Introduction

a coUedioo tOf dab. It OOJ1!~1riLS. fnful'lh:ittOfl aoout ooe particular' '~. A ~t{;i~ w~mtg:~.f .~t.gm (l).BM."i) ;;_'J!!l:m.ts ii)f.ill rollection of in~e.r:relO'l,~.Q ~ set of pmgra1'f1!$ ibo access that da:ta, t)~1S is a set; ,of.!pn=riL'ritt'en prof.,"Ts:t)1.E <Ire iilsed to S~:r iUpda:tI'!' Md t'rtI;i~\'C ~ d,I!IWibase. A DH1'\tS' (':(IntJ'Qh; the ~.niT.oltion~ sfttllr<lh~•. maMb~nr.:.'[lt and .rt"l:rier.'<fl ,o.f' dR.sbili~, The pri.rlfimry ,goal of a. .:. ~ .iR to 'pro'ride .i!I..{l ;;mv~m th~t is both. ('Ull'v.e:ru€Fi! .:md dii('it!iilt to '[j]~e' i:mt. ,i!VU-.g anJ .. taring' ·cletdlra,t:e. infar.EnaJion.
~ j's,

Oa tah~ systerr"s~rc a,(?;i_g!'!A.-d 10' '!TI;att<J!g;e' Iaogr:. boilies o·f :i1'!Ifu:I:-m.<J.rtiQ:n:, The !llba:se system. m.ust p,r.o v ide· the s;r(ety of ·the· .tri::funna600. sro«·d,. ,.j":'''Sfitc sysitcm ~5hr..":'i·OE .;:lU:c.mplS'::,Hi1matJ.tD.;'lrized
;.erg, ithe ~5[("m ..:..~ i:'lpi£::ri3'ling ~ (frmsn.an
~EI1altiun
[["til:'it

;;,Jla~.

If the data is to '00

5J:I!itr~d <1Intmg'seveutJ

maintain
~:Qi '~I!'S~

et!lI1i~i:.stgi!10'.

l·hrt DB..i\,.t.5 a(lc<:pts r>t':qiLf~ fOil" ..;jIa;[:a

rrom ~FU!"a.rp~~unlll

pn~pa.m IiiItd.

~mttiJ('m-

syal:erfl

.tsyStL:.-ms~atl.:be
roqul.t:ET.!:1't!nts

the· a.ppr.op;ri';;l!te d.<Jta_ ''Wben <I D~MS i..<; tlliOOr C"hano&ed '~iiTIJdii [lrtorE'! CilI$Fly ,a~ .f:h..e OIg-.::intta.nonr-g
.ot'

oiaiaO:o"L51? wi thout

r.lri~n.ge_ .N(~ C3J~,es d:lli.rupoml '!'in tM ;p'"A'IsitID_g' sY5ihe.in.

deta

can

bt~ OOiAcled

WI

U'LC

_m1.2 A.p,p.licartiQ\1Il Ali"eas.. of IDB,M,s

T~i!1 <lPP.!ica~on. ~~ilS·

oflJ5M9 are
sCIVi("CS

!.

•. Ban!ci.n;p• .:rod ~I'I.{-iai

.•. Culture m"td sci.tmtlfic

it'lfmDl~~D:O:l:"l

'1-2
'iii'

TclC[1ilClrucine N~mroi
rc.'Yi)~

41,

ffii'J.I't:l)gc:tfl:Fnt

.• Ptodtlcti.on c£~ineerlng ,
'Ii

Computerrbed.

lihr.uy sy~tems
'Ii4-W~~'i'iS

." ...

Al.1i~am(!ted ~1l0"

COl't!PUibcti;;o:c;Jc parlJ~ u,vmllQJ)" s,j'sle'I:'fcS

1~ 1.,3 'lnportanoe. of' 'DBMS

Dlii!sRrl.e;SS iITl muoh of world depettds,
!IS g:h,'eII

on. &tOlOase

1!.echuology.. l'.r.e

j tlTIp-O'f'bti.ce·

{vI

D571.5 in dif£€rent

~1Jrs.

beJow :

... Finaru::e ~ ]if tl.ateihase sysk:wJs ·,lre lemDl,('l1!d It wotdot~take tU['Ig U1TI'¥t '£'0process a;n Ute ·fi:l:iJanc~<tl \If''.:1!'IS2I.c:tionsm®uoilly .. Th.r.~ sb;J;;:;~ 'l::'.:«:h<il;lIg_c ;;11..:;0' Tt!.':lieF.:on r::;mfl.pUM sys't:eInS. [QI.' lX.Wr.diUtg lW'lIDg and :selli.rt.;g of '!>otock 'which ·bapp{"fL<;. "I,r,try ql1:Li;:k.Jiy- arftd in ,Ial!ge- q.,..anntie:s. The Oltt!,oun'l:' (if ~·lQm.ey .irJi',ri[~lVed in frtesc
tranEactimlS •' J"raJTilspDrt: 'ilS -ertOtD'iOus .. The ailifu)('_'ii @U u~o;,e Onfu~l~ Scat x(..""i.!!r-.r."ti:® !"ys.:t,['!tlls· aitW .hav·c; s~r.s'I;t:'.msrut scllC'dlaoog alirCI""ftt- iw btl.ildJ Ilg and malll.taitrlng {imll~M~r :f.o fundlring fn~:t1ight (:aJiClLi!J1g nJ ~ meclirranii.cal '~long of the planea, SlT~oili5~ sysrems. OO$t :roT :rtai.l, sea, ~:nd I)L)a:u trailSJl'Ol't They ;.aJl 'Use d~ltabill~ lechi;tnlog)" ~teE'"lsi\?~,!!..

t.oo

fm

,.

Utii~.iti_,!ZS = ThE

cH!'llritmtitOJ1 • :RIZSO,un:~
¥t),'i,r,~12.tJdS

s_YSb!!:n'l..O:;:

ml'Jjo.f utilities (water.. iiioctrid'ty... ~::;} ~'I'!I. ha ... gc.."let',iilliotil ! -e lb~!.Sed on da.hib3..-<ie te.r:nn1]!oI51'InWTO!i! ~1rn:i.u:ton.
]jC~:U]_'ltP.l.J:Jet§l

:;: TI1e

vllo

e:lrlt.~d:fCln rorr~nies.. ru-..d {E!!:i.pecialy· fur expkJtatiml I or!;Ti:J:c:tkm.}

on

'hllVC ex;tlf!fl.-:;,i ,~

datiabases which niL'VIl.! .am1ip1~X df1lJtaJStru'LID'i~'S (uS'uaUy ~h.1djng- G!5 (~"O;Waphk-a] ·jruom'llaiJ;i.mif. ·~y.st>em).~~nts_

,.

Production 'enghteexJtll!; ; F['0il!1 .::-t':;iedu.Ungwm:ktl.€Iw ~O'l.lgh tbf: "PTI'd'IJI.u.":i<m. 1irLes JDf ·!II"~a~. to !':.-tock t;OIlIf:t;ol and order .pn:rc·essittg. wttabase ·k'"('hnr.:z;rog~r 'I..1Tlcl.·c-rpn"LS <JJ!I. acti 'li'fiy i]'~tl'iio:; area, the en'V~e.rrt by gpY~".fl'1lme:n~ a~p.t'iS de~$ ~ily o.t\ dat"sbi:r.S€.sys.W:rrtIS, with G'S f(.l.fi.j1iti""$~ l'ogether Vi.~. oot;ahi?~ of 'fmii!i:: s·u.bt.;,tanc.cs arid clro:rJ-ill? T.iL~mttt!md.@,ti.:)fif..
£1lI.v.il'o:nm~ ~ ·PfCireC8.0t~
O[

ruJlim eontro!

... TilJuiism bookiri~

51sU-!ms M'lO ~ tow:i'st ~J:Er<i.di.ml$ iruon:rt!atim .cm.d fii@liti~-s tel,}' en dl.3tab~"iJl! Syshlmsj ~nd thl!' m~or pLtckillg_e 'toun~'Ltmi have ~E!nslVil! da.j:aba~", f·i;)r ,h.;)li.dny p.la_Tlt!li[~g .ilDd ,?oo·kjng., l'ob'l.1ha.' wifh. f'ma\"LciaJ 'iyiSte~ fo[" r.a:yn't-e:nt and ilwoking_ !
=

i:I~J

~ .. ",,-,,", = llie wte:rta11''ir.L101Z_nr indU':slJ)' ilSe:s database

__•. ,.~ _ mn~

.....:,_~=:=L;~~

and rm~

ticlret

systcau>.·

ex'tE:t"..sively

Ior

b.[;IIJ~kirr.gs-

: 1-.'1vs€ums, f.i.d: ga llertes, hlstoty e:dtibifi'Ol"'l$ - all u'Ijli7;e dambase •. (a.nd ~any nlulumedi;:i, dal1iwse teclinology) 'fflr ,ea,p.uog,u.il'Ng. ~'ft1octi·1 OIlS and ~Q~ access to 'them..
-=

;';::;;::!:;I!i:"0i!i,

Courses, ti'i.ateri<!,'Is.. and assessment ilfI t'cly h~'Vily on databa.<;.t' , , im all ~ctor.::. sf ".. ducati_Qfi. hr.~'ingiy the lil"LJ.::.iog d<;.,taba<Se ~-.-.v..:,_:.: with hyper-medi.."l, deU"'(_L1}' '~ms, ~nows t""OI.U'SeWilIr.ero be :=';'~:::;ilUl-~, up-'tJ;.rda:t:c and delive:n'!d Ito tbe w...'ISlh.:-ner;.

or

_____"__'ld;-"IJT.e

::

1?drnary ~tthcaTe

~.

long relied. O'l'l d.a'la~.!lif!te~"hI.1''Olog.y tQ

The patia1't health recotd r..e 'li't,~bjed:,of ,itm:nsi~ sh..d)1 (~n-d R & .D ..r~QurG."'S) 011& IDoID}' ' t - because .()'~ 'its e,OUlJpl.erity of s.:l:!ru:e.~t\ content <ltld. media .and aNsu ~~i!!!'" of fue Si2:t,~.U:)Y,and privacy iStiues. Epidc.miolog}' utilizoes datab.ase fOgy to 'hold ':.7lPlq. mgttrr.tze k..ey infor.nation 'fror.rt ~y pa.tient.'!; in 'fu allQw S'l;atistical proCeh"'S:lng 10 detect trends atld ro aI,ert. m-ediC<:lol -'aDl:1Ct5 'W '~T¢ .epidemics. More: l"€.ce't'8.y.. oJli3rni."ting t.ecb_ni-qne5 _ been ;;l'pplled., to this <lFi:._'Q ~ :tclyU.~g;lgcili. on d3ttiba~ tedJnoJugy. clleo ho!$@Hal

oe& or aFpoIDtlJU::l'.!s ;at clinks.

_ -Il'lent

,ad.:minis:t'1:atiotl,

'wouId

he

pa~fyzoi:';!d
O[

without

dai;1,oo-sc

87; flw 'coJlection, of (;axes and tihe peyroc:n,t --."""""~.:. rotaily 'on da:~ ted\n1)logy.,

social :;,;;:_~"U:li,ty Dcn-ents

~ L.~e majru retail stoJ:~ ~ .. ;b.takrse f.e!r1.hIr.o1lil:GY s.tock rontl"Q! in, , .(Point of S;M£) s)"st:e'ms. Mu~ ~'eh!ilers use :aJlo;;at!iQ£'d, ·nuning data ::U'qlilC'S' to dete~ trei1'ds" in sales.afldi. ot:\nsu'i1'le-rr prefCren'Oe 00 (Jp'runirze oon'I:rGl t'CU!.'iJ. perl6f"l"t\a:~ ou.s.tumer ctt,l"lVrCnience~d pront.
~.S

tccrumlo.gy is a COR£ TP..cUNOlJ.JGY

j

Witil .fulks; to:

'::::::J:rol!a-tion ~ge:rn®t ~ ~ iil:'ial.'Y~ I sh!tfisti:.es.

vjs~za:ijttr'i

Pl'&::e:>siIlg:

; pr:esentatiQIl

::d1itn('di~ Md. hJPt."TJiRetUa

- ~~ and documen:~ sJS~

~ proa:'SSeS: liB,
loW},.'!; both
v

w.orkflov.'~CSL.--rN (OJIDptnel·.s,u'Pf'IZi~d ,eooptlEithre

00

'w(T["k)

sy~-xns depen-d

an infr,Ers'l'mau'!iZ: of:
nt'bvOT!k)

~_AN(lccal area n.c~..~rk} rind WAN (~ri.de area

it-st.r.,c-r rf_"'QIDp~H;U'tg ~TChirectt.;.Ti"

1-·4 • Sk:i.lli.-dl data ;;J!nruyd." and

.1)(3..

d~.

"" Skiiled

::;Y6t:eu::~ d"e'l;id~'iIlJlml m.e~.od{;!j.)

1.. ,Pur:pcse aft :Database S,ystem 2

A

DBMS prevides

a.

se:crllru and Sl!lr'Jjvaht~

J".rI.('!dhlm

foOt'

frj~ s..tnm-;:J:ge3fllild .['elTi'('"\f.al f.1f ; A~s-o

.1

data, in the rea] wod.d, 11]£data 'is sEi3l'ied amQ.1~

5oe¥('T.ai

users-and is .p~l.

me reaJ '!l,,.·orid d!;;Jta h::w~e'

The:.o:e '~k
£B'attiI'[h<;; ~

<II

sti;!!lm~ru..

JlI;!-i;Jttt.il! ie one .jJJn'fllauz.£ and

('0'!!I1I.

h<l'Ve. f'.o:nstr~lnts..
Dl~MS.

well r-ep'r)!;!S>ef.Litcd. ~.mf

'U51?;J:Sot
:rn,(~"'l:Q

be rf..ffi'oef1.tty Rl:2!T1f:lg.(·.dusing

Also. rite d~nt

tbte d~~tIneed to create, a~';

~.

mruUpWafe ~h>l7 at:2. d

OOIDpro.mnjzJng

fJSM'S prtwid>C;::i

'~n f:lclti.eve fhe!;.e ob,i'ecti'ores ""itbou.t

seal.L.rlit}1' and il'1ltcg!i I)' of.

~itZL

'rhc,t!'tore, if ffie data sh!.~l'Cd.; If.it 'j;;s: 'peF~F:lt, 'if the U::>El:rs it ~.;) e· $.(.~ D ..Iruf easy ro <l!coess ilnd mB:ilpu~a1.e, fhCl'il. use of ,;1 dataf);;Jse m;;:Jnf.lg~'l1e:tlili: system is· fihe l best a"i!,aili:I!Me .12lte.rrt!dn'!J~.

·;s

,,,.n'\l

da.taOOsR '.f'yste.m.. "In thE: (:o'!',·..entlonal f.il,e p.['Il",IccaJi:i.ng· .sJ,rSh~m'F '%i.Ch ~d. e\'Ery" .:rullSJl.::.i'er.rtl of Il'te . inf(l>t.:rna~ '~"'teIrE 'l.'Till .hf\vc. 'its; O!ill.'ll SE!~'Qi fil\es. As a ][esllit;. t1ie~ wlll be dnrpJirnPOIll. -of MEa! beb;ol~ "'rulaliJl~ :3u_~pl:emB· of Itn,C' IT!l~tii:m. :s~~m. l)Jf/ iIt ·dat<l!b.ase sy~.rb:tte ts :al. sing,l.e c~tt~zed daf:<:lhas,e.-'1.vhidtn-mumws' ~!'! :r;ednmdancy of cila~tl!to a. gnmb:!r ·~ibm t,
f/I'(lCL'".5sil'\g
Systk:':lll. 0.[' 3:

1.3.:'. ICof;!l'Venti"Onal FUe Proces.'Si 09 .System '1 Tne ][1 f:birma tmon ~ be 0J!:hcr Et o:)nvel'~ti'rnw fiJe

Or'
l} Ad{ the data procE.'R.Jng departrn,eN m::;oeSs..'U'f ap pB.caitio;n .progr;aTll_ EcH:J:iI.
a:t>fiem

b). have

'<II.

s~tem

·p1fo.gl"JlIII:'W11.('t

wrib!!! tlt~

a fi:i ves are 1!;m.~.ILI:L:L;.;fud,o:ry_

iiU) Darn I lafi CliIi1I se Sirtu.-., data dlUr,rlIdt LQ

~:tt:Qired :in. v.at:i.m!.s:fil~, o!'iJld. files· rutty 'b~ m. dlf,f~fH wm~'.ne"w aprlic.ati.Oi.L pruW.!ll:n!i· to 'fe,tri~ .appropr.i!am da·k.
~!';

rofin.:i.~

it i,

il:l,ji) ~Cb·I'iIii;urrClilt. a~5

:anmIUI_:i~;

In oroer !,O, ill:1P~ the ov.e~.all 'p~.ro['mtLl!ltCe: of lllle' systc:m a:~ otfl.8i'FII a laster tes::pm:ls,s' tirn,e many sy::;~s allow DllUiliFic .~€C5 Eo update tl're I;lata :slmul1'aJ,}eo!Jsly. In .such -cn.vimnmm', -.m!:lli;tll..i'kih o·f coi1~:t:r'refi~ 'l]~;;IfE:S 'mgy re::rut~ In m,coo!iEsteht d"~i : Consider bank .a~f.ijX.n~ .A; wit-iii $ .'100 'oa]sne'e- U frO'Q\O rnsOOrn'ers w~th.ru:i:lw fu:nds (say :$. 5t) a-rocll S 100 .re!>-p) .liJ-orn_ ao:o:urat A. ari: tbe :J;eIme· 'l:'iint"t thiEl' l"eS'IJ;!t (If ili'C ~t cxtltl!iti:o:n:=.; 1'1!.l:;l~y leave: tl:ie .i!lL'lClO'lJ,nt in .'If~. -t<;:tt'!'Fl;t ~ >SllJaj~. T'h:E' ,i:]'CCOU'U!lt 'I'nay. I;](l'flt.am - eil'her $ ;.50 or;$ 4!OO., .ra:th£r thalfil $ 3ff(1~In ,orocr to .gum:;rd] ,a,t:l~tnst tfu.i!i ,pD-'>Slbility, some fnrrn 01' s-upe.rlli!:ilml .n;n.;IISt' .J:ffiliintained ';Ti the Sj1iS~~.,

be

ll'~

Se<c...uJl'T~ptob~eo!6,!j

,d,~tiba5€ iY5teY.!.1. slww.a. be: ,able, ~0 access <ill t!l.e da!.o:!r_ ,fot.. :WrLki..ng :sy:4cm, ray .roll- pt.:!r.sonne~ need] only S!ll~ 'lJ'l:tBi ~iI"t Q£ w d::a:taoose ll'4at .htl!; ±mDmI>fJt~Of,L abo~t thJL:! various ib:arllk,e:mplGyee .. Il\;ry de nm Ti~ a~s m :mf,t:nTn..~tion aiJoutt Cf.]stQme.r. iCtCUOI!IDt5.Since applktr:tiotl:' pmW.\iIms: addt.':d! tq· 'J!!,e sy~tem in ilfl. ad-boC' ,lfI:<1IiJlCr" it ts di.dI:k:l..dt '0;) !l!r:dm.;;:e such oocW',~r COJt5'~t~,

'Nci~ ev'-tI')' user

,8

oi the

t;"'g. [r,

ViI} h~tegr:~ty ,prob~r£lms. :;tored. 'in the d.:"1mha~ _ml;L."IiL ~fu;fy certain types Q:f. ~~~q O;)mltl'ainr!.S .. e.g" the balanee of 2J 'harLk a~t m~y !f!.'e.ver hill below :ill' p~t,-d, trn'I,(],l..l!r'lt; (say S 109)_ Tbese ~'l:Ea:inills a;lre tenf.o.L~d in !he ~Shmi by <u::l!cling apf)i!1opdcate code in, itfle ':v arious arJlP.lkiltiUIt progr.3!!I1S. H~f€"V'!H, w'f,ren 1fi1e'W otoruih'amEs are <M1.lii2d,. it: ,is' dilfi~lJlf. hi rn.1il1g:e {h't! p:t:U,gr.;ll:~'!i!;:. ~o el'lj!l)f{)e t:..~ 'f:tl-e r1i:~blt'm, is ~urtd~ wh-e;o: oomttamt<;; m.v(l~T,;~ tfut3: ifumB·frcID~i:!nt fiies~ The data vaJ:tK"i>

For:

~ew'

1>'

~.3
,.

_anlages

of

Database (D.C;-!ilI:2I, 04, May'·OiI-:. I Me.rb:...MD)'-'Q~ •. 4, l!ttillrka" . ~.G7'.

