks ewY;kadu
ds fy, miyC/k lqfo/kkvksa esa ls fdlh Hkh fo"k; dks bPNkuqlkj pquus dk volj iznku fd;k tk,A bl izdkj ls
ewY;kadu fdz;k dk foLrkj mls O;kid cuk nsxkA izs{k.k rFkk u, midj.k ekidze ,oa fu;a=.k lwph vkfn tSls ubZ
rduhdksa dk iz;ksx Hkh O;kid ewY;kadu ds fy, vko';d gSA
ewY;kadu ds izdkj ( Types of Evaluation) ewY;kadu eq[;r% nks izdkj ds gksrs gS%
d fuekZ.kkRed ewY;kadu rFkk
[k ladyukRed ewY;kadu
d fuekZ.kkRed ewY;kadu&% fuekZ.kkRed ewY;kadu cPpksa ds vf/kxe dks ekirk gS vkSj Bhd le; ij vko';d iz;kl
,oa 'kfDr ds fy, izsfjr djrk gSA izR;sd bdkbZ ds f'k{k.k mijkar fuekZ.kkRed ijh{kk dh tkrh gSA blds }kjk bdkbZ ds
iwjk gksus ls igys vkus okyh dfBukbZ;ksa dks igpkuus esa enn feyrh gSA Nk= dks tc fdlh bdkbZ esa fuiq.krk ugha
izkIr gksrh gS rks fuekZ.kkRed ewY;kadu mudh dfBukbZ;ksa dks nwj djus esa enn djrs gSaA ifj.kkekLo:i mUgsa bdkbZ esa
fuiq.krk izkIr djus esa lqfo/kk jgrh gSA ;g ewY;kadu dh ,d ,slh izfdz;k gS] ftlds }kjk le; rFkk fLFkfr ds vuqlkj
ikB;dze esa ifjorZu yk;k tk ldrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa fuekZ.kkRed ewY;kadu dk eq[; ikB~;dze esa lq/kkj ykdj
mldk fodkl djuk gSA
ewY;kadu ijh{k.k cukus ds fy, iz;ksx es vkus okys lksiku ;k in&% fuiq.krk vf/kxe ;qfDr esa lHkh bdkbZ;ksa ij
fuekZ.kkRed ijh{kk fodflr dh tkrh gS ftlds fy, f'k{kd }kjk ,d ;k nks lIrkg esa i<kbZ tkus okyh bdkbZ;ksa dh
fo"kerk oLrq dk p;u dj fy;k tkrk gSA
fuekZ.kkRed ijh{k.k ds fuEu eq[; lksiku gSA
1. fo"k; oLrq dk fo'ys"k.k&% bl ewY;kadu fof/k ds bl lksiku ds varxZr bdkbZ ds vo;oksa dks fo"k; oLrq es tksMk
tkrk gSA ubZ fo"k; oLrq ds fu;eks]a fl)karks rF;ksa vkSj fof/k;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr dj mudk mYys[k djrs gSA f'k{kd
ubZ fo"k; oLrq ds rRoksa dks igpku dj ,d lqph rS;kj dj ysrk gSA ,d vuqHkoh f'k{kd u;h fo"k; oLrq dk
fo'ys"k.k djus ds i'pkr mls vPNh izdkj ls igpkurk gqvk ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
2. Nk=ksa ds O;ogkjksa dh fof'k"Vrk&% f'k{kd }kjk u;h fo"k; oLrq dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds i'pkr fuekZRed ewY;kadu ds
nwljs lksiku esa ubZ fo"k; oLrq ls lEcfU/kr Nk=ksa ds O;ogkjksa dks le>k tkrk gSA f'k{kk dks fo"k; oLrq ds u;s
rRoksa ds izdk'k esa Nk=ksa dks D;k fl[kkuk gS mls D;k vkSj fdruk ;kn djuk gS+\ mls dkSu& dkSu lh fof/k;ka
viukuh pkfg,A mls D;k D;k O;k[;k djuk gSA fo"k; oLrq ds lHkh rRoksa dks KkukRe O;ogkjksa ds :i esa fo'ys"k.k
djuk gksrk gSA KkukRed O;ogkjksa dks Cywe ds f'k{k.k mns'; ds oxhZdj.k ds }kjk le>k ,oa igpkuk tk ldrk
gS\
3. fof'k"Vrkvksa dh lkfj.kh cukuk&% Nk=ksa ds O;ogkjksa dh fof'k"Vrk dh lkfj.kh rS;kj djrs le; muds eq[;
O;olkf;d Lrjksa dks izR;s dkWye ds mij j[k nsrs gSA vkSj buds uhps mfpr fo"k; rRoksa dh lwph j[k nh tkrh gS
bu rRoksa dsa e/; lEcU/k n'kkZus ds fy, buesa js[kk,a vafdr dj nh tkrh gSSA ,d rRo ds }kjk vfadr dj fn[k;k
tkrk gSAbl izdkj f'k{kd fof'k"Vrkvksa dh lkfj.kh }kjk fofHkUu rRoksa ds ijLij lEcU/k vkSj muds fodkl ,oa
lq/kkj ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ysrk gSA bl izdkj dh lkfj.kh f'k{kdksa ds fuekZ.kkRed ijh{k.k esa dkQh
lgk;d fl) gksrh gSA blls f'k{kd dks ;g irk pyrk gS fd ijh{k.k esa fdu& fdUk phtks dks ysuk gS vkSj
mudk ijh{k.k in esa D;k lEcU/k gS
4. egRoiw.kZ rRoksa ds inksa dk o.kZu&% fuekZ.kkRed ijh{k.k ds varxZr rS;kj dh xbZ fof'k"Vk lkj.kh esa ok.kZrZ lHKh
bdkbZ;ksa ds fofHkUu egRoiw.kZ rRoksa dsa inksa dk o.kZu gksuk pkfg, lkfj.kh esa ;fn pkyhl eq[; rRo gS rks mu lHkh
dks ,d ;k blls vf/kd inksa esa ykuk pkfg,A blesa fofHkUu O;kogkfjd Lrj ds inksa dk lfEefyr djuk pkfg,
D;ksafd ijh{k.k esa lHkh O;kogkfjd Lrj ds inksa dk gksuk t:jh gSA inksa dks iwNus ds <xa Hkh vyx&vyx gks
ldrs gS A bl ijh{k.k esa fjDr LFkku Hkjksa cgq fodYi in ,oa feyku in vkfn fofHkUu inksa dks lfEefyr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA fuekZ.kkRed ewY;kadu f'k{kdksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa nksuksa ds fy, vR;Ur ykHknk;d gSA fo|kFkhZ ds
vf/kxe ds ewY;kadu esa Hkh dkQh lgk;d gSA ;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mfpr le; ij Bhd fn'kk esa 'kfDr yxkus ds
fy, izj.s kk djrk gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fdlh fo'k"k fo"k;oLrq esa fuiq.krk nsdj og lkFkZd izsj.kk dk dke djrk gSA
fo|kFkhZ }kjk fdlh fo"k; oLrq ij vPNh izdkj ls fuiq.krk u izkIr djus dh fLFkfr esa fuekZ.kkRed ewY;kadu
mldh fo"k; oLrq vf/kxe ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh ck/kkvksa ls ifjfpr djrk gS vkSj f'k{k.k fo|kFkhZ dks mls lh[kus
ds fy, iqu% ekxZ funs'ki nsrk gSA blsdh lgk;d vkt ds Nk=ksa ds ifj.kkeksa dh rqyuk igys ds Nk=ksa ds ifj.kkeska
ls Hkh dj ldrk gSA
[k ladyukRed ewY;kadu&% ladkyukRed ewY;kadu dk lEcU/k ikB~;dze ds ifj.kke dks ekius ls gSA ikB~;dze
dh jpuk fo'ks"k y{;ksa ds ensutj dh tkrh gSA bu y{;ksa esa f'k{kk }kjk lekt dk fodkl rFkk cPpksa dh pgqaeq[kh
mUufr dh tkrh gSA ldayukRed ewY;kadu dk y{; cPpksa esa ikB~;dze esa lq/kkj ds ifj.kkeLo:i muds ewY;kadu
ls mlesa lq/kkj djuk gSA bl izdkj ds ewY;kadu dk eq[; mns'; bZdkbZ ds fuiq.krk Lrj dks ekywe djuk gS vkSj
dfe;ksa ds ckjs esa crkuk gS tks cPps }kjk fuiq.krk izkIr djrs le; vkrh gSA blds vfrfjDr ladyukRed cPpksa
dks muds mns'; dh miyfC/k ds vuqlkj oxhZd`r djrk gSA cPpksa esa dSls ifjorZu gksrk gSA ;g blls vf/kd

