Huawei HSPA+ Whitepaper V3 (1) .0 (20100810)

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Huawei HSPA+ White Paper
Issue Date
V3.0 2011-05-30
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2008. All rights reserved.

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The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and recommendations in this document do not constitute the warranty of any kind, express or implied.
Huawei HSPA+ White Paper V3.0
Contents
1 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 4 2 HSPA+ Introduction ............................................................................................................. 6 3 Key Highlights of Huawei HSPA+ ....................................................................................... 8
3.2 Higher Order Modulation (HOM) at Air Interface ............................................................................... 9 3.3 Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO)..................................................................................................... 10 3.4 Dual Cell & Dual Band HSDPA Technology ..................................................................................... 13 3.5 DC-HSUPA for Increased Uplink User Data Rate ............................................................................. 18 3.6 Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) ............................................................................................. 19 3.7 Voice over HSPA ................................................................................................................................ 21 3.8 Downlink Enhanced_Cell FACH ....................................................................................................... 24 3.9 Uplink Enhanced Cell_FACH ............................................................................................................ 25 3.10 Enhanced DRX in Cell_FACH (E-DRx) .......................................................................................... 25 3.11 HSPA+ Key Benefits ........................................................................................................................ 26
4 Huawei Specified Solutions for HSPA+ Issues ................................................................. 27

4.1 MIMO & Legacy Terminals Compatibility Solution ......................................................................... 27 4.2 Implementation of Advance Receivers ............................................................................................... 34 4.3 Implementation of Interference Cancellation (IC) ............................................................................. 36
5 Conclusion and Recommendations ................................................................................... 38 6 Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................. 39
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Executive Summary
The popularity of Mobile Broadband (MBB) and data services is increasing rapidly among the end users around the world. Huawei predicts that from 2010 and onward, global data traffic will increase many times compared to voice traffic. A number of important factors are accelerating MBB adoption, these include; flat charging rates, innovative smart phones, increased user awareness and global coverage. Deployment of HSPA+ and LTE networks along with the utilization of new frequency bands can enable the mobile operators to reach these data traffic requirements. HSPA+ & LTE will work as supporting technologies instead of competitors to compensate these data demands. Its easy to upgrade network to HSPA+ within remaining the limited cost y to support higher capacity and data demands. As a key technology for mobile broadband, High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) has been widely launched by WCDMA operators around the world. According to different statistical analysts, currently HSPA is the biggest source for mobile broadband. Informa Telecom and Media reported that in 2013, the numbers of HSPA subscribers will reach to 900 millions worldwide, which will be 54% of total MBB subscriptions.
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HSPA+ is the evolution of HSPA and defined by 3GPP in release 7 and further enhanced in its upcoming releases. The purpose of developing HSPA+ was to increase the data and voice capacity of 3G network, improve users experience, reduce service latency, extend UE battery time and decrease the cost of data bits/sec so that HSPA could compete with other mobile broadband technologies, and maintain its grip on the market. HSPA+ deliver almost same peak data throughputs as in LTE in the limited bandwidth of 5 MHz and 10Mhz. HSPA+ can be deployed in combination of more than one carrier frequency as like as LTE to increase the network data throughput capacity. In general, HSPA+ enables the 3G technology to provide higher capacity data and voice services.
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HSPA+ Introduction
As a dominant mobile broadband technology, HSPA+ is top priority of most of the mobile carriers around the world. Substantial increase in network data throughput and voice capacity with the reduction of cost per bit is the reasons behind the huge popularity of HSPA+. According to the GSA and Huawei wireless intelligence, up to the end of March 2010, more than 90 operators committed to deploy HSPA+ and 45 of them have already deployed commercial HSPA+ networks. Out of these operators, more than 60% have chosen Huawei as key vendor due to its advance reliable end- to- end solution and high performance in HSPA technology. This whitepaper provide key technologies and benefits of HSPA+. In addition, it gives details of Huawei HSPA+ solution and feature deployment strategy roadmap. HSPA evolution, feature adoption and implementation based on 3GPP standards roadmap is given Figure 2-1. Figure 2-1 HSPA+ 3GPP Standard roadmap and release dates
HSPA+ contain all the key features of legacy HSPA based on 3GPP R5 &R6 and add new features based on 3GPP R7, R8, and R9. 3GPP Release 7 features for HSPA+ are: Higher order modulation for uplink (16QAM) and downlink (64QAM) Downlink MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output),
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Enhanced CELL_FACH state (downlink) Improved layer 2 support for high downlink data rates Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC
3GPP Release 8 features for HSPA+ are: Combination of MIMO and 64QAM CS over HSPA Dual Cell HSDPA Improved layer 2 support for high uplink data rates Enhanced CELL_FACH state (Uplink) Enhanced DRx in CELL_FACH
3GPP Release 9 features for HSPA+ are: Combination of MIMO , 64QAM and DCHSDPA in downlink Dual Band DC-HSDPA (f1@ 900Mhz f2:@2100Mhz, f1@ 1900Mhz f2@ 2100Mhz, f1@ 850Mhz f2@ 2100Mhz) DC-HSUPA Transmit Antenna Array (TxAA)
In addition Multi carrier HSDPA will included for HSPA+ in 3GPP R10 standard. The main purpose of introducing HSPA+ advance features is to increase the network data and voice capacity and improve end user experience by providing high speed service. Configuration of 64QAM based Higher Order Modulation (HOM) is the first and easy way to increase cell and user data capacity. It requires only software change in the network to support 64QAM. 1.4% increase in user data can be achieved by the introduction of 64QAM. Due to the coverage challenges of 64QAM, it is necessary to use advance transmission modes to provide higher data rate to the maximum of end users, especially in the middle and edges of cells. Use of Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) and two or more carrier frequencies (DC/MCHSPA) can increase the throughput and quality of user data in all parts of the cell coverage area. The combination of MIMO and DC-HSPA is important for the increase in peak and average data rate of cell and end user. Voice over HSPA is implemented to increase numbers of voice subscribers in a cell. The use of high speed channels for voice service increases the voice capacity of a cell. VoIP over HSPA and circuit switched voice over HSPA are the two solutions for voice over HSPA. HSPA+ enhanced the end users experience by reducing the service latency and increasing battery lifetime. This is realized by implementing advance interference cancellation techniques like Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) and new channel mapping procedures like enhanced cell FACH. The coming sections of this document provide details of HSPA+ key features based on Huawei RAN 13 (3GPP R9) and explain the purpose for deploying these features.
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Key Highlights of Huawei HSPA+
Huawei has developed HSPA+ technology according to the 3GPP standards. Staring from 2009 as HSPA+ phase 1 based on 3GPP R7, Huawei is ready to commercialize HSPA+ phase 3 based on 3GPP R9 in first quarter of 2011. The first and 2nd phases of HSPA+ were released in RAN11 and RAN12 in 2009 and 2010 consecutively. The third phase based on 3GPP R9 will be released in RAN13. Following figure is an overview of Huawei HSPA+ technology roadmap: Figure 3-1 Huawei HSPA+ Solution Roadmap
The detailed descriptions along with the benefits of key features of HSPA+ are given in the below sections:
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3.2 Higher Order Modulation (HOM) at Air Interface