1

;z MmrnJ 'Dat:i'h.a!8E! t.."1 a w~,y to '8Dl!i1!;lL':!lid~~>e'and. rontooI ~e o~;,\titm:od dsta. CefL1f:rnlly. ft:'4;: .j!j b~t~ way to amh'om ~ operational tit1<il.. The ,ad,,~a.'U!lmg;es. o.f hoJv:in~ a CIID!lt'~
C:DY!Iho!

of' ~

are: ~

1-1
~::a.hmdkmcy' can ~
!ire trE!d!~.med
,L')i~;.deparltFrl.enll:

ng m.

noTh-1;l2lb:ib~
B(Y

~r:-t"f!1')1$.. e.;I;cn appltL';atim'l aJ!EI.::dd!o2r.i!lb~ .amoillI:lili n( ;r'Edmtdancy

~~~

fti;avrn:r,'1it ,ooFtt:rn1~1 &a.~ .mos~of this can 'be avoided,

81' 'rnE ::;EmJEd data... Thu..s

h:;ls ils '0'iiIR'I prliv,.'IJI;e s~ag!2:

I;in~
spaoe

--nsisteiltCy' ;e:alll, 1:)0 a\\''S~~tt clol:ta is dupJicatt-cl <U'!iiI. dil~~S. iitL'f! .m2l.dc at .;_m.E. :!:iid!fl' .. whkh is not ted j_:o i''i,1;e' otl'i.er· sil-;e" ]i giv-es 'rise -lcQ i~eo~.sistel:lcy- l'fwn lfiC" two ·i2'f);~rJ.cs;, "rWoig- ·fhe ;!ji3in-l.IP. l:I'<li~ wili nm .a~i:'!'_ SO;' 'ut the mdurt.d!;:{ngr 15 r.:emrr:-..re.di, ~hsn('e5. ,of ~ ~ irt.rofill1.s00ftt ·fiattl is. also l'i~.i1l'OV{!a:,
~'rr

~n mes~

-~

..data ea~ ib9 shared

~:5!

l"ilii central ,~o.rID.o.! Qi 11\€ database-,. a~e ebserved L"l tt.~ ~~~M.tibn
iIif'illJl!

:tll~ DBA

Qr 111e d~JF,i..

caJn

ensure

ti't!a[

an

O1!Wl!.£c1llJ1!

Security·
&.I

itt£! enf~TCei!!!·

~ne

J!\ ean d.e'Jlne. !ne access ..paths. for ~siJ.lg ,~ru_~i;rri7.J:,itiQ'n ,,,"'ecks; wh.e;noR'Oi',!;!r access

lift!e dolta :stored. in 00 taD ruse:.1ma .M 1'0 sen.,<;.,ifih. ,data i::;. af:teT:l;lipied . ."'e

. .rit.Y
~t)ir

cailt

~i:t m\Cil!Jii'ftail'ilii3d'

mt;:aTis- 'l:Tmilt
'[p[:!rnJi:th1.\iig

'~M data i;n tlne darnh.a~

fhf!admjiR.~bii:fi'l'!:
E.]'

M:.?i' JIll ~h~tt.

Cim'rr~]:Uriili OJ}Jltf:tQ:l <8f fFte dlrdUr:Jlt;"'""1Mb":l'.i:~· ·w['~:ro-"j[hrl':$ tn 'lI:t.G: darb In

]e;; Zlccw-afu.

- '.,D.isa~~"bg,e$ ·cQ·f flataba'se, system. generruJ:y provides

!S-~ ;aloces:;,

;."~.Soe
.mul'ib!h"of
j.ng~~:

In. OOO\I'1IIT'":!~1~oo;tl>u,~ti!l)~~ •. ~

·OJ'.!-fule·~~..ss ro the cdj;l~'bare lli!t.r :many i,,;; dfitEFt . .q;e:i'iSnSD. lei i!Il.8$t Zl! ::;_peciP£ F;l~ ;illnd
c

__

....Jr'-'-~~I'S

~-,en-ei!"·a;ny :Pl'-DFiorles
'Elli1O!'r.!;':

.:!!!1,1'::.tssm,g· ~

to ~.y -.a. Sfitilll rttum'Th!2'l'. of '~t;!n;._ ~!!lt~ £of tl'toQ' da,ta W~. a datab3sg .j£. IlJ!Soea:,. Ul~ .ellrerpr1~Dll",y
i.n

~ re .auroffi::;rtjll risks'as '00'.I'1\p:areG; io a ·'COID"'e'h!i.onal ida ~a. pTOC:e5S:in.~· :5j~tem

~'iIlfmt~9!~1W, Pli\l'~~¥
ii;l~Fl;'t;j $'E!Gl~fltl;

tlti!

~ ~~ ~~.

iri£'OITI1l::i.~.on 'l!ii' ~ifrr,a'Hzed ,~ i'!i ma~ avaiklible- to l!..ilIcrg ~. ~t!. ~ :pm;si!bllitkt:i: of' :t!ll'lli;ureare oRen .mOre ~ in a (;cnv~tion:;tl! O~~P.I sysiL:em, 1:0 :t'·ed.u.ce the' c1l.;t~L}1i!.5 {!ir iU'U'ilaulthnnzed ~ill:.'1'l&E acr~liiiEtg !:ir:::ru;jiti:'!l'~

i"lilf'()rm<'l!ltion...

-i:t i<;;

Ift'!'Cef!Ea'ry

to

It:~ikc tKil'mk" •.d, .ild.mi,Bi!':tt·a;tiv;c a

10" .ptxsSilily ~ legal:

ap!rt3t

measures, Most d~:hi.b.@..~G."Sb-mfC vaiill.aI!11.e!. m.fu.:I:mslion: 'the L must bt'2 :proC~d

una.t tl'inriiuQ acces.

~i)etl'ltetpl'llSa
VUltneifalbiUty·

'~Jtr;ali:dng aU ·t,.1a,ta of t1fl e.:.."t:P,['pri~e' m '(l{1e. oola;b.;n;e Jlni!y mean 'fhlrt the d;>~fi;aba~ :becomes <lit'l! inril:5P.~bk c-eSfl'UFGI?_ The s1l!f"I7;iv.BIiof the ente.rprlse· may' ~epefi.d. on .r.eJI~b.JJ!! infu,t'malio.n ~tr.tg. 3!ll:ailabJe :rri1'J:Il iibS dill.ta~The eJ."lterprise· ~er¢fo~ b.~(::mne!jl'vu]riIeIdblc to frtie Q.(Is,Drucfifm of the datab.a&= or to urtautho.riAed modinGJl,tk.i[t of Ute (h:rt:=.tiJa:..c;:e.
~ii} The' C!i:l·st ,of
U'6i'J'!9

a IOBMS

.Da:tftb.a6ie.5:fSten\S are 00sfily ~ OO~.J:['(! to am.1f.enl:ionail datt pr'noessing' }:.:~m.s.. T.be Qij)ar- !if~·Salrj'v.anrt:!lge$ 'Df DBMS ·,are.: i13~ DCI!l;atJese s.y:stiQmS
nal!l-f:o

-rca'll'·gJ.!a19t.iCafor ~~I:3ftcaJ ca.~:bilitie's. qualft.y (If data.

vJ fimpf'ietaJ)" iurmafs.
'IIJ) Database

May ~i:mit aliChj!lar

sy-.sral'li~ re~lJi~

.ex~i5e

aoo IffiSOLil'CeS

~:o :cu;il'ru1.nister::

vji·) 1D'8~~se Dam.a·ge~

In
1fi1:!i&t

n~iza;E:i~

<l=o<;e<l duo

'0 ~mc.

tiIll. d.rta is: mf'eg;:t''ilifed mt·o :sJ,ngJ£: da~hase., failure or d.l3base <OH~!fun, ,ol"",,I.~1a

.II clla.Wiilra~e' i~.

;. ~

1.1.5 ICompanSIQilli o.f file process"",,,'

•

~y_;s.tte,m and DBMS

V
ibn.

7;f

The DHIYfiflF aBcws access [0 ~hies at ~ Dlrw:..A F,iI\i;!. MaiJ1~~t.'fit a1I,m,v's a.c.cesl:i to s.inglc. rue at a lime. 'Fdri! Ma~-<tg.eme.nt ~C-co:mm9d',ate fli:l't .6Ies itbat .b13_j'i1·e'!!'Irl). l'?latli.91-' tlU' o.tbe;r £Jes.

Systcr.nS}"steQ:(s

4'

pr«es5ing
ill

A D'EJvclS co-o~k!:.J;; ·the 'physical and )~l sys.tem 'Dn~)'i('(P.o:rd1i.oa;f'eS.·pbysi·Ci::!!I. a~

a:D'TiQtllnt

a,C~.

to

the, d~ta.

the &;ta,; a. file h';lve WdUfldMt

A D£..MS [t<.':ci:tl,cc'ii the Dr dupliCi!l:~ed:altd i~s"

uf data dlilplicirtiol);

i.clp,s o:~

~ .A 'DBMS is desigrted to ailow He·~Hy ir~ wMlt quL'xief; g,i~.re' ac.ce.s$. tri· the data!;. 'a! flle pJi.'.ooess:tug .system ~y aJ:rowS. ·F'~.eten'j):tfill;!!d. ac('cs:s to dAta. (by
spt-cific con'I.pifud 'p:ro~)

.. A. Of.]I;-15i~ designed

to. ~dmate and pe:m.''lit m:ultiple users 'ro acre,1E cfuta ~l. -the ~ ti.me;- a :file .proces:$lng sysf~ ics nw<'n. more r~(i,..e in s.imuitruJ.eO'I!i..:;d.iii.il:.8 aooess_

1· 9

to ndotriJy_ Uris 131.1[[lW,g ct.£: ~~;aJ to hoe ~gEep:ID2d, ,mto .kejr .,alirUV!.""S. liru: user to ci;u::l!lxoe data from mwti,p'~e: - - - d..oasin:.-d, ouripnL Fi!es ~,o tlQt h~ve iu:.~JSm indiC'e:1, in.
or
.:.::1 !I.1),,,,"ex ""'" secuA'lt~J

f, " ,<"e.g," :;;ClCJ.aLn

~";U"t'l"t~l[~'

II..--~

• .:J_ IfL OT:'~:

IDQ;r.'Ott..04, ~y-'O;5:~ 2, ,MtI,k;;~

.-.;..-.,_ sy31t"m is t{:; pmvi.doe users witn :an ~bmact '1..iE::W ~f Iti:~ certain d(!ltailii ot ho\... 'tib.e da:'I;~, axe sron....J. and ~
ilDstradfon : , lowes~ tf.ve:l ()~ a@st:racEion that descri~E!s hg;-w the ,dam e '!P'hy~J. Ie-vel descrfbes c--rnmplex lUYw·.!e'i'€l (l""ta Ie'vel of nbls'i:ractiofi. !:hat' de5'Ctl!Doo what{: data :_;;;..~~' and w'hM: rcli)tiQ."[lShip5l €,x:ts~ among lliuse dP.lta.
- .next '~es.l:

rngnex

kOO of absLToadl6<11. (hat ~cribes

only

pa.rE of fue

~
'~

IPCir' ~8mple:<
'I<

,cO'nsi1:i;eil' a 'hl'l:llk~iI"i_gE!:or.3.'mple .... I~c,qrd,~ .,. ilih 'wi'fh. ffulds ace

J:LO,

,Ac:c0'~

'b~~

'~ Et:rrf'I,?¥c(,,~ wifb ficlds:

..

~rluy{!r2:_;(ltm:1~C,.

,runrlsa1~iJt .and cIlS'tOtnel_jd. 81ckh~ss.

CLlS~Dm.er~wl!l!h lieir.L-s.Cli!§'LCIilieutarrte:,

Al Lhe'physi~~ '!eve]r a c~sW:mL'!rr ,~('c,l,)1;;IiI1t,. 4;'!mlCi](i'yee N!Qcwd C3.n he die:;m!;ie.d or ,~ b~QC:k of CDnS&uEiV!E!:;;tmage ]oe;;ii'tECI11s {fur e:;campl~, wm~ iDE, ~l. The' hf:!h"Ua£" eompil£[' :t.ciJdQiS; ~ iC'Vd of Jt[;iJil frmn, :p.ro.grutnit'L11['S . .~t t:El.e. logiat:l! level, dedajt',e ru :r.e(J:IlM, 8'$ ':
:m:ub'lf { i~l atI!~m.er~~d;
Chair
,(!~,

!tCOO'rd ~s $p~£ied

'~y 'Hj."pe- e.fm:ltillil. fur ex..~rIe', d

'IlL

l!m.<IDrim €'f

CIl1St{]Il!lBI:...nB.IJlEi~~I':'

Ohm: ~m8I_;adm'!3:ss!r,3iJl. ,:r.>~""'Ba=£7iI~n; ~gc -'!' p.,r,-Q£7"1'I'mn1i1lg 1~<J;h.~ ~"Glrk,!jj! 1111k fe~l of Simila:rTYr ,g-.llfi,fziase: ad:m:lnis.ftr,<i,tm~ 'Uso~JJJ '~"tIi'.I:\:: ~I: ti1.1s. k'ifd of .3.b..~Zlctiion_

~h;Sl!;rnrrfiju~

,:lla ,',}~C~.5.
~
. ,-llit:."r

HTIiaI1:lt~ a~ tile' 1!,1l,M'J k-pVlE11 Q:JITlfi:ure:r u~s ltidr.:!:.deta~]s Cif t'h,~dafa 'E:yp~. ),
J

see-a Sltt of ,applicatinn

'~ogr.jl:ms ~

9 " ~Iy~
u

ta: ,Mo[:i'erns

[M.l;lr-O!3:" ,6, M;;!rka;:.M/!jt-O:!iI

:;IS

1(;1$1 ~

0 MIJ~

~p.'lW'l!l

~6reney
..

r ::;TI:uchilre ~J<' ~'. (til.ti!ib~ :i::; m[I.led tOiL1'l~ :OOI' d~L';ri.hing M~1iI:., !:fu-l2lI,
(0f'IS1r,~~

,I,\I~~

nwaeJ. It:

:it; ,iii..

cnl~erliJrol at

IiE:~atittrL4hlp$,

d1i'.rn. re~~\"

~-;J

DiHere:IU" t~
iEnti¢y

o.f

~ru,

mm:i1.e]!>

a'~

,:

:tIel@,oo~

EnOO,el

,., R!2:lal'ti~ooat.!Uoo~] '.. Hie-rMdtJ:,tJilIl tliiiJiJJ~l

.. NetwO'..rt, 1i1l!t-tdel
'.' Objec~ '!}~~
"', (1bjE!i::*, mr.Jde.:l

:w.J'2Ioon:il mood

1.£Lt Entily R1~Jai\clnship M:otilf£1

The' entliry N~\i>Qns]tip (E~R) mooe] Q('.(nsis:t8 of ennt[.E!!); B!fld nf Tel:=J~C1~shl'ps,i1Imorrtg ~e enEitiie;L.
;[j;

ro'l1er::!imt

,m

hask: clJ.jed:!:i." ('allied

'1, ~i1,1

J!!I!l(Wy is, a 'H;Ling" or. .... objoot' ID, t:h..e IlC;)l 'io~orl, 'dlet is :::~;;-;.i:;;bELbl!:' !n:m:\ cilier objects., fu.r E:Xi.ID1:plc.,.e.m:1' ~sO'n :is ;:!i{i, enHty, and
ll.Elts,

is

an enti [1'-

_ ............. d.escribcd il'l. a datolba:se by a ~I: of <:r:l±lIibut'es.,fur exarrl!plc,. th.~ are lZii .a:tr,))'unt· eJ;ltit"j" ai:-'e il'CCOm!Lt_ino.. iJJ;ld ~la!E'l.(e..
Ml'YIhi,p ; A JrC'l.afitm.<;imp is an !:IssOO.atloo
~le ..

<m'I!)n-g ,~-~ ..

a d.repo8i1cn: ,:r.ilati.oIlship ~'5odak£

a dP5bt1fi\e.'r

h<as_ 1111'!' set of.

~~ ~ Ih€ ,sam,("

dill

type:

@T8:

entities ,vi saDie 'type lem:t.oo. .illS an entity set <I!1\d rlCt"llj~lnsNp

~titj~ For w.itb. eacfl att,'(!ount: :at'!.dI t:b.e set .of iiilll,

n!Sped'h;rcly,.
Iogimi Si;ructJ.at.e ,or .at darta'hssc can 'be ~misecl.
~d\eiJ~1sG of !'OlIowing - 'gles Whf,icli. l'epEesPIlt
F

~~p'5:wr:any by

Zii"'1

'F-R

00InF~
erl.'bity sets.

- ~.
~,whicl1

wmth ter!BSmt
'iN,.'P~

at'f..riburles

r.i£a.Horniliip..:;. ~ong

'e31ti!l.Y'~lS

w.

which link a'l:tr~butr..'S,kJ, e:n.ti.t}·sets and 'Cci:lm~r :se~~,fbo'I'elatio!"'i!'ihips:

-:!'ig Fl,g_ 1.3, sihows, an El-,F wil'fJ"a.D fut hr:Il:~ing :Sy:5-tt!m. c:rx~'lSt!>tm;€.of _' and ;acWt]l1'hi,_ The E-,]l Qiagr&-n indicates t.Jtat n ere <ue m'u' entiry S'!Zb:i, ____ ~ ,soo i,l~t ,wiltJ .a'l.u-~b~ltescustQlm."'f_i'd.. ('I.]stox!'u·!:r ~M~, CUSiQlJ'ilE~_add'ltcss ~~ rU&QHler, aTld a'imblH'PJ5 3()i.":3'1h""'!.t_illQs ,b<ll.a·n~ of If!ntiiy ~l a a:: 0 'l.lU'f. The be ~wSo .a reja,ti.oruhip Pl;:pl)S.ito:l!' be.-hI;"'OO,nelJ:ib:lIner .iutd aC'I.::(NiIlt.

f;ig~,'..J M, 'E-R t
;:;ltraJ!r,_ts er

,djsSji'a'm

for b:a!nkiJ1g $-:J/stoeJilil

ad.diitir'm1,~o eJliti:t:ies.. ,ill'LJ l."C'13tion.s1:rl~

fill)'

the- if'.--R mr~d-e'f also

T'~;p.teSEntsQEtI:~~n

which.

the (:oott.'!['r,tF.; f: o
'';I

a,

o,i!"labase must

~lnt: is. ma:ppi::ng. Cilin'!l,i;milll,ti~J-which. iE;"T'~ entity can b~ il.IS;SQ~,~ed, ~a a fPja!tiO.T.L">h.irp: 19(!:fj" r'nt 'exa![IIIpl.e... if ~i3dt ~ belon.g to' mily pf:.e hllS"Pm('<'I"~,the:!' F.-It Jlfl.o"lei can ®'tpIles-s tii.M >COIiISlraint'!be ,entit~r rcliU;i,:ms'hip model is 'wid~ly

c(IEIfOmL One ~'mp('Jrt:;;nt !he number of 'Im!rdi,e:s to whith

~C::'COUJlt

usoo

'in @b:tbi.liSedesign.

)-

A;dv.ar:utages:
!Ii

.H: is el'!IS}f to de\r,e~Ciprelaili,on;,-umml~. a·.Ing E-R 'lil!LOdel. 'm11iPping' rtrJr[diUali~

k£'}'.

,., H-R modd. ~IDes 'We Q'.jJl specify

.. H spetifie.s: 'ke}r!< like pl'llruLr;"

tI·

gea,\tl.;-aii7;t}Uan. <lnd s.peci.al.iz.<:l.tioni.IEilT:1g.

E-R

d~q~.ram,

;.. Ilbfi'soo'ltantaSIQI:
~ !II!

It L just l!l~ed.fD'[ diifubase de.'i-ign. Mr fu,! :L"IJpie'~E:arHoo_ ...

The rela tion<J~ modEiI reprl~iIDts d~t:1 and remtionshlp..o:;; a;t1:r)r.l.g dab by _ tables" each Of whle.h has a nunlfue-r' .of rulumm wi ~l unique F1<1!:mes.

<I, ..:;.oUIlCOO.!:l

or

Follolv:i.rlig· F~g. l.4· S.hr.J.'lUS· a 'scmtple rel@.tiaruil da'i-iliD:;ISc sha:l'!.rIDg CiI.G.,>mme:n-i s'l:m ~l.C.cmIDt:;th;ev :nal·j,re. Foi!' . exam pI 12'. the ("lli.'itJme.1rSlniLh li v es em $tteh;B in fJroakhll1.. Mtd has hvo aecrmrus ll:}t and 249: Thi?· (leOOUfl't ne. 101 :has ~b~a(:C $·WOO alindl other '!I'll,w;:her-ed wi.:E:h 2.j.9ha:s ha~ance $3000.
~ II:'

Table. flame .;:.Custo.mer

INsmBl ,~ City ,A~mmt,,""(!;

T:a.bte. nam~ :: A~rI;I(uf!l~j.n~

Ir---------------------~----------·~---------·sao
2(10,0

A¢l;onmU'o.·

);,. A.dv.ail1'ta~.:

'!hI! ~jOE
•' 8i:ru¢~

advantages

of the f,e~tkmi91J mooel am .: .

.:, \~

rr1dil!~I!I-I~O'iIIiI~

ii' i.. possilhle

to

In<like

iCl'!fi~'

~il'

i!tc

d~tiib~;sc .structllre M i:hcIut af(eding C&i. say. ~l'llilt. f;nlct~!I"<i,1 5 iI:'LdepeT1.d~

thQ:DB~'s
have

,ea:piiliility h:; access d.i3ta.. we

hee:il' Jchiel1'c.-d.

.In relat±ofllil1 databa'iie? cI1aE1gt."'S m !:he cia t;;tba$C strrn£ru1'e do not affect ifue- dala a('Ct.'S,.'i.So- relaJl.onill dilltaJ:;aSil" bas ~b"u~-Eural ii'K ... ~c-ndcnce'_ ., CO<J'\ce,pmal simpi -aty : The E:e]il:t:im"tal'databa~ mod;e,l is :&ilnpl(![" .. t the ooncep;tual level, ,Sinoe ilhe i"i1t!ltIonill d,ilta trmd.til frees fue de~"!I!l..·l'''irOJ"ll th'£

phys:k:ail
I!!

da~!!I: st(llrBge

d.cblis..

lhG" ck..~e:rs
imdl

can conCt!l!lfrate on the

'1-o._giL'al
tL.o,l:\al

riew of ~
D~ig~:t,

database..
usage'
le~\Sle :;,_

j'fiiLple-me]if"2l:Iio:n~, D1;;!jnl.elilanO!:'

The

reT

databaoo

mor.k·I .achle'i;~

,both

dl1t:a

l'nrkpend.eruce

and

Sf;roCh:l'ra:I

mtl~cnd(.nee making ~h.: da-ta~ ,des.ign, mwteltan~, t.i$age much eID>i~ tllM 'i:tte -o:t:ner m(litlds. " Good for ad hoc l'€q G.reak.r g"",o.xihili(y_
':
:!I(1~"iN~ l,f'$b:;

:actutErti'srra'tiun atnd

,~ it 'IS ..l>"im;ukr to· nav~~.aile ." '"'0

..

Disadival!iltages

..
<II'

Si~iflmT!;t ,nruciW<J:re' and

o'I,leihr.s:ds_ m,od~Ji:n,g' as ,h~""C;'llc~'\l and

,sl"td
fiL"itw'mk

Nee as good fur. trarU:iac.l:inn :mmiels,

PNOPSS,

.,

May 'ha\'t! sluw,er p1'{liCE'Ssmg. nrtl.'E!:S than ruerar,chkaJ:

nI_'\h'llUrk,moriEl's.
tMay.n.s" 1Mill\~~

1.5~3 Hiel"af'clbic.d Moo@I'

A

merardlj('llii d.ai~ba$e §5 CIi kind of dambssc IlllMg>€'.fii:.Ii'n;t system, thai iinb -eeo:t4.:s togethe:r .m ;!L tl;'('\2 ~ti!! smtcture such 'fuat each ,r,ecru:di type' has only one "O"Ni~l!"x- o[;!'_g. an, -arrlex is o~,tt,ed by' uf)ly one a)s~,atrt~[_

'ffierardtic.aJ

structures

'Wcte
a,

.... rr.d.€f.y ''i!lsed fa thE'.' ,!!irs" n\In'fn fmme

datah.;t:;e

ma'n_a:gelliiLertt Sysf:€IDS_