lEcfU/kr gSA bldk eq[; ykHk ;g Hkh gS fd ifjorZu iwjk gks pqdk gS vkSj cph dfe;ksa esa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ladyukRed ewY;kadu ds egRoiw.kZ dk;ksZ dks Js.kh esa ckaVuk lewgksa dh miyfC/k;ksa dh rqyuk djds lq/kkj
djuk] dkslksaZ dh lQyrk dh izdFkuk ,oa izek.khrdj.k dks lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ladyukRed ewY;kadu
dh fuiq.krk vf/kxe esa cPpks dks fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr djuk gSA f'k{kd dks pkfg, fd og lHkh cPpksa dh
fuiq.krk Lrj dks tkudj muesa fuiq.krk fodflr djus ds fy, ;FkklEHko iz;kl djsA cPpksa }kjk fuiq.krk dks
izkIr dj ysus ij f'k{kd dks bldh igpku dj ysuh pkfg,A blds fy, eq[; dk;Z bu mns';ksa dks iw.kZ gksus ij
lHkh cPpksa dks dze ls nsuk gSA
fuekZ.kkRed ewY;kadu ,oa ladyukRed ewY;kadu nksuks lkFk&2 pyrs gSA tSls ikB~dze dk foLrkj gksrk tkrk gS
oSls &2 ewY;kadu Hkh foLr`r gksrk tkrk gS igys ijEijkxr ikB~;dze ls rkRi;Z dsoy dqN fo"k;ksa ds i<usa ls
fy;k tkrk Fkk rFkk ewY;kadu Hkh mUgha fo"k;ksa rd lhfer Fkk ysfdu vkkydy ikB~;d esa 'kSf{kd ,oa xSj 'kSf{kd
fo"k;ksa dk egRo Hkh c< x;k gS vkSj blh rjg ewY;kau dk {ks= Hkh O;kid gks x;k gS blfy, fuekZ.kkRed ;s nksuks
,d nwljs dh iwfrZ djrs gSaA
iz'u fuEufyf[kr izdkj ds gks ldrs gS&%
I.

