Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Burj Khalifa (formally Dubai) is the new tallest tower in the world. Construction began on 21 September 2004 & completed on 1 October 2009. The building was officially opened on 4 January 2010 Height of the Tower is 828m . Its Owner is EMAAR Properties with total investments of US$ 1.5 billion. The tower is designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) Adrian smith was chief architect.
Burj Dubai is the tallest skyscraper to top of spire: 828 m Building with highest occupied floor in the world163rd floor
Architectural Concept
The context of the Burj Dubai being located in the city of Dubai, UAE, drove the inspiration for the building form to incorporate cultural and historical particular to the region. y The influences of the Middle Eastern domes and pointed arches in traditional buildings, spiral imagery in Middle Eastern architecture, resulted in the tri-axial shape of the building
y
Architecture
Burj Dubai includes163 habitable floors plus 46 maintenance levels in the spire and 9 parking levels in the basement. Floor Area 309,473 m2 y The Residences 900 residence from floor y Armani Residences Armani Residences Dubai has been designed personally by Giorgio Armani. 144 suites.
Pinnacle Spire
Hotel (L39)
Architecture
y
Pinnacle Spire
The observatory On level 123, At the Top, Burj Dubai, is a must-see attraction and offers breathtaking views of the city and the surrounding emirate. Connected to the tower are The Offices, a 12-storey annex of prime office space The Corporate Suites: Are located on the highest levels of the tower. They occupy 37 floors, with the top three floors merged into a single office. Express lifts take office visitors directly to a lounge lobby at Level 123
Hotel (L39)
Architecture
Mechanical Floors Seven double-storey mechanical floors house the equipment that bring Burj Dubai to life. Located every 30 storeys, the mechanical floors house the electrical sub-stations, water tanks and pumps, air-handling units etc, that are essential for the operation of the tower and the comfort of its occupants. y Broadcast and Communications Floors The top four floors have been reserved for communications and broadcasting. These floors occupy the levels just below the spire.
y
The top section of the Tower consists of a structural steel spire utilizing a diagonally braced lateral system. The structural steel spire was designed for gravity, wind, seismic and fatigue in accordance with the requirements of AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (1999).The exterior exposed steel is protected with a flame applied aluminum finish
Main Structure
The center hexagonal walls are buttressed by the wing walls and hammer head walls which behave as the webs and flanges of a beam to resist the wind shears and moments.
Outriggers at the mechanical floors allow the columns to participate in the lateral load resistance of the structure; hence, all of the vertical concrete is utilized to support both gravity and lateral loads.
The core walls vary in thickness from 1300mm to 500mm.The core walls are typically linked through a series of 800mm to 1100mm deep reinforced concrete or composite link beams at every level. The residential and hotel floor framing system of the Tower consists of 200mm to 300mm two-way reinforced concrete flat plate slabs spanning approximately 9 meters between the exterior columns and the interior core wall.
The demands on the link beams vary greatly. The typical link beams used in the Burj Dubai are quite stocky with a shear-span ratio (l/2h) of 0.85, a width of 650 mm and a height of 825 mm.
The geometry, factored loads, and design methods of four Burj Dubai link beams, LB1 to LB4, are shown in Table 1.
The tower is being constructed utilizing a horizontal compensation program. Each story is being constructed incorporating a modest increase in the typical floor-to-floor height. This vertical compensation was selected to ensure the actual height of the structure, after the time-dependant shortening effects of creep and shrinkage, will be greater than the asdesigned final height.
