Smith Chart

Mysteries of the Smith Chart
Transmission Lines, Impedance Matching,

and Little Known Facts
Stephen D. Stearns, K6OIK

Chief Technologist
TRW Firestorm Wireless Communication Products
stearns@ieee.org
VG 1
PSA-00527 10/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Outline
Transmission Line Theory
Historical development
Heavisides rewrite of Maxwells theory, Telegraphers equations,
Impedance, reflection coefficient, SWR, phase constant, and velocity
factor
Special facts for /2, /4, and /8 lossless lines
The Smith Chart

Bilinear complex functions
Impedance and admittance coordinates (circles, circles, and more
circles)
Impedance Matching
Why match? Impedance matching vs. conjugate impedance
matching
Single frequency matching
Multiple-frequency and broadband matching
VG 2
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Pacificon 2001
Part 1: Transmission Line Theory
VG 3
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Pacificon 2001
Key Dates in Electrical Transmission

1830s Magnetic telegraphs - Gauss, Henry
1839
Electromagnetic telegraph - Wheatstone & Cook
1844
Telegraph in America - Morse
1850s Thousands of miles of telegraph line U.S. and Europe

1851
40-mile cable under English Channel
1855
Distributed analysis of transmission line - Lord Kelvin
1858
Transatlantic cable, project delayed by civil war
1873
Theory of electrodynamics - Maxwell
1876
Invention of telephone - Bell
1880s Vectors, vector calculus, reformulation of Maxwells

theory, transmission line theory - Heaviside
1886
Experimental confirmation of Maxwells Theory - Hertz
1937
Early Smith Chart, published 1939 and 1944 - Smith
VG 4
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Pacificon 2001
Numbers to Remember!
1.4142135623...
1.7320508075
1.6180339887...
3.1415926535...
2.718281828459045
2.54
299,792,458
376.7303134...
VG 5
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Heavisides Vector Formulation of Maxwells Theory
B
E =
t
D
H = J+
t
D =
B = 0
D = E
B = H
And God said, Let there be light; and there was light. Genesis 1:3
VG 6
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Pacificon 2001
Frequency Domain or Phasor Form
E = jH
H = ( + j )E
E = 0
H = 0
VG 7
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Heavisides Telegraphers Equations
Uniform transmission line
Equivalent circuit of
infinitesimal segment
I(x)
Rx
V(x)
Lx
Gx
Cx
dV
= ( R + jL) I ( x )
dx
dI
= (G + jC )V ( x )
dx
VG 8
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Transmission Line Solution

TEM Waves
Traveling wave
V ( x ) = Vo ex
V ( x)
I( x) =
Zo
Propagation constant
= + j = ( R + jL)(G + jC )
Characteristic impedance
Zo =
VG 9
PSA-0052710/21/2001
R + jL
G + jC
Pacificon 2001
Notations
Real Parameters
R=
Series resistance per unit length (Ohms/meter)
L=
Series inductance per unit length (Henries/meter)
G=
Shunt conductance per unit length (Siemens/meter)
C=
Shunt capacitance per unit length (Farads/meter)
Attenuation constant (nepers/meter)
= Phase constant (radians/meter)

=
Wavelength (meters)
vf =
Velocity factor (dimensionless)
X=
Reactance (Ohms)
B=
Susceptance (Siemens)
s=
Standing wave radio (dimensionless)
VG 10
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Notations (Contd)
Complex Parameters
Z = R + jX = impedance (Ohms)
ZL = Load impedance (Ohms)
Zi = Input impedance (Ohms)
Z0 = Characteristic impedance (Ohms)
z=
Z/Z0 = r + jx = normalized impedance (dimensionless)
Y = G + jB = admittance (Siemens)
y = Y/Y0 = g + jb = normalized admittance (dimensionless)
= r + j i = complex reflection coefficient (dimensionless)
=
VG 11
PSA-0052710/21/2001
+ j = propagation constant (inverse meters)
Pacificon 2001
Transmission Line Parameters

Physical Dimensions and Material Properties
d
dielectric
(, , )
dielectric
(, , )
Parameter
Coax
G S/m
C F/m
Where skin depth is
VG 12
PSA-0052710/21/2001
1
a c
1 1 1
+
2 c a b
R /m
L H/m
Twinlead
b 1 1
ln a + 2 a + b
1 d
cosh
+
2 a
2 a
2
b
ln
a
2
b
ln
a
1
=
f c
cosh 1
d
2a
cosh 1
For copper
d
2a
c = 5.8 10 7 S/m
8.5 mm at 60 Hz
=
6.6 m at 100 MHz
Pacificon 2001
Round Open-Wire Transmission Line Formulas
d
s
Approximate formula
Widely published by ARRL and others
Accurate only for large spacings: s/d > 3
or large impedances: Z0 > several hundred
Exact formula
Accurate for all spacings and impedances
VG 13
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Pacificon 2001
Comparison of Impedance Formulas

Round Open-Wire Line
VG 14
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Pacificon 2001
K6OIK Square Open-Wire Transmission Line Formula
w
s
Excellent approximation in the range of practical interest
Accurate for small spacings: 1 < s/w < 3
or small impedances: 0 < Z0 < several hundred
VG 15
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Pacificon 2001
Round vs Square Open-Wire Lines
VG 16
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Pacificon 2001
Optimal Characteristic Impedances

Coax
For minimum loss
Zo = 77
For maximum breakdown voltage
Zo = 30
For minimum temperature rise
Zo = 60
Zo = 50 has no special significance
VG 17
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Reflection Coefficient and Impedance Relation

at a Terminal Plane
Terminal
Plane
Definition
L
L
Z L Zo z 1
=
=
Z L + Zo z + 1
Inverse
1+
z=
1
For every terminal plane, the complex load impedance and
complex reflection coefficient seen to the right give the same
information for that terminal plane
Question: How do and z change as the terminal plane
moves?
VG 18
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Pacificon 2001
Relations Between Two Terminal Planes