II)

feyku djus okys iz'u bl izdkj ds iz'uksa esa nks Hkkx gksrs gS ,d es iz'u T;ksa dk R;ksa j[kk tkrk gSA nwljs
es mrj lkexzh dks vO;ofLFkr djrs fn;k tkrk gSA Nk= dks igys Hkkx es ls mrj dks NkaV dj feyku
djuk gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds iz'u lwpuk ijh{k.k rFkk ;ksX;rk ijh{k.k ds fy, mi;ksxh gksrs gSA
;g /;ku j[kk tk, fd iz'u pkj ikap ls vf/kd u gksa vkSj nksua ks esa leku rF; gksa rF;ksa dh O;oLFkk mns';
ds vuqlkj gksa rkfd mUgsa vklkuh ls Bhd fd;k tk ldsa tSls ^d^ esa ns'kksa uikr rFkk [k esa mudh jkt/kkuh
gSaA dze O;ofLFkfr dhft,A
d
[k
Hkkjr
dkBekaMw
ikfdLrku
dksyEcks
usiky
fnYyh
Jhyadk
bLykekckn
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djuk& dqN iz'uksa esa lwpuk frfFk uke vkfn dk LFkku fjDr NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA
mls Nk= iwjk djrk gS tSls
d Hkkjr dh jkt/kuh dk uke --------------------------------------- gSA
[k usiky dh jkt/kuh dk uke--------------------------------------------gSA
x Hkkjr ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------gSA
bl izdkj fd;s iz'uksa esa fjDr LFkku Li"V ladsr (......) esa fn, tkus pkfg,A iz'u ljy o lh/kk gksA ,d
okD; esa ,d gh LFkku fjDr gks ]dksbZ Hkzkafr u gksA

III lR; / vlR;;k gka / ugha ;k / X lkexzh iz'u bl izdkj esa Hkh ,d rjQ lwpuk gksrh gS tks Bhd ;k xyr gksrh gSA
Nk= dks mlds lkeus Bhd ;k xyr lR; ;k vlR; gka ;k ugha tks okafNr gks fu'kku yxkuk gksrk gSA tSls
d osnks dh la[;k vkB gSA
lR; vlR;
[k Hkkjr esa yksdlHkk ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k 420 gksrh gSA
x gfj;k.kk esa 18 ftys gSaA
lR; vlR;
IV ljy Lej.k iz'uksa ,sls iz'uks ds mrj ,d ;k nks 'kCnksa esa fn, tkus pkfg,A bl izdkj ds iz'uksa esa
O;k[;k ;k o.kZu ugha djk;k tkrk gSA ge bu iz'uksa esa dks bZ uke rkjh[k lu~ le; LFkku iwNrs gSA tSlAs
d Hkkjr esa fdrus jkT; gS\
[k gfj;k.kk esa fdrus ftys gS\
x lezkV v'kksd ds firk dk uke crkvksA
?k xka/kh th dk tUe dgka gqvk\
V) loksrZ e mrj iz'u&% bl izdkj ds iz'uksa ds dqN laHkkfor Bhd mrjks ds lkFk ,d loksrZ e mrj fn;k
tkrk gSA Nk= dks loksrZ e mrj NkaVuk gskrk gSA iz'uksa dk fuekZ.k lko/kkuh ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,A mkj
esa loksrZ e mkj Li"V gks tSls iz'u p.Mhx<+ gfj;k.kk dh jkt/kkuh gS] D;ksfda
d p.Mhx< gfj;k.kk esa fLFkr gSA
[k ;g gfj;k.kk dk eq[; uxj gSA
x ;gak gfj;k.kk ds eq[;ea=h jgrs gSA
/k ;g gfj;k.kk vkSj iatkc ds foHkktu dh jkt/kkuh gSA
VI) cgq& fodYih; iz'u (Multiple Choice Text) bl izdkj ds iz'uksa ds lkFk rhu&pkj mrj fn,
gksrs gSA muesa ,d Bhd gksrk gS 'ks"k xyr gksrs gSA Nk= mrj dks fu'kku yxkuk gksrk gS tSl&
s %