f;"oUowi'l'l,gFig,].5

shDws

srunp}8' hi'e:rarchkoiI dirh:! base model.

Alliwl'Itag'e's
II

High.:;:pcep
s'imp''-kit-i;

of ~e·c-.e~fo- Jar~

damsels.

'.' '. '. •

'Ease of :t.~pdi3,fci_

TIle d~b'7l of

1:11

hle:t'~J

&~

i'ii :s;implr.:_

Dam s~'Urj:ty = tIlerarchici:l1. filodcl was lite rJIst data~ mOOf;!!l tha.t off~rr tbe dam security tilalt io;: prfj]'vided and ofmfQ'rced b), 'fu~ DUM'S. Effki(;TIry:: '£he l1i~2fChi('cl, .Q.;:ilta'bgJ"Sc' 'model hi a v:ery' ~fficien"" one wbm daEuDas,e ("'lli,,~ a Ia:rge ;rwmher of 1 ~ ,n :ri01atkl"nShjps ,..lRCII ,the U'S('i ~!!!llfuir!l? laJ!'ge. :ou!nbel" (!If t:r2fl5ailitmSs using data Wrul\7lE!- reiati.Q!&inrp!;

"''''~il

fixed.
).- O,t$ad'vanta:g:{!S
" ,Impl,crnetrl:aUun

~ta~
III

~'~r't';l,l!2Il

rorureptu;illy

.r;,i(]'l'l"Iplell::ity ; Alf1wugh riJ.Le h:i.em:cnicai d<ltab~e modR.~ simple' and te{:l_Sy to d~~!i;."'11it ~s q!'rih= ,rom.ra~x ~o :inllplemrnt ....

..

stt:trctllre

:m;a:n~e:m.e:nt p'ro.bI&r!Is :' Wi you make any d1B;J'tges:in -the databa.o;, 01 ;;]l hle~tbkil! dwta;hase" '!ih:en J'O"l! need 1:c ma\..;:- the nerJ[!~' J; Lba.n~ .in all !1;u~ awJio,f:;ton. p.oogJ:'am.s. that access the d.01ta~. Thus m.iuntw.llIDg the ~'taboitS~~ M.d! the applirutfo.tu; ean ,b.eoon'LE '''''"r..'T)l'" (uff'knill. ~tabase
of s~~ u"feiP'er,bQII!f:! oe r HielT~'""Chj~ ~ltaibiUie ~ysrem !!llie! physka l>for~~ partl-:is t-o n€'illg;il!lc tn :the d.ifi\~t d'aJr.:t 5egmerms s,:} if the ph:y,!>iGLI S~~T:'€!' is. ~hail1.gcd. :tiw aipptic~tiQtll:; will, also harv:e't1O be llfl,odtuOOe- TtUllS" ifil a }(j'e.r:aIehlca r. d~l<:tb8SC' !the- b~l.efits Q:'I data imde~f!~i2:J'!:oe' ZS '}iOiflitad 'oy !7il1:rtictur<ili dep~1.&~tc€.
v •

.isa.dv,;;Iiiiliageso • lJetaaed

• .r a~k

.. Lac'k of ·su,... J.',J·...... ""I

ifl;n.

Tj~gc:; rehtion

are (ttdy ipu,liSib--le 'l7rCrti.ea[ly b;q.t ~~Qt ll>Oriwnt~ily or i11iagork;]iy. L~_ there·i beh-"o''eI:!n !!lliIfu~'tt ~, ji!:t lhl:! ~-n(l k-V"e'J:. wtlE!5S they. ~hJ:-u-e the s.aW_
J'

par.em ..

"=;'p:4I~'

The ,;lk,.-fv"."'O.rk tliIodd, 'is; tt~&.m 00 d:iire;l:t,cd graph tlloory., ~L'bI2' fletwoik l!iiiQ~te' rL.op'l2Jct."S UH~ hl~r~rcl:ti('al tree' with ~ bF1J:.a,piJil4;tu... allowmg. mQre .generm OOI:l(l'\e;;:till)'!'l!." alfir._'iEig ti1~ 1iiode,..... The lnain di£{It!i"W'1.~ 01 the ,r~~fmk modd fr.Dm ~e bie:r<Jlrdu.tr'.:U '!J!lDod :is ,ill!> ilthHill.Y to h<l'ndl-e- mil!E1I.y-to-IDiUn]' (n : rt) ,r.ekltiil)Il8hipsQ;r in afu.eE 'w:Cl.rils .. it a 1kn'L'"S a. l'ccord t.o hi31i'"e mote tll\t\r.1. {FfiC 'p.-;:u·mr. :r~,ampl~ ~Sr .!I.nIL'T[IpiLuj""et' 'Ij."'o.;rkj~' for MQ de:p.ilr~Ulr;.'i1 ts,

iii

A..pplicatiuJ.'IS.

iii

AFpLicai!:iOOS'
Code it;, ~id l~

.' •

pro... ..,,d;;_~··

1, ~ 1,5

H*

1..6 shows

.jJj,

sLa't1;ple 'n.etw'CITk tE'"il.odeL

Jl;lhn

Nf!r1h

II

Q~f!FI!l.IE-~~~~;__{!oo_'·

_;---l1....=o._sD<_.)_"l!

;;.. A.dv,i3!ntigas. .. Con.mptiia[ ,s.impltI;Hy : Jl!.I..Sl like the: 'hi£L"arcl:'ii.c~j mooe:l is aJ..sOCOi'li.:·epru:;l.l1y' dimple OO"I...d ·easy 'W- ":iLI:.'.:Sig.n, CapilibiHity
~J'Ld'e ~"o:ne:-<tO""IrIilnY
..

tru.=

fit"'lWQ:r'k mad.tiI!

I!!I

t,o, bandl!i!: mot:e Fe[.ati.omltiip VJIJI'e.!!l (1 , Iii) a..."1G ll'Im'!:y-to-many

aa<b

Th_E!:tl'f!a.WQik rnpd,el ~ (n ; filJI4e1.ati:inti'!.s.hlp,s.

IiLOI

Data ifnd.epcndcn« = 'fhE' ~es W, tlmn,g'l:!s fO the ~ppli(-:ariioIE. ,prog:r,aITlIS ..

dW,ae'Leris,tiic.:.<; do

'req:uri!r€:'

D~s:a;d,ili!lnti1g;cs
ill'

Detailed :!iUlli.'ilti'al knowlP.dgE: is .reqlMedi ..

Qi.£ stn',ldtm.a~

',," LiCk
.. ,;5;

i:nde_penrumcoe ..

Obj~ct:.Oriem.ed Mcd:ei; The ob~l~-;O'tier,ted 'm~l ~s based

~e;;:

t."i.Ii a roll,.eC'tJm'll of abjocl:s. Ai'[ ah-je01:enntains sIDr·e_d:in inl:;·tm_c;.(" "'I,r.)'t'i:;.bJif'Ji, ~'!,r~thinthe oc.ject.. iu'l: ob~clt a];s:6 conltains bodies of tirat. op~:;d£ om 'bile ~ed. These bOOi~ Clf eode are (!;IJ.f'.. mcthOOJii...Qbj("!tL'5hat d

____.' ... th'l:: same ,t]~:

M...!;rll:!;]

oJ ..... <ili1A5@dilie5a:i"Il£:El'LetfiodisZlrt!grouped'w_geUl;erm.:rrb:J

:mtalges
ill

mudd

A,ppli~Ei(1(rk!; T..eq,'llirc 19~ cede .. ,.!\pp'lkam.on.o;.

Code:k;. ~"t
~t':

!II

more natural dilt.a model.

II!I

10 m:;lintam.

ill

II provid~ highe:1i: P.'&'1lo:rma'n.c:e: i:nr~rel:i!ihOFl!ihlp::; hcJtwef;n ~ed:s.

~t-oril.l!!:twrod features

mili~g;e-ment

of

ob:i'ecfs and

co:r:E1ple:.:

,.

hrllpf.tJve: produL';hviii:y.

Data

.aOOI.:$S

is easy..

1_~.:~1 O'~ject Rela1:iorn;ai

Mo.del

A s.p.:;h .. ,th-at :i!r.clu.J.._·s ~;1>0fhabjEct infl'.asll"~!('f:uir!? and a set oj relafional "ll"!. cr'leJillJ~~ is called n objec-t :relati;onal ::nodi,!;!'!. Obje<t-r~1a.narml S}I)S't~'liS comDlne- tfle :iI,n'tr,::Jjtrl'~.::i" ~,~f!'t1;ode.m, o.bjr,,·t,:t"iOr.i~1!:ed 'p~;)I!J1:'mjn,g, i'a.ngu<l!g.t!:S '\-'ii'iiJn 'r'elatlDLilill. daUi!lJf.~ , :51;L"Ch mllitipLe <I:!; vi,E!:v;;'S 'o:f d;)l,;\ and :iii hlbrhaky~l. nnnpT~..[i!lli""tl.R query '13n.guagc. of the ,obj'ect-!"e:lati:o:naI system!; ~'V~able, in ~he rnarkct are IDM"5 11B,:! 'lmi',RI~ u(:o:'1cie,,(Xlitym",atilli":lli ~df'! 8r l\Jkwsoft o Ccrt"pm.aitirocm; SQL S'["J"!.7eT' i and so on.

D;a;tiIi ~1J:!ffl'llp.nt J)i\g:anlzaiiO'J1

F~.,
~1) ..rol[k

rer:Glid~

--;--------------1tree"
Grspb
p:'g[l~igf1i i<ley eonespt

RIj[~'li¢i'i$1iL1p '~;pr,egentatiOJ1

i>lle~. ;records Tabls:;,

r-------------+---------~-r--~--~--~_Y--Gbjeat-o.ri8r:rtcd Obj~ ILflglc:a1 ccntalnrnsnt

R.efatm31

V1!l~ ba~
bB.o:lEtld

o b;iB:cl-li'C'1 ;:;oo~,,,, I

~flr.d --~------------~--~--~--~

1 m6 D'artal1aseLang uages
:S(,he:ma, ,and,

A daL':ab...se, sy::.-tG"ltt [~~Q.vldes'a dam, dgfimtlon l.mga<l!g,e to spi?d.iy the datab ilo ·data ;!tnfiinlrpulation h1ff!ltll!!.g>e to' expireS::;·I;i~ti'iihase qlJ!!l!rie:;;.and Upd~K"i.1
i[)efiniitiO'ti1
a

1.6.1 iDalta

L.;ang nM'Igie;
:sd"i;e'ma

We spedfy DDL is a,

d.at:Jbctt.e

by

a :sl.'i

0:.1 ~fr;nitto.ns

€X.p~t..,J

'bj" ~

l2ln..~"tiage~ ('"~tUedl<1 Datil De-i:ijlil'HiiDn

SEt

~.a.ge

(DPU-

$~~r:;L.u1'~5 ibt.lt triO

used to e;reak:!, 'mOO.i:fy atfid. de-l£'~e d ara. These CO.J:nl1!1.'Wlcis ar.:!: not ROirmally (15ed by <I ~'"EnE;m) who, should hoe iiO:es5in.g the d;;l!C3:ba~E!, vb m1: applkajijQJll, Tlu:]fi!lI{!' .i!1O'rJliuUly used the DBA to. 2J limltoed '(';X~f'nt,. Oil da.t.iilhT1~ dcsign~, 0'1'" application. developer.
of SQ~, commands
'"

;Ex,amjl(ill~s of DDL commands .. CI:eiIIU:; To c~b;! objects

are

in the dabhaSt!:

EXil.mp1e :
..;::r~ table
_~.Q

a~IXluili: oh.a.It llJ1),

(acCOWI!: balmI!a8
• 0}

in:tB-g:er)i

Alta
[jJ'liUP;'

Mt..:r' the stn:Lcrure 'lDeJE'!t:es,

o.ujI2Cis.,

or iJ:.e d!abl::j..a.<Se.
'the d.a:i:abi:Jse.

..

from

" - i11 • '1'n,!I!I'Ii!!:at.e-: 'Remrw'L'S ;;Ii\1 :r.r..":eord'5i !IT:0ii1 loT. ttrc r.ecoro::; 0'IlI€:' ~.a ..... ooC'o~t = Add r:mn:r::UeI\'t:5 fO 'the dnta
,8: bbl!C',

i~c udi:ng

all spuC€'s

allocamd

dkumTlLU)I'-

The :EC1nev,al af mkmnaUoo

stewed, 'in :tiK- dli;llaba~,

in'l:o

nc
•

~:n.&.?tti.Ofi,

of

l:iIk:.'"'Il

Wm:mtalion
in:fi)tIrl8itkitL

the ~:i<lih!,b.ase_
(he dat.aOOS>e_

The dlclcJriol:1; of mIor-m<Eitfon Xfnm. the JatLb<:."Se., 'FhcuiooHkation of store(lln

'- :Data M:;mip'Ld.8Jti.on Lil,a;tg_lJ;;I,:gc' (DMIT,,). is a Iangu.,"i;g_~ tbat el1tables users tu a('(j~ - ill~t-e data as mgarrillzOO 'by' !(he a,'P.PE.-opr.ji3~ ;;lalLa mndd;.
5
LC

O'f Data M~,it!llpUl:~Q.nlangua.ges. two t.yp ... of UMls es

=

• iRw.,;:~ur.a.l DM'U g_ct '[nOiSe: data,

Itcquin'!' a

!1S@J"

tn .S'pe(My what

data are neeci('.d

USe1'

and}:i'OW

to

D'eclnl!ltivt'! DMJA, (N"otIip.:mce:dttr.a! D]\..fl.s) ;, Requtr.P.- a data are l'l1.eeck-d, wW~JJU~ speMry:ir:~g' ~rlJW' :g~t tTr.ooe d~ta: h) D}... 1Ls are Ci:tS1.e'!' to lC'O\m and LIse ti1[.·:rn pruced;l!Jrai ~-."..m-;;:~ of the SQL lanr:;ua:f:l,"'L: nonptoL]l.7durnl .. is
-ve :mple

TO

specif)'

w]...J1t

'i)Ml.."::i_ TDif!' DML

of D'Ml CQmmoodis are,

,21

'"'

IlMl-eri: ~ Jru:;t_.-rt data uil!'uO :F.t~' exanw1e :_

t.Ed:;,le.

-r:r:.se;rt into aCCOlmt'H'!h_ea:

ifAUlt
<.l(iOO),: - 'A.101['

used by

4.00,",'0;;: S(J1. D~.fL st.':JjtP.mcn! iinserts ,~ T£.'t)rud wi:t:fJl. values ;itooow1L':Ilo :..:r;n:d !b,a'iaru::,e, = 1.000 Onto aa:ounf till~le. U~dak : jJpd.i::i:t[_'~ <eri"'>-rnng @'i:a. wilibin
11

t,;,J;;le-

D'4!:lc~ ; DekD
!OJ

raU

P.eco:rO..s, £r:om
;:ii,

;;:i

'tabh;:.

d"ilL'"r'i;'!h:(...,,'d of IDI~tlanTI:-).o!'.' m'l,i'g]vcs irrfoli:lIi.ath:m :rtoil~eval 'is, ,caUc·d a qV£!ry ~~. FoFIo\....,in~' qu,ery iill1lJ.e SQL lU\gllilagoc"rlispbys ~1h .... infurmatiol1 t of dOC'QUTlt,;rt-o '=: 'AWf. Q.... }I;i!:'Y:
se~temL'fi[ 'r&f!.:1CSt.in~ 'lXrrEion 0']
J!i

A Cl.tl-ery :is

DML

that

l;1i;'lo.:!c:;:,

aQ;..'I).~t _ D.O •• ~1B.Il.Cle

from,a~ '.v'lie.:re !;JcJ;;X,un:!i:,

'!ilIJi

<= '.Al1}l~

l~·1

1 -18

·to

I)a~tahase :s;ystem A.rch'irecll:lllr.e

[.D'et--~.. I"IIJ;Il'...QS, .0'1. B .~Im; D~1;-1;I·'" 1"2, '~;
I ....

DCL.-Ol. l' Moa.~l

A d.atca'ba...e :;rys~:n is :part:itikm.e:d into rnoC[ille..<i ~l rl~ dfu each Q.f ifB£: re!i11o~~ihlli~ '<r;;J,[ the O1,1E1",a 1 s:;;,st('fr'1I.The t.i:liI:u::tiotl3.~ ~t!j: 1 oJ a darnbase :s-ys!lem can u['t m.naaly divided into tbe-'!;iWr~ge m.atl!j;lb~'and tne query pJ;'~C,T 1l:omp.t:m;~ts. Flg. :l.'l ;tili[1W_~ 'fh~ ,ov:crall :b)~tem :;;.tru.cll.Jll€"_-

~re~~.;tgr.rn~,
\'..eb-u!'ier.~)

t-b ilie· U!>Cf"

Aj;lJlII('..3~OO
!p~,amr.ilip';;

S. ~J u~ti tilJ:e1;!l
(srtalysl!:)

u:zrs

f.""---'--=
L

pmg.r.1m

olI,*:;t I;OOSI

••

a::.riI~

• m
ri'Ii:lfm!p :
• l~

._, __

oJ

---

1.7..1 S1or.a:ge Mlarn.:agel"

A st(.'7tlge. maHlWer- is a progr;oun n"L.oduJe Ihat provides the mkr.fu.ce- bcr.weten the II(}w' level d;;ita ~!.o:red in th€ oorubasrt [j'l1,·d the i3pplimB.O:ru programs M"IJ:Ji qv~rie5. ~ublni'l::t€d

!:he systEm. The- st~'e manBg.eJf :is ns~l(!· {o he jn~i3~an wiih. ~ rue mtma:g·~[". The. sto!"age maraage!'" tra.."'ll'i~:t~ 'ifrie "¥"J;l'rjn~.s OML .!rtatC:iE.r:!rd:s m'to Jow-tevel rue foys!eJ1"l commands. 'Th.u;s:, .tJi'I_e glioir'-a,go!.'.! i!lIaiUlgei" U. R'8pij)tlSW~.e· {or s.tO'o.ng. ·!"L..m£"'l'lEg;. and '~pd~ting data In fE:Ko ~r..i1se'_
to

The various ·tumpo.tte'llis

.. All:Lfuo.~jl!)l!:'IJ :i'!I!la.

o:{

'he' ~tor.3ig)?mamJi~·et ere : :for sa:tiEm(.non: ,cd "'~OI.J~ acct"Smr:,g the .distal.

mtew1tycOl'I.Shalnts
'I'

j;tl.'~grity :mill:'Li1!g;e:r' : ~.~ ~'i: <md ehecks !!he .ailIE:l:torl!y of.

.:

lli...o.:cfS

·I·[3]1!!iadW:D:

mi:ll"il~'er

eru:;:'U:ll~

that ilie

d!a:tab,as'e

remains

In

ill..

mrus,fs.rep~
wia:hout .and fue

stcrf~ i!£"Spiro

try'"Stel'lT! fa [}I!l:n:~s.. nd. concurrent a

ex~ution.<;

proceed.

'!xl"fimcting._ :£i!lema!Ili:j:t.;e:r·=It:mana.g.c."sIDeaUocati:cnof~aa::ondisk.st"o~ge iii alta ~1:niJ.ctm"'~ ·moo. 'to repI~~t :imarmi1i;tiQE.'Lroii~d on dljs~-{'s •

Bmf:lli' i!in,m_ageil'.= m~' 1.5.~.~l.e for .~~ng rla~ frnm cr~sk S-tillag..1:' mto raain ll"J,:efll.OfYand dedding: wh.fll~ l~. to CBdle ·Fn.ma.im ~rrf' d~ . :system i.mpl·E:!:mtniartion..

•' Sl!ora_goem:a:n<IJ:g~ : It map1eitl&'lilS several data· r"i::rr.iIcrIllI!l:.'.S as paet 0] ph:Pica1

jIo

iIiJa;ta :fi1csr

;.. llicit i

sroJ:<e il~e dia:tib;a&.drmli..if.

-= tt ·ormlti"l.il'IS mc.1aOOfta that j~ data <ibnul data, 'Ilw schema of t~Jjloe i>s a.m.·~'i:l.mf'1£ .I').f' at{!t3·cla~- A data.b.ms~ s~tli':!m. consults th~ drab djctionmy'lbe::fore :[(~tting and modi!fyin.g·.~ (L.tta..

]j)am d:idii)(D~~

a
'I'

l'liIdkel'iit w:hlch provide IPrcliI:;;·e.ssOf"

re_s~.a~

to data

.r~Jl'1IS lh1!l[ nQl)cl

p;:ntrcu1!J::a." valuel.

1" 1.2 'Query

.......

Tht!: qw.ll:y p~6n;r :Es. ail! ~~. 'V,3rt:-- of . h dal:ab~ ~lu;b.aoo· syst'en1 ro s.impliry and :fad t:i:~a~ B~'iS '00 diL~, fhe ~et}r 'p1D0iJE!S"StH cam.pooL'mQ:; includ£ :.
<II

--~-

DUL inJl'e'4".r.'(1:U~'l'r wiliidi mit"!ttP.t'0i..s

dk·fi[\itilQt~

J.JIUl. :t"~mcri.ts

~n!fh,e a.aa dimoiWtY-

.jIo

OMl. cD:mp~.lIi=[,", w.Mm ll:'.;i;ns.la~ Uh.{[. staleIruIDJs in. a qu'lZry ~"1Itg.t1Ji}ge if:l~o an €v<llrnlflIon. plan (I[)n!=;Ll.',.-tin.g; of. Iow-level Tn';ib:uruuns dmt' the qE!I.I!!XY f..o.va:llRllticm eJ:lgi.!J'lf! unde[~~:$. A .query
fuE
:!i<un.ti." <:M

be lran.sl..2kliii :into any l'I4rmher of e .... ,~llu.<1:6.on rJ1i!JTl!'i ili:at all gi.vri!'

:¢d!t;

1Ie5U It- The. D1n. 1l,.'Nllpilel'" a:~ penoIlfi qu>ery op~miz<!lti>o;n. 'that is, 11 ty? f;he. ·If'jo.'w~t cost ~ti\0'Fi. phln from <WlI.O tg 1:l1e S 1ternail:i~Es,. .

1·-·~O

Q~~ry

e,.,..;ail1!l.1tlUil'L

e:ngj:n)e.~ \"'hi:('h ·execu."tp.£ lO'iv:-tevci

~[lbti:nl;etions

g'~'ilerated by

'!::he InJ.IT. comp.iIcr~

People. wno wotk wnlh ..

Ii

a dSr~<liha:::1i:' can

be

ci'.l,~egmized

i\S :

lJirt:abase users Duta:1;,a:;c l'I,dml:rUstlI'.3!ters

1.8_·~ Dataha~e Users

Th~.r.e &'C roUE diffcr·I?,'!lJ t}Te8 ·ciJ d;iltaba!Si2' syst':"JD ·USeTS:. oiifetil?,i!1l1ja.tP.d 'ihflY inte.r-",d with lnr!' s:ysrem" : a} Naive- users; by' lnvoldng, one ~ the 3pprk.~tfon PI'Q'?.J'i'lmS trldt h<nn~b~ wrilieti. p:re dnusly_ :~iD'r~.pte:. a bank eellcr v.,ThD needs to. . arltif~' S 5Q rn:xttl aceeunt. A tD aC:CO'lIDt6·, .invcikes· a. ]pl'QgF.am caTted tr.a.nss- This pmgnlm ~ U2c ~I' for 1i'heumount of IV'l..(tofiey ru be i::r;a~Ir€'d,. itl'ie' ~ from. v.... rum the ~ey l's to. he tr;sfI!'if~rne:d,. a:nd !ht, 8;OCOunf to. 'li!irum tfu.. n~on.try'is to be tr<Ll1ls£er:red,
T

by ~l-t

V>'1:I,

Tn,,*, <Ire :'msophi.?"tieated users l;rii:o mie£"otct ",ith f,he sy~

The 'E:JTical Use, .if.llierf~cc fat :inaJvl'.! nse.r;!>is a fQ.l\':]Ill!;; If~k!rl'.ace:. whe~ , iDe 'USel1" . fiiJ I 'Ul. oilIp:propnate fit>9d::; ·Q.f the. £ornl, Ni!iv·1:!' users :m..ay. .abo .:ml1iply ,rettcl fiC!~ .gJ:o.'!rI>;:'r..1tEQ f.rom .~ d,altah;'il!i'e:_