Input
Terminal
Plane
Output
Terminal
Plane
L
L
O
i
i
Impedance relation
z L + j tan l
zi =
1 + jz L tan l
Cross relations
j 2 l
1 + L e
zi =
1 L e j 2 l
Reflection coefficient relation
i = L e j 2 l
1 + i e j 2 l
zL =
1 i e j 2 l
VG 19
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Pacificon 2001
Velocity Factor
Wavelength
free space =
actual =
c
f
v
f
Velocity factor
actual
v
vf = =
c free space
VG 20
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
How To Measure Velocity Factor of a Line

(One Way To Do It)
Known length
Antenna
Analyzer
open
circuit
Same length
Antenna
Analyzer
short
circuit
2fl
vf =
c
VG 21
PSA-0052710/21/2001
cot
1
Z open
Z short
Pacificon 2001
Phase Constant
2
2f
=
actual v f c
radians/meter
Phase constant and velocity factor vf give equivalent

information
Both can be calculated from line dimensions and material
properties
= Im ( R + jL)(G + jC )
Best to measure!
VG 22
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
How to Measure Complex Zo of A Line

(One Way to Do It)
Unknown or
arbitrary length
Antenna
Analyzer
open
circuit
Same length
Antenna
Analyzer
short
circuit
Zo =
Z open Z short
Geometric mean of two complex numbers

Calculation is trivial in polar form on Smith Chart
VG 23
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Pacificon 2001
What Special Lengths of Lossless Line Do
Half wavelength, l = _/2
Zi = Z L
Quarter wavelength, l = _/4
Z o2
Zi =
ZL
Eighth wavelength, l = _/8
Zi = Z o
VG 24
PSA-0052710/21/2001
if Z L and Zo are real (resistive)
Pacificon 2001
Standing Wave Ratio
Easy to remember from
VG 25
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1+
s=
1
1+
z=
1
s 1
=
s +1
z 1
=
z +1
Pacificon 2001
Part 2: The Smith Chart
VG 26
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Pacificon 2001
0.4
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.12
0.13
-4
0.9
1.2
0.0
8
0.6
0.4
1.6
-60
0.7
1.4
0.8
-55
1.0
0
-5
0.4
1
0.1
0.11
-100
-90
0.15
0.14
-80
0.35
0.4
2
0.0
9
-65
0.5
1.8
06
0.
-70
2.0
R
O
),
Zo
X/
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
0.8
40
-1
0.4
0.0
7
-1
30
0.2
-110
44
0.
0.6
(-j
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
-12
0
CAP
AC
ITI
V
E
RE
AC
TA
NC
E
-35
-4
0
-70
4
0.3
6
0.1
3
1.0
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
T
EP
SC
SU
1.0
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
80
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
4.0
RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)
0.2
0.4
0.6
8
0.2
9
0.0
0.8
1.0
5.0
0.28
0.2
20
10
0.0
4
14
0
0.0
5
(+
jX
/Z
0.4
20
0.22
0.4
0.6
0.4
6
15
0
0.6
0.3
-60
0.1
0.4
85
70
0.
44
0.5
0.
06
25
-20
0.3
0.2
1
-30
0.
31
0.2
20
-85
65
2.0
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.3
0.28
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
50
10
20
50
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN
D
E
G
REES
LE OF
ANG
ISSION COEFFICIENT IN
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
6
0.4
0.3
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
AD <
GEN
ARD LO
W
ERA
O
T
0.48
180
HS
TO
T
0.47
G
17
0
R
-170
EN
L
E
0.47
>
AV
W
160
<
-90
90
-160
30
0.22
0.48
0.1
0.
19
0.3
0.3
0.2
-4
0
-30
0.2
0.1
60
35
0.3
)
/Yo
(+jB
0.3
4
1
0.2
9
0.2
30
0.
70
0.2
0.2
40
0.3
-20
0.
0.4
40
0.1
0.35
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
80
31
0.
R
,O
o)
CE
AN
PT
CE
US
S
VE
TI
CI
PA
A
C
3.0
3
0.4
0
13
0.36
19
0.
VG 27
PSA-00527 10/21/2001
0.
7
12
90
-15
2
0.4
110
0.37
4.0
0.0
1
0.4
0.13
0.38
5.0
8
0.0
0.4
0.12
-10
9
0.0
0.39
100
50
0.11
0.
0.1
0.14
0.15
0.1
6
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 2001
Complex Functions
zi
wi
(x, y)
y
x
Complex Number
Complex Number
z = x + jy
w = u + jv
(u, v)
f( )
zr
wr
Basic types of complex functions

Global Properties
Linear lines map to lines

Bilinear circles map to circles
Local Properties
Conformal right angles map to right angles
VG 28
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Mathematical Basis of the Smith Chart
u + jv =
z 1
z +1
A bilinear conformal
complex function
(r - 1) + jx
(r + 1) + jx
v
Right Half
Z Plane
VG 29
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Interior Unit Circle

Plane
Pacificon 2001
-90
5
-4
-5
0.9
-60
1.2
0.7
1.4
0.8
1.0
-70
6
0.1
0.15
4
0.3
0.39
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.12
0.13
0.36
-55
-35
0.14
-80
-4
0
0.35
0.6
-65
44
0.
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.5
0.
31
06
0.
-70
-1
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
R
,O
o)
/Z
jX
40
0.0
x=
-1
0.4
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
1.0
8
0.
0.2
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
85
10
6
150
0.0
0.4
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
80
1.0
4.0

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0.0
1
8
2
0
CAP
0.4
AC
ITI
3
VE
0.0
R
EA
7
CT
-1
AN
30
CE
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-
-85
20
r=1
0.2
0.4
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
0.8
5.0
0.28
0.4
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
5
20
0.22
0.
19
-60
0.1
0.4
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
AD <
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
180
S TOW
H
TO
T
170
NG
R
-170
ELE
V
0.47
>
WA
160
<
-90
90
-160
70
0.
44
0.5
0.
06
25
0.22
0.48
0.4
-20
0.6
0.47
65
2.0
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.3
10
20
50
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DEG
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
-30
0.3
r Series Resistance
50
0.3
-20
3.0
0.2
r=2
20
0.8
r=2
30
0.28
1.0
0.
r=1
0.1
0.2
-4
0.3
0.3
60
0.1
r=0
1.0
0.3
0.6
0.1
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
0.2
0.3
35
0.3
-30
0.
70
0.2
Capacitive
Reactance
(Negative)
0.35
0.2
0.1
40
30
Inductive
Reactance
(Positive)
4.0
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
E
SC
SU
0.36
0.3
0.2
x=0
80
0.2
x=-1
0
0.13
40
VG 30
PSA-0052710/21/2001
x=0
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
0.37
-15
7
0.0
90
31
0.
x=1
0
12
0.38
19
0.
x Series Reactance
R
,O
o)
110
0.12
5.0
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
3
0.4
0
13
0.2
0.0
0.6
0.1
0.
8
0.0
1
x=
r=0
Smith Chart: Impedance Coordinates