HSPA+ uses HOM techniques in both uplink and downlink to increase the number of bits per data symbol and hence to increase the cell and user data throughput. In downlink, 64QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) scheme is used along with 16QAM and in uplink 16QAM modulation scheme is adopted along with QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift keying) modulation. The details of QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM along with their bits capacity per symbol is given in Figure 3-2 Figure 3-2 Constellation Patterns for HSPA modulation schemes
. By using 64QAM instead of 16QAM as modulation scheme in HSPA+ downlink, the number of bits per symbol increase from 4bits to 6bits and hence the data rate of each HSDSCH code increase from 960kbps to 1.4Mbps. The HOM of 64QAM can achieve 21Mbps data throughput in the downlink. Table 3-1 gives comparison between 64QAM and 16QAM. Table 3-1 DL16QAM and 64QAM peak rate comparison
DL Modulation Scheme
64QAM 16 QAM
Maximum Peak Data Rate

21 Mbps 14.4 Mbps
By using HOM of 16QAM instead of QPSK in the uplink increases the number of bits per symbols and hence increases the uplink throughput. Table 3-2 gives the detail descriptions of UL modulation schemes. Table 3-2 Comparison between HSPA UL modulation schemes
UL Modulation Scheme
16QAM QPSK
Maximum Peak Data Rate

11.5 Mbps 5.76 Mbps
3.2.2 Performance of 64QAM

64QAM can increase downlink data throughput at about 1.4 times of 16QAM. However, 64QAM modulation can only be selected by UEs in very good radio conditions and only near cell area. For example, in one of the deployed HSPA network it was observed that UEs can select 64QAM in 20 to 25% of the HSPA cell and in the
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rest of cell area; UEs could be able to only select16QAM and QPSK modulation schemes. Figure 3-3 Throughput and Coverage comparison of 64QAM
Due to less coverage of 64QAM it recommended to deploy 64QAM in small cell areas to increase the cell throughput. For large cells, it is necessary to use new transmission interface technologies such as MIMO and Dual Cell to provide high data throughput service in middle and edges of the cells. Huawei RAN solution requires software upgrade to evolve to 64QAM configuration.
3.3 Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO)

MIMO based on Transmit Antenna Array method is used in HSPA+ to enhance the cell data throughput. MIMO uses two transmission paths and we can say that it doubles the data rate compared to the traditional transmission techniques. MIMO when used together with 16QAM and 64QAM in a single cell can increase date rate to 28Mbps and 42Mbps respectively. In addition, MIMO when used together with Dual Cell HSDPA, 84Mbps downlink data rate can be achieved. Details of MIMO peak throughputs in combinations of 16QAM, 64QAM with single and dual cell configuration are given in Table 3-3. Table 3-3 MIMO peak data rate comparison
DL Configuration
2x2 MIMO + 16QAM (Single Cell)
Peak Data Rate

28 Mbps
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DL Configuration
2x2 MIMO + 64QAM (Single Cell) 2x2 MIMO + 16QAM (Dual Cell) 2x2 MIMO + 64QAM (Dual Cell)
Peak Data Rate

