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Economic rationale for the factory system. All formal organizations are force multipliers.
between decision-making and execution. Administration was a science with discoverable principles.
Planning (outline and methods). Organizing (structure). Staffing (personnel). Directing (decision-making). Coordinating (task management). Reporting (communication and record-keeping). Budgeting (fiscal planning, accounting, and control).
Herbert Simon.
Bounded rationality and satisficing. Programmed and unprogrammed decision-making. Management information systems.
of individuals whose goals and aspirations may not coincide with the organizations.
stable conditions. Organic less rigidity, more participation, and more reliance on workers, best in dynamic conditions.
Systems Theory
Systems theory views an organization as a complex set of dynamically intertwined and interconnected elements, including inputs, processes, outputs, feedback loops, and the environment. Any change in one element causes changes in other elements.
Systems Theory
Cybernetics Norbert Wiener (1948).
Systems Theory
The learning organization.
Built on the doctrines of participation Maslows hierarchy of needs. New component technologies (the five disciplines).
Personal mastery. Mental models. Building shared vision. Team learning. Systems thinking.
These are the theories which are a source to the present day management theories. It concedes two perspectives 1. Classical organizational theory through 2. Humanistic Perspective 3. The management Science approach 4. The contemporary extensions approach 5. Recent or modern trends
Classical organizational theory /thought This emerged because of the management challenges that were faced by various firms in the later part of the 20th c. and they include: i. Scientific management principle by Frederick Taylor, Henri Gantt and Frank and Lilian Gilbreth ii. Administrative principle by Henri Fayol iii. Bureaucratic principle by Max Weber
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT The aim of Scientific Management was to determine scientifically the method of doing work in order to increase productivity. The fore runners of Scientific Management were Robert Owen and Babbage. Robert Owen advocated improvement of working hours and discouraged recruitment of children under the age 10.
Work was organized and workers were paid according to how much they have produced. Babbage advocated for division of labor and he was of the view that each operation during work should be analyzed; work should be divided so that skills could be developed. He also was of the view that more repetitive work is, the more skillful one becomes.
There was a need to improve on management of industries due to their expansion. He carried out another experiment of unloading raw materials from incoming rail cars and loading the products on out going cars. He developed a method of loading and unloading; and workers increased their loading from 12 tons to 47 tons.
Taylor selected the best workers to do the job and he trained them. Taylor also introduced what he referred to as differential rate system. Workers were paid more if they surpassed their previous production. Taylor carried out research at Simonds Rolling Machine Company. The company employed 120 women to inspect bicycle ball bearings. He timed movements of the best workers and later trained them
He introduced rest periods during work and also lay off poor workers. He introduced differential pay rate system. Expenses went down where as productivity went up. Taylor also invented a special shovel and high speed cutting machines. He emphasized that managers prosperity can be through mutual interdependence with laborers / workers. He observed that managers picked their skills through try and error and the thumb rule.
Taylors view came at a point when there was shortage of skilled labor in the US and there was great need to increase productivity. To be able to answer this, he recommended that the following four principles: Develop a science for each element of an individual work which replaces the old rule of thumb
He advocated for scientific selection, training, teaching and developing of workers so that each worker has equal opportunity. Heartily cooperating with others so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with principles of science developed
He advocated for maximum specialization of labor. He believed that the person should become a specialist and a master of specific tasks. And so work was to be divided almost equally between management and the workers
and suggested extra bonus if all workers reached the desired target. Workers productivity went up due to introduction of the bonus system. Supervisors would train their juniors so as to be able to get the best out of them.