i
0.14
0.15
6
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 2001
70
0.
44
0.
06
0.0
7
R
,O
o)
3
0.4
0
13
0.5
65
55
50
45
0.11
0.9
1.0
1.2
0.39
100
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
1.6
0.1
0.4
90
80
0.37
0.38
0.13
0.12
40
0.36
40
0.2
30
9
20
0.6
20
0.2
25
0.35
70
30
35
60
0.3
0.1
4
0.1
50
0.3
0.3
0.1
1.8
0.8
0.4
9
0.0
1
110
0.4
8
0.0
2
0.4
120
Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
TA
EP
SC
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
0.
5.0
0.8
1.0
4.0
0.28
0.6
0.4
0.2
-20
0.28
0.22
0.3
1
0.2
9
0.2
1
-30
0.
31
0.
2.0
19
0.
0.0
5
0.4
5
14
(+
jX
/Z
0.2
150
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.48
0.0
D <
0.49
GEN
RD LOA
E
TOWA
0.48
R
180
A
TO
THS
0.47
17
70
0
R
-1
ENG
>
VEL
0.47
WA
0.0
160
<
4
-90
90
-160
0.4
85
-85
6
80
0.2
4
0.0
0
1.0
b=
RE
AC
TA
75
N
C
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
0.3
6
0.4
IND
UCT
IVE
-15
0.1
0.2
20
50
10
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
O
C
E
N
F
F
O
I
I
C
T
I
C
E
E
0.27
N
L
T
F
E
IN DEG
R
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
5
0.0
-75
o)
-80
jB/Y
E (NC
TA
EP
SC
SU
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
0.
5
0.4
40
-1
0.23
-70
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.22
06
0.
R
,O
o)
/Z
jX
10
10
Shunt Conductance
0.3
0
-4
0.
19
b=
-1
0.2
44
0.
0
-65 .5
g=2
0.6
1.0
1.8
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
10
20
50
0.6
0.2
Capacitive
Susceptance
(Positive)
0.
r
0
g=1
-60
0.
31
0.7
0.4
0.2
-5 5
0.8
0.9
1.0
-5
5
-4
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
-10
2.0
0.1
0.4
b=-1
1.0
g=2
5.0
0.2
1
0.4
Pacificon 2001
VG 31
PSA-0052710/21/2001
20
4.0
-15
0.6
g=1
-20
3.0
0
8
0.1
0
-5
-70
.16
Inductive
Susceptance
(Negative)
b=1
0.8
b Shunt Susceptance
-25
g=
-30
2
0.3
-110
0.0
0.4
2
0.0
-12
8
0
CAP
0.4
AC
ITI
3
VE
0.0
RE
7
AC
-1
TA
30
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
(7
-60
0.1
-35
0.3
4
0.3
0.39
0.38
0.1
0.4
0.11
-100
-90
0.15
0.37
0.36
0.12
0.13
0.14
-80
-4
0
0.35
b=0
50
b=0
g=0
Smith Chart: Admittance Coordinates
15
3.0
0.3
3
0.1
8
0.14
0.15
0.1
-90
0.4
0.38
0.39
0.37
0.11
-100
0.12
0.36
0.13
0.14
-80
0.35
0.4
2
0.0
9
-5
0.9
1.2
1.0
0.7
1.4
0.8
-55
-110
0.4
1
-4
5
0
0.0
8
-35
-4
-70
6
0.1
0.15
4
0.3
0.0
7
30
0.4
3
0.6
1.6
1.8
2.0
31
-6 0
0.
-1
-12
0
CAP
AC
ITI
VE
R
EA
CT
AN
CE
0.5
-20
(-j
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
19
-65
1.0
0.3
0.
-60
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
0.2
20
10
80
0.0
4
0.4
6
1 50
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
1.0
5.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
8
0.
0.28
0.6
o)
jB/Y
E (NC
TA
EP
4
C
4
-75
US
0.
40
ES
-1
06
IV
0.
CT
DU
IN
R
-70
O
),
Zo
X/
4.0
0.2
9
0.0
0.8
0.22
0.8
85
(+
jX
/Z
14
0
0.0
5
0.4
20
-20
0.3
0.2
1
-30
-30
-85
0.6
0.2
-4
0.2
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
0.6
0.2
6
0.4
0.
8
5
0.4
70
0.
44
65
0.5
0.
06
25
0.28
2.0
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
30
10
20
50
0.1
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.4
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
GEN
D LOAD <
ERA
OWAR
T
0.48
S
180
TO
GTH
170
70
N
R
-1
E
VEL
0.47
>
A
W
1
0
6
<
6
0
-90
90
-1
0.2
3
0.3
60
7
0.1
0.3
4
2
0.3
35
0.22
20
0.48
0.3
9
0.2
30
1.5
70
1
0.2
0.2
40
0.2
0.35
0.3
1.0
0.
4
0.4
40
0.1
0.36
-25
80
8
0.1
0
-5
90
31
0.
VG 32
PSA-0052710/21/2001
4
0.
R
,O
o)
0.4
3
0.4
0
13
Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
TA
EP
C
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
A
C
0
12
3.0
2
0.4
110
0.37
4.0
7
0.0
1
0.4
0.13
0.38
-15
8
0.0
0.12
5.0
9
0.0
0.4
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
0.1
19
0.
0.47
Smith Chart: Constant SWR Circles