d gfj;k.kk dh jkt/kkuh dkSu lh gS\ jksgrd] fnYyh] p.Mhx<+

[k ia tokgj yky usg: dkSu Fks\ jk"Vifr] eq[;ea=h] eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
x jkepfjr ekul ds jpf;rk dkSu Fks\ dkyhnkl] rqylhnkl] tk;lh
/k Hkkjr dk lafo/kku dkSu ls o"kZ ykxw gqvk\ 1959]1965]1948
VII oxhZd`r ijh{kk&% bl izdkj dh ijh{kkesa dqN 'kCn fofHkUu lewgksa esa gksrs gSA dsoy ,d lewg vU;
lewgksa ls i`Fkd gksrk gSA Nk= dks ml 'kCn ij fu'kku yxkuk gksrk gS tks lewg ls fHkUu gS tSls
d xk;] HkSals] cdjh] fpfM;kA (fpfM+;k)
[k rksi] canwd]LVsuxu] dyeA (dye)
x xqykc] xSank] dey]ykBh A (ykBh)
?k xaxk] ;equk] d`".kk] fgeky; (fgeky;)
vkxs dks"Bd esa fn, 'kCn lewg ls fHkUu gS vkSj ;gh okafNr mrj gSaA
VIII) dzekuqlkj fy[ks&
a % bl izdkj ds iz'u fdlh dzekuqlkj ugha gksrs] mUgsa mi;qDr dzekuqlkj fy[kuk
gksrk gS] tSls
d ikuhir dk izFke ;q) egkRek cq) dk tUe] Hkkjr Lora=rk frfFk ]Hkkjr NksMksa vkanksyuA
okafNr dze% egkRek cq) dk tUe
ikuhir dk igyk ;q)
Hkkjr NksMksa vkanksyu
Hkkjr dh Lora=rk
IX) okafNr dze% cxkay dk foHkktu
tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdkaM
usrk th dh e`R;q
xka/kh th dh e`R;q
iz'u 1
iz'u 2
iz'u 3
iz'u 4
iz'u 5
iz'u 6
iz'u 7
iz'u 8
laf{kIr

vH;kl
ewY;kadu ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ ewY;kadu dh fo'ks"krk,a D;k&D;k gS\
ewY;kadu dh vko';rk D;ksa gS\ uksV fy[ksA
lkeftd v/;;u esa vkn'kZ ewY;kadu dh fo'ks"krk ij izdk'k MkysAa
ekSf[kd ijh{kk ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ budk vk;kstu fdl izdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
fujarj rFkk O;kid ewY;kadu ds vFkZ dks Li"V djrs gq, ewY;kadu ds eq[; izdkjksa dh foospuk djasA
ewY;kadu dh vo/kkj.kk dh O;k[;k dhft,A ijh{kk vkSj ewY;kadu esa vUrj crkvksS
:ins; ewY;kadu D;k gS\ :ins; ewY;kdau dh fo'ks"krkvksa fl)krksa ,oa mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu djksA
;ksxns; ewY;kadu D;k gS\ bldh fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k djksA ;ksxns; ewY;kadu ds ijh{k.k fuekZ.k ds lksikuksa dk
fooj.k dhft,A ;ksxns; ewY;kadu ds ykHkksa dk o.kZu djksA
Sanjay Kumar sana
Lecturer in Social Science
DIET Bilaspur at jukhala
lnHkZ iqLrds%
lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k
Akash pusblication
lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k
Laxmi Prakash
lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k
J.S. walia