42 Mbps 56 Mbps 84 Mbps
The standardized MIMO transmission scheme is based on Adaptive Antenna Array. There are two modes defined in standards: 1. TxAA, in this case one stream is transmitted over both antennas 2. D-TxAA or dual-stream TxAA, for this case, two separate data streams are transmitted on two orthogonal weight sets simultaneously. MIMO adopts the multi transmission and multi reception mode. Two transmit antenna in the base station and two in the receiver side used to implement MIMO. Through MIMO, either two independent data streams (transport block) or one data stream can be transmitted over the radio channel through two antennas. The second data stream is only turned on at high SINR conditions. In other words, either one data stream or two data streams are transmitted depending on the terminal SINR conditions. MIMO use spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing methods for transmitting single stream and dual stream respectively. Both methods are adopted in the different scenarios but within the same solution with spatial coding techniques. For single stream the spatial diversity is used in MIMO. In spatial diversity mode, the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate phase weighting such that the signal power is maximized at the receiver input. The benefits of spatial diversity are to increase the received signal gain, by making signals emitted from different antennas add up constructively, and to reduce the multipath fading effect. For dual stream data transmission spatial multiplexing is used in MIMO. Spatial multiplexing is used to split high rate signals multiple lower rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. Spatial multiplexing is always adopted in high signal to noise conditions. UE feedback Pre-coding Control Information (PCI) and Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) report to the NodeB for the selection of single or dual streams MIMO. Based on the composite PCI/CQI reports, the base station scheduler decides whether to schedule one or two data streams to the UE and what packet sizes and modulation schemes to use for each stream. The details of MIMO working principles are given in Figure 3-4.
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Figure 3-4 MIMO working principle
MIMO improves the data throughput rate in all coverage area of the cell and provide better user throughput in near cell and edge of cell. Figure 3-5 MIMO Throughput and Coverage Comparison
Huawei MIMO based specified Remote Radio Unit (RRU) transceivers can support MIMO within one module.
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Figure 3-6 Huawei Solution for MIMO based on Single RF Transceiver (RRU)
In MIMO transmission, the Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) has to be transmitted from both antennas. Commonly pilot channel is sent on two antennas by using the same spreading factor and scrambling code and differentiated with Space Time Block Codes. This type of transmission is similar to Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) mode defined for R99 by the 3GPP. It is observed that the pilot channel detection for the non-MIMO UE (having both RAKE and Equalizer receiver) camping in the MIMO cell is difficult in STTD mode and huge throughput and performance loss is noticed for the non-MIMO terminals. UEs deactivates the equalizer functionality whenever transmit diversity is used in the system following some compromise design in the receiver chipset. The reason behind this drawback is the lack of sufficient processing power to be able to sustain both techniques simultaneously in the chipset. Therefore Primary & Secondary Pilot (PSP) mode of pilot channel is introduced by Huawei for the MIMO solution. For more details, see Huawei Specified Solutions for HSPA+ Issues. Following are the two modes of pilot channels transmission: 1. STTD Mode (The Pilot channels for each antenna are differentiated by block codes but with same channelized codes). In STDD, single pilot is used for MIMO and non-MIMO UEs. 2. Primary & Secondary Pilot (PSP) Mode (The Pilot channels for each antenna are differentiated by channelized codes). In PSP mode, separate pilots are used for MIMO and non-MIMO UEs
3.4 Dual Cell & Dual Band HSDPA Technology

HSPA+ data can also be transmitted by the combination of two or more carriers and this result in double or more times of data throughput. In 3GPPR8 standard, it was only allowed to uses two carriers of consecutive frequencies in downlink and named as Dual Cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA). However, in 3GPP R9 it is standardized to use different frequency bands (e.g. one cell of 900 MHz and second cell of 2100 MHz) for each cell and named as Dual Band HSDPA (DB-HSDPA). The operation of DC and DB-HSDPA is almost same; but with only following three differences: 1. DC-HSDPA can only use one frequency band (e.g. 900 MHz or 2100 MHz) with consecutive carriers
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2. 3.
DB-HSDPA uses two frequency bands (e.g. one carrier of 900 MHz and second carrier of 2100 MHz). DB-HSDPA cells cannot be configured for DB-HSUPA but the DC-HSDPA cells can be configured as DC-HSUPA
If both the network and the user equipment are capable of Dual-Carrier HSDPA operation, the network will be able to configure the user equipment not only with a (primary) serving cell but also with a secondary serving cell originating from the same base station. DC/DB-HSDPA uses two cells for transmitting data for every user. The purpose of developing DC/DB-HSDPA is to improve users experience by providing quality of data service to all the users across the cell and especially at the cell edges. The deployment of a second HSDPA carrier creates an opportunity for network resource pooling as a way to enhance the user experience, particularly when the radio conditions are such that existing techniques are not effective in limited 5 MHz band.
3.4.1 Dual Cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA)

Through dual cell transmission and using double radio resource, DC-HSDPA is able to provide higher data throughput to the end users and better results can be obtained in the cell edges. Figure 3-7 shows the working principles of DC-HSDPA Figure 3-7 DC-HSDPA working principle
One of the two cells is treated as anchor (primary) cell and the other one as supplementary (secondary) cell and both of them can be deployed with equivalent and non-equivalent channel configuration.
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Figure 3-8 Equivalent and non- equivalent deployment of Primary and Secondary cells
In equivalent deployment, both the cells can work as anchor and supplementary cells for the DC subscribers in the same coverage area. Some of the subscribers will treat one cell as their anchor cell and rest of them will treat second as their anchor cell. The selection of the anchor carrier is based on cell load and operators Radio Barer (RB) strategy. The anchor carrier always initializes the handover process of an end user and supplementary carrier is not involved in handover process. In addition, both the cells will work as an independent single cell source for the non-DC-HSDPA subscribers and legacy HSDPA subscribers. In non-equivalent deployment, the supplementary cell is configured with one HS-DSCH and a P-CPICH; in this case, the supplementary cell cannot serve traditional HSDPA, HSUPA and R99 users in standalone operations. In both equivalent and non-equivalent deployment, the legacy HSDPA service will not be interrupted after the introduction of DC-HSDPA in the network.
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Note:
Huawei strongly recommend Equivalent Deployment configuration and all the details in this document are based on equivalent deployment configuration.
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The implementations of DC-HSDPA along with 64QAM and MIMO provide 84Mbps peak downlink data rate. Details of DC-HSDPA peak throughputs in combinations of 16QAM and 64QAM modulation schemes are given in Table 3-4. Table 3-4 DC -HSDPA peak data rate comparison
DL Configuration
DC-HSDPA + 16QAM (without MIMO) DC-HSDPA + 64QAM (without MIMO) DC-HSDPA + 64QAM (with MIMO)
Peak Data Rate