i
0.14
0.15
0.1
6
0.3
3
0.1
7
0.3
2
50
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 2001
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.39
0.12
0.13
0.36
0.0
9
45
0.35
0.9
1.2
0.0
8
0.0
7
30
0.6
0.4
3
1.6
-60
0.7
1.4
0.8
-55
1.0
0
-5
0.4
1
0.1
0.11
-100
-110
-70
0.14
-80
-4
0
-90
0.4
2
6
0.1
0.15
4
0.3
-1
1.8
2.0
-12
0
CAP
AC
IT
I
V
ER
EA
CT
AN
CE
0.
31
0.2
(-
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
0.
19
-35
1.0
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
80
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
4.0
0.3
0
-65 .5
0.6
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
-75
US
0
S
4
E
-1
06
IV
0.
CT
DU
IN
R
-70
,O
)
o
/Z
jX
5
0.0
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
8
0.
0.2
9
44
0.
0.2
20
10
0.0
4
14
0.0
5
(+
jX
/Z
0.4
20
1.0
5.0
0.28
0.3
0.2
1
-30
-20
0.4
6
150
0.6
0.22
-60
0.1
0.4
85
70
0.
44
65
0.5
0.
06
25
0.2
-4
-30
IND
UCT
IVE
2.0
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
-20
0.8
0.2
-85
30
10
20
50
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.6
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
0.
8
6
0.4
0.2
0.22
20
5
0.4
60
7
0.1
35
3
0.3
0.3
4
-25
70
8
0.1
0
-5
40
0.28
1.0
0.
4
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.48
0.0
0.49
AD <
GEN
ARD LO
ERA
0.48
180
S TOW
TO
GTH
170
0
N
R
-17
E
VEL
0.47
>
A
W
160
<
-90
90
-160
0.3
9
0.2
30
0.2
0.35
2
0.3
0.36
1
0.2
0.1
1
80
0.2
4
0.
0.13
0.3
VG 33
PSA-0052710/21/2001
r
0.4
40
1
0.5
2
R
,O
o)
0.37
31
0.
x
0.5
0.4
3
0.4
0
13
Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
TA
EP
SC
U
S
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
120
90
3.0
2
0.4
110
0.38
4.0
7
0.0
1
0.4
0.12
-15
8
0.0
0.39
100
5.0
0.11
-10
9
0.0
0.4
50
0.1
19
0.
0.47
Smith Chart: Constant Impedance Magnitude Circles

i
0.14
0.15
0.1
6
0.3
3
0.1
7
50
0.3
2
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 2001
-90
0.39
0.4
0.38
0.11
-100
0.12
0.13
0.37
0.36
-55
-4
0.9
1.2
1.0
0
-5
-60
0.7
1.4
0.8
-35
0.14
-80
-4
0
-70
6
0.1
0.15
4
0.3
0.6
1.6
1.8
2.0
0
-65 .5
31
0.35
-85
1.0
o)
jB/Y
5
E (0.0
NC
TA
EP
4
C
4
-75
US
0.
40
ES
-1
06
IV
0.
CT
DU
IN
R
-70
O
),
Zo
X/
0.
0.2
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
0.2
20
10
0.0
4
0.4
6
150
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
80
4.0
315
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
85
IND
UCT
IVE
0.8
1.0
5.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
8
0.
0.28
0
.1
0
.41
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0.0
-1
8
2
0
C
A
P
0.4
AC
ITI
3
VE
0.0
R
E
7
AC
-1
TA
30
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.2
6
0.4
0.6
5
0.4
0.4
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
D <
0.49
GEN
RD LOA
ERA
TOWA
0.48
S
180
H
TO
170
70
NGT
R
-1
E
L
E
0.47
>
AV
W
160
<
-90
90
-160
0.
8
0.48
45
0.3
0.
1
-60
0.47
(+
jX
/Z
14
0
0.0
5
0.4
20
0.2
9
-4
0
0.4
0.6
0.22
0.3
0.2
1
-30
0.6
45
70
0.
44
0.
2.0
65
0.5
06
25
-20
-20
90
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
30
0.2
-30
0.1
270
0.2
3
0.3
60
7
0.1
35
-25
0.3
4
10
20
50
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
4
0.
70
2
0.3
0.2
40
0.22
20
0.35
0.28
0.8
0.
4
0.3
1
0.2
9
0.2
30
0.1
0.36
8
0.1
0
-5
80
0.2
31
VG 34
PSA-0052710/21/2001
0.13
0.3
0
0.4
40
180
0.37
31
0.
x
R
,O
o)
1.0
3
0.4
0
13
Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
TA
EP
SC
U
S
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
120
3.0
2
0.4
110
90
4.0
7
0.0
1
0.4
0.38
-15
8
0.0
0.4
0.12
5.0
9
0.0
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
0.1
19
0.
13
22
Smith Chart: Constant Impedance Phase Angle Circles

i
0.14
0.15
0.1
6
0.3
3
0.1
7
0.3
2
50
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 2001
Smith Chart: Multiplication, Division, Squares, and

Square Roots
Unary Operators
squares
square roots
tangents
cotangents
inverse tangents
Inverse cotangents
a2
a
tan
cot
tan-1 a
cot-1 a
Binary Operators
multiplication X
division
geometric mean
VG 35
PSA-0052710/21/2001
ab
c/a
ab
Pacificon 2001
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.39
0.12
0.14
-80
-90
0.11
-100
0.1
0.4
1
5
-4
0.35
0.9
1.2
0.7
1.4
0.8
-55
1.0
-5
0.13
0.36
-110
0.0
9
0.4
-35
-4
-70
6
0.1
0.0
7
30
0.6
1.8
(-j
3
0.4
1.6
-60
7
0.15
4
0.3
0.0
0.3
-1
2.0
-12
0
CAP
AC
ITI
VE
R
EA
CT
AN
CE
-60
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
8
0.
0.5
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
1.0
a=4
1.0
5.0
0.28
-65
4.0
0.3
31
0.2
0.2
0.8
0.22
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
5
20
.29
0.6
15
3.0
-20
0.3
1
-30
-20
0.1
0.6
80
0.3
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
0.6
0.2
0.
-30
IND
UCT
IVE
70
44
0.
0.5
06
0.
25
10
20
50
0.1
0.4
0.2
20
10
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.8
o)
jB/Y
E (NC
TA
EP
5
SC
44
-7
.
U
0
40
ES
-1
06
IV
0.
CT
DU
IN
R
-70
O
),
Zo
X/
5
0.0
0.
8
5
0.4
65
2.0
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.1
0.28
0.3
0.22
20
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
50
0.2
30
0.4
30
0.
19
0.1
0.2
60
0.3
35
0.2
-4
0
- 2
0.3
4
0.2
c=2
70
-25
40
0.2
0.2
c=1.414
0.35
0.3
1.0
0.
4
0.4
40
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
D <
0.49
GEN
RD LOA
A
W
ERA
O
T
0.48
180
TO
THS
0.47
G
17
70
N
0
R
-1
ELE
V
0.47
>
WA
0.0
1
0
60
<
4
-90
90
-16
0.4
85
-85
6
31
0.1
0.36
80
0.
b=0.5
0.13
19
VG 36
PSA-0052710/21/2001
4
0.
R
,O
o)
0
0.37
8
0.1
0
-5
3
0.4
0
13
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
E
C
US
ES
IV
IT
AC
P
CA
12
0.4
3.0
0.4
110
90
4.0
7
0.0
1
0.4
0.38
-15
8
0.0
0.4
0.12
5.0
9
0.0
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
0.1
0.
0.48
Smith Chart: A Nomogram for Math Calculations