b} .A;p.piiGafion.pro~l'3mmef5

j~

~-

proJ\e~io:t:\a1;; \"IJ"w wejte <lfpiph,ca:tioo. pl".Qgr'a:r.ru.:i_ A.r'phmtkm ~!r'.y ~!:.:IQls ito (h~clop usei' .inrer:fuoes, Holpid Applk~lI100 Dt:!"Vf"llOpment (:HAD} tQo.]~ V:C: :tool'? dutt e"ri3b'lE!'(lin. ji!jl"pli~ti~.Jt1 p.mgmmme.: ro· oon_,,-hrud :fu.nn_~ 'Mm ~o!l"LS '"",'id'lIJitd w .riLfing ~ p~am_ AppJ'kation prng:ra:mfil'C'" ·f,bo lL<:e.o;: ,f'ourrth g{!~C1'.i:]fi0fi mngua.f.e's tpl furi'ijtafu.. the ~Einl'lI of fu.n:ns a..;o"Jd ~ display ~Jf dara ·on &e ;S~fb _~l[i.!w
Mi~ COlJ'ip't.Wa1"

piugrauu;\lJers can chocse hO~fi

lei Sap'J!li~catM
fie)'

iUsetr'S.

inte.c<lct 1Ar~th !he' .S.ystef!i\ 1I'.-.i'tho.ut wrilti;ng pt;>Q,!¥-a.t.ru:;. ·f.ns.ma~. f:h;ey ro>J'i!\ theE OOql,tJ.A."S:U;: in a :da~~b<rse que.1jf Iangu<1go:'!- Th~ stlb:m:il ~d1 sU{'t:-l .qll€'1X it,(; <II p~&o:{,~ whose TI!lneti.on-iS W bLeak aOW''fl DML s:t:a:li~meE1f!:;; ID !lfrStn~!Lfio:rts 'tiiIal . m :::(,;)I;age' ma,"iib"'er' understands, A1"'l.<11yM'S who. ~!bm,jt tfl!le.1"h:u,:; to if!:i(f'lo«: date in tbr dat.'):ba~ .f~.iliI.in 'iI:h~sci:llieg:ary.
Onl'ine ~.:!!Iiyti~;;!Il p'l'iooel!i~iDg' (O'LAJ,1I ton1s simplify ~.na'~Y'Jbi,"f.asko:;: hy ~ !:tir~.g .. .... iew ~i1!.u:..lI]marlef:o.f data in ,diff:ere.nt wa-ys- Fur ·i~anC.e .• an arnaJy$t can Se€ totM :!'lal'~

by

l'Egiutl. (~ (':x.R.;mpl:i.':.. North, :South. E~!';E <ifla Wf!f:i~), OJ'" ~by prod'!l;c~ or 'ibJ' IOOmbitJUlL]OTI of re.giGn, ,illtJ pradu-0't (tnair 1S,r tot:;;li 8@1e." of L"ac.b F"JduCt' ~.TIi I[!~ If'_gkm).
c,t:rt;)in

Mother d;)ss of tools fD.E' Mi\illly:-:'Tls daift;a, m.irl!i11lg 'kktds of patlb::m<;; in dara,

ruu.ls,

'whlc.h help

them

to fitJ.d

len S'~&'i:Hal~~tB users

use:r.s .,....hu wriite ~p.eda]jz'L"(,1 ~labi1iS!2' app]'eatiom. that: do '~a~ p~~ng 'fr:;',m!:! ,0,1'0.k Am.ol~:g tih!I?SC appliGi'ti'O:l!t5 ZLI"ie c-ompU'lieil' ,aided oe!il.gn .5~k-ms, lcr!itH"'1ed.~e base and G€.pert 'l>~tems ... l5_ys.t"effiS. that sroN d;a1ill, \-"..;iii, co:m.rle~ dLlhl ~s (for Gl"LiID'p1e, l¥aphi.rC5 data and eudio ,dab) aod e!"ltirorurr~eht m'l:ldJ.elLiiog .systems.. ~
dal~rill

These are sophisted fit: 'mlo 'Lhe ttddlttonal

1.8,2 Dm:abase Adm'lnis-ntor'

(IV,D!f'-G.!i•. 07', 'J:I'~~il5...:2. MCi!'il:li, l[lioi!Ij}-Ct~, Mifilr.k'5ir ,MojO,oa., ,6 MQrb] 4

A pe'fFiOIt \iI,.t1\Q hit.s .centrak

{DIS.A).

eo.rliJ;rpl over 'llie $j'Stem is caned a di1l~l.lba!5~' .;llcilmi7lLirnc;)to!"

The fUlill!cl::ir.1o."'ts· a 'ORA itTicludle: of • Sc'b.em:iJl

d~fi[ilitiQ.D, :
<Ii :5!.:~

The DBA crea:E:es the

[),m:ig:iIta 1

d!:_tabase sd:tema.

h}r

ex.t:'CI..d:in~

of: data det1nitio1\ ~tatetrl.C;.~. in fh.>e' 1,][)'L

=

'"' Sclu:!:ma and :phy:s:i.w ar.g;.m:iunmrn modlno1:a!l"irr:m, ct\t;nw_<;. to thf!! l:ith.ema,<l!fLd physical qr~t:i.on I'Ie;e.dl::i ru tbe l'.!I:rgffl1izi:l.tion,.or '6» altar the physi~ pedb:lf1tj,~iI"l.Ce.,
iI'

The' DBA. earrlBs O'lU; 'r,eik,d llhrP. m.M\,gi1!"&.g. oxg..w:tiz.atian to impoor'lt"

b)I

t(~·ra:nlUllg iJrf ,i)I!.r~hllllrizatiCin.fo:r di!ota ~

'By granting

dii.kren.t types .of

tJ.ldhoozanOl'"1.. of d IlItr:ib~t';('.
III

bhc· 'OM,

can :regWi:lte

d:iiffermt
oj

'!.1.s.e:I";S ;1Ci.'3es!iia:'J.g_ ;:f.ferc'"if1. parts d

'Roll.l'ti:itl~

'm:.mn'l:.e::nancf"

=
.;

EX.iU:l1ples.

cilafubase r~b?

aWnini<;trn~.O:1""';!i, rull'l-ru;:

rmllnl-e1"lancc' • Per:iiodic

;j'!,'('E:.i,.qti~8 .lil"ll!!

bi:lC'l:a::p" enher t.Y.Ci.lQ :tlpes Qir mnu oj .. ':;a~ i."L .('.i!I!je oJ d~i."r€!f$ $1.l!,dl as t.1oo~g~

Sf!!"Vt!tS .•

to Focvenl:: loss

~ EfI.S.Ul.~ ~ha.t E!n.;)~~gt.t free disk Spi!!QE: is. avai1aJble upgrnding dis.k space .as ~tl.ID:il:t
iI

LOT

no.t:!ll;;lI ,u_p<"1Latiam MId

Monitoring

riltmin-.g' 0:1 ~.e rb·~;b8!;iE!' i'Ji[·td" ~il.h-i11,g itfult perior.rna:l'1Qf!: is not _!i!'1p;a.J.e.d! by very ~eD::;lV!2: Msk!;; :subwit:ted iby :!IDm.(': 'lJSPXS'_,

j<d.>s

The aHtity to modlf.y a ~.:i'mc definition

d!efi.:niliotll. !in

in. 91\e' j2V~J.

without ;:ttrectfumg' a

t=I~tlCLi2'

the· next rug.her k"....eE is maaeJ

fiflfa itidep.fft~i1_~~,
=

Ar.h.cre aM t.;vo. I~ls U l'llj'sicai dais'

vril$out

M' data mctcp€Ild.ertr:'E!·

Ili"irlepcndMil:If:' '[-\."l: thE!' ~bil]rj to modUj.< th.e p~y!i;~calL !5'ii7iUl citusi:ng appfu.'i:lfjQn. 'progDmS to be re'l:!Tritb~_ Modifi.ca:fii[lillii: ~t :1"

pny:s:ncElJ I~"""!E:l nccasinWid:y' are

]ij [ogi!..:sll (lata. i:nde'Ji!endleltliitc

necc.ssary

in. 9rd&

to .impro'i·e

pel"fut'alli£ilc;:e.

is 'r!w: ~.b.ility to modifY .fh.e. roi1.ceptu;.i] (logiea sdlf:me w.itnOtl't f;,<i\~g. application· ptO.gT~ Eo be ·oeri\·ritten. l'o'l'Q.dilics·f..ons .3 ~'f C01K..~~. Jif."f(~l sre neoossa[]" Wh.encv£,r 'fib.i£ ~ ;!;mletuIie of
d'atab'ar~· .i:5 ;3~l~~-d (Ift:rr exilIIlpfe..

.m:hf! aMHfun. of monel"

moil: .!kt.1: acr:oun1:S

in

b2l~'I!.W\m;:S

sys.tem). is more diff:i.C1;J]r to ~l:-ch~e'i'C' tnafiL physi.;;i3.l oat pwgm.m..~ are ·he..'lviJy depeMen t un '!:he ['Oglt:a

logi!Z'.3] data md;~li'Id~ce. i.:t\d4..l'-endenc·e ~i~o::= arplicati~. Ji;i:;r:1.1tmre of thl2' dae-.;t 'i:hfvy <i~.

11).:d:SlbaS.es: d~bas('-.

.chang.e fTh"'e'f tim.t"S as .ir.tfun:t'iauo:n ·.is m.serled. and d[!']e~:etL

l

rnfurmact:i.ml

f>tm;(:([

infu~

o;i!Jtabasl2' .<!It: s: parEicu.ra.iI' il".mnenft

'as

n~.calJ~OL'i:io:.n
i.i."iSt:aIJl(C
,()f

eaUed.an

ilh:~

jjf

'Ih£ Qiv~nlJIdes:i:gn of thE' d.ataba.~ is ..::.d1.ed the ds r.ab~ A dI.,"~Sc

.5'(;l:\GI1:.B

k'hem.aJ.
in a rrotr.aHrO... Each of fur2: "'~.rffjbles in. i;I ci a. dil~' 5-('ht'Dls,
.VfI.1'ld1eSi

eorresponds
aJ

TI.J ~.h£!v;ariabJe ded<'ttati0'fiS

1I8'f'iabLe h."1S iI'IJ paIl'Li('ll1.la;r 'V.alue at progt<m1 .i'!1..;;J ;point in ti.:rne corres~ )- 1'"",e5. O,f d'atabas9 :SCMMas

given m~t<'m.t. 'Dl.e

tQ ~1'L instar~

ill 'Pbysi('O!j] ·ad\tma :~ ·dif'$Cl:;["'bes tlh~ datahase d'esi.a""1'Ti. ~[ the phys.kal TevC'l It
jfu.~, I.UglCill ..s.t~

..a : It desctiibes,

tne (!Jata~
V'E!:

nO S.:a&Scc.he:ma. !. A dal-ab~ .I:lrIay .ais.:o ha aHcd. 8~ su~h£mas! ~_t ~ ~E 1.,,1:1 Entity Rela60,nsfrnlip

~veJ!, ~~€Tal S!l.Jbsd:l.€J!i'i@s at tt(= vi:ew Jev€.l,.

,design ar the fOgic.lIl ·..news or th.e ,d~t<lb8se,

Mo.deJ (E·';R Mode~.)

F

The :£.R dif'i!3 mudd oon.~{odk'TS .~,€ r.e;~. '!,!;;r9l'ld ,ooruii~1g' of a ~t of 'f?asic objecG. CilJted e!J.titi:e:.., and reJatiior.msh1rs· <u:mLoflg these OO:~er.:hi. .It is: itUen;dcd 'prlma:rHy fur' the diLt3ba.OC· de~m process by <lillo.wing :hc' specifiCf.ttion. of an Cflterpr:is~ sd:le1,"~. rt:~ reptcseJ.1hi. [lie ,~WI ~ll;IgiGlil sh'uctutC lOt Lhe d!aro1h'ase.

1~'11.1R!lsi~. Concepts·
Th.p.· :8-.K dlafu. mmJ"d ~_plo'ys i:hr0e basic notieas : 'e-Rl1iy sets, Eelati'ansbip sets 00iI.d: ;:tt"dThu:~ 1~ f:n~r,11~. ,<and !El'td'tJr: :S:~ • A r~ .e,uHly i9-. "Eh;[l;tg or- "dbj~' iE, 'llie' '~'i WQilcli. thaf.is cfu,~.;ill:Jtj!ibk from aU pi)he.:r o:blj~5. Fm' .!2Xam:plcr m':Cf.r.p:!ISOOl. .~1 an en'l!C!rprise is an e.tl!it~o/:. Al1 un<tity ms :a !.iC}iQf gf.0pt"tlie's" ",,~ d! ,th~ 'If.,1J..1~ tOe" :s;l)l_~e .... set of pwper;llies rna'}" l~l..K'ily i~J1'~Iy a,'n . e:r1!1Jy_ fTkl" ]::1.<;.ta§'u;e,. 8. CuSOOn1te!' wi11i:h CiLL...t~_l.d! pl'Q_fe~L,. wii lti. "i'8h1i~ (]iOn. urru.qrn.e-:ly i:de:nti:fies iI:b..at ~[:!ia[1. An enti,ty :!!lruii.y 'ibiS!; OLln.Cti."'It¢.. s!li& as perron. suchas ',a 1.oiil1l!~,QJr a hoiidlay:..
01:'

ql1:al)
:::!il;I.ru> !l~

'h'\f:

I'

=Js i.'-~ :;I -:::..!

a book.,.. r .ilL may be .abstract, o

odi_at:;.

'ill!

"&1 e:n.tiikl' set is Sr ret of eIl!~:rn~. ·o~ th~ 5amE!: ·ih.".,~ ·ftua~ ~'ihaoo tht~ same .~ ~~
_ _

In_gka:l

Fwperttes.,
o£Jfnecd
:a:;

me. €Ilfl'dty

Q(t'

.B.ttribjQilte!;.

"Ilt.e:

:!:ii2c.Tof

.<111

,~sfumE.'TI:j.

<llt

.8...

gi.1,ren. ·iJrnnk.

Gm.

·br..':

:!;>cl CiIt!!'ii,i:.I1:11 er ..

~II!tri\."ing·:F.ig.. 1.3E...shUW!5 1wo Cli.ti:fy sets : .i} Cj~5'JLlm~J 'wiJi:h p.rope...~1<:S

Q.,!lS~!Of:Oie[;"_Jld, C~_SIDmet'_!lWme.;,

Cily'-

ii) --;l..rxOm1t wii:h r.EO~Ij.hes

AcooIMtLn'O and. giliM'!.C'e~

:&oI1ih

.ma

'!

Jim

.A.~21 20DQ

M17

:.

iE!!lii1i~

]:=;, EE!~entedi:

~t::;

~:9r::!~'d

!by 8. .iK.1: of .attl::rl;eii.l.WS. Aum~;tnl'eS by cadr. rn.ember of '~n enrl~ -set.

aee d~~J)r.;~

Ii

The afuil:mk<;; City I~IDk:

Balanee, &dl entity

QIT t;J;lstome.:r entity

aiEtrihu:es: of

set:

;jI1fe

CU$h..1ID-E:,_'ids Custu.tl!1CI:.,

,!IliJm.e MCi ... aliid.

lll!=!

,AC~DUi'd:

~!ri~,i:;d

<liTe

AA_x'Qi.ni.t rro,

it

~ ;irisfu::uml.ce.. ,21 partieLdar C't sL(Ht1:.:r ti!ntl[y m~ M'V'(" ~ y,aiJt:iP. '(:101' fur attn:btlle Orstum'ET jd. ·!-fIa.rf fo, CU15touLeX_Uillil1£" and! . noo.l.bay' for Oity'. MS
3

v~u(_> '~[" !:";S;('h of its aftrllJU~

!Ol

I:her-e15 set oJ pL"J:n;iittecl values, called the' domam., ,0''IlO!lih:llc ~ 'Eh~~ il'ltdbut::!'.. Tih.e dRJuaill, of attribute Customer ... ,sc!Zt· name m.igh.t ibt ~em{!If .ill text :;;h'~ngs of i\ ttr.... l£!ng,th. ;n
For <1iu:;h ;;.Llriliuk

}-. T'1pe$i ~f ·:a:fitnbn..I'tas Atlrlhll:!tes are cli'1!S<.':iifir:d as: ,. .. Simp1e CO~P(Js:E1:e

•
..

S'i'ngJ.e- ...<imu[·!d
Mul!:i-vah.l.ed

ij Simple

;2Jti<t'~bil.l.m .A Ei~'mplf! ,i'l£;l:ribN'ti' 'i!=; ,B.fI; attEibute composed [)f' .e : t!J[1tmpO'nm'h w~.th an 'JnJepe-r.4=nf 'E*tf.!n,c-e. SimplE: att;ributes GI!r:I, Iil()~ be s.ut)di\ljdiccl, :Exan:rple=; Qf'Simple a:1h:E"b1.! res include' Roll:_No., Stll!ary tetc. 'Co'lll;[l\'OsJitc ·atErib.lBreo ; .An atmbJ;lte rompassd of "l'Il'tipl.€ ''''71th ail .fui](h~E'.'i1d€'ill ~lc~lCE: hi, called a ,cait~l:;ra.~ealt.rff:1ute.

m
..

E~-mrl>C$ of 1JiJ\1!O,pl!J.Isi.i'e.aibiouE-s,r;:

olf!re :'

1) N~mI!1" w'J,j'Ch is romptlf::ied ot ,aud'IlltE:S. i'lke firs~ name, ill~tname. :2.) Addmss which:is
co:mpo5led

miiddl.e

,E'imIliu ....

of

oUn:!ir

campo.nenil; like Str"eet., City r Jr".iIl!la,~

.iW Si:n;g1,e--~'.jlJh.l..ed <'Iltribl[lli:Es :: A. 5ir.gJe~1~ li!tb'ib,u~e lis Ollie lb~ ~ h_cdds a ..' .... hxt';, a a s:ifLgl.c .Cr!liti!y_ fuampl~ <IDE! Room._M. CU;!:i-tom~~_j'(L .:::m:i1.i!"i1L '<Lrua .......

wx

a;fu'ibules
[v]

Me

also culled
atl:!r.li;ltIlIt\."S

3,5

;:.rtom1c iiilltrilmitif'S.

'tJ'mlth'llh~t!d ,llttrfEndl!' lis one I!'h'i1'1: o1d~ 'm,lJ~h values 'fu.r .:L 5i!1~:te ~iIT..r~r: For exslnpk, ill stuGlemit ernHy can, [h\j!i1".e ''i!'~ I U~ DUi!'[fu.e l4-obby ath:ibut.e such S!;; refl;ditJ;g'. :mu~c, p:aintin.g,
Ml!Ifti'¥',iduca
;A

v)

Derived, afuibllJ,t,e- : /Ii. (f~ritit-d mtribute is one t'h03! 'F..epl'C'St.:.'it'I!t a v,8~u:e det.ii'lfooI€, ~m !the value of <Ii re'l,:decl..altr,.ihut~ or ~t oJ a,'ttcibu'fEs.. For ~~Iltai"l:.lll 'I:hr.:= ~.jJbr:e: oittrihtlt.e can l:;J!:!: dBrl"V,~d frf!ll't\ llit:." dOlt€!' ef birth ail:h"iQufut.

A T-.f!larroru;lu'p' c.io;.l?'~sses <ill ~oci.01;lkm, a sd nf rd~,ti.oashi.p5 nf l"tt"C, ~amc'type.

tlft7r;'"Ju-:tg

:5e>'lCl".;l1t':l'J.ti~.

A rel:aoof'!'ihlp srt ~

For !Dl'.a:mp1E:;. ru;];:ler tw'O entities Pirf5,,\m Mdi Cl:puptmy .<IS ~hu\'m 'Wit 1:.1g" J:'~_ ThE! ~ ,reJa'tiltl:rJs.liip Warks:for uep~~s ~odaUon betr."I'o["e'f'I P("1',;jJjJn, B.nd. {jrIDl.'p:my. This 5$ a bmary rrcl~.'tpqs:1S'll.ip set.

iFlg. 1.'91
)?,

J!,ii,

E:..R. -diasram
c<dJed tn<at: '!![II,fuiiy.'s 'rule- A

Entity' 'roL'Q Tbe

,nul.ct:iJUi'l
thil~, an

wlc :is one: .;md of

M'I

~tity p'lays <l!:>Soclalign.

in

l'J' :[("1lnmi:ShiFc 5!5,

Fn9/.•

1.'11.1111

(<11) ,'Role n:ames for an, <3ssociatian

A~ MtO'l\\Tj;~ in FIg.. 1.10 {.a) .Pei"5o;rl and. COrnp.!l:ny- p<lI'li.cipates. lr!~ <l.cSSncia'l.ir:m, ··l"oi'"ks·-fO'~_ ~5iJ"" assumes 'I:tI£ rol~ (!if Emp~loyee wIth respe;;_1i:n Co~ps:t,r9'- A .(~m,priI~Y P t - ruIueF; t:l:r.~'r'ole of ;employer v,,;lliIl:eSP'OCt h1r. Pet'sanA ~dal,jonGhtirp 11llZl,), O'! 150 have a:furoun.'S calli.>d ,~-,so:i:~tivc ,a_Uribll,l1R::s.Cansid£:E 3 - - 6ntlSlttl.p set De"j:io:silo;r ,\",jrlth. ,entity sets CUSI;',;:Jn\£!r <l!ud ArOCQ'IJJo.-t't,;W,~can a:.'iStlctare _'";trlI:1l1'te.: iil,c.c'es5-'dl'Jt'E: ~)iJ~:he'JepQ~r I'C ;:':I:I:i.oI"l!-;'hi.p t'O, s,p ec"fy the rmn;~ re:tt"'t\~ da~ 00, !ri~h a ',cttsromaT accessed an ;o1>c,oount.IlS, sho'w.lil ,if!, Fi:g,l_10 ~b},

LI!:I~'ilI'4s i!j: Mm-bJ

E",'R emeip'Eii;;;l;!' sciK".ma,[(nay

':":;::~:!:S'e

demu,e ~main, oons1::rninb:1 to \,;,hklll

thecoIJtU:n1t:i; a~

:ryE~

.must

(l~.

nMtin im~t

ty,pt"S 0'£ OO'llSEr.lrini5:· Me ~

:. Mapplng ,Co.11'dina]:'iI!i-e.s
lil

Participation

ec~~irf,:i~

D;g' C:iuo1ilil,amii'es., -~f,

_:...o.l'"I<iI.lruG

cardinalities .exp~ t£-ID2'.: rrum'bet of emttitic::; to wruch anoUK'"! i?iltily V,ia a :relBltiionsnip ,!;'et-

GLlI,

111

ib~~y :m:'~];3JtiiQruih1p set R "b~'eeI:t let; mu.~~be one (){ thc. fOUQWIDg :

CIilli~ sets

,A

;IDi{

D"

ili(' :mapping
]~s

to one! An, mility iIi! Ali,!;; 3ssoci...t-e.d '\yijth at moot one: entit?; :in B l's; &S.sodated with ail: most one <en,'(jey in A." as shOVl.!R ,itl Fig:. 1.1:5,.

iilE'irl

an

: i·\ ClL":itom.cr 'IH'i·tb

!a~h~p

smgle

.i':i('t:otrrttat

gimm Uraneh Is sI-roWEl by

as gj'l,.'el\ 'bejlOIW'_

·FIg. 1.1:5 (a) lO.n~-4io-Qne retafioflSflFP On,e'4G-<man,y ~ An entity in A is <'J:Sf.:t1ct?tt.:>dwith any llutnbcT of. entit!es ~.!I':O er .mcre) in n. An entily in 13" 'b.r.:I'1...~rt:r;.rer. be associat('-tl "t'I.illt <1:t 1l1d3i ... "'''Tltl:f]' hI: A. can -,~~
jJl)

lFig. 1.16 One-;fQ~many m~~p.'ing ca!lrcf~1l3J'ijq.·

Example ~ A Cu..'i(cm£r having

t!;'i()

aecounts at

~1

gn i2:l't

l$nmdl.. is

one-iQ-tr:r.:my rPJ.:rtToos.hlp ,as h'iV'ef'1l below .