28 Mbps 42 Mbps 84Mhps
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Figure 3-9 DC-HSDPA Throughput and Coverage Comparison
DC-HSDPA has best coverage and better throughput in cell edges compared to all other features of HSPA+ due to double frequency resource utilization. Huawei multi carrier technology easily enables to evolve and deploy DC-HSDPA. Huawei was the first vendor to provide multi carrier transceivers to the industry. Most of the deployed UMTS networks by Huawei are configured with multi carrier transceivers, so it is easy for those operators to upgrade their network for DC-HSDPA and future MC-HSDPA. Figure 3-10 Huawei Multi Carrier Benefits for DC-HSDPA Operations
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Note:
The operation of DC-HSDPA service is dependent on terminal support and new UE type is required. However, as both cells of DC-HSDPA can also operate as a single HSPA source cell and hence all types of HSPA UEs will be supported by the individual cell. DC-HSDPA UEs are expected to be available in 2010.
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3.4.2 Dual Band HSDPA (DB-HSDPA)

DB-HSDPA operation procedure is same as DC-HSDPA but with different operation frequency band for each carrier. An HSDPA user in DB-HSDPA cell uses two frequency carriers in two different bands within the same NodeB. The selection of carriers can only be configured according to the combination of limited bands as given in Table 3-5. Table 3-5 DC DB- HSDPA allowed frequency band combination
DB-HSDPA Configuration 1
2 3
Uplink Band
I or VIII II or IV I or V
Downlink Band
I and VIII (2100Mhz & 900Mhz) II and IV (1900Mhz & AWS) I and V (2100Mhz & 850Mhz)
The working principle and channel configuration of DC-HSUPA technology is given in Figure 3-11. Figure 3-11 DB-HSDPA Working Principle and Channel Configurations
The Anchor and Supplementary carrier configuration is same as DC-HSDPA. DB cells can be configured as MIMO and DC-HSUPA but a UE cannot use DB-HSDPA, MIMO and DC-HSUPA simultaneously. The theoretical user peak data for Dual band HSDPA in combination with 16 and 64QAM modulation scheme is given in Table 3-6. Table 3-6 DB -HSDPA peak data rate comparison
DL Configuration
DB-HSDPA + 16QAM
Peak Data Rate

28 Mbps
DB-HSDPA + 64QAM
42 Mbps
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_________________________________________________________________
Note:
The operation of DB-HSDPA service is dependent on terminal support and DC-HSDPA UEs cannot support DB-HSDPA so new UE type is required. However, as both cells of DB-HSDPA can also operate as a single HSPA source cell and hence all types of HSPA UEs will be supported by the individual cell. DB-HSDPA UEs are expected to be available in 2012.
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3.5 DC-HSUPA for Increased Uplink User Data Rate

In order to improve the uplink data throughput rate for each user and to utilize the benefits of dual cell technology, DC-HSUPA based on 3GPP R9 standard along with E-DPCCH boosting is implemented in Huawei RAN13. DC-HSUPA will ensure the uplink data rate regardless of modulation scheme constrains and help users to transmit high data rate service in uplink. Through DC-HSUPA an HSUPA user use two carriers in uplink, one of the carrier is treated as Anchor carrier and the other as Supplementary carrier. Anchor carrier is always connected to the UE and responsible for handover and mobility procedures. Both the primary and secondary carrier can individually support HSUPA service and can support all types of HSUPA terminals. In Huawei RAN13 (based on 3GPP R9), DC-HSUPA can only be configured to the consecutive frequency cells of the same band. DC-HSUPA can also be configured to the MIMO based cells. The working principle and channel configuration of DC-HSUPA technology is given in Figure 3-12. Figure 3-12 DC-HSUPA Working Principle and channel configuration
UE transmit uplink data with E-DCH on two adjacent carriers. Since every carrier has independent close loop power control so DPCCH will be transmitted on each carrier. NodeB independently schedule UE on each carrier and the process is dependent on DC-HSDPA service as well. In addition, 2ms TTI is required for the operation of DC-HSUPA. The peak data rate for Dual band HSUPA in combination with QPSK and 16QAM modulation scheme is given in Table 3-7.
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Table 3-7 DC -HSUPA peak data rate comparison
UL Configuration
DC-HSUPA + QPSK DC-HSUPA + 16QAM
Peak Data Rate

11 Mbps 23 Mbps
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Note:
The operation of DC-HSUPA service is dependent on terminal support so new UE type is required. However, as both cells of DC-HSUPA can also operate as a single HSUPA source cell so all types of HSUPA UEs will be supported by the individual cell. DC-HSUPA UEs are expected to be commercialized in 2012.
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3.6 Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC)

CPC is a combination of features that are used to ensure the quality and performance of data and voice subscribers in HSPA+ network. Especially, CPC reduce the interference level by different means in the HSPA+ cell and increase the battery lifetime of the user terminal. CPC helps users to stay long time in connected mode so that users can experience always online. CPC consists of following features:
3.6.1 Uplink Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)

Uplink control channels are important to maintain synchronization. However, the uplink control channels contribute to the overall uplink noise rise. This includes both the Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) and the High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH). Thus, one aim of CPC is to reduce the uplink control channel overhead for both DPCCH and HS-DPCCH. UL-DTX allows the UE to stop transmission of uplink DPCCH in case there is no transmission activity on E-DCH or HS-DPCCH. This is sometimes also called uplink DPCCH gating. Uplink DPCCH is not transmitted continuously any more, but it is transmitted from time to time according to a known activity pattern. Figure 3-13 shows the working principle of uplink DTX. Figure 3-13 DPCCH discontinuous pattern
A new uplink DPCCH slot format is introduced in order to further reduce uplink control channel overhead. It contains only six pilot bits and four TPC (Transmit Power Control) bits in order to reduce DPCCH transmit power. FBI (Feedback Information) and TFCI (Transport Format Combination Indicator) bits are not sent. Figure 3-14 shows DPCCH new slot format.
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Figure 3-14 .- DPCCH new slot format
3.6.2 Downlink Discontinuous Reception