i
0.14
0.15
0.1
6
0.3
3
0.1
7
15
10
Pacificon 2001
Part 3: Impedance Matching
VG 37
PSA-00527 10/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Impedance Matching Categories

Single frequency matching
Manual synthesis using Smith Chart
Eight canonical networks
Lumped elements
Series and parallel stubs
Transmission line sections
Multiple frequency matching

Ladder networks
Multiple stubs
Multiple line sections
Broadband matching
Maximize SWR bandwidth
Software for computer-aided manual design
Software for network optimization
Smith Chart used for visualization only
VG 38
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Bandwidth Classifications
Fractional Bandwidth
VG 39
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Narrowband
< 10%
Moderate band
10% to 50%
Broadband
> 50%
Pacificon 2001
Two Kinds of Matching

Conjugate Matching
Load Matching
S
+
Zs = ZL*
ZL = ZO
Best use at source

(transmitter)
Best used at ends of transmission

lines
Maximizes power delivery to

the load
Minimizes reflections
Does not minimize reflections

unless Zs is real
Does not maximize delivered

power unless Z0 is real
Normally done by the

transmitter manufacturer at the
circuit design level
Ideally Zs (ext) = 50
VG 40
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Where Should Matching Network Go?

Poor Setup
High to
Low SWR
High SWR
Antenna
Tuner
Tx
Long Transmission Line
Good Setup
Perfect 1:1
Tx
Best Setup
Low SWR
Antenna
Tuner
VG 41
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Very Low-Loss Line
Matching
Network
Insertion Loss x dB
Low SWR
Tx
Low SWR
Low SWR
Matching
Network
Pacificon 2001
Necessary Test Equipment

Antenna analyzer
Autek
CIA
MFJ
Noise bridge (less accurate)

Network analyzer (more accurate)
Hewlett-Packard
VG 42
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Matching Network Design Recipe

1. Measure transmission line parameters Zo, vf
2. Measure antenna feedpoint impedance across band(s) of interest
3. Measure or calculate impedance across band(s) of interest at network
insertion point
4. Narrowband match:
Select appropriate lossless L network, 2 or 4 choices
Select lumped elements vs stubs
Calculate component values
Calculate SWR and SWR bandwidth
Build and test
5. Broadband match:
Use design software - winSMITH or equivalent
Design n-stage lossless ladder network
Select lumped elements vs stubs
Calculate component values
Calculate SWR and SWR bandwidth
VG 43
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
How to Measure Antenna Feedpoint Impedance

Measure impedance through known line
Divide measure impedance by Zo
Plot impedance point on Smith Chart
Move counter clockwise on chart by electrical length of line
Read coordinate values from chart
Multiply result by Zo
VG 44
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
-90
0.4
0.38
0.39
0.12
-55
5
-4
0.9
1.2
1.0
0
-5
-60
0.7
1.4
0.8
6
0.1
0.15
4
0.3
-70
0.14
-80
-4
0
0.13
0.11
-100
0.6
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.5
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0.0
1
8
2
0
CAP
0.4
AC
I
3
T
IVE
0.0
RE
7
AC
-1
TA
30
NC
EC
O
M
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
-35
0.37
0.36
-65
0.6
1.0
o)
jB/Y
5
E (0.0
NC
TA
EP
5
SC
44
-7
.
U
0
40
ES
-1
06
IV
0.
CT
DU
IN
R
-70
O
),
Zo
X/
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
>
10
0.0
6
15
0
0.4
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
80
4.0
+b

0.2
0.4
0.6
8
0.
0.2
0.
31
0.35
0.8
85
+x
1.0
5.0
0.28
0.2
-85
20
<
0.8
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PSA-0052710/21/2001
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PSA-00527 10/21/2001
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VG 47
PSA-00527 10/21/2001
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VG 48
PSA-00527 10/21/2001
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PSA-00527 10/21/2001
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0.5
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1.8
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50
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0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
0.3
10
20
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0.27
0.23
0.25
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0.26
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0.27
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30
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VG 50
PSA-00527 10/21/2001
3
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Pacificon 2001
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0.8
0.7
0.6
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UCT
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4
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VG 51
PSA-00527 10/21/2001
3
0.4
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Pacificon 2001
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8
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Forbidden Area
0.3
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19
-60
50
20
10
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4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
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0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
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0.1
IND
UCT
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50
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0.8
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0.6 60
0.3
10
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0.27
0.23
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0.26
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0.27
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4
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VG 52
PSA-00527 10/21/2001
3
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IND
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D
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VG 53
PSA-00527 10/21/2001
3
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30
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D<
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10
20
50
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VG 54
PSA-0052710/21/2001
9
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Matching: Four L-Networks Using Lumped Elements

