THE PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

A Look at 400 years of Educational Policy

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did our present educational system in the Philippines come to be?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did 400 years of history shape the present educational system in the Philippines?

HISTORICAL PHILOSOPHICAL LEGAL

       

Pre-Spanish Period Spanish Period Revolutionary Period American Period Commonwealth Period Post-war Period Martial Law Period Post-EDSA Period

K-W-L Chart
K W L Is our present Household chores were educational system better than before? taught during the preSpanish period Medium of instruction is the native tongue

PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
Before 1521

PREPRE-SPANISH PERIOD

PREPRE-SPANISH PERIOD No organized system of education Informal & unstructured boys how to look for food girls household chores More vocational training Less academics (3Rs) Teachers: parents, priests, elders, tribal tutors

PREPRE-SPANISH PERIOD

Oral transmission System of writing: Alibata

SPANISH PERIOD
1521 1863 1863 - 1898

SPANISH PERIOD

OBJECTIVE To teach moral and religious subjects through the medium of the Castillan language

SPANISH PERIOD Before 1863 Pupils were required to go to church on Sundays and on the days of obligation Reading and Writing: fundamental subjects Singing psalms, serving in the church, playing the harp or guitar: curricular activities

SPANISH PERIOD Before 1863 Colegio Real de San Jose (Jesuits, 1601)
Philosophy, theology, classical studies

Colegio de Santo Tomas (1611, 1645)

Latin, Greek, Physics, Metaphysics, Logic, Philosophy, Ethics, Canon Law, Roman Law, Civil Law, Theology, Pharmacy, Notarial Law, Dentistry, Medicine

San Juan de Letran (1630)

Secondary school for boys in preparation for higher studies in San Jose or Santo Tomas.

SPANISH PERIOD Before 1863 Escuela Pia (ADMU, 1859) Vocational Schools
Artillery School (1754) Naval Academy (1812) Marine School (1820) School of commercial accounting (1839) School of commerce (1840) School of practical telegraphy (1842) School of fine arts (1849)

SPANISH PERIOD Before 1863 Colegio Beaterios Vocational Schools

Artillery School (1754) Naval Academy (1812) Marine School (1820) School of commercial accounting (1839) School of commerce (1840) School of practical telegraphy (1842) School of fine arts (1849)

SPANISH PERIOD Before 1863

Formal & Religion-Oriented Separate school for boys and girls For the elite (until 1863) Strict discipline Memorization Whippings as punishment Different costumes and uniforms were prescribed Instruction in the local dialect Teaching of Spanish to the more brilliant students

SPANISH PERIOD Before 1863

Spanish Missionaries as Teachers Focus on Christian Doctrines Use of Doctrina Cristiana & other religious materials Establishment of visitas (chapel & school) Parochial schools No regular school buildings Supported by encomenderos/alcalde mayor

EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF 1863

IMPORTANT FEATURES: 1. complete system of education in the country elementary, secondary & collegiate 2. government supervision and control of these schools 3. establishment of teacher-training institutions

SPANISH PERIOD Educational Decree of 1863

    1 primary school for boys and girls in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government Compulsory for children 7-12 years old No fees, materials free of charge Spanish schools started accepting Filipino students

SPANISH PERIOD Educational Decree of 1863

  Secondary Instruction Colegio de Letran, Ateneo Municipal de Manila Collegiate Instruction University of Santo Tomas (apex of the educational system)

SPANISH PERIOD Educational Decree of 1863

 Normal schools in Manila serve as seminaries for religious, obedient, and instructed teachers for the management of primary schools throughout the archipelago. Superior Commission of Primary Instruction

SPANISH PERIOD
Superior Commission on Primary Instruction
         Civil Governor Archbishop of Manila Director of Mens Normal School 7 appointed members Approval of textbooks Removal o teachers Declaration of grades of schools Fixing the salaries of teachers Fixing the length of class hours, etc.

Advisory Powers

SPANISH PERIOD Organized and Enriched Curriculum

            Christian Doctrine Principles of Ethics and Social History Reading & Writing Practical Instruction in the Spanish language Principles of Grammar Arithmetic General Geography (for boys only) History of Spain (for boys only) Practical Agriculture (for boys only) Needlework (for girls only) Rules of Deportment Vocal Music

SPANISH PERIOD Inducements to learn Spanish:

    No salaried government office (1868) Not eligible for the position of petty governor (1878) Not eligible for membership in the principalia (1878) No exemption from the personal service tax (1893)

REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
1898

REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD

Under Aguinaldos Revolutionary Govt Schools were temporarily closed Reopened on August 29, 1898 Secretary of Interior Malolos Constitution: Free and compulsory elementary education

REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD Literary University of the Phililppines law, surgery, medicine, pharmacy Burgos Institute in Malolos Military Academy of Malolos

Interrupted and dismantled with the Philippine-American War

AMERICAN PERIOD
1901 - 1935

AMERICAN PERIOD
So far as the state is concerned, the primary aim of education is to prepare the individual to exercise the right of suffrage intelligently and to perform the duties of citizenship fully and honestly. Public education is primarily an instrument of selfpreservation. The individual is educated at public expense not for his own sake primarily but for the security of the state. -Department of Public Instruction , 1926

AMERICAN PERIOD
Schurmann Commission (recommendation): Adequate, secularized and free public school system Taft Commission (implementation): Free primary instruction that trained the people for the duties of citizenship and avocation ENGLISH as medium of instruction (required by the Bureau of Education)

AMERICAN PERIOD
Reopening of 7 schools (1898) First American public schools 1 English teacher in each school Establishment of schools = pacification Capt. Albert Todd (1900) : Superintendent Dr. Fred W. Atkinson (1900) : Gen. Superintendent Department of Public Instruction

AMERICAN PERIOD

No suitable school buildings & equipment Scanty and not suitable textbooks Teachers not trained for teaching Poor instruction Continuous operation of religious private schools US Army as teachers

AMERICAN PERIOD
San Beda College (1901) Silliman Institute (1901) Philippine Normal School (1903) University of the Philippines (1908) Far Eastern College (1919) Santa Escolastica (1906) Centro Escolar (1907) La Salle (1911)

AMERICAN PERIOD

Act No. 74 (1901) Philippine Commission:

Highly centralized public school system Department of Public Instruction (Gen. Superintendent) 600 Thomasites English as the Language of Instruction Religious freedom in public schools

AMERICAN PERIOD
First Period of Expansion (1901-1910) Period of Adjustment (1911-1918) Second Period of Expansion (1919-1922) Period of Adaptation (1923-1936)

AMERICAN PERIOD
First Period of Expansion (1901-1910) (1901-

Dr. Fred W. Atkinson (Gen. Superintendent) Act No. 477

 Bureau of Education (1902)  General Superintendent of Education Director of Education (1909  Office of the Superintendent of Private Schools (1910)  Philippine Normal School (1903)  Gabaldon Act (P 1M)  Primary (3 years) + Intermediate (3 -4 years)  University of the Philippines (1908)

AMERICAN PERIOD
Period of Adjustment (1910-1919) (1910-

Continued expansion became impossible (limited financial resources) Emphasis on improvement of teaching force & physical features of the school Emphasized & systematized industrial instruction Intermediate teaching curriculum (vocationalized) V.S. secondary teaching curriculum (1909) Athletic meets (intensified physical education program)

AMERICAN PERIOD
Period of Adjustment (1910-1919) (1910-

Reorganization Act of 1916 General Superintendent Secretary of Public Instruction Filipinization of all department secretaries except the Secretary of Public Instruction Definite requirements for admission to PNU

AMERICAN PERIOD
Second Expansion Period (1919-1924) (1919-

Thirty-Million-Peso Act (1918) Almost every applicant for teaching positions was employed (most were HS undergraduates) Improvements of textbooks Adaptations of American textbooks to fit Phil. conditions American & Filipino-authored textbooks were used Board on Textbooks (1921) Obligatory government inspection and supervision of private schools (1917)

AMERICAN PERIOD
Period of Adaptation (1924-1936) (1924-

Monroe Survey Commission Educational survey of the Philippine public school system Lack of facilities to accommodate the children Business recession (1930), decline in school revenues, closing of public schools Greatest effort: improvement of the quality of the teaching force and the instructional methods used

AMERICAN PERIOD
Prescribed Curriculum
625 minutes English 300 minutes Body Training 125 minutes Arithmetic

Lessons
 American history  American & English literature  American ideals & practices  Longfellow, Poe, Irving, Shakespeare  Star-Spangled Banner & other American songs  Principles of American government  Facts of American geography

COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
1935 - 1941

A.M. Class

P.M. Class

COMMONWEALTH PERIOD OBJECTIVE the Government shall establish and maintain a complete and adequate system of public education and shall provide at least free public primary instruction and citizenship training to adult citizens.
-Article XIV, Section 5, 1935 Constitution

COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

1935 Constitution
 Revised elementary and secondary school curricula  Emphasis on Character Education and Citizenship Training  Importance of Vocational and Technical education and household activities  Free education in public schools  Filipino became the National Language  Institute of Private Education  Adult Education

COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

Educational Act of 1940

The schools were made free and secular so that all children, irrespective of creed and economic status, could go to school. Grade 7 was eliminated Double session plan was introduced

COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
Prescribed Curriculum
50 minutes 350 minutes 450 minutes 75 minutes 175 minutes 150 minutes 50 minutes opening exercises language reading (including phonics) writing & drawing industrial work arithmetic health education

Textbooks about Filipino life and culture Philippine editions

JAPANESE PERIOD
1941-1945

JAPANESE PERIOD
To make the people understand the position of the Philippines as a member of the East Asia CoProsperity Sphere, the true meaning of the establishment of a New Order in the Sphere and the share which the Philippines should take for the realization of a New Order, and thus to promote friendly relations between Japan and the Philippines to the farthest extent. -Basic Principles of Education

JAPANESE PERIOD Philippine Executive Commission (1942-1943) Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic (1943-1945)

JAPANESE PERIOD
Emphasis on vocational and technical education Eradication of Western influence New character, new pattern of life Textbook Examining Committee Too brief for indoctrination to take root Teaching of Nippongo (Hanasi Kotoba, newspapers, radio, etc.) Executive Order No. 10 (teacher qualification) Hon Ka and Sensyu Ka

JAPANESE PERIOD Military Order No. 2 (1942) - Philippine Executive Commission: Commission of Education, Health and Public Welfare (Commissioner) Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic (1943) Ministry of Education (Minister)

JAPANESE PERIOD

National Education Board

Required license for teaching Code of professional ethics for teachers Filipino citizens to teach national language, character education & Philippine history Filipino members of governing boards

AFTER WWII
1945 Onwards

POSTPOST-WAR PERIOD

Executive Order No. 94 (1947) Department of Instruction Department of Education

Bureau of Public Schools Bureau of Private Schools Bureau of Vocational Education

MARTIAL LAW PERIOD Proclamation 1081

P.D. No. 1 (1972)

Department of Education and Culture (Secretary)
(Based on PCSPE recommendations)

P.D. No. 1397 (1978)

Ministry of Education and Culture (Minister) 13 Regional Offices & Major Organizational Changes

NEW SOCIETY R.A. 5435, P.D. No. 650: Recommendations of the Reorganization Commission
New system of education Integrated system of PLEDGES (Peace and Order, Land Reform, Economic Development, Development of Moral Values through Educational Reform, Government Reorganization, Employment and Manpower Development and Social services)

NEW SOCIETY Individual as a useful member of the society Emphasis on Research EFA NCEE Bilingual Policy Program

MARTIAL LAW PERIOD

R.A. No. 1124 Board of National Education National Board of Education Education Act of 1982 Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports

POSTPOST-EDSA PERIOD Corazon Aquino E.O. No. 117 (1987) Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports Department of Education, Culture and Sports (Secretary) Educational Service Contracting Scheme Secondary Education Development Program

POSTPOST-EDSA PERIOD
Fidel Ramos Early Childhood Care & Development Program Third Elementary Education Project (TEEP) National Elementary Achievement Test (NEAT) National Secondary Assessment Test (NST) Program on Basic Education (PROBE)

1994 - 1995

Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM) RA 7722 CHED (1994) RA 7796 TESDA (1995)

TRIFOCAL EDUCATION SYSTEM DECS Department of Education, Culture & Sports Elementary, secondary nonformal education, including culture & sports CHED Commission on Higher Education Higher education TESDA Technical Education and Skills Development Authority Post-secondary, middle-level manpower training and development

1999
DECS Mission To provide quality basic education that is equitably accessible to all by the foundation for lifelong learning and service for the common good DECS Vision To develop a highly competent, civic spirited, life-skilled, and God-loving Filipino youth who actively participate in and contribute towards the building of a humane, healthy and productive society

2001

R.A. 9155 Governance of Basic Education Act Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) Department of Education (DepEd)

R.A. 9155

Provides overall framework for: (1) School head empowerment by strengthening their leadership roles (2) school-based management within the context of transparency and local accountability

R.A. 9155

Goal: Provide the school age population and young adults with skills, knowledge and values to become caring, self-reliant, productive and patriotic citizens

R.A. 9155

Philippine Sports Commission (PSC) National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) National Historical Institute Records Management and Archives Office National Library

2011

Private & Public Formal Education

Pre-primary (3 years) Primary (6 years) Secondary (4 years) Tertiary (4-8 years)

REFERENCES
Fresnoza, Florencio (1950), Essentials of the Philippine Educational System San Mateo and Tangco, M.Foundations of Education II Isidro (1949) The Philippine Educational System www.etravelpilipinas.com/about_philippines/philippine_educatio n.htm en.wikipedia.org/wiki/department_of_education_(Phils.)