The structure was analyzed for gravity (including P-Delta analysis), wind, and seismic loadings by ETABS version 8.4 . The three-dimensional analysis model consisted of the reinforced concrete walls, link beams, slabs, raft, piles, and the spire structural steel system. The full 3D analysis model consisted of over73,500 shells and 75,000 nodes
Types of wind
y
Winds that are of interest in the design of buildings can be classified into three major types
Prevailing Winds (Trade winds) seasonal winds local winds
Types of wind
The characteristics of the prevailing and seasonal winds are analytically studied together, whereas those of local winds are studied separately. y The variations in the speed of prevailing and seasonal winds are referred to as fluctuations in mean velocity. The variations in the local winds are referred to as gusts.
y
CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND
Variation of wind velocity with height. Wind turbulence. Statistical probability. Vortex shedding phenomenon. Dynamic nature of windstructure interaction.
The viscosity of air reduces its velocity adjacent to the earths surface to almost zero.
Wind Turbulence
y
For structural engineering purposes, velocity of wind can be considered as having two components:
Mean velocity component that increases with height, Turbulent velocity that remains the same over height.
Probabilistic Approach
In wind engineering the speed of wind is considered to vary with return periods. y For example, the fastest-mile wind 33 ft (10 m) above ground in Dallas, TX, corresponding to a 50-year return period,(30 m/s), compared to the value of (31.7 m/s) for a 100-year recurrence interval.
y
Vortex Shedding
y
Vortex Shedding
At low wind speeds, shedding occurs at the same instant on either side of the building, It is therefore subject to along-wind oscillations parallel to the wind direction y At higher speeds, the vortices are shed alternately, first from one and then from the other side. there is an impulse in the along-wind direction as before, but in addition, there is an impulse in the transverse direction.
y
Wind behavior
In the course of the Burj Dubai studies local ground based data from several weather stations in the region were used, including most importantly the data from Dubai International Airport. Gust data from all stations were merged into the equivalent a super-station to obtain an enlarged database The 50 year 3 second gust from this analysis was estimated to be 37.7 m/s in standard open terrain at the 10 m level.
In addition the mean hourly data from Dubai were used to obtain a model of the parent distribution of hourly winds This yielded a 50 year mean hourly speed of 23.5 m/s, again in standard open terrain conditions at 10 m. Depending on exactly which method one used to estimate the relationship between mean and gust speeds the corresponding gust was estimated to be in the range 35.7 m/s to 37.6 m/s.
An important question when designing a tower of over 600 m height is the nature of the wind velocity profile and wind turbulence in the upper levels. It is a large extrapolation to go from ground-based data at the 10 m height to heights of over 600 m using standard assumptions Therefore for Burj Dubai more direct measurements of upper level winds were sought. The closest station with balloon records was Abu Dhabi, where about 16 years of data were available taken on average about twice per day.
WIND-TUNNEL ENGINEERING
y
Therefore, an extensive program of wind tunnel tests and other studies were undertaken
Rigid pressure model High-frequency force-balance technique Full multi-degree of freedom aeroelastic model study Measurements of local pressures Pedestrian wind environment studies
These studies used models mostly at 1:500 scale but for the pedestrian wind studies a larger scale of 1:250 was utilized
The effect of wind load on a flexible building can be considered as an integrated action resulting from three distinct sources
The mean wind load, that bends and twists a building, The fluctuating load from the unsteady nature of the wind that results in oscillation of the building Inertia forces similar to the lateral forces induced in a building during earthquakes
These values have been sufficient for the design of buildings bracing system. HFBFB ignore the influence of gust factor. It is necessary to assume a conservative gust factor to increase the mean values.
The results of the force balance tests were used as early input for the structural design and allowed parametric studies to be undertaken on the effects of varying the towers stiffness and mass distribution. The wind tunnel data were then combined with the dynamic properties of the tower in order to compute the towers dynamic response and the overall effective wind force distributions at full scale using aeroelastic model analysis
Several rounds of force balance tests were undertaken as the geometry of the tower evolved and was refined architecturally After each round of wind tunnel testing, the data was analyzed and the building was reshaped to minimize wind effects and accommodate unrelated changes in the Clients program.
Original Configuration
Aeroelastic study basically examines the windinduced sway response, in addition to providing information on the overall wind-induced mean and dynamic loads. Factors may be used as a guide in making a decision aeroelastic model study
The building height-to-width ratio is greater than about 5; i.e., the building is slender. Approximate calculations show that there is a likelihood of vortex shedding phenomenon.
The aeroelastic model was able to model the first six sway modes. Bending moments were measured at the base as well as at several higher levels. Accelerations were also measured in the upper levels.
Differences between the force balance method and the aeroelastic method on Burj Dubai
Due to approximations in the force balance procedure as applied to a highly tapered towered. Force balance method keep model resonance frequencies high enough to avoid them interfering with the frequency range of interest and one solution is to run at lower tunnel wind speeds, which entails reducing the Reynolds number.
BUILDING MOTIONS
y
Based on the High-Frequency-Force-Balance test results combined with local wind statistics the building motions in terms of peak accelerations were predicted for various return periods in the 1 to 10 year range. Initial predictions obtained in May 2003, at over 37 milli-g for the 5 year return period By the end of 2004 November 2003 they had come down to about 19 milli-g for the same return period
BUILDING MOTIONS
y
Half of this improvement came about as a result of improved knowledge of the wind statistics and the rest through re-orientation, structural improvements and shape adjustments. Several variations of tower height were tested using aeroelastic models. The accelerations were reduced to the range of 12 milli-g.
Building motion under the action of wind is a serviceability issue. A commonly used criterion is to limit the acceleration of a buildings upper floors to no more than 2.0% of gravity (20 mg) for a 10-year return period.
A sheet of air moving over the earths surface is reluctant to rise when it meets an obstacle such as a tall building. it prefers to flow around the building rather than over it Wind is driven in two directions. Some of it will be deflected upward, but most of it will spiral to the ground, creating a so-called standing vortex or mini tornado at sidewalk level.
The comfort of pedestrians at ground level and on the numerous terrace levels was evaluated by combining wind speed measurements on wind tunnel models with the local wind statistics and other climatic information. Two aspects of pedestrian comfort were considered:
the effect of the mechanical force of the wind thermal comfort
Foundations
Soil Investigation
Hyder Consulting (UK) Ltd (HCL) were appointed geotechnical consultant for the works by Emaar and carried out the design of the foundation system Soil Investigation in 4 stages included: 23 boreholes in situ SPTs 40 pressuremeter tests in 3 boreholes, installation of 4 standpipe piezometers, laboratory testing, specialist laboratory testing and contamination testing 3 geophysical boreholes with cross-hole tomography geophysical surveys
Soil Investigation
The quality of core recovered in some of the earlier boreholes was somewhat poorer than that recovered in later boreholes. therefore the defects noted in the earlier rock cores may not have been representative of the actual defects present in the rock mass.
Phase 4 of the investigation was targeted to assess the difference in core quality and this indicated that the differences were probably related to the drilling fluid used and the overall quality of drilling
Piles
y y y
The Tower raft is supported by 194 boredcast-inplace piles 1.5m diameter and 47.45m long with the tower raft founded at -7.55m The C60 (cube strength) SCC concrete was placed by the tremie method utilizing polymer slurry. When the rebar cage was placed in the piles, special attention was paid to orient the rebar cage such that the raft bottom rebar could be threaded through the numerous pile rebar cages without interruption, which greatly simplified the raft construction.
Pile Testing
1. 2.
3.
4.
Static load tests on seven trial piles prior to foundation construction. Static load tests on eight works piles, carried out during the foundation construction phase (i.e. on about 1% of the total number of piles constructed). In addition, dynamic pile testing was carried out on 10 of the works piles for the tower and 31 piles for the podium, i.e. on about 5% of the total works piles. Sonic integrity testing was also carried out on a number of the works piles.
The Tower raft is supported by 194 bored cast-in-place piles. The piles are 1.5 meter in diameter and approximately 43 meters long with a design capacity of 3,000 ton each. The Tower pile load test supported over 6,000 ton.
Settlement
y
It was determined the maximum long-term settlement over time would be about a maximum of 80mm . This settlement would be a gradual curvature of the top of grade over the entire large site. When the construction was at Level 135, the average foundation settlement was 30mm
Construction
Achieve a three (3) day-cycle for structural works. y Develop optimum transportation systems with large capacity high speed equipment. y Utilize optimum formwork system to accommodate various building shapes along the building height. y Develop organized logistic plans throughout the construction period. y Apply all high-rise construction technologies available at the time of construction.
y
Prior to the construction of the tower, extensive concrete testing and quality control programs were put in place to ensure that all concrete works are done in agreement with all parties involved. Tests are needed to confirm the construction sequence of these large elements and to develop curing plans that are appropriate for the project, considering major daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations
Pump Simulation
Technologies used to achieve 3-day cycles 3 Auto Climbing formwork system (ACS) Rebar pre-fabrication High performance concrete suitable for
providing high strength, high durability requirement, high modulus, and pumping Advanced concrete pumping technology Simple drop head formwork system that can be dismantled and assembled quickly with minimum labor requirements Column/Wall proceeding method, part of ACS formwork system
Day 3
: Conc Pouring
N+0 Form N-1 Additional Raking Shore Form N-2 1/2 of Raking Shore 1/2 of Raking Shore 2/3 of Prop 2/3 of Prop N-5 1/3 of Prop 1/2 of Raking Shore 2/3 of Prop Form Form
N-3
N-4
Concrete Pumping
Level Ground ~ L145 L146 ~ L160M L160M ~ Spire1 Height 531 m 624 m 681.7 m Pouring Method Direct Pumping Re-pumping Hopper by T/C Remarks Target Height (RC Structure) Secondary Pump on L124 (East wing 442m) From Ground Level
Concrete Pump
Level Pressure Output Engin e 470 kw 200 kw Remarks 2 nos. of Main 1 no. of Stand by Secondary Pumping
CPB#4 CPB#1
Pump#1~ #3
71 / 36 m3/hr
Pump#4
110 m3/hr
CPB#3
CPB#2
Concrete Pumping
Pinnacle Line#1. (L160) for Center Core Top of Finial : Spire
Line#3. (L124) for East Wing Line#4. (L112) for West Wing
Concrete Pumping
XYZ XYZ
XYZ
Evacuation
Burj Dubai has built in fire protection as its concrete back bone is naturally fire resistant But how will people go out in an emergency? The answer they dont The burj dubai contains 9 special rooms build throw layers of reinforced concrete and fire proof sheeting The walls of these rooms will stand the heat of a fire for 2 hours Each room has special supply of air pumped throw fire resistant pipes, sealed fire proofed doors stop smoke from leaking in
Evacuation
There is 1 of these rooms in about every 30 floors
How they prevent the smoke from blocking the access route to the rooms? Early warning system:
Fire activate a smoke detector Heat sensor Water sprinklers Net work of high power fans kick in Fans force new clean cool air throw fire resistant ducts into the building The fresh air pushes the smoke out of the stair way keeping the evacuation route clear.
Cladding
30000 glass panels of high quality European glass
enough to cover 17 football fields The glass is thicker at the top to resist the high wind Its designed to let the maximum light in and to keep heat out
Sun screen (inside face) is useless against infrared from the hot desert sun so the inner plan is coated with a thin layer of silver that keeps the heat rays out.
Outside coat reflects the daily solar heat comes direct from the sun. The metal coating deflects U.V. Radiation that will otherwise heat up the building
Elevators
With an intelligent elevator installation mechanism, builders of Burj Dubai ensure a speedy journey from the ground to the 160th floor. 57 elevators and eight escalators to streamline the needs of the residents and visitors to commute within the tower. These elevators mark the highest installation in any building and have been developed by Otis.
Thank You
Mosatafa atteya Ahmed Essam Ramez Nazir Mohamed Salah