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1.6
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0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
1.0
4
0.
0.0
50
0.22
20
180
30
0.28
0.49
0.3
0.48
D<
RD LOA
TOWA
THS
-170
ENG
VEL
A
W
-90
-160
0.1
-4
Start
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
4
0.3
60
35
0.3
70
0.2
0.
0.35
0.2
30
0.2
40
0.2
0.1
0.36
0.2
0.4
0
80
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
TA
EP
C
S
SU
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
12
0.13
0.3
R
,O
o)
3.0
0.4
0.37
4.0
0
13
3
0.4
40
VG 55
PSA-0052710/21/2001
0.
7
0.4
90
-15
0.0
8
110
0.38
5.0
0.0
1
0.4
0.12
31
0.
ZL
9
0.0
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
ZL
0.1
19
0.
0.47
Matching: Four L-Networks Using Stubs

i
0.14
0.15
0.1
6
7
ZL
3.0
15
10
ZL
Pacificon 2001
Reactance & Susceptance of Lumped Elements

Inductors
X L = 2fL
1
BL =
2fL
1
XC =
2fC
BC = 2fC
Capacitors
VG 56
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Reactance & Susceptance of Stubs

Assuming Zo is real, then
Shorted Stubs
Xshorted
2lf
= Zo tan
vf c
Bshorted
1
=
2lf
Zo tan
v
c
f
Open Stubs
Xopen
VG 57
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Zo
=
2lf
tan
v
c
f
Bopen
2lf
1
=
tan
Zo
vf c
Pacificon 2001
Broadband Matching Network Design Recipe
Using 4-Element -Resonant and T-Resonant Networks

Putting network insertion point close to load (antenna) gives
greatest SWR bandwidth
Step 1: Using an L-network, move the midband impedance
point to prime point A or B. Bandwidth will be maximized if
the minimum reactance or susceptance L-network is chosen
in this step.
Step 2: Wrap the impedance locus into the SWR circle by
adding a series or parallel resonant circuit as required to
complete the -resonant or T-resonant network
VG 58
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
-Resonant
and T-Resonant Network
For Moderate and Broadband Matching

i
0.
0
44
70
0.
4.0
15
45
1.0
50
0.9
55
1.0
5.0
SWR = 1.5
10
0.6
fmid
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
10
20
0.2
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
50
0.2
50
0.1
ZL
20
IND
UCT
IVE
0.28
1.0
0.
80
0.3
0.8
0.22
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
0.4
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
0.

0.2
20
0.4
10
1.0
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
1.0
0.8
2.0
1.8
1.6
0.35
1.2
1.4
0.15
-4
0.14
-80
0.36
1.0
-70
0.9
5
-4
0.1
-5
-35
0.3
0.7
-60
0.8
-90
0.12
0.13
0.38
0.37
0.11
-100
0.39
-55
0.1
0.3
0.6
-110
0.1
0.4
0.0
-75
-70
-1
40
0
0.
0.0
7
30
8
0
0.4
-1
0.4
0.0
R
O
),
Zo
X/
-12
0
CAP
AC
I
T
IVE
RE
AC
TA
NC
E
0.2
-30
-60
0.3
(-j
0.5
-65
0.
3
4
0.
CO
M
PO
N
EN
T
0.4
0.
1
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
0.0
0.6
-20
-85
E
NC
TA
EP
SC
SU
4.0
3.0
0.3
5.0
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
0.2
9
0.2
1
-30
0.2
0.
ZL
0.28
fu
0.3
-4
.45
0.22
0.47
0.
-20
0.2
-15
)
/Yo
(-jB
0.6
-10
0.0
4
20
3.0
0.6
9
0.2
30
0.4
6
15
0
25
1
0.2
85
fl
0.4
0.2
6
0.4
0.1
8
0.3
2
50
0.3
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.48
0.0
0.49
GEN
D LOAD <
ERA
OWAR
0.48
180
HS T
TO
170
0
NGT
R
-17
E
L
E
0.47
>
AV
W
160
<
-90
90
-160
40
.42
VG 59
PSA-0052710/21/2001
0.3
30
ZL
60
0.2
0.1
ZL
35
3
0.
VE
TI
CI
PA
CA
0.1
ZL
R
,O
o)
1
0.
65
0.5
13
Yo)
jB/
E (+
NC
TA
EP
SC
SU
0.3
2.0
0.1
70
1.6
12
ZL
0.15
0.35
40
1.8
0.14
0.36
80
1.4
0.4
110
0.8
.08
0.6 60
1
0.4
7
0.0
3
0.4
90
0.7
0.0
0.37
0.38
0.39
100
0.4
1.2
0.1
0.13
0.12
0.11
ZL
ZL
Pacificon 2001
-4
0.9
1.2
1.0
-5
-4
0
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.39
0.12
0.11
-100
-90
1.4
0.8
-35
0.14
-80
0.15
4
0.3
0.7
1.6
-60
-70
6
0.1
3
0.3
1.8
2.0
0.5
31
0.13
-55
0.6
-65
0.
0.36
44
0.
06
0.
19
0.35
-60
-30
-70
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
R
O
),
Zo
X/
40
-1
)
/Yo
(-jB
CE
AN
PT
CE
S
SU
1.0
105
50
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
IND
UCT
IVE
0.2
20
10
80
0.0
4
1.0
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
4.0
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0.0
-12
8
0
CAP
0.4
AC
I
3
T
IVE
0.0
RE
7
A
C
-1
TA
30
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
0.4
5
0.0
0.8

0.2
0.4
0.6
8
0.
0.2
9
100
0.2
0.
7
0.1
0.6
0.4
6
150
(+
jX
/Z
14
0
0.0
5
0.4
5
20
1.0
5.0
0.28
110
-4
0
1.0
85
0.6
0.22
5
0.4
0.6
0.2
-85
0.
8
4
0.0
0
-15 -80
70
44
0.
2.0
65
0.5
06
0.
25
-20
6
0.4
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
30
0.3
0.2
8
0.1
0
-5
-25
60
0.28
4
0.
0.2
1
-30
120
35
10
20
50
0.1
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
130
0.3
4
0.22
20
0.4
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
D <
0.49
GEN
RD LOA
ERA
TOWA
0.48
S
180
H
TO
170
70
NGT
R
-1
E
L
VE
0.47
>
A
W
1
0
6
<
6
0
-90
90
-1
0.3
9
0.2
30
0.3
70
1
0.2
140
40
0.2
0.2
0.35
0.3
150
3.0
0.
4
0.4
40
0.48
31
160
0.36
0.
0.1
80
19
VG 60
PSA-0052710/21/2001
R
,O
o)
90
-20
3
0.4
0
13
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
T
P
CE
US
ES
IV
IT
C
PA
CA
12
0.8
2
0.4
110
0.37
4.0
7
0.0
1
0.4
0.13
0.38
-15
8
0.0
0.4
0.12
5.0
9
0.0
0.39
100
-10
0.11
50
0.1
0.
0.47
Carons Example 10: VHF Folded Blade Antenna