In HSDPA of 3GPP release 5, the UE has to monitor the HS-SCCH continuously in order to know the possible downlink data allocations. In HSPA+, the network can limit the number of sub-frames where the UE has to monitor the HS-SCCH in order to reduce UE battery consumption. The DRX operation is controlled by the parameter UE_DRX_cycle that is configured by higher layers and can take values of 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, or 20 sub-frames. For example, if UE_DRX_cycle is 5 sub-frames, the UE only monitors the HS-SCCH on every 5th sub-frame. Figure 3-15 Downlink DRX pattern
3.6.3 HSSCH less Operations

In HSDPA as defined from 3GPP release 5 onwards, UE is supposed to read continuously on HS-SCCH where data allocations are being signaled on HS-DSCH. The UE is being addressed via a UE specific identity (16 bit HRNTI / HSDPA Radio Network Temporary Identifier) on HS-SCCH. As soon as the UE detects relevant control information on HS-SCCH it switches to the associated HSPDSCH resources and receives the data packet. In HSPA+, the conventional process is changed by HS-SCCH less operations and base station decides whether to use HS-SCCH or not. The first transmission of a data packet on HS-DSCH can be done without an associated HSSCCH. If the packet is not received in the initial transmission, the base station may retransmit it and the retransmission will use HS-SCCH signaling. HS-SCCH less operation reduces the HS-SCCH overhead, reduces UE battery consumption, and improves the UE online connection mode. HS-SCCH less operation is optimized for services with relatively small packets, e.g. VoIP and conventional operation is always possible along with HS-SCCH less operation for large packet services. Figure 3-16 shows HSCCH less operations principle.
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Figure 3-16 HSCCH less operations principle
Key benefits of CPC are given in Figure 3-17. Figure 3-17 CPC benefits
3.7 Voice over HSPA

Voice services over wireless networks have traditionally been provided by circuit-switched (CS) service where a dedicated channel is used for each voice call. This provides guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) in terms of end-to-end delay for the voice traffic; however, the capacity is limited since the resources for a dedicated channel are always occupied even though they are only used when the voice traffic is being carried out. HSPA+ allow integration of data services with voice services and thus provide higher network bandwidth efficiency, better manageability and cost savings as well as richer services. Carrying voice over a shared packet transport provides better utilization because a voice user uses the shared resources only when it is active. HSPA+ uses two new techniques Circuit Switched (CS) voice over HSPA and VoIP over HSPA along with the traditional voice over DCH based on 3GPP R99. Instead of using DCH
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channels as in WCDMA R99 voice, voice over HSPA uses HSPA bearers that increase the capacity of HSPA cell. The use of DCH in a cell can be minimized by voice over HSPA and thus more power and code resources are available for HSPA service. Users will enjoy 50% more talk time without compromising battery lifetime, while operators now can flexibly mix voice and data services on the same HSPA+ carrier. The efficiency of voice services dependent on HSPA+ feature of Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC). CPC reduce intra cell interference by gating off control channels and applying discontinuous transmission and reception techniques. VoIP over HSPA call flow follow packet core network and IMS but CS over HSPA follow legacy CS core network. Call flow procedure of CS over HSPA and VoIP over HSPA is given in Figure 3-18. Figure 3-18 VoIP and VoCS over HSPA call flow
3.7.2 CS over HSPA

CS voice over HSPA takes the mobile circuit voice service, using the circuit core switches in the network and tunnels it over an underlying IP bearer. So the application is not VoIP, but circuit telephony while the wireless transport is IP. The implementation of CS over HSPA in current 3G HSPA networks requires relatively minor changes at the radio access. These modifications can be introduced by software upgrades. As voice service are more delay sensitive so de-jitter buffers at both the RNC and UE as well as a delay sensitive scheduler at the NodeB are introduced to support CS over HSPA. Through CS over HSPA 48% more subscribers can be accommodated in a cell as compared to R99 service. Figure 3-19 shows the ratio of VoCS over HSPA users compared to voice over DCH (R99).
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Figure 3-19 VoCS vs VoDCH cell voice capacity comparison
This operability of this service is dependent of handsets based on 3GPPR8 that are expected to be available in 2010.
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Note:
A famous terminals vendor has committed to provide CS Voice over HSPA terminals and the expected commercial available time is 2011.
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3.7.3 VoIP over HSPA

VoIP over HSPA also increase the cell voice capacity as by moving voice traffic over to these high-speed data channels. While deploying VoIP with HSPA, operators can smoothly migrate their users from circuit-switched operation to packet-switched operation over time. As the UMTS radio channel supports both circuit-switched voice and packet-switched data, some voice users can be on legacy circuit-switched voice and others can be on VoIP. VoIP over HSPA require IMS entity in the core network and it is mandatory to add IMS in the network. Call f low of VoIP over HSPA is already given in figure. Through VoIP over HSPA, 45% more users can be accommodated in one cell as compared to voice over DCH (R99). Figure 3-20 shows the ratio between VoIP over HSPA and voice of DCH users in a cell.
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Figure 3-20 VoIP vs VoDCH cell voice capacity comparison
As like VoCS over HSPA, VoIP over HSPA service also rely on UE support and its expected that these types of UEs will be available in 2011 or later.
3.8 Downlink Enhanced_Cell FACH

Cell FACH state is very useful for a UTRAN system to provide low data rate services such like push email and always-on experience to end users. In 3GPP R5 and R6 standards, HSDPA data service cannot be provided in Cell FACH state and user need to change its state from Cell_FACH to Cell_DCH for transmitting or receiving HSDPA data. This creates data delay as well as frequent state transitions, which increase the signaling burden the UTRAN. In HSPA+ by using Downlink Enhanced_Cell FACH feature, HSDPA data can be transmitted in Cell_FACH state and control channels are mapped with on HS-DSCH channels. This saves the unwanted state transition and signaling procedure and improves network capability and users experience. In Enhanced_Cell FACH, the logical channels and traffic channels are mapped on HS-DSCH channel instead of FACH channel. This improves the state transition time of user from connected to active mode. The user can receive high-speed data while remaining in the FACH state. Figure 3-21 and Table 3-8 show procedure and advantages of enhanced cell FACH. Figure 3-21 Enhanced Cell FACH procedure and delay advantages
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Table 3-8 Enhanced cell FACH advantages Enhanced Cell FACH Improvements FACH R99 Data Rates Transition time Cell_DCH Advantages of 32Kbps > 600ms FACH on HSDSCH >1 Mbps 130ms
Improve users experience , decrease call setup delay and HTTP response time
3.9 Uplink Enhanced Cell_FACH

Only DL-Enhanced Cell FACH cannot be fully beneficiary for UTRAN unless it is also supported by uplink Enhanced_Cell FACH. This is because of frequent uplink random accesses signaling messages created by the UE during state transition. The uplink signaling massages could create huge signaling delay before the actual data transmission. In order to reduce the signaling burden and delay cause by the UE during frequent state transition between Cell_DCH and Cell_FACH in uplink, Enhanced uplink Cell_FACH is necessary to support enhanced downlink Cell_FACH procedure. In Enhanced uplink Cell_FACH, the uplink HSUPA data can be transmitted in FACH state and all the control channels are mapped on EDCH channel. The implementation of Enhance Cell_FACH along with DL Cell_FACH reduces the signaling delay and signaling excess.
3.10 Enhanced DRX in Cell_FACH (E-DRx)

The key constrain of always-on or connected mode services is users battery lifetime. In enhanced Cell_FACH where the user remains in connected mode for most of the time, it is required to adopt UE power saving techniques in Cell_FACH state. UE Discontinuous Reception (DRX) in Enhanced Cell_FACH mode is adopted to reduce the UE battery usage and to increase the UE power efficiency. UE power saving function will also help in decreasing the signaling messaging procedure between network and UE, as UE will no longer frequently change its state from Cell_FACH to Cell_PCH or idle mode to save battery power. In Enhanced _cell FACH, the NodeB and UE remain in connected mode regardless of data transmission, but in DRX mode, UE stop all types of reception including channel decoding and demodulation when it has no data requests. The procedure of DRX in Enhanced_Cell FACH is given in Figure 3-22.
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Figure 3-22 DRX procedure in Enhanced Cell FACH
By DRX function in Enhanced Cell_FACH, 40 to 60% of the UE power could be saved.
3.11 HSPA+ Key Benefits

Table 3-9 HSPA+ key features and their benefits HSPA+ Key Features Higher Order Modulation (DL64QAM, UL16QAM) Multi Input (MIMO) Multi Output Carrier Benefits 50% downlink cell data throughput capacity and doubles uplink data capacity Double downlink cell data throughput capacity Double cell throughput capacity, improved user throughput in cell edges, better user experience in the whole cell 48% more voice capacity when use CS voice over HSPA and 45% more capacity when use VoIP over HSPA Improved state transition time, faster call setup, low latency. 40 to 60% of UE power can be saved Lower interference, improved user experience, increase voice capacity
Dual Carrier/ Multi HSPA (DC/MC HSPA) Voice over HSPA
Enhanced Cell FACH and DRX` in Enhanced Cell FACH Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC)
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Huawei Specified Solutions for HSPA+ Issues

HSPA+ also encountered some deployment, up gradation, compatibility and traffic balancing problems that required deep research to address and to solve. Below sections describes the details and solution of HSPA+ main issues:
4.1 MIMO & Legacy Terminals Compatibility Solution

MIMO deployment requires transmit antenna diversity techniques in the Base Station and data is transmitted by two antennas in the downlink. In the first solution for MIMO, block coding techniques are used to differentiate the pilot channels of the two transmit antennas which is similar to the Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) mode of R99. As most of the legacy HSDPA UEs contains RAKE and Equalizer receivers in their chipsets, its difficult for them to use equalizer in STTD mode. The reason behind this drawback is the lack of sufficient processing power to be able to sustain both the equalizer and RAKE techniques simultaneously in the chipset. Thus, UEs deactivate the equalizer functionality whenever transmit diversity is used in the system. It is observed that in a MIMO based cells, the legacy UEs also deactivate their equalizer receivers when pilot channel is transmitted in the STTD pattern. As equalizer is an advance receiver and its efficiency is very high compared to the RAKE receiver so the total throughput supported by legacy non-MIMO terminals reduced largely and hence 30% average cell throughput decreases in this case compared to non-MIMO cell. This means that the non-MIMO terminals perform worse in MIMO cells compared to their normal mode. Figure 4-1 shows the throughput loss of Non-MIMO terminals in MIMO cell in STTD mode:
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Figure 4-1 Legacy HSDPA ( cat 10- type 3) terminals Performance in MIMO-STTD Cell
In STTD mode of pilot channel transmission, it is not possible to get standard throughput from the legacy HSDPA users as like as in normal cases.
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Note: The performance loss problem is only encountered in cat 10 and below HSDPA devices; all HSPA+ and MIMO terminals have no performance loss issue in MIMO cells. The performance loss of UE based on of type 2-receiver is worse than type 3 in a MIMO cell.
The details of UE receiver types is given in the below:
The Equalizer is an advance receiver and has better performance than RAKE as it effectively kills ISI (Inter Symbol Interference). Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) equalizers are used in UE receivers The details of HSDPA UE categories along with the type (cat type) are given in the below table:
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Description of Radio conditions: Good Radio conditions: RSCP > -70 and CQI > 23 Medium Radio Conditions: -90< RSCP < -70 and 15 < CQI < 20
Bad Radio conditions: RSCP < -90 and CQI < 15
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In order to solve this issue, the Primary and Secondary Pilot (PSP) Channel solution is introduced instead of STTD mode. The PSP mode uses different chanalized codes for each pilot channel transmitted from each antenna. This means that legacy HSDPA devices will be able to use only P-CPICH for channel estimation through single antenna and will no longer rely on the second antenna for pilot and channel estimation. Figure 4-2 shows the channel configuration of PSP mode.
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Figure 4-2 PSP Mode Channel Configuration
However, when the HSDPA terminals are tested in PSP mode, it is also noticed that the current existing non-MIMO terminals again cannot produce the standard throughput according to their capacity and normal use. Figure 4-3 shows throughput results comparison of HSDPA cat-10 (type 3 receiver) device in PSP and non-MIMO cells. Figure 4-3 Legacy HSDPA UE ( cat10-type3) throughput comparison in MIMO-PSP and 1TX (non-MIMO ) based cells
Interference caused by non-equivalent power delivery from the 2nd antenna cause this problem. PA loads become unbalance due to different channels configurations and secondary PA cause interference to legacy terminals. Figure 4-4 shows the power transmission comparison between primary and secondary power amplifiers for transceivers.
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Figure 4-4 Transceivers PA Power Comparison for Primary and Secondary Pilot Channels
The PSP could be the only solution for legacy HSDPA terminals when used in MIMO cells, so this solution required to be optimized for the reducing all performance losses. Huawei used new interference cancellation techniques along with Virtual Antenna Mapping (VAM) solution to reduce the interference caused by the secondary antenna and reduce the loss in legacy HSDPA throughput. Figure 4-5 shows the overview of Huawei MIMO & legacy HSDPA co-carrier solution. Figure 4-5 Overview of Huawei Co-Carrier Solution for MIMO & legacy Terminals
Intelligent Interference Control ( IIC ) IIC is a special interference cancellation technique designed by Huawei and used as a part of Radio Resource Management (RRM). This is property of Huawei Technologies and undisclosed to other vendors.
Virtual Antenna Mapping (VAM ) VAM is a standard solution for antenna mapping and original signal on each antenna are cross-connected before transmission. VAM balance the load between the two amplifiers and reduce interferences.
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Figure 4-6 shows the results of solution for cat-10 (type-3 receiver); the performance loss is largely reduced as compared to all the past solutions. HSDPA legacy devices averagely suffer less than 6% in MIMO cell which is affordable as compared to the MIMO gain. Figure 4-6 Legacy HSDPA Terminals (cat10-type3) Performance in Huawei MIMO Solution
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Note: The performance for HSDPA legacy users loss can be fully eliminated to 0% by adaptive adjustment of throughput levels according to the users penetration percentage. In the early stage when MIMO users penetration is less, the priority can be given to non-MIMO users and their loss can be controlled. This solution based on users priority with new algorithm is under trial and expected to be available in end of Q3-2010. Along with cat-10 type 3, cat-10 type 2, cat-8 type 3 and ca-8 type 2 UEs has also performance benefits from Huawei MIMO solution.
Through MIMO solution, the overall average cell throughput gain compared to single TRX solution is more than 20% and users throughput gain is more than 31%.
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Figure 4-7 MIMO User Throughput gain compared in Huawei Solution
4.2 Implementation of Advance Receivers

In early WCDMA systems, the traditional RAKE receivers are adopted at Base Stations to meet initial capacity and coverage requirements. The rake receiver can combine limited number of multipath signals (4 to 8) and hence can support less than 6Mbps HSUPA data. But, to support high uplink throughputs based on 3GPP R7, the receiver must need to combine large number of multipath signals and also strong capabilities for cancelling ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) caused by these multipath signals. Traditional RAKE receiver cannot satisfy the performance requirements for 16QAM based HSUPA. Thus, many advanced receivers, such as; Frequency Domain Equalization (FDE), Generalized RAKE (GRAKE) and Liner Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) have been proposed to improve capacity of HSUPA network by suppressing interference. Huawei has adopted FDE as an advance receiver to improve the performance of HSUPA networks. FDE adopts Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operation to perform signal equalization in the frequency domain and significantly reduce the ISI and improves the system performance. FDE equalize the received signals before combining and remove maximum of interferences created by multiple symbols during the multipath reception. Figure 4-8 and Figure 4-9 show the overview of FDE implementation purpose and benefits.
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Figure 4-8 Overview of FDE Implementation Purpose
Figure 4-9 FDE vs RAKE receiver (Working Principle and Performance)
Its necessary to adopt FDE receiver is when deploy 16QAM in uplink for HSUPA, otherwise the high peak and average throughput from 16QAM HSUPA cannot be achieved.
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According to Huawei simulations, FDE based receiver can increase user data rate from 22% to 36% as compared to the RAKE based receiver.
4.3 Implementation of Interference Cancellation (IC)

The use of higher order modulation scheme in uplink requires more transmission power. This increase in uplink power by high data users creates more noise or interference to their neighboring users, as interference is directly proportional to the user transmission power. This rise in noise could affect the data capacity and limit the coverage of the uplink services. For more than 5Mbps data throughput, >10dB transmission power is required and it can create 10 to 14dB noise. So interference cancellation is required to reduce down the noise or interference level. Interference Cancellation (IC) algorithm based on Multi User Detection (MUD) techniques is used in Huawei solution to reduce Multiple Access Interference (MAI) created by high throughput based users. IC is imposed on the HSUPA E-DCH channel to reduce the interference created by the high data rate users and its impact on the neighboring data and vice users in uplink. E-DCH IC here means adopting IC on E-DPDCH. IC is specially implemented to reduce the UL interference created by the high bit rate users. Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) with uplink channel gating off function is used to reduce interference created by the low bit users. IC insures the uplink capacity and coverage for data users in the HSUPA network. IC is implemented in NodeB and has no impact on any other network elements in Radio Access Network (RAN). Figure 4-10 shows an overview of IC implementation. Figure 4-10 Overview of IC implementation benefits
Figure 4-11 and Figure 4-12 shows the benefits of IC for improving data throughput services in the uplink.
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Figure 4-11 IC implementation benefits for Cat-5 HSUPA UEs
Figure 4-12 IC implementation benefits for Cat-6 HSUPA UEs
According to Huawei simulations, IC can increase more than 40% of cell throughput for 10msec TTI based UE and 35% of the cell throughput for 2ms TTI based UE as compared to the non-IC solution.
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Conclusion and Recommendations
HSPA+ will be the dominant mobile broadband technology for the coming era and will remain the top priority of most of the mobile carriers around the world. Substantial increase in network data throughput and voice capacity along with the reduction of cost per bit is the key advantages of HSPA+. Higher order modulations, Multi Input Multi Output, Dual Cell transmission and combinations of all of these provide high data throughput for the end users as compared to the legacy HSPA. The voice over HSPA along with the Continuous Packet Connectivity doubles the network voice capacity and improves users experience. In general trend HSPA+ is identified as pre LTE technology because in limited bandwidth its throughput and performance matches to that of LTE. Huawei is one of the top vendors who early achieved the HSPA+ technology maturity and deployed commercial network by not only providing end-to-end network but also the users terminals. Until now, Huawei has deployed more than 60% of total commercial and pre-commercial HSPA+ networks worldwide. Huawei is adopting the smart network architecture and packet inspection techniques to make HSPA+ more profitable for the operators. The huge market shares reflect the strength and maturity of Huawei in HSPA+ technology.
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6
3G AMR ARQ AQM BBU BITS BTS CCCH CPC CPICH CQI DL DPCCH DPDCH DRX DTCH DTX DTxAA EDCH FACH HSDPA
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
Table 6-1 Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym and Abbreviation Expansion The Third Generation Adaptive Multi-Rate Automatic Repeat Request Active Queue Management Baseband Unit Building Integrated Timing Supply System Base Station Common Control Channel Continuous Packet Connectivity Common Pilot Channel Channel Quality Indicator Downlink Dedicated Physical Control Channel Dedicated Physical Data Channel Discontinuous Reception Dedicated Traffic Channel Discontinuous Transmission Double Transmit Antenna Array Enhanced Dedicated Channel Forward Access Channel High Speed Downlink Packet Access
Commercial in Confidence Page 39 of 40
Acronym and Abbreviation HSUPA HARQ HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH MIMO MAC PA PARC PDU QAM RAN RET RNC RLC RRM SAE SISO TPC TrCH UL VoCS VoIP WCDMA
Expansion High Speed Uplink Packet Access Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel High Speed Shared Control Channel Multi-Input Multi-Output Medium Access Control Power Amplifier Platform Advanced Radio Control Protocol Data Unit Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Radio Access Network Remote Electrical Antenna Radio Network Controller Radio Link Control Radio Resource Management System Architecture Evolution Single Input Single Output Transmit Power Control Transport Channel Uplink Voice over Circuit Switch Voice over IP Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
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Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2008. All rights reserved.

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Huawei HSPA+ White Paper V3.0

4 Huawei Specified Solutions for HSPA+ Issues ................................................................. 27

5 Conclusion and Recommendations ................................................................................... 38 6 Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................. 39

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Huawei HSPA+ White Paper V3.0

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Key Highlights of Huawei HSPA+

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3.2 Higher Order Modulation (HOM) at Air Interface

Maximum Peak Data Rate

Maximum Peak Data Rate

3.2.2 Performance of 64QAM

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3.3 Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO)

Peak Data Rate

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Peak Data Rate

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Figure 3-4 MIMO working principle

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3.4 Dual Cell & Dual Band HSDPA Technology

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3.4.1 Dual Cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA)

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Peak Data Rate

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Figure 3-9 DC-HSDPA Throughput and Coverage Comparison

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3.4.2 Dual Band HSDPA (DB-HSDPA)

Peak Data Rate

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3.5 DC-HSUPA for Increased Uplink User Data Rate

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Table 3-7 DC -HSUPA peak data rate comparison

Peak Data Rate

3.6 Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC)

3.6.1 Uplink Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)

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Figure 3-14 .- DPCCH new slot format

3.6.2 Downlink Discontinuous Reception

3.6.3 HSSCH less Operations

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Figure 3-16 HSCCH less operations principle

3.7 Voice over HSPA

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3.7.2 CS over HSPA

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Figure 3-19 VoCS vs VoDCH cell voice capacity comparison

3.7.3 VoIP over HSPA

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Figure 3-20 VoIP vs VoDCH cell voice capacity comparison

3.8 Downlink Enhanced_Cell FACH

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3.9 Uplink Enhanced Cell_FACH

3.10 Enhanced DRX in Cell_FACH (E-DRx)

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