.un M;my"'toQ.-OIU! ,~ An e.ntny .m A fu 'a~oo2ited with at rnost Ol\C!' ('ntity' in 13.. An eintity :in 6, ·h(}l<1t''i1'~. can bl!'! aMDciated with. ,any Ilumib!.!.r (zero. ar more) 0..£ IP.fLtil.,Les m
A.

'1 - 2'91 'fu.2m1:pVe: ~: MtU)} remp!OYt't.':fl wmk!s for maoy-to-mil.8' as ;gWt'n. bt=roiw,.
.?I

ro;npany.

'Iihis :rd<H5IjJl'lSh~p i'5 sl:r;:owI~ by

Fig. 1.19 'iJ'ISil'ily.lo.-.onBi ·refa.tioJ1l!Stlii'p h·) M-:any-to-m.aL\Y ~ An 1l:F'l.tltjf in A is associrnted wi.1:h tJ>Fr'l f1,u!liibeT V'.:e.:t'oor molle:} Crt et~ti.ij~, in Br and at! '!!nitty in B is ~O!::.~i!t,'td ~ -ifu any m.rrni:re:r (Vi.'l'o· .ur rnlj~') of .... >eniitie;; ,if! A.

'Fig'. '~.2'"M!an.~..'f.ii).-'nt~ny' rellatilonmrfill' E~a:Q_l'pic' '~ Emp[(j}nee: "!;~'M:b on j;n:un1~'r ,of 'p~!3ce and, ,projoct '~ :haruiled by num'bcr iJ,f ~;~,:~loy6~. Th~refurc. !the ~tiQn.<ihip, be~wee:tL Empl~yee ®d, prq-cd 'is rnan.y-lJ:M:f.!any as sbow:El b~low.

Hg. 1.'2·11 'Milny._to"rna-ny

2} f,1,articip~olill Ol,')lflt'stta'i:ri'ts cQ(I.."itr<:r nto;. : i

ro~.ti'Orrshl~

Tht.m::

iU .... !t'·...O .

tyPp.s {~i pi)'rticq."la.tion

J'D'uJ partic;.1'~1itio.n = 'The 'parlldp.djofil, of. m·. &o&iiy ::iel Eo .itt -a re:lati{lnsll<ip :!ll~tit is said ee ,miiiJ.l '~fev-ery 'emi.ty Lrt. £ parti..,jp.:J.t(:!i. i!i.l i1Jt. k::asf~~f'..t:: !aUQnsh{p iu R.. ~
P,aJ'I!.i;;,ll; paitieipatlon: '" Ilkip<lllio'r;. f..,y.t'

if ~cr')ly' ,w:r.t· :m:titicr; In F. ,padkip~t~ o.f cf tity ~E 'R in 'f'l!fu.ti.Onsll~P' F 1'S :r;aid 'Eo b~ pufr!llt

in l!d;;ll.onslrip!>

in

K th.(_·

'f!~ampk-,. ,... upr,;;::t. if!V't"ry' Laan entity fQ; be ntlak!d, 'len.- <d i~~lS,rto.fi~ CIili'tmtieT l>e: augh the: no,rt,O'iV('1 :rdationship. 'lbcret(J~e" the p!'!r.tidpatkrn of 'LCI~.n 'in the : cl.ationEk1p ret BOiTCi'lii"'E:[ IS {{Ita)... lIlhtlc.,. a l1~l:iik cus{.om.('-l' nw.y or may nor h~i>;lrf! a • o. TI.terrdorJ.O::, the: pa,dioC'ipatlfln of O.lsioomcL' in U'}P.; BQ~' f'<ebtioru:;hip is l'Pattilat

1 ..11.3: ,Keys
A key' rf>I;:IiI.i~ps.
",).i.ff(,IIL"rtt
..
10

IO@e..... Jl4,. O':i.,.

65-" 06,

2 MGfl!;:;

Mc.y...Q6,.

~,M:aJ'k:;.

M'liIf·08.,

.Mo~J

.l!'[l0"ilil;S

·l~lch other _

u_<;. in·]den~iiyi1 R1: [iI.fa.ttr.ibuLes a.E~jJ tlhlUS disflngui,,*,~ entities from, KL"'~ a~::;oo.~eJp 'l,.1i!''1iqu.dy identif!l' JI.'tl!a:liu.m;hlps~ and thus dj'SiI;i_figl.li~. from ~~th other.

.lype:;;
tz, "''-':It''''"

oJ keys

;1;:(" ::

'''''''!['ke'v ~
key

(_'"od.i.d.j:],m. key'
P'rj~

ill,
iii

fme.is.nli:iey
key
!

1) S·~u

A Slt.p(".rhy L<;.. !'.li"-S'l10' om-u: or mere <1i

·i;!Ul'i~ufcs· t.~.3!~,lJ:!.o.,liNS- us fu} kijl1N'Ltif~

"Lmiqu_ely

entity SE!t. FQl' e~p.lel 'I:1hi~ r-tolLi.~o ;:],ttrlhu.~ or. the €i(;lt~zy set ~!!itud~lIilf ,dis.tI.n1miis'hes Ol1le sUjd·cr.t '!Zfitllh,l'- hom. ':IlIilUtncr. Q ~.
at.L e:['lt~;ty· ::n. lh~

2:) 'Candjdill'!1: .kef :in:I:tEoo.o;:!t fu 1~':Ci

~: A

Ll!u: smallest

supe-i.kcy 'WlIiIY' o;tnr.Iin. e>;"t..<me:qnlS -arfuibule.!;; and !rupceikey" A :!.io~!key £o:r whloh no sllibrsL~ i!=;

'Ijij,'e ,f.i

<Jlre

Qfw.n
~!'>

.5Uipl!tk.l!!y

a ·C3iI;l.dIdaU:key"

For o!'!'X'al'rlpfe. Stlldk'::Oi' name and 5bud€Ilf .. ~~.

partk'1.l1a.T si;tJ(.\OOit. Hr.ffice·. Ro~)_

are smndent 'to umq~lr idt!~lruy one S:hI;l.de,nu,i:r.'i::Erl'J .are (,"1!lt~ilidaifu' keys~ A1'frmu:gb the .atmb~ I~H_No and StucienLN<'I.m.e 'rogethct can diBti·ngW:fu. CIl,il;5I'!OOl"!iel' emtiiic:-;.. their oombilli11.tiond~~ not form a C3,fldlidh:l:C!' by_ Sin('e '~catlTibll Lt>

·or-

aru1. {St1!llde!ll.t:_:Nam'£.

:Ron-No
3) ~ pr:iJ:l)(:i.pQJ

a:!.Ofi.C:·i_s a .

candkilsJe kev, ~

key ~~ .&5: a..e;milidililte·key ~t

t'f'I.C'a:mj.

th-at is, ,clliu.lsL;!n 'ihc d~fzilb:;l.se d.esi.grte. by

an, entity set. FO't ~.p]eF. key ~Dlll}d be dtu~
J.

:;IS·

tlw

'l"'lnlTnaI"i{ $e'l. (jJ'j ··~i;>.ldQj"'1t:' E!n'l:ity s:et, The primsrv r---~ ----=,;
J

RQ]!L,Ncl a$a lhat its ;ii,t:triD:u~. are 1"I.t'!'lI'C"t' U~· r.!lIi:dy,. chel'l8~- For instanee, :the Acl,lili'es!;l lJ:eld '~ Eli, f'er5Qn snould .nut be part of ~he primary- .. 2'1, sirnce'it l:lik21.Y ~lb"'e- ~~I .Soet:umty .em to II:.h:(! other n;:md, a:J!'E: gu'-a'n ~f.:eJ 11,.0 .iiI,i;."VCE dTtang~
niF lde,nei'(yu\g ,entitle.s 'Wiitihitl :!W!dil

a.

-u

FO'iidgn ~ey ::An ,aH.l.ibuU! or SE!t ot atmbtH.es;i w'l.fhlT.il (line ,re'J)ilIHfID ifu;;lJ 'm-atd:i.c.<;: ~ caliiIdj_d,;ue key of ro:me (possIbly the same) :rehtliott. foh, ,e-..,;:,amplr:.-. the mc:h;rsiO'l1 0{ 'E['oli[iLO:'hno 'in BJ"i.lfiJ:.l_[iH.J:d staff :rela ~on Itl~ ci:itdh b~,l'llc_h :to fu£!'" details of gtaff w~Dng_ 3l1h ..~tbrdItch.. In 'U1..e B:rancli :rd;.rtiGl;l(r l5\ran_id~tJJ1.(1c primary key, :H~J.wevt'!!r. in lIhe' staff i,:,.
:r~~~l~o.n the ·E'ir.imrn_:no ,au1:ib;J;!ile ,~.s In. th@,· !1l~4IIt[relation,..

to ma:b::+~.staff 10 itbe D;r~l!lclli .ffice they work in.. o B:rai1.C-h.:_:nQ W [o.rci.gn. kL'y_

.4 'lE.nt~· iRe.latiomiliiliip, Diagr.am

(Drii;:·..1[]:5,••4. Mar~l

e ·ov:er.i!illlugt~l. EttuctUIIIf! of a daltalb<1Se ·can be expw$5ed ~;:l'phi.aill.y '!l:5iI'L:~ E-R ams, 'Such a diagJ:.i.Uf ~nsi!m; of the following ~OJ lOOli'tLpO]l~ffi..
~ri:wti_'l)ri

I~
.
. .

<>
.

Lin'f;.:;. OiIt1r1butes ~ f!rr1IW :S8~ &. m'I.i~. %15 tordalio1'lship ~~13

RCfJr~eflts. r;ril:il1iV:Efood :ii'l1!fi:'il!lJ;;ss

,IPIII-~.

'~'~I_"'J

II

II
R~nts.
;em 'E:rQily

tor: f.J:<:rT1iC{lmti;;\J1r in.a rcl:lJli{'.ns. RI;I'~:eI

'(.If

-ng= 'Fig- 1,_23 :YlQw::;

C~stuI!1.er :;lind
~t'I

~11 'iP'..-.R di<'I_.gf'sm

.ro" hanking

ulii.oc1d" t~ugh

sy~IDI ronsi~b,o:f m.~ hiir.t.ililIy ~~atioflship set Bor.ro"¥>E!iI:.J'he

u;tfu:l;"Ou.res

~1d3Jted ~~

~u.!5mlI1ff._addn:~~ 1i) Map,ping

wHh Cuskml.e>l' aN\! G1,1!StOll'Lo£I;Jd.,. CRSlO:m.0i:;..:n:m'}f:, RUrfbutU:$, of Loan are Loan LjJ ,and l'!.m_lYo!mt.

Mid

CardRlilal~

Ca;rdiMli

t'J"jn :iE.R_ dia,v.am

Ill'll: ( -i)

t'haiI: is. rep'll'f!fleo;l;4.."'ti. hy

'rn"O TJoT'2!'ijs;

i} Dim-ect,ed,

u) Un&!ff.!oC~edllin,~:"-) ):. Types:

:0. OQ~o"o:n_e.
between.

relation."tuip' : f'nJlQwfng Fi.g. 1.:l41, :r.ep.r.t.'::;oob:; one-to-one DeIif.lJj_M.shlp eutities : "Ma!1.!.llg~:t" and 'Dep.3irtm.C'fii",. 'r.etsitedJ ~ltr-ough iI!I h.~y l'efatioms5'dp 'M,anaget.
'M'l')

2) OJlL'e-to'-tr!:ill'i)' :rebfi.oll.sw:p : ,F.allowio.g Hg. 1.2.i),shows OIlIP.:-to-rr.1m:y :r.-eIatiQl~J.U.r hEhIfflen entiti~, :' 'DeP~~ft' af:L([ 'Employee'_, 'rEi~:;i,te;;;1 thr'Dl!.iI.gh bil'LW) r,ehli(l'mhip '1Ias'.

Fi:g. 1..25.' One-m...wi3Ji1y. 'fE1i3iion!itilip

~ll 'ManY,·\'fruH!YTI.e

~ndl ~GFIoA" relates through mte:rpremtrQn is, miHliy :;:I:..J,dm'd:!:i halve one
F

rQ]]owmr; '5raden:l'ii'

le!.. tronsl!ip = 1 fig-.. 1.2.6 s'n,{Wo""S m;;,ny-t{!>-(ln:e

em

relillnOTlZlmp ur-.:twee;r1l e:1'IiEi~y :b-llii<l1:y ,n~latioI1.s'bir "Have', (Gu;;IJ!'ruan 'fo<lciH-r Mr.:.-mbP.r:).

1 ,_33,

4) M'i:W.'Y~l(l"m~lfiy ile,LaHoosrur : FolJ.iJi\'!i'in,g }lg.. 1..,"J7ShCiWS l~;)l'Y.::.l'b-m;)ny re~l[cm:S.hii:p ib€.EW'ocn <2fitity' :~[S IEuil~loy:eet and 'i('auu:"Se" relrd.'etl (luolJgh b.ifL.lli['J' :Dela'f.iur~'!iip .i"J(I~'.

~, E_}I,"~s,t~nee IOe~ellidell1,c,iE!sl if !]'$ 'cristG\('{! .oi ~nHl)' K -depends on ~ .g¢'s~e;"l~ Qr e.n t; l)' .,_r, !l1:L'!1l 'x is said to ib,-", Cxi:!;,tlmC;r.!: ..:l1Y.pl1!rlldell'it Gin y_ l:f Y i~ de:liF!IDOO~ S[!I lS x, EI1Itity ::r is ;.L;Ziid FO k a JOLnimlf'Lt :enti'lv'•. aru:L x i8 {,aid 'ro he· ""-lIib()rum<l!~ €l:1Inb,_ r: ~.r GJn:sid!i:."T fn£!: ~=:nIHy s,el' 1.J:;1i3l'l1' "-00 _fu,e if:OJi,tiifty ~l
ilhqut ~

'P..lyIlitr..>rtrt" lEl<lt
.i£I

~ps

1'"lfoji:ro,.. i® n
Thf

811

T'a.ymiP.r.it ~Jnt:Hys~.t is ck:.'tC'rili~d hy tbc :l..~m~fI;[~ P,ayrL1P.nt. Tiio( P.a¥Irn!il1t.~datt.'" oo.dt Payrn,et'i.L@ InCltwi. We. fQI'iIfrll ~ .rlr>k:iHalt§!l:iilp gel II'.(lii'Jr'I-'pill};·rn!!'!llIt neltwi.<88To1 ~h~e MU ctLtity o;;:ctsj.' ''Il'lh:i:cn, Is, an.e-!.O--,lltil!fiy' frm:n Loan' to I?,ayrne'Ti't-- Fv.e;ry P,aymi;!n'~ cntiity must 'bo:t ~Q('i.f.lred wilh a Lean emtltily. U ~ ~ ,e..~tily 'iC!> d:e'1e~, i-l\~iIl .;dl HE iiiR~ljJc!iLh_o;;;l P'il,~'TfI&.n~ 18E!Jtilie.s .i:l1L).i:~l LiLloo be dr:.-l{!b'.~:li.in rolI~~t, Pa,yment e~;tili~:; GI!E1. bll! ,dtJdCd. L_ b"'~ Uo:l.rlitlk'iiSt.'" 'W1:I!!LL1Jl:tl .j,1:J.~~dll;,g oii'i.1J' 'i~' oaa. 'TIJlie I;]Jlit,".~y set L[Win!1S·,.1 'u;L~ICJj,-"_'~ '':'1.. _.aJ:._ ..... jJ;IJm me ~~ '~_ .!!

tlirie 'aa(vrn:e~:t!',i Ii v:

HiB t

'~r~

m,aJe

in, a:JJtnBcitiirm, to

p<:lili.-tic!ik:!c Willi. '

dQtrui:nant 'En tily .set w.hicl'l is. aitso caaJw <liS ~lrtl.n.g mh"ty .!id~and the erml)" set Paym ~ is stibo:rrunare· w..hicl'lis ,soo !I;alW·as Wililk ~ti'l:y ui;. iTl Lm:Il1::""pilL}'lXlenE r.e1a~pThe Fiig". 1.23 (a) .!ihCi'lo'!lS i1:he dO'[ninant e'I1.tlty ;Sct ·l.oiln'· and. .suiJQrdlna.te- ~:ty '''.I?ayrtle:;lt' (lQf~"<C~ by l'C!bD'<msMp sLo~pL<1J'l'Iilent'"
~ 1D9fil1litilOn ~ $~ronQ ~nd woak
Eryti~!j("& ,~

enittf;y

:$e1$

'wrum

e~tEfoit:e delir(!'rLden:L on

doas:s.i'iod, .all> be1"1g, strul1lg or weak, entity types·. An entity i3lat ;" W'IDE!: o~b.e; enHt)' ts caned a ~~k .P.ifllity ~ype" .An {mtily ::;;ettk;" weak entHj&l"i. depends, i:6 ('~lJcd .5b:a1lg e.ntity ~f.'.
'!J]'!I.

For 'I?Xampk.. Fig ...lis (h} sh!:1'llilS:'wesk ~""'Ltity l5E:t EPm'er.tf wlr-J.ch d"epre.!Jd>.s
1

s:t-ron

e.t'Ilfity sd: ·'P.llipLoy ee ..

fig. '1'.28 ~b) Sltmiilgl iiilir!d1 'lNe-.a\k' en-titIes 3) Re',presClilfBtiO'Jl all" R.o1'e The flru:l.dion 6h..?i[
tin

wh.en
·i.';:

.em:. nl~~ng of a ret.:ltimilshlp W·u.tiks-ior might be mdt'.t:t<!d p~

\Vorkei") .
Irt 11u:! H-:R. dliil\g!r.am" [0

ef1.'Eitylliays

i~l a. :reUa:tiODslia;p is called :it:s; :rJlfJle .. 'They are: uscfui :r:e~01!tionsJ:tip ~{ n£ff!rJs di:il2:it;ij}c.alfO:.l"1.. 'for BYUiIip!-e:.'iDe

oi illnploy1ees (:fil'~thi Wf<ma~, second

ttt.-cta:tW~)

fui.$ ot<Uil be shown b)' labelling' fhe IDle!> c(J]Ml.edmg etd::ita~ rehEions1li.p:s. {d.iamoI!lits) 8_S, shClw'iI1 in .Figr 1.29. ..

11.,36-

4) Sample: IE~, m~grams,

iJ

E-!R dl:ag;r;am with an ,atDi'iibute, attached

Ito,~, l~raijiO'l!1~bip

!SEll

'Fig. 1...iiO E,-'Rdia.g~m 'Wit'h

.n'lf

attmb'lUc :;;rttac;Jt.\~!:t '!too. a

Ifii;!:~.'f10Iil.Str~f1I 'sr:t

If a J:'E'Jatio.l"lShip ~t ha'S '5OJ]ii2' attrlhlll:€'-S usroatcd l\!;th i.I,. 1lih~"'1 we link lli~ ;attrib~ '~o tM~ rd.a,ljouru3,hipsef. iFo, ~illI!JPk,. In Fig. 1.3fJ! thu:: ~te <llfuittl;l!~is attad'h"Ed. to fhE re'E~ll:ionsl1ip :st.:..t d'epcli!21ter to specify' 'the liruJt:it I:~ .. da~ 'J:iIU ."....irl'ch. a C'!.:l6ifiom.e.r a.cG'i1sed, t:bat a o:;:.Uunt,

-'~ t---~---L: h;!,~>

.-.

r'~~
Oeci.~0001

'''''!'11"",!,,,,~',_j-

1\"" shown. ill'.l Hg'_ J ,31 ~N;,liJ1fLc''i~ a b;lmposik oi'.Iuribll'te 'r.'\'"i:rh cemporren aUt'i$u&_'i FifS~ t~.al'liile, 1 ,a~f_tJi:m1@"~ SinllH2l1-1r Ad dress :i£ i2115:o a r::,o,mpt'j:S~~c a !;I.ribure, \'I"if}, ot,mliponcn a[lrjbu~~ Str.et'!I~ IOty. Sti.ttc~ Pin, Ph_:"t:u is" ;ill muJtil;.r~luE!d ~t:ribl,ll~,cand ."VOC' ~s ,01, dI Q'{hred B 'ltr wutf>_

FJQ!_ 1~;l:2:T'stal' k Loan

~QWH :11'11 UUlSt ~l""£'

p;arti~p.afrO!i1

Of :alii :C't1rtity set

mn a .:'eJ~iti(liIilSlh:iJ:)s.et:

f]H:- 1..32" ,8 double lli'i.:i! front Loan to Burrower at .leir,;~ one a-t;:50ci,li:ed ('U:50:)f:ft-eE.

;J1d:k£l!~

rhat ~

As .sho'l;vn in t,.·ig. L13~ ~h'£!' ~gc l:J.r.:l'Wr.."cr1l Customer and EOl'fQweJ: hM c;wcliImIilt}' C('.I!'i3trai-nl I) _ __ indT~Il.e..'i-'that CuslCiii3:Le1:"' hri~ :z.ero' or lI!lUf€: loarus .. -1M o:msttdin t (I __ ... .~ ._ on tl.u!" Mg;o:!! :\1>e1lj,vep.n Bo:rrnwt."r' ana Loen (1 _.,1) ~un~iLes t~[ ~ lean ,mU3~haw tmc r':L1smmc. .. a:ssor.iated .wHl"! it.
:oj.

'IIj E-R diag~ltiI, fur Boo.kClub

,Fjg" 1,.;34 S~1.O\IJ,~ ,M

E-N,' ~<lg;t'aIr"~ io:r !ktok llub.

drub has me'IDD~ The borik. ir.Ub sells i;!(lokfi to ihi members., The;: rn1of!OOK"TSplt:lCBs; orders far 'bool.s, whlth, the: book dub (ul:611s.. &1ch ,~, c,Qn'fu±n...: (m"l! or more ~harn Ui1P hOtik. TbE' books are writt('n by 3ilthQ:r(~.). The F"uhlls}iI[;y"ptLbJi'?lws. th-c' book_
Jf'h~bt)(ik

i}_._._.:i<'

:N

'1,_,... :I:

[Pill~

~I
·1_._.. _.!_

-1.,,·····*1 N
C'oO

6001{

'liL... ::Ii:·

iQ1i!E: book and a book Lan. N'ile more than one Is plioili8hOO. 'by ,8 'P'1]blis]'L(.·r~ bV.L' ;,l p:u:'b;lis.lpte:L pub.lli:hes. 'many br~[~b.. Ii. mef'1iCl1:ler" .~1 p1am.· mere l-nOil:1ril one cr;rd~r., He ;lIJW 'cain c}m(n~ not to pl!3('e .an mr.kt.. The ~k: c.lli.ib :!iclfs m..1ny I;>ook,:;. The ll:II'.)Qk. ('hib !2:X<IDiIf.l'kis oon'lle·l'~cl 'm:ta ail llHt d'~SftlD1l .az;td..iss...1;,QWn in [F<'iS. L~,

l\rL aUil:'bOl: ean 'writE: mo.re~ tl10ln

~l®oi". A ~k

fi,g. 1,35 (a) E,.,R dragl"8fil' fca'l' B~flldn,91Ente-tprme,

vH)

E-R dllagl'aM fOE itlSIir13n'Ct!l' da~bM~

../

'6> /

1,.111:.S Extended

:IE....R Mode§

:uw

.fbte F :R. model that- it; supported ..... "..i,u1 tn'1!: ac!iditiooal semantic ('liJI"tQe-pts Is mlled 'E:xtended, -entity ;re[aHon:S'!l:tip DluCe.1 i(I(1' :EER ilIOlfl.eit Tf,€ Em< 1;J1.('Idi."1 irtdll.de.:;; aD. thl! oan<:ep~ of ftht." oti:girual B-R mOllet, ~o~lli'C!i." wilb 'fuh~ dll~n.g, aJdition:;d
0I:Jft (lP.plS :

~ Speclali7.--atio[r.
;0;

Gene,ta'iz,;jl"mott. A.ggJ:egation.

..
"I~

$P!Bcia1Jj~[i.on .... p.ffi"'Jaiiza.tt.on is the process o:f desi'gDaw,g 8libg~onpID:g!:;v.nthi&nan CJltiIy set," S
Spt'dali.z'.atlt.o.n is a

top-down

P'[O("1£SS, .. COl1.sider ~lP

{.ames :$trest ...~rui City .. A

PE'!".fSO.l1

cntit), SIP..~:tet:&O:IilI, witIl "'tfiribu.k-s may be further d.:!i$jfi~ a.s one' of the fnU':;fwi::rlig ..

..
.'

C'IJIE.tomer
I~

to:ree:

'&e:h ,of thO::se.Pereol'! ityp~ Is de$a:iliedl by a .. of aHii'b'vks 'l2h:a:t irldudes alL tEte ';Ct ili"ui[;ecSf ~ntity s-et Person .plus ad.t'hfioj;~l ~'bh:jbu.fd" fOlf ~mp'le. o CUSI'lnmef" tiflei ,f(la.y be: furtn£f rik"SCI~~ by CU5;,b:)ll'Iet;jd CWtd Employee enn~, by
~Jo}'ee_;c,ode arid Sal<tzy ..

P;g. '1~16 s'hQW~ speciali7>21;tion, which is :rt:pl"£:~!'Ik:d 'by b:hlVigle" The 'klbl,,;:: 'SA. .TlI:iS forr .' \:;; a", and, rerr~~i'L't5;., for exan1(plc .. t:ll1~.t CuSJO!tle-T ""is, a" re-rsatt. .. :O:te ISA
'EioI1r5ltirp
~~p@"ge}
Irnly

.usd be: referred,

to as a SUJpetc::'t::tfis .... snb:'la.i:>'S l'dati.onship.. ~

Fig, .. 1..36

Genar;a'li~:tiDn ~e;ra:Iizatro~ is the: p!l:"t1"l..~S of ,defin:t:og mo~ genl!.!:'@l ('i\t'i:ty 'l;ype h:oro a ~ a ~ifu:ed entity' types .."o' J s
q,-

of mom

C:r€:tl:eraliiz;i]inOtlis a b,",,'t't.'om-up <l;"ppru~dt, 1bis ,a:pf'W<."i.ch, esults., in the ildci'ttifiOlf:i.oo r ~t.·ll~I!"'"'WL-tt5-Uperd~~hOI"a_' the. or.tigimlll '~ilWCJas.sei;,

Com;:der fu~:t '!.he atl;dbtJ:~ of r.c;:US~rJJD:lf'T eJ;ility are C~'l.S;tD_m<£:'I_ja~ an"te. Street .. atr N , ~ <WI 'fun![)l.oy,t-et il':tillity, iii:fulbu~ <Ire: EmP,loyet:!: .. ;C!cie, Stt.eet:. City J and! SrujllW"Y. "l'li'IJ$.. .. , entity sets .tJll;pJoyee ~'Ild Cust!Jm,gl' h~vc: ·:s,tve:Q} :artmJbules ID ,C,OfilIftOfl; "thiS ~ ~ ~nelity ~ 'be; exf];I?!.iSied ,by ~'lW3.1lz;;1it:i® whiih. !S' a Wj'lltaimnQ"lt rcl:;lt!oD!fimp "hl\i~~.hIiltt"!~i"l ii, Wghf:~r.J.~~lenti'ty set ,;md, one !QT 'm~ ]nwer-:}cvril,en~ l:1ets .. \..;;~lO'!'n in Fig;.. ~~'36 Perscm ~:.:;~ Mg,ne:r-leW'c-l €nli.ty se.:t and CU!:>i.om!:I' and En"!plo¥'i;!'1Z' :;:;a!. lOWe17~levd entity gets, In other words, Pt';1·;ci.(t is ~~ ... supet..elass jf ·cusrornr=:r and =~Qy't..>e are srihda'5$ea.

lFi!J. 1.ltli Spec,F:;;ilizaij'ofil 8Indi ');- ~1!me.ral~z.ilIti\o.:nICo,nsitfaiiJnts

Igral1le.nli~rzai5j)n

Cotlls:tl"~mhii in ~p:ed;;iliza~,on, ;:md! gcnp..rali£.;:mon ._aJlO'L"!,l- us iInpo['lat~f, 'blJl~:O; 'r:~rles that apply toO tfli":! H!ialj.oIlShips.

Ell),

'Ci:2pbJrre some o.f

h~

d.e~nn.b:·~ng w,hiCh I!?ntiti'es can, be memhe:ti; of ~ ,giv!?':Tt Qw,e-r-~evcl en! tty set, ~u,ch m('mbe!l"S.rur El;;J!Y be ail€' ,of. the {'O.ll.r.:rwi~ : ~
u,{ mnsh-<lilITl1 i!:'ivo]vez,
'ill

ttl

One' 'type:

,~ ,,:x,m.dH(Qn-d.ef"l'f\.ed k.!i.~r~k-;.re.1 'ootity sets, mellilh~h;tp 1;9" evaluated on ~ oosi!.s o.f WIl<!2mE!.T or' ~l an e:nltlCy satisJl.(~ <In exp]ici t ~'DT.II:::Iltiml ('JI pn.'!Ji'cat.c .. !FQiI' oQX<im:ple... ,as::.;.umc fuel 'the ]-o;jghci"-levcl o;:;nf:il'y i!:icl Aa::Ol!.tl1!f: L<;having oI!lHnal!Jt!l7.!' .A£:cm.mi;:_t}'P@;' anI)' tnoo[!' limtill:.kos th~l SCln.<;.fy tilE: dmd~J:jr.);n .Accoifl:IU:ype = ·".5.j:I,'in~,a>tGJ.untJ"i' are: a!]uwed Io l;J.gJOJ.:tg; to I.If£. ,iu-wer-levEd m'1!ut}" -~t 'Savt1!llgs_~unt"" ,All i!l~~ !that .5.l1ti£fy ~he ,ctr.E1dlJi"Otn: Ae.r::mmUyf'p. := ~··clreclciJ'l.g acooU,.fit'" ;ar~ i" dlJ.dIed ,m ilh.eckJng ::t'CWUF.lt1'hes.c ~s. of ~firin~ (;!ljt, d1!ft~, 'hy user; Fol)r eX:ain'tpk-J 'hits after :3 ,:tIilr:I.Ed'fiils of E!rr:~ploYl'neU.i:lbaJ:1lk CJI1.'PID-j'L"1:5 are aooign-ed lo one' of fum' 'fii.lurk ~.ms;. We Ul(':I"etOJ"(' .fio1?;reseIil!t the teams as ,fDmiowf}l'-I1:ve-J entity S$ of tLv.:: hjg.I:l!f!1---'h.."Vf']Employee! oofity.· 5le1. ,A gi,,'CIli Emp:I~rt is a~igned 'to one- 01 the teams by ii'nd1:ax~ of the ~~atrv5. U!S!Cf d\e'n!!'i1l'i1:d let u~ assume
;

GUliliii ~ioiIJ: dld~d

an

,_

rour.

'Ii -·4~ _ A ~m:li.

P
C5

type of c.amW.l'in r.<:iatc-s !:o ·,.,,.nether· 01: n(!rt e-:rl'l;::it~t~. !!tHly b~I.nE'llg:tQ JDO'!"G: ' one low'e,r-iE':fti crttii"y set wRhm. a s.illgl~ ~!l."a:JWti.nn_ The lo-w~!rwl1..!\·,e1. ·e;n.t~!ty ma)" htl orie of UK' fr.llm .... mg : ,. Pi~(}:irnt; A Jisjui:t.li!it~~~ 'lJOJ!!!:.iAin~ requires fhat <In. mt~~ bclong to (mly one 10"(l,'cr-·~e ..rel!. -01~tiiy 5€t. Fo;'l" e::xatt ple, ii!iFl, ALIDl..mt l!il1tity Xl'ti-1y be e~Uw.r Sa\PIDg_accuw1'[ Oil" ~hetkID? ..... account. It ·~cs iU!;~ OILe- OO1l(ihn~m .jd a ,t}rmll,':.
'111

Owrtappit.l(g
Tl:lO're 'I:it:;:u1

~ In ovcrJ.;;.pping g.e.neTti'lHx';'il.ho~~,the same elUiry truly be!nng 'to onfl, ~ow(~r-~f;'vel entity set williirt oI.!I pli'lgk g,('nel~tt7.ali.ofi.
'~"(lI.

For ~<Irn.ple·, a s<in,glC' !IfIIa'l'lagt:.'1r. 'waY' pamci~~.e

A"n~thE!rc ('xa.mp·h~ is.. assume from

m!J.['(': tllio'!il'i.

0IlIi2:

wmlo:; t.eam .. and

.31

.1:'lI.'!ir.SUli\,. J;w-Q. entities.

Customer

E~mpiO}~
CtiSiO'IDeiT ..

. ·derl»,~
I[

The

ge:ru..'T.aJ.j?.s:Eiillltl

.iIs ov~~]a:Pf'inl& if an Em.ploy~ G..I!nalso 'he:

A ti'Ela.l constr11linl,. i~ a oo.m.piJ.ll:h~;i,!<';~SS c.I1!!n'St.f.'03!int Uri. a f,'ef'lerali.t.atlolljspeci<lJ..izatiofl,. 1&1 l'.i!pt..-.elfie5 wht::lht."!: Ql: Iila~ an entity Ul ~h€ hl.ghCiL""j{!Vo!'!·! entity ,f;iE'!. 'mw;t ~J!m~g 1:0 :r.: .'!:!<1Sl .00 of the IDwel'-lE'Yel entity a1~ withm ·ute gceneraFul'tiQ'J:l/s,pi:.'Cin]jzali(m .. "[his 0 rutna:tt·ftint may 'b.1~ one 0:[ tIw icill.o'PvD1g :
'Ii!

·Total. l5.~fu!·r'i3..1!iZil;ti!llnor :s,~.i:·i!'!'iza:fiw:t: HSor"h ·ih!ig_i\e.r-h,'!'I,.'p.l aili1ily mus.t tu a lower-Ievcl ~T.'lIi:ity sct,
;P.art1.;31~

belong

g'E!:Ilt".E..diz.a:,nulil 0.[' sPf.!li!i,a;l::iizm:'~liJIn ~ Some hi.glh.cr-kvel <erl.tiitf~::; I'!''I,o;lIY 1"ia~' belQng- 'ro @y jov.'ct-]e·vel entity set, 'Po!irlia1 g,en):>..ralizatiorL is t:bo2: dieJ::=.t'tJ HE.We m'TII. sped!y total. ,g€fJ.er<llb;ation in alFl ·iE~· diagr.utv by ·[.!Ising· :LI. dOl,.IMe: lin1:!' .~. connect ~h[~ box n~p:rc~Ung t:Iiu:. higlh.e:r~k~'If'l![ entity se~ ~o ltFiJ!!: tt'ianWe sYm.bll)l.
LT!!;i

Fm '!:.':Xi&.t"'[L.P'1~ llittrk,l'~ :

Soi1IlC Eu~;rlo"l"€CmHi
•p~i.ilizati@

);'I."ls, W~ 'may' a~!";;I,c~

3 wcmlhs M the ·~rlb. mil)' l'L(jt b~ .m.~IDI:!!?.IS uf any or tb::! lQwel'"-.e'r'cl Le·.~'m !imtity !h'f! ream. -er:.tity !oicts IT1!O!'e: fully as -iii ·patti.a~ o'I,Te:rhtprmg .
iIott'

a~~'91>td

!o a. Mnt

only

u~t

ot

Rmrp1(;!:tL"~.

The ~~j,e.r.!:iH;;r;,::l.'fii.oI~ i c.n~g_~ o JQt>3lldi">jom't ~t:!fil;Ijz..'tt10'll_ 3" Atili~];lIuro.r,l!IliIen~nc~ '

:LNld Stt'ilIDf.frac:cum1l!~~l"Itn Ac:t<GIIJtn.t

'is

i:i;

"A crucial properly of the big~ir and :kn\flEr-k el entiti~ .~l<ed ..... r 'aOO gefleTIlliLza6iQ1;~ ~;; afu1blJ.l~e. :i!nh.criilo;i.nce: ,. The atih:wutes
'0'[

'by s'pooail~ill\

~"'e]'-~'ij.·!il

m11ty 5EhF., F"Or example, Cnstolner and :5mplo}"8E' ument· h iluIDU!tes of !hAl! Pen;Iilii., ".I'l·I'iIL"i-,. Custmner is (ie=;eriilbM by N.Ol.me,.S.tr'ee't Cilty :ilInd w.ith :;Idditiooal. atmml'te· (;UF.,toIIH.!['_!tl. Si:a::ruil;).~fy, Empl0fE!e ·is rdescribE:.'d "b~" NamE:', Street, Cit)' I.Uld

me:

highE:r~.~l

entit.;. sets an= said

.1tQ

be-

mhent!:.':ci b}" tlhe:

,<idillli,onal

attritm tes Thnpb·~.,.w~

,::"00 SaJ.ruy.

O:ne' limiLaL.ion U 1 E-R. mooel

rcliltkm.::;nips ..

ts ~Mt it t:illm.ot express

l'eli:!.tl,onShips,

am~

Con..o;jde:r Ma n.agtr'. U~
!'ihlJ'lll.'11

,F,I

ql~ater.ru'tt)'

rclatiuru;rd.p

Manag&<;

bCW,T,!::l.'D r:;mplfiit:~(

Bnn'J.cl~. Joo,
~.-R ,di:ag_[iml

mt! t35

fue. basic B-R m,(1d~

C(1r!.stiruld;s.,

we oblain h

bel[l1T,1j;~,

'Fig. 11,,;3,7

E--R

,dii31l!lnlm wil!b

r.ed'un~flit

rsi<diinDsh:ips, 'Ii-"VU[Y Emp1a:!fB~

Thet\ii:!: is !ood:IH'..d.tJ.m;, :mmrnlatlon

:E!.r.m.ch, Jl'!IbQombina;i,km. itt MiJ.ru\~ TIme bt!.:5~ w,ay

absI:.racti.o.n through

:re&uiit<mt ~g:uYe,. sinGe is, also m Wo:tks_o.n,

itl! H\~

ro model

atrolllC sirua:t]~nll.'v.. ;to use ,aggl:c-gariiUi!L. A,gg;e,!!W:!!3)O'D.. Is an

ElIE'

TNhkh reJaffuru;hi.pl:!

troaled as ~g~

..t::v~, f

e:ruiti.e!;_

'i]]U,!.SE

tM.

l"{![atim.'ISJ;up OOl1ls!dettd
'['!p;lation~h;p

SEt Wor-b:....tm:
<l::i'

rellating thc:
elUi:~y se't

e:I1dity

sel:sF.mp]oy.et'r

Eromc:h

an-d Too ~

rugheJ:_J~'1

rLt'illf..,j_

iniIDag:er

D€.."h£en .....

Woiks---,on

'w,md:.<:i_on.We can t!li.crl aca'te: a !binary ,and iiWli1b.>"C' tn TE!pJ.'e5ent who ~g@

w..I;lm: tas k_o::; ..

i
Fiig. 1~
tema;tive E..ft Notati;,;;m:!ii

M>.-At~e

I
rr:»;

E-R ··diagram wJtl!I 3g,g~ati:OJl

MlItr.;;iitr.d'

for II=A ~I:!o'

RN:rnsn.;p

M Mi

rk..J1jf.;;Q-f!L;!I''!o'

r~bllll1i.::;ll~

~.

.r»:

(~)

lJ~nm!';RI1Te .;rl1rlbLr~~ .... =};~nlif!,'~[ lo.jat"l'"ijXI"!"IIOi

reaOO~p

!!jr

':;;A~'i~0I ~klIlb.'~

l]I*"n1:

9 11fTIlf;/1UIlOCI

1.'11.~ Reductkil,1iiI1 of !aln E·R: S eh~ma ro Tah~rlls

\'\i'e- can. .!<!_PT€'..,<;C[iLt a ct'ltabil!l:;.e ~:ha1.e~.:mF<nfm; to <:illJ. J.'j_.g data'.i'<:ll::<E ~.btma culkdiou af twlt!:-:. for eadhCJjlti~y sc:~ an:d fr.1(Il"' oocl:t. roeL"l"tkmship 5& iifl the (t.l:l:.a!.l.;!'-,I an€'.Irc i:=; a uniqt.l(i "bbif" 'ttl 'Wil kh ·,re' t;.m ii!5:9Ign the name o.J fhe oorn:""Spmd.ing '. ... SE!"i" or rd.::llioruihi"p set, K~Lh 'i:al)fe' has 1"f1.1..dtnp]-e ·o6b1.lJTII'lli, -."d~ oJ 'wh:kh 1"!:il:5a e
.11.8ime,

Boril ·the E-R model and fhe ·rel~Liu.,ar d;]~.wb:::ls(" mond!€.o.J. are lugic.al rt'PfflSe.nfunon reel- ... 'fOrid €.T1Inerprisi;!·" .J<olli OO(lL ~ mooelE' LrSE$- s.imUs.1i'" di2".:;j?~fil 'pnJ1'1.:ipk5., 1i'o1'{!" OOlurr:..rt 81:11 iE-R d~ign ~rdu'J! ',eJauoou] des4,,:on. < ThE roJ.tSi:!r<tun ts 8,peci:f~d in 'H't E-R dJ%'1"z:n1.. ::.-uch as prin1:a!Y- b:-ys and card \..na.. r.::un.'iI;D.unb;:.~rt.:." mappl'1!d ~ wns-rramts en the 'tab!~ gertelatPd. Irorn 11)(" E-R d~i!~·.I'.(f'I.
'1) T;;IIbu'Jar Repntlsel!litatt[U1, ,of Sl<rengl ElI1til;y ,Sats.

a !:limn;!?; entity sd w~~hciescii":ipti\r,e ;·'Itr~ln,lIle;$, tJ:~,.~2 , ...... 8" . II:Illi; en,lil)" 'by a fLlblp ('~ iC wmth rL d.l&tiinct ,m'(utun, ead1. o( '1!!,rili-ch cuTI"('spunds one of the attnjlm,tes -o€ E .. F.:a,r.:h:naw in fr,js t:lb~i" r.:urrJi;'spr.Jnd~ r.o oTl'Jbe ,entity of
e.n~iL:!, ~~t H.. F(I1r€)(srliple" ~Qi1l':iider a 'enlill), se:t 'StudenI" W1ith atbihums : iRoU_No and a WI:! c-ep['(_~t th:E::; e·:Juty set by' ;;I ~b]e 'SE:uden~E ',.",iH", b....-o 't:olUTii)M '){oi!LNo' •N~lme" .'bS ~m_,..tl in iI:''-~g~ .. 1...41)
r-RoiU'tIi!:t 2001
,201)2

r ,el :E ~

I
I

2JJOC!
,2{1{'.14

N~!m.9

JQhn
R;;Im
,::.JIc)'ii1!fl!1
~J(~
1

Frg.. 'I M The awdolilt 'tab'le' ,

The
:1'(111;""

}lhn .. 'We

{'2U1JI1. J.nnn) in t~t")' t;;]ble. :Sluden~ means !:hE :HJoH_Nn can add n~'" rows and 8.~ delete or upclMc .'I::'xiistir~g' ffi1o'II'S.

2), l,ati;iymar Ri?;presEl'Flia;tf,,1iJ of 'We-ak IEllluty' :Sets w.hich A depel:1!ds 1.L'!<I: :If.Le: m~!!)" .. !key Qr 's .oru;]::;~ n' 1)1,b-z , ,.rio;>.. We ocpr~.sent !:he efit.~ty':.:e~ A. by • mble ~ll:1ed A 'W,iitn one .oolUIDn eaL";h O!.fu.~bun(' 'D~ 'tt.>e $I:_,H:_ ~r.'uti:'jr set
mil

Let A iJf" a. weak C'nl:i:Ey s.et wi~l, ;,\titr.ibm.HCt:;

B.J I fl ~,

........r If." ..

~~Dr' (")(:ruJrrpf!:!'~ ccus,1d!et [l1J entity S~ '1':rom1Si;U;'tSOn' 'Hii.h atbi!.'t1I,1li:;!' T:r('l~~CDcn· date, DclJit~(J1Jrnt'. Credi~t ..a.jttolJn r ,;,m.a aa l-irliiK"X:-. acp(>I'His on 1I ~ S'Ct, 'AcmunY. wut.h It e.rd,rtv . ~;)jty la~y ,Accrrunt.~.Elo. '!'hUf> the T r~nsi3.ctii,ontable is ~~p~d :by (.":(Jlt:nnns eq-mnt ..no, l'iF.ulsaclion-d,al!:.:·, L1.eml~,lffi.()1mt,. Credit-.ilimu@!:., Balance :shO..... in 'TI g.1.41.

a...

A ii:(il[IUlilit
I--

.., 'M10

Tlf8E'Is;a.c:{i<Ql'iI ,.. ,lta.t'e :20J1,2J2.(IOa"

1 O~bit ,_<I~!l!Il!,[ld:
I,

Cr:c~~~, .amifii_'u_!frt_"+-I_B_"_I_;U_j~_. e__

Ill1

.M.01

loo
:2.00,
0

121tO,!,2m)11J
i--

-A-' 0-0-9---+---0-1110112002

:aDD
Qi SOD

-+,-1

IBM

-&1(1.-.-,-2000

2>l1:m.oos'
FiY. 11.41
3.] Ta'bultlilf

A 'T ranse

en IOnl l'ab.'l:e,

RepU<CcS.enf.;;riiio·n of 'RBllat&0lITlSn1iP :Sets

I.L!'L R. be' a ,t·cilatiooship :!>CL l....e' H] ,tr:z , ... ~rr...... ili.-c ,~~~ of at:tru",,~Ie!j rorm(tl lry.' Ute . 00 union of the prnrt ... 'II·y ke-ys o~ sarn ot tnt'- 'CfLtit,y :sets ,~rt:kljp~lt"u:'LP,; in, R. and Id the' d'-E:.l>'1.:riptlve: a-mlh~rt(~s any) ·of R be r7[ • b2 r'·· Fb .....' We r-eJ:1'r£!~nt \'hj~ rd.ati'i)'fL'ihip set by (.if cLj, 'i:ah~et ll:al1>1Zd R with one c.~Jl.'I..I!il}ll m-r 'l'Mih afulbtit>e of the ~l.

'For e-xam;plc, ('Qn!.-ide:r r.h€: relalion:-;.Mp Si?t Dq)ii}SitOl.r:. In. 'fig. '].42 .<I:i:t.tlbuk access-date, Thl5 J"rla.'licl'f,I!=<ltrtmp· S'el ~Tl!vnl'iles.I[r.\Vtl C1i"lu1y sets,
<Ii

w~l:h de::;cdp~ive:

Ct1S:l!omi!!r~

witl1 the pt"im.:1lry~.k<l2':r Cu;:.i.Uliler ..id i th Bhc 'PI:'Urrtl!lry-:k,c,"}, .AoornJ:fll'-no ~n F~g. 1.,?2..

'"

k('olJJ.n1l,r

\-"{i

TI'msF.lthe: Dcp-CJ:5.itm table 'ha::; '!fusee CUi.lWW1S !ihown as

~---------r-----------+------------~--------+----~----~ COOo.cl MOOS 09j\(1~

CDOIli A.QJ}{IQ 1~1 rm.OOl

()00;01

----

-'1-------AOOO'l

--li---------tl

rmmooo

COr}J'}4

---~--+-~

~2tl~'2.(,

}.o-

Reiitr;lnd:a,!"u;y' Of'T.aJb:!e--s

Go1"~s.i~ ft,.,i'() e.nfi~y ~hs Loan :and, f'i)ynl.etr.t, wlrich ,It<€:: tink _r,t!"t1JtiQnt:>mp l..o.an-p.i!yme:nt wiH'i'[I,no. descriptive a-fub"iliui.e. -rbe; \,

dL"P!:..'"[1.Jsn entity set ~]l_ o The !P'rlm~:ry hy ill Payrr:tenk ·is. [LOL1'J[tJ[l9r V2IymcnU't SUIL.e UJ~m-pay.m'l:!ult ~b'e has nO. des..-:ri'ptEve afUihutes., u ·.... i1:o':!JV"e twa' cu]UIIUU; . "Uwd 1 Lo®~no,. Pa'ynl(:iJLnoj. E\!"Qry {~..;.O!Hll~nOIP<'L)tmerl~ [JJ c.o:m::b.iruUion in l.aatJ..payl'u@: __ n wou;td also ~ rrmenf in 11-1& payment tiili.l~r ~nd.~in: 'II(,t,~. -JJTliUS.. I.:.oan~piI!.p.et'!t 1J:.'l hl is :rL':dm;d~fi L In gcn("["( .' I!ll;f! table fut the .-elan'f:iir'".sb ip se'l 1iFl~ng il wrok.el1:l:ilty SF.E t j;~5: l4)r-p1Sp0EI.ding; ~.t!fflnjl; r:ntity ~! is.redundant and does, r.mt 11t.-OO'tel prasant a t~ ·~Ent.ltioo {l"f an fi..R "_UElg-ralt!l_ ~, COnlfPOSite Attll'iblLllt.es W'!:! hru:tdk ('(titl'ipo!cit~ .;rttr~bv.te:;: by ·o:::rooti tl.!l, :3 SL'P,1Xi:1tc- M.l:rihute' for ~.r.:h ol II oo.mponcnt ~ttribut'E:5 ;. ",~e: liQ n!lJt. create a se'.pa~ate culu.G.ID tor the· compcsite ,aUji.l:)'[l"tr o :it::;.e<l.tS~.lPpar.se A~d~ is ,8 conrtpc'S;t~ afuWULtt' of (!'J1!tity SG-t Customer, .imd C0.aI:pCIn,en'1i:s of Add~ i3T'E! Sti:,ccot ;.l:od City _ 'Tn.e t::!lbl!p.F.J1£l:"dID::!d froJ.l1i CU,,>lmncr. woui6 g then I:pniam. r;;.o['!;I'll'LiJl..<;;. .•4..dd.r('SS_..<;"treeil: .an'11 hdJ~_d.ty . utCle - ITO sepm:atr.: cohlmn fO'T Addn.'SS •

u..t-

.iiI'

Mul1D'IIatued Aftriburres

~T1itity !iE.'1: Emp£oy,ee: witI:i muJl;i\i':31'nJea. attril'H.!!l-e· i)epende:nr"name.. E01 sudh ]nuH~ ~Iled afuibUle.. i.';ffli]ite. <Ii. scra[r!lJ~ t:ailb[,g: as Depe'lw~it-_j:rdo \"iit:..~ al:ll'1Tm~ DeP(,"r.'Idol'!'f'll_l1..i!:me •. ,md 'ETItpl:QY,~(!jd whidl. ts fu.r.: .p.titnii_r.y ~ .oF Employee .ef!lti·ty Ri:'!lt
O'Iirl

GJIltill:k'T

of G.~ner.;lJi!Z~jtiiQn T1Jt:01le J:JTe h'liO cl.iHeI"ent nrL~ih>U(!s for' tr.a:ii]5furntill~ to. ,;3. itsbulmr .futIrL an &-1-R f!h.i31_ mcllJdlf'_'> b'Ult:=~lron~ CDF.sider ·the gen~ti{m ~ho""'rn :in Fig" 1-43 y,;rl"Nt"rrE: Acwurtt is a hiigh('T-lrel!'e:]. '\'!FltEiy ... w.hiltl'! Savin:'~'I.CtOtJ.Pi: :i!iRd. O~",c~onnl are lowt"l.'-ieve enfi:D.",~.
}r

'Tabular

:R9l=1raentatiol'll

Fiigi- 1.43 IE.-R 'Iliith gene:ra'lizatinlil . 1.. Create a. 'tablt: for t!"te ~t-11ev.pj 1!!ntily set .. for ·~d' 'o~~r- fi:!:veI cntiE:}' setr (r'eaR: a t:iLp~Jo'!It1t labk" thM h1icblldl;.~ rollJ.mt!'l5 F.u'r f:adfi (it iJ1e .a;tfriblit~ of '1 ha t !!:!niH]' se~ pl'l!il~. a ~:(Ihlmn. rur ,ea"ch attd1bu!IC of

tne p:rm1'-<ti'y
h;)V"e

bey Ci,f t'hi::

th!['E!€
fu:bl.ci., ;

ltiiJ:l~Y'-teve! I=ifitity set. Thus .•for F-R dl~t."ItmLill :F'l:f;. l!_4-3 ....r.r:; ... Accoum, li.",rr:i aftriJn·tes. Ace nu;,tile! Ba.1ana:. ]

11\\1' I1\D j..

liir

....riS'i""'.,.,·
.... 14=0:1.·-"

~I

a.~2
~\i!'

Q -1
-.

~ing_..acOOmll~ with a;lir.i!ctlles A.cc....:!I1O, Il!1!b~U.are-

"".dlli. attrihtrtes ~~ ..no and Ovexdraft_.:;,t.n}otl11lt wmr=!t<Wzation.. ~s·disjcr:bi'll ~nd oomplctc-, ih<)t i~r if no ~ is a. mE!.~· tl/!;,"!U' .3Dwa .. :vel enti:ty' 812m, dir~ly k he1.cr~ya I,ti;g~P.l:~Ievel ciMily sets SiEiid if ~!!i'Y imfity :in the htg~~ill'!;<iCl ·entity e~ Is.. also a memlb(~~ Q:~ OJ1e of ti:ID .• &:-k. ... l @iio/ -sets. Th~ .e do lITIUE create !LabJ.€l1m' hEgird lev:e.l .ellTi!ti1Iy set. rns.~Ea(it, 'cr-wb:= s~!"-ate -E:i:ll:l!Ie for ~. lowel'-le'l,lle1 ·entity sets, tb~~ mcl:udes mtumn fur eueh ot E:ht!. afuillmri;lS· 011 ftt~d 1t.LJf£ly set plu!; a, oollJmJ] far i2a'ch. _ -h~.l:te·o~ the- high~:..lle.'I,l'cl '~fLtity set,:. Th0:t 1m E-.R d1a~ .iiE1 Hg- 1_4.~.t e w _ba"-re 'I;1,1!,10; :table! .:
• @.: !II!

O;i~g_tL'cml!nt",

Sat.'L'.~l_:~]ltr

Worm

.atttfb:u'te-s

A£C,_;ifio.f

Balenee and IIl:\>!:,:1'!es.Lra'loE_

and Ov.E..':rdrafUUn(Iltant

'II

ChedJ:n.~8:-coount, w~tb attributes j\P::_T1o~ B'~ Riep'lresentatiGJi1i of A:gg;reglilili;'em

_ ' r;

'f. R diagram nl·Fj,g- 1-38r ·ttoC ~ble :fbr [bE tcliliOI ship .!ilrl Manages '~~ee:n. the ----::o_""*'tion of ·Works-o.n and the entity siil:: .~n~ger includes a colm-:nll ro.1' e8r!;n.

:.Item

~J'L

I.\he pv~mmy :keys, ©f. 1:h;E (':iiiEity ~~ MilIti.!i5.c-l' and 'fi:he rel.@:oQnShip set It '.voula . also 'include tb.~ descriptiv'''-'' a'l;U'i,bE!Jtp-~ of :n...t~t~o1'iship.sct:,., :i;f .~J;lry

"'2

imrlQduct'ion

tOr

R:e,Ia.rIioltDaJ Database

ll'Lf: Ierra ,F.if.[l1timml dt<lttr~. ~ prl.gh~ di:'!~. 'I:!'y .:ru,.g;al' Codd at ruM iilirn..'ldffi jen Cenb::..'T in 1'971).. ReilanOIl!;rl ru.Jhtil)'atsS:..o;" .a::; in: plen1.eIXt€d .m relaticnal databa~ g~mcf'Lt: systems, 'navE' in_"(o[n~ :a. ·p~..,j.l;)rrli1'llaT.1i~ cllo'l~ lor I!ih.e :st'O:rn:b'lll1 O'f ~aHlUn in .l'L..~ d~t~b~ used. £;01" nmllu.~l ~ni:;;t liiLM1IUfa1;m_tri:t~g .i:utd logis'lieal :llifi01'l(..per:wn~d d.a1!<li. and IDuch more. fn. tfuf:reJ.a:t!QJ"I..8J da:tabase.. the. UseE' aLdy· needs 'ki; 'lli'LdeJ5..rn-nd the lo.giGal SU:tl~ d!;:!!'b!!~ m hmv it is p'h:~tst~ny-·sfur.(.,j. ll;J thi,;. dat~.1'ger da.t~.is .r-cpn;tr:;e:r;rted .irJ. ~l~· n o-dim~llMl t_;lJibi~!ii {:re]_l~l'fi(,.I"IS~ whkh cO!'l.Sis't .[JE rO"v!."S (hqJ-lts) ~nd rn!t'!itn.'I1S ~ttl)cs}. A re'~ati;iiilnaJ! d.ilitTL"bOlse ii!i sl~p'l)' ~ ··co.Heclion 0.1 e~Ih1e;:;_ Rc..\i,tio.rutJi ,aataJJa:,:;e thumy uses 8. sci (lIf I!,1athe:r:rt.alii.tai tT'.xm:s. w.]i.jd"t <ID!: rOYlghly ~va1:eiu IiO SQL dabbiollSC' terminology. The table 1.1 ;Stm1ma~~s ·som,i;!:of the mJ-"St .:nparliillt reli;J.·I;icfl\illdatab.ase terms and. theill' SQI,. da'l;~ba.'>€ €qwl/;;t~f!nt:s:.

·l,jjllb~. 1.3· ]t;rela1lo[na~ terms

,BJiId 'itheil' SQL. eqiU[V!iaj~l1fs

IRe=8tio;nai Diilltab~)ilIe Basic.: CO'l'icepts.

A fflflrnm: Is de.~n'\1ld as a set af Lupk".!i tlhiat ha ... tI!~~ ~<;_~m0 atE-r.n.lJUS_ A tuple 'C uswU.y represents an ,object <:Ill-d D~iUi.un about fuat objed·.. Objed.$ .. are tyrica.H"r physi~iiil objr:.-ct.<;: or .~i"J.i.1.Ce;pts;. .A ~'e:~non is llio1!l"';Uy c.:h~('rib~ ss a faible, whmrn. is. org3inizcd in ~O r~ ,t1nd ,oo[lll.1l'lm:i_ A.li Um: dlS.la nd"ere.ru::ed by an ,at'a-ibute are an w ~"" doouun ,au,d. con'-Wln to, the- SiC1IL'ile rom"tr.ain~s. qUe:Fte$, ·w.bich use' op('!,afioru;· ;:roc'&:, s !}I!iecl' a ~ identify tUfiie;sz proj.~t to id"r=':n;tiiry <iIttnllutes. and join to. co:rnh'lnc rdatiOJ:tS_ :Heliati~ can be- modMi<t!u llSirl;g mE!' deL ~.c-. and ;LrpdJ~te' • {)pt·J!"<l:t'Qrn. Ne-w mples catrl :!iiupply ('x_plidit ·"'ahre5 Or be' detiv~ from a lfI'iery. Simib ry, quedr..-:s j~ ei'L<h1)r LUp~~ fu.r updatlXlig or d.E'teWilg- It is :neo;;-s.silry for eaCh t1!lpl~ Of <Ii .relj,tt:kJfI. Eu he ·W1i:.q:tiely iclerdifiable bv' S0lhC ,OO..aIDina:I]OfL {one or mOire) Qt 'itl> ~lilE~buE:t>vahres, This ;;..-amb.imfiO'n is n::f.err-ed '00. as tft4!' p:~iT~7Y kEy.iJL.o·plk.ilti·n:lRis i'lIr5I;:~'iS .d_aita by ~cifying'

inse:t..

.. Be~e and fi.ri·Ye.1!i ,:reJatmIilS· In, a. :r.[!:I]a.iOr'lid daWilSl'_'!-F .all dc:Ita is. sru:r;ecl' and .a~~c>d via rel:ati(HlJs !1{e1aJtt[1o]'lS tlm'~ :Slue d~rn a:t:e c.il1.!::...a "base .rel4illt~o.m;"F and ],.'"1. :im.pic:me~·l:ilooIlS ;U'C ca:lle_rd fttahleff. ('Hhr:!!" reEi.1!tio:n$ do not Sibtlirl? da~. lbil:rt aru ,comp*d by applying reJiltici':n~j upelftlllion.<> to i:J!:h,.ei" relati.o,w. These 'l"(!'latiuI:lS are !IDlnCit:!mP.s c:illeJ 'derivl.'d. r-.e.iat:irn:'ts·" In jmp'i~ytc:;lh:l.1:i.ons· the.~ al'f!: caned "vll?_WS'"Or "~mj3rlr!!'S" .. Dcrm,..-ed f:clattoris <1ItI:~: ('C:ll'.... e:ruent m. that 'l~1U,gh '!hey may g~b ·iil110ir.rr_Nltion fmrn several r.{!bn(li~~ frt~ oi"Idas r;t sjn~c
a,

r.eJ.atron- Alsot· ·d.eiivci:i

.. TlUple.jlill!~oontJ'~R~t'

:n"!laliOlL';

am 00' i.lsed. as

an ~b.SItr;2;CtiQn ~:aY'er-:.

A eolle~

ho.id!s 2111 fbI? in!o.Dtl!ation about QJ:~C'item or SJ;lbjee-~..mu:!3iPtu!illy, if you bt~ss A..X'J[d!>from. 50 poop'!e • all 50 {'I:i_OO:!i ~'W00u1d il"-epOC'Sef1it a bo!e ;utd 1';l'o!.l.id tepr[~ ~f.:;m'II. -on an.y 'one bus,~L!:i!jocard '1 n-ne .f~Qrd. In ill dah:ibili5(' iabt.e, each. :1:'0,," i$. a ET,.'11::aTd I mple:
E'T!CDTdi

m£·

~[mroo!..ilctiOTIi

one p:i~! of .i.nf~llon ~l)oi!.lt an i.~ 'OiL sUbject, Smce oil! fipFd ts ,a ,daItaba!ii?: bbl~ ~t,Of(te'd~,t'iba!i>'P- ~p"'-'Thi prcicr.'- to j;u:.st use I:h.e wellr,d mlwi'J]'J, fiDe. Stu,::kn- ·t~1J!l~theee o'il're. ,fie'lds' for RoIl_No r Name ... ,A.dd:re.ss. etc, In a :i:~lali(:looj J.;a.lftilliliS~,. 'the. :r,eia~011.!jihipt; are ll,"1i.:Eb~h'~d by 'ha.vi.ug makhlIl§' i1dd s Ii) l'W'o tahles... £0,1' ranee, the St'l)Qen~ itilblc and the &es-uH table: share ~ RQll_j.'\Io fi~M. IJ}U.iS .:ill.uwing . Mrl il:.abl~!:!:i be lir:tkOO. and data ~} 'be pWIt.u. fwm ilie 'two tables tog.<_':'Iik".t. to
UID'n 'in
8

A iield holds

IlDmain A domill"11. M'>CribL'S the set oJ p~bi.i;!: vahies £01' ~ gi."iH'.n afuID ufe , i3a-:al!se' a o.al;;t:in constra "'l5 Ehe attribute's values ~["J(.i, .t\am~r iii: coo be .r:'llTI~id~~~d {\(!II'1I!'i.lr'a.i:rnil:s~

bliteErtaHa·.Jly •. ;il!ti;l=.i('.hmg 01. domain to !!if'! atbriibukl :.unt.Il,He must be: an clement ill 'lhe specinsG 51Zi,"
'Il-tEO f'n03.TIlcteT

mr..'"UtiI.S

th(!i~ "an values

fm' ttr.is.

da.m

·'I,I'a'EItJ.e~C', "

mr

m~DEr

:~

oot

III the intEger

€[Ol~

Tbe

mnger value Constraints

12:3,

sI;j;t[sfi;;_:a,;

'lb..e ao;n13in coru;tr:a!rrl:.

Cot!lsb:.ain.ts illmv, -)'\0'1.1. 10 fv·r.~he!"restrict

.Mli<lititil:

'lhC" d!run..<tin ,01 ,F.lnatbj!:Yuilr.!, For

[nst'~:l'mIlJ\'!r

01

carr.

.r:esl..ricl

,g:hrC'..11 iTh."'e~ff <':!llrID{llle

to

·vo!!ll:r;r.e5 b~h'!lt_.t."lt 1 an

1 0-

C.nnstr:;;llllh'

n;.'ilid.:e one method of impJemeLIWlg

~f'F.'!ljll1l

bVBiIr6!'; rules

in ~

daMbijl~- SQL mJpl~ms

'U5lliJ1Uy .i'!.(It

.funrlianality

in ·th£· ro.l:'Jil'L,

Qf f;'h~.

constraints. the tLlpl~

Utl!' 'Ml;!!l t1-i2l~ com. be ~~d ID 1~f:!!afclon5.. TIlt','Sc Iii rt'!' dci1nt..'Cfl. 1l!:m:tg expressions fh.i!ll result in <1 bcolesn value, indici1th'lg whefrr.er or Ei ::iilLmHcs the OOIlC..";L.nriU1t- Cons..i:r,ai:nitS 'l"ID apply to :5hW.e ;);llrihutEllS. 'W resuict1ng rort1.bLrul,lion~ 'Of aifulbub.."£) or 1'0 an enfire n.:Ii.I.tion..
C'l.")T,lStl"a:1nt... :re:;,irict

8J

~very aLll'ibiJ'te has an. a'>5UDatlC:U aOTlJ,ain, n .~!'; G.dl.OO iii_,§: do l1f1.'lJ:tJ. ,am::i\~rainu;- -n:II:".: ,'n h rlnci:psJ. rules for 1tbrE:· .EC'1<liU0l1~1 mod Pol are kr"lfwn ~5 e'ldity· intGfiJ:,11 and re_ftte-iJfiG.l
,~ty,

• DlaJta T'ype
Ev~1)' field In <.II diU~SC d.r.~ 'lhul mri. be ~LqrM
.''t;IU 171iC t

t~hll?

is a~i.gn-cd a. data

'?WCr

wlrid:.i

in IIlE" nf'JdL Data

Lyt!'(",s v.ary dL-pt!ilidin,g

des C"£ib!2::i, the kiir!lld -of 011'1 tfr.€ dililaba..se system

WL')1"l<:'i·ng. In,

'tf you

lM
taMe'.
1)

I:'

A prim.-:.lry key j:\j a :fidd (or p055.ib]y mmtiple.- fields· 1lL"..L.a togethe') th~t ill'Llqu~ly P.11tifip.s f2ch r,£!cc{)ro inthe '~'j;i_blefmm (!Vci.y 0U1r.er ~. iill th.e mble:, In. (JW" Sturdrl!n.t 'Ie- it .h; RoILNo. Each $t:uden~ has iLU.n Roll_NQ that is dlffen,!UiJt from I!'~'n,'!rt' oth'L"'[ ~.nl ill ~he ta:hte- l:'rimary :~.cy::.:; are es.~rti,a! in .0'1. rct.HiQna!. &at.l.b<'!sL;"-

• ~orEl£giil' Kay A frJnrlgn kc,y is; ;a reference ttl <Ii 'k")' In ...mru.'llwt i'cla'lion. me fl_:njng, 'that th ~rcnc:if:Lg tuple f1';15~ as Oil1~ ~.l.f it::; .<J!ti:1lJ.tj1Jts,. the. vruu;es of a key 'in .t:he: :refur'l!I"LO£d rupJe- foreign keys dfr_~ii'l,t'dy usethe vruu'eS' i:I'ttribtl.t~ in the referenced ndidiM~.' ~md: fh-c dO'r,tain of one or,..mOTe: atbdbtttc::;, in. 'fu~ ~ID,g rulii'51io1'l,.

of

A f.wr..-ign my could be de::;cntJoo ,furma.By . as: rot ail .tuples ijn th;e '!le:f~n. relatioe projeot..e.o over th!2! m,oc[ii.."Ildt!g· ~'H:it:E'ibI(;HCS., t'he:-e I'!J'tllSI exi!it .:II Itmp'le in .~ re{-en~n.ceJ 'l:'eiaEi.on pm''OJecl'OO.oVCt those stlme O'!i~triil:l],Jires: SUiCl:!. tl'a~. tht'! values. in ea.& ri bh.e referencing a:ttrihl..iiiCs mateh the CQl'~ndjTligvailii1£'> ,in he :n!!:f£ro&J.c(-U. <l!ttrfijitncs'_; Po:E example. t~"1~3-ubjocUor p!fim.ary };:,e.yn:f Subject nhlr1-" is used as: lD'l'clg;n. key in T~J~'_l;;:lib!e '~hT~·_

A slo-red pri.1lC'€!du;re,js; a hlghr-;:md. da't?..b-ase tool ~l adds programming power i[i~ thf!' det.;lta'le':, A slu.Dl2d prcecdnre is {~~{'l,n,;l;bleode tt.8!~ is .a~~d c wJi:h" ilifid ge:n'Er.ll]y s~d if~ the d;!'l:M base. ])J!JmbaEif!! a.d.lT~ini_..,.tra;:OOr_,> wiil ofl::c:-tIJ. ~!e $tOK~ procedures to. band fe in.,o;;ert;;~ edits, and updates of records, The tr-OIU-~ [Jrog~,mrile'l\ tbO:m flnl~i·· "n-e&1S: ru ,-'all (he: sf.ored p~OC'~l,TI.:{re to aC~l1rnpH5h tn~ funrnaJt.<;._ It makes 'llie' _pro;grnIwltirlg; c-OO.e simple,l' and help;=; protoct th£. d:arucr· from pr.a-bllill'lS .wwutl~;llby progl.',:=.imhl,lW;;.. l'i;n11~s

An. index is one ~ of p',pviding quir.:k£r ac·c'!'!''>S dali2 .• Indices can be create4.Ol'I ttl any' .fJO'D'.I.bma':]ort of ::J:ttrii~tP,.5 rm <I n."illEiUII, Qur:.'rics 'lha:t: fil:tC'l' usi?g those attt'ID~~
can I1nd m:;ltL';illng tupl .... raJ.1Uu,rrlil.yusing lbe· mdex. ~"'i tt!,oUI' i;i:jlJ'i)in.,r, .1'0 ('h~dk i:".<lpj: ·s "tuple in turn. R!::!b:fum.i:u databases lypiealiy S'llpply multipl.e indeJdl!ilg ~.hniq~~. [_~ nf whfch, .ms O_p(t:ilna], lQ some' combination of data di!,i:rlbut!o.n. .:tiIi_atiOfi typiC-ill acC€SS P:il'tWITh .. tiJifm~rf: mrle.x.ing- 'tc.L:lli;iiq.,uc-s are! '8-Tress, '(3.;;- trees,

Qt.lJeliesm..i!ld~ .a~aiYl~~ [lit- :m:d.<lrtioool oo~base-, ~"ld the derl"ilOO! reJ~!"5 ~Jli the d~'t:=.ib.,;lsere 'P.Xpr,e,:-.L'<;>L'ti, itl a rcla:li02:w C!.iIl-Ck!Jh:Jl5. {)'I;"" a IelaItiiOIm:;L! alKeb.'r.a- lin hi:;; nn~?mi! a n>.'~a,ti:O'naJ! .:i!b~bi.ril.r GOOd IDJ:j[-(jdJV.oea e:jgM: 'l.'!2:l.anmiftll op~['<Iitorl' m h.... group, of .lvtlt 0' o.rC:ta~OfS' E'.<."!C:._h- 11le' fiir.'it fDlliir opcraturs were bi!t&"di an. the trnrutio:nru.. rna'~;;itiiC'aJ set
Q:p&,;J;Do:n-.<;::
l!!i

Tine u:f.I'f~

!l)peral~Ot" .oom'Dines. the mples of bvo

rei<l!t:l.ons, ,md

;rC:trul;jJ($,

<:ill

clllP.IOCa.t'~ lUplt':!> from ·ful2 rosuh:. The to the_ SOL I1Nl:ON opcr;),'to.[.

~(!lM:ion.;tl ·!!.U'llO.noper;;:tI!O~ is ~l!,~jet~~

The

i'dos.!'rli'oi']

~i;!ra~

p:n.-Kiuce& ili~ set of itupte5 t.hF.l1t: tr~{'J rere;tiollii·

ammt~

!ntc:r~'EI:km

is imp~tr.:..g
'MO

sk~ irI: in. SQL :m ,'!:fie: .f;[)"ffib Qf ·frh·e .1J\!'r:EIll.:Stl£'r

{f.P("taJl;t)Jr •
.1'

Th-e
:ir(ti.i]ii.

a!ffirre~
·Ilhe .fu~

op.eI)"a.~J:'.a('!:s
El":!'kIihQi).

(:Ill

~Lrc[cJ...II..tIk:"iIlJl.lal..:l.LL...

' .... 'nl~......,.~

...~.,~ ......

·ffiat dO" :fiCt

; ..... !i.i.1t1.:., [1'-il.LJlli_~L d ..,_.,

~~~

f~!

·.u.L

.rr:i-"'~"'" 'I.:.!.L _~'L<.~, EVY"iJi1il'1i'" .~J! ~LU·~

_~~!I:-.[!.-

~·~i'Jilioo.s 1fj'nd produces the' S61:" of ittiplt~ exIst m. the' 5E;!£Pi"J.o!I n'!!ation_ rli;fiI1e:ren{'e 'is:
''-', ,. ~.1TlS .., v..1.!. l"'-:1.I.!~;~

.. in=..",·"-r !o..!~_ ~rg,LU

...

"f'he' Ciiij'1h~.s~~ .rrodUCJ:

'C!i'nk!ili:jli v:
>EV.ex)'

:ru.!p1E' ItWth~

SQL

,i1S

tuploe of the _fu.s_t .relation ·b~fng. ID.l'bdii.bd w:iifuh: j1:toS!! CilIrite5i~!Il pwocluct ts ID;Lple:tlilenf:ed .in ·ihf.':.CROSS JOIN' join. ,CrpilleillJtO.r_ resulooig'
'~I1f
~m:!l

at two r·elruOOll&is
relation,

a!.

paiR

t:hat Is not c1!8mDiltr.:i by .<In!y

The ,re~ilng:
=eiabiQna;~ ,data.ba~!

opera-Wi'S proposed

'Err C"OO.d,iil.voI'!I't!- !:i,~dal

'!:.ltper.:rrn:m'B :!ipsciiiic to
{!j

."

Th~'
,~.

S~r.tl(.1~< or ;re::rncti;OJJi" re,:-..~.b:; '.liD

·ope:E;:,i'I;i!O'Hii ·l'lj,'~tr;ie~· ~ul?les. from

.rcl'.afio.fL,. .l:lJ::i1dthi.g

{ml~ythose ili.aiii: meE;!~ .<1..... 'PE!on!: rn:E:eris •. ;:;e- ~ 'Subset in terms of' ~t i:lt:cGi.EY. The: SQl. cq'tn!.va!&i.t of S~'l£.tft:iDOJ. I::; lhE: :sELE\.--:1' queq;" ...ti3!tE!meF!iJl: wuID ,;;I, Yif.HE.RH ciaruse, Thp. pmj&:tl(.!(t1 'Opel;",8tiO[i, ii5 ~e;n;Ij;;l:ny

"

;;I, '5'i~ectiQ'.n Or~I'.llkm.in whi.c.h dtfpli.rL3!~ arrg rumO'\'lru :frum. '1ih'E' I'1::l:i·u]l'. The SQL 'GN.QUP, ~l·¥ Q1~U5e.. 'OX" !!he DIS-nNCI l\:£ywO-ril itnplr_'1n!.!::ut-cd hy :~ljlm(: SQL dlbl~!$:, ean be ~ to

IDpl.cS

remove
."

dupli~i()es itlo.m ~. .re3u.h' set, .

ThE: ]ari"J: opeTa ti-(l([TJ. delilr.ed for: y€bl'iiol'"iB'l daEa'basf'.s- ls ,C!t'~eii_'1j_ ~furr.}d to as ;<]j m:tm:al. join_ In..fhL... !typ@ of ,j!tlm,- 00.0 :r'E!l:l'fui~.. a~ OJ)(Il1iJ~ed by t~ei;1' ,~OIPL illt:ribut~~. QL~ .<lppm'Ximam..,E'I. of a :ma'l±ur.::l.] jeb.'9: is: .~ If'R-.lia: lOIN S jDXfi ,ope.rat.m", d~¥isi@~ CI'P~~JmQJY a sHght1.y m:o:re complex ,Q!pe-r.ruoot\. w.il:lirn. 'is iil:r"i'"QIv·[o'S ~ElII.tiall.y· ~ing fhe' :rupl~. nf i[[ffij~ 'niIanq~ (t:h~' ilii"'lde;nd~ i~O ~tl.,on iii. seeond .rel!ati.o.n (-!floedlvisor), Tnt: IT,&i±lliiIal! d±vi:si:un ~p£r,atu; i:-; ,e-:fioct.i.ve1r lite ~~i;}8' the· cLU'res.ian. p'.rOO'LIlCt op~ro_f (froJ:..,.fieeUte- .tI!:li~J

• -~t~e-re.!qtiofll7l :

or

ill

'Norm!ll~i~tiiDn

N0l"!1nWalwlY was :Llrst ,P.lIo,:pooed bT ~d as .a:ri .irI:l.ep.a1 part ill 'lite .r.-iL"lliI~ '~!J]d!E!l ,iIt. :i::;: u_,~d to' ·eli:mi'n<iie H!iP,d'llilp'~~cation OJ !rli:::fC:l',. w.hi~b in ·!tUm pJ"eV,eJ]'1;5 dl:=.i't.:! manipulation ~[lQ'J:llfili.ri~. imd h~:t:j ,of GLtFL!.mr-i.."gt.iily. TIlt: EmJ~i: common .fmm.!:i

T1d.mlalizat~on ,2!.P'ptled. :to dal~s

Me

oiRle:d the

ruJ:1'm:aJ:

io:rnlS.

Relational Model

~ a:ru:tJ: li'iLOdcl was lntr,odu:OE!d, bJ' D: ~ ELf- (odd ,il~, '9'7Q and li.:UiiSev'olv1!d, 1 1hrOugh. a $eries of 'l,viittmgs, The rei:;l,tio[1<if: model reprcSenls data in '!:lIe ~~,S'l~oru.:.i: F<tbre..'t., Mach, t1JbJ.e 'l'epre!;:e:n.I::!l, same r-e:al w'Oi-idJ, entity. ar tilli\:g" ~---_ ~i9n af 00tai, j["iito r.-elati.o.rtM bbles is kno~""'n ,<5,::; the .10gKiI'] vDE!.W of ~

~tiM1d
, ' ,fi'5e

ing
SQ:ft.N'~

[Jr.' the ;relational,

!il1.,ocleT

is. ncc'w...~'fj'

io

dfucti:ve'ly

use

su_d1. ;!!is Ot-.Jlde" Mi.crosoft

SQI - Se:rve::r" Syhase;.whidl. are

~£.i:~ri:"st~os of Re!atio'iil_a11 M,,?,d~1 ~ati.ernll model cl:irmctin~ted. all, pi:lt'em, cl'I.iild, ,[ciati01"1!'l:n.ips aad iIJl5,tead ~ • data M'i. \he database as slllnplt!: t"owiOClh:mm t~b[es af d!at.:t
_tiQ1il .1:',; 'simJlar

m Iiif'bles.

!'xUum.ns of data '\iT;ii!l!'ll'e.$_ fable. is .an .ind,t:.'T'11'2'1'td@t<E!n....!hri:U.,dthemis no nh~ reb t!(rruirup' -r"'f:L E" ~ ,

to

ill

'il:iOl'ble wHh

J!'G!Wfb/

~ d.aito:!J 'ma:~e:n-~nJ~ ~y5:tems oo:se:d on the ,re1.~Honal:modcl h.l'l,-~ <I, buil!l~,in "l::tPQ:rt ,ror qtI!ei"J' 1:m,gu<I:,g'li:s like Al'JS[ S(1J, at QJE~ -n!l~E!: qt.lQ.ries ,are ----.;--_ &t.gfu:h constructs ihat' allO'W a.d~oc..d:aQ mmtip1,l!1atiotl fl'Qtl''t a !taibli2:..
~ mci!l,el of diata :m(ana~t,~ b:;lsei.doa set Uleory.

" iru:em~
_t
lTIieed:!i

u...~

'wjili.

1'0 be

d),(ID.E,

:te:la'I:i:Qn~mooels Is rr!i::m-p.EUCed~H"a,l bi2:Ca~ is .sp.~fi~ and i'j,Q~ how it has 'lQ be done .

~.-

..

__

~-

z',1'_1 E.F. Codd!s; Laws: lor

1~llan3lgenlell'UtSys:t~m

f'nJllI'y Functionai
are
gi\'~"1'iI

Reiatj'ooal

Database

F..F. Codd'::; lrtv..rs. fuf" ~ nDBNb.

be.101h~ ':

1} Rc€'ial~onal ,d;ataha:se m.3l'.1agemef~t = A Ift."bti1IDl:t 1 dai2!b.u;E! mali.l<lt;:€'fi1~[l!t~ 'uses only r~rcb l.iIln~l r.~p.ahilltif.,s to :E."Urklf'.!.: 'tl-.e jnfUT.lliW!tiQrI m't U~ d2I'tabi;l!5iZ., .2.) ,b~fm
up'
1l1::3J

ti.lm 1f!;prt'Sll!utati W1I,; A T1 lY!{o.rrrt<lio'.on only by data

"Rpr~~nt:!Ju

i't-

an .iii rela lion<"i!l database n . <iIu~ whiCh are slo.red in the ~hlcs: Ih~l rna
tureU Ul a ,re,.. ilforull rdat~l'ba~e :is ~

tho!.! d~tiJb,·..1"> 9

3)1 lugicill acrl%Sl h:ilHy , c\,'(>tj' d.~la ilL"m. va'tue stored

acce-s.$.ihtc hy :5li!I'Dng th!:!' name ot the table it 1S stored m~ the narne of the t:Cluum tmd-0rwhich i.L. is &torad and tl~1.!: '!li'aiu,E' of the .pF.illifial1' key that dl:.-nr.u,.'s law '!tuw ir. "''!.'i1jd ~tL.'i'si,u.r'ed .
.g:) ReP.,~nbi:tiOJ'll of .:null vaJ'lCes : Thc. r.JBMS has a ao:nwl:etl![ rndhud f,:}i' ,n.'P~"Sal[tir.g nutl' "uu~'. ur C'x.;J.rnplc 1f1,T.Ji] values £tJ. uU.Ql€nc dOllQ mum 