0.14
0.15
0.1
6
0.3
3
0.1
7
0.3
2
50
0.1
8
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 2001
-5
5
-4
0.15
0.39
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.36
-90
0.11
-100
0.12
0.13
-55
0.9
-60
1.2
0.7
1.4
0.8
1.0
-70
4
0.3
6
0.1
3
0.3
-35
7
0.1
0.14
-80
-4
0
0.35
0.6
-65
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.5
0.
31
-60
-70
-1
E
IV
CT
DU
IN
-75
R
O
),
Zo
X/
40
1.0
o)
jB/Y
E (NC
TA
P
E
SC
SU
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1.0
4.0
50
80
15
RE
AC
TA
75
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
0.8
20
10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.8
IND
UCT
IVE
(+
jX
/Z
14
0.0
5
0.4
5
20
0.3
0.
19
0.2
0.1
0.4
1
-110
0.0
9
0.4
2
0
.
-12
0
8
0
CAP
0.4
AC
I
3
T
IVE
0.0
RE
7
AC
-1
T
A
30
NC
EC
OM
PO
N
EN
T
(-j
06
0.
0.8
44
0.
0.2
-4
0.4
-80
1.0
5
0.0
4
0.0
0
0.6
1.0
5.0
0.1
0.4
120
0.2
140
0.6
0.
8
0.28
-15
70
0.
44
0.5
0.
06
25
0.2
9
5
0.4
65
2.0
1.8
1.6
55
1.2
45
50
1.0
0.9
0.8
1.4
0.7
0.6 60
30
0.22
10
6
0.4
0.
0.2
0.0 > WAVELE

0.49
NGTH
S TOW
ARD
0.0
0.49
GEN
D LOAD <
ERA
OWAR
T
0.48
S
180
TO
TH
G
17
70
N
0
R
-1
ELE
V
0.47
>
WA
0.0
1
60
<
4
-90
90
-160
0.4
85
-85
6
0.3
0.48
0.1
7
-20
0.3
0.2
1
-30
4
0.
0.3
3
10
20
50
0.25
0.2
6
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.27
REES
LE OF
ANG
TRANSM
DEGR
LE OF
EES
ANG
0.2
130
-30
0.2
2
0.3
0.4
60
-25
0.1
35
0.28
150
0.3
4
0.22
20
105
70
1
0.2
9
0.2
30
100
40
0.2
160
0.35
0.3
0.6
0.
4
0.4
40
110
0.36
8
0.1
0
-5
)
/Yo
(+jB
CE
AN
PT
E
SC
SU
-20
3.0
E
IV
IT
AC
P
CA
80
-15
7
0.0
90
4.0
0.37
31
0.
VG 61
PSA-0052710/21/2001
R
,O
o)
12
0.13
0.38
5.0
2
0.4
110
0.12
-10
3
0.4
0
13
1
0.4
20
8
0.0
0.4
0.2
9
0.0
0.39
100
50
0.11
0.6
0.1
19
0.
0.47
Carons Matching Solution

0.14
0.15
0.1
6
0.1
8
Max VSWR=1.67
0.3
2
50
3.0
15
10
Pacificon 2001
WinSmith Display
Max VSWR=1.59
VG 62
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
ARRL Radio Designer
VG 63
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
ARRL Radio Designer
VG 64
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Carons Example 11: Long Wire Receiving Antenna
VG 65
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Carons Solution
Max VSWR=6.2
VG 66
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Carons Solution
Max VSWR=6.2
VG 67
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Eaglewares Solution 1
Max VSWR=5.05
VG 68
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Max VSWR=4.77
VG 69
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Max VSWR=6.59
VG 70
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Eaglewares Solution 4: Fano Limit
Max VSWR=3.42
VG 71
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
GM3HAT 4-Band Dipole of Delight
VG 72
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
GM3HAT Feedpoint Impedance

At Five Harmonic Frequencies
VSWR=11.02
VSWR=1.62
VG 73
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
K6OIK 80m Suboctave Band Matching Network
150
89@ 3.5 MHz
5.9 H
25
91@ 3.5 MHz
VG 74
PSA-0052710/21/2001
18.8 H
Zant
Pacificon 2001
K6OIKs Multiband Match Performance
VSWR=1.46
VG 75
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
Software for Smith Charting and Network Design

Smith Chart Analysis & Display
MicroSmith 2.3, ARRL, 1992, $39
A primitive DOS program.
winSMITH 2.0, Noble Publishing, 1995, $79

Written by Eagleware. Easy to use. Restricted to ladder networks.
Doesnt have series stubs. Lacks an optimizer.
Matching Network Optimization & Synthesis

ARRL Radio Designer 1.5, ARRL, 1995, $150
No longer sold. ARDs optimizer works with Serenade netlists and
handles more variables than Serenade SVs optimizer.
Serenade SV (student version), Ansoft, 2000, $0 (free)

Download (about 20 Mbytes) from:
http://www.ansoft.com/about/academics/sersv/index.cfm
Advanced Automated Smith Chart 3.0, Artech House, 1998, $395

=MATCH=, Eagleware, $699 (requires GENESYS Basic, $1997)
Harmonica Linear Design Suite, Ansoft, 2000, $6900
VG 76
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
References: Articles
Robert L. Thomas, Broadband Impedance Matching in High-Q
Networks, EDN, pp. 6269, December 20, 1973.
Neal C. Silence, The Smith Chart and Its Usage in RF Design,
RF Design, pp. 8588, April 1992.
Thomas R. Cuthbert, Jr., Broadband Impedance Matching Methods,
RF Design, pp. 6491, August 1994.
Thomas R. Cuthbert, Jr., Broadband Impedance Matching - Fast and
Simple, RF Design, pp. 3850, November 1994.
William E. Sabin, Broadband HF Matching with ARRL Radio
Designer, QST, pp. 3336, August 1995.
William E. Sabin, ARRL Radio Designer and the Circles Utility, Part 1:
Smith Chart Basics, QEX, pp. 39, Sept/Oct 1998.
William E. Sabin, ARRL Radio Designer and the Circles Utility, Part 2:
Small-Signal Amplifier Design, QEX, pp. 311, Nov/Dec 1998.
VG 77
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
References: Articles (Contd)

Steve Sparks, A Practical Amateur Application of the Smith Chart,
Communications Quarterly, pp. 102106, Summer 1999.
This article contains serious Smith charting errors. See the comments by Garry
Shapiro, NI6T, Communications Quarterly, p. 3, Fall 1999.
K.C. Chan and A. Harter, Impedance Matching and the Smith Chart
The Fundamentals, RF Design, pp. 5266, July 2000.
VG 78
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
References: Books
Robert A. Chipman, Transmission Lines, Schaum Outline Series,
McGraw-Hill, 1968.
Basic, mathematical. A classic, but out-of-print.
Robert L. Thomas, A Practical Introduction to Impedance Matching,

Artech House, 1976, ISBN 0890060509.
Intermediate, mathematical. A nice treatment of 4-element networks for wideband
matching.
Pieter L. D. Abrie, The Design of Impedance-Matching Networks for

Radio-Frequency and Microwave Amplifiers, Artech House, 1985,
ISBN 0890061726.
Advanced, mathematical.
Wilfred Caron, Antenna Impedance Matching, ARRL, 1989,

ISBN 0872592200.
Intermediate, non-mathematical. Caron illustrates manual Smith chart methods at
their best, but which nonetheless have been completely replaced by computeraided network design.
Brian C. Wadell, Transmission Line Design Handbook, Artech House,

1991, ISBN 0890064369.
Analysis and formulas for many transmission lines. Comparable to M.A.R. Gunston
or K.C. Gupta, et al., below.

VG 79
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
References: Books (Contd)

Phillip H. Smith, Electronic Applications of the Smith Chart in
Waveguide Circuit, and Component Analysis, 2nd edition, Noble
Publishing, 1995, ISBN 1884932398.
Originally published by McGraw-Hill, 1969, and reprinted by Krieger, 1983.
Intermediate, mathematical.
K.C. Gupta, R. Garg, I. Bahl, and P. Bhartia, Microstrip Lines and

Slotlines, 2nd ed., Artech House, 1996, ISBN 089006766X.
Analysis and formulas for many transmission lines.
M.A.R. Gunston, Microwave Transmission-Line Impedance Data,

Noble Publishing, 1997, ISBN 1884932576.
Originally published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1972. Analysis and formulas
for many transmission lines. Comparable to B. Wadell above.
ARRL Antenna Book, 18th edition, chapters 24-28, ARRL, 1997,

ISBN 0872596133.
Elementary, non-mathematical.
M. Walter Maxwell, W2DU, Reflections II: Transmission Lines and

Antennas, 2nd ed., Worldradio Books, 2001, ISBN 0970520603.
A non-mathematical treatment of transmission lines and matching that
examines and corrects common misunderstandings.

VG 80
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001
References: Application Notes, Videos, and Web Sites

Application Notes
Times Microwaves Complete Coaxial Cable Catalog & Handbook
Download from:
http://www.timesmicrowave.com/products/military/TL14/TL14.htm
Videos
Glenn Parker, Introduction to the Smith Chart, Noble Publishing,
1996. 50 minutes, $99.
Useful Web Sites

http://www.timesmicrowave.com/calculators/index.htm
http://www.sss-mag.com/smith.html
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/D.Jefferies/smith.html
http://www.scott-inc.com/html/smith.htm
This Presentation is at
http://www.fars.k6ya.org/docs/smithchart.html
VG 81
PSA-0052710/21/2001
Pacificon 2001

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Mysteries of the Smith Chart

Transmission Lines, Impedance Matching,

Stephen D. Stearns, K6OIK

The Smith Chart

Part 1: Transmission Line Theory

Key Dates in Electrical Transmission

Electromagnetic telegraph - Wheatstone & Cook

Telegraph in America - Morse

1850s Thousands of miles of telegraph line U.S. and Europe

40-mile cable under English Channel

Distributed analysis of transmission line - Lord Kelvin

Transatlantic cable, project delayed by civil war

Theory of electrodynamics - Maxwell

Invention of telephone - Bell

1880s Vectors, vector calculus, reformulation of Maxwells

Experimental confirmation of Maxwells Theory - Hertz

Early Smith Chart, published 1939 and 1944 - Smith

Heavisides Vector Formulation of Maxwells Theory

Frequency Domain or Phasor Form

Heavisides Telegraphers Equations

Uniform transmission line

Transmission Line Solution

Series resistance per unit length (Ohms/meter)

Series inductance per unit length (Henries/meter)

Shunt conductance per unit length (Siemens/meter)

Shunt capacitance per unit length (Farads/meter)

Attenuation constant (nepers/meter)

= Phase constant (radians/meter)

Velocity factor (dimensionless)

Standing wave radio (dimensionless)

Z/Z0 = r + jx = normalized impedance (dimensionless)

+ j = propagation constant (inverse meters)

Transmission Line Parameters

Round Open-Wire Transmission Line Formulas

or large impedances: Z0 > several hundred

Comparison of Impedance Formulas

K6OIK Square Open-Wire Transmission Line Formula

or small impedances: 0 < Z0 < several hundred

Round vs Square Open-Wire Lines

Optimal Characteristic Impedances

For minimum loss

For maximum breakdown voltage

For minimum temperature rise

Zo = 50 has no special significance

Reflection Coefficient and Impedance Relation

Relations Between Two Terminal Planes

Reflection coefficient relation

How To Measure Velocity Factor of a Line

Phase constant and velocity factor vf give equivalent

How to Measure Complex Zo of A Line

Geometric mean of two complex numbers

What Special Lengths of Lossless Line Do

Half wavelength, l = _/2

if Z L and Zo are real (resistive)

Standing Wave Ratio

Easy to remember from

Part 2: The Smith Chart

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

0.0 > WAVELE

Basic types of complex functions

Linear lines map to lines

Mathematical Basis of the Smith Chart

Interior Unit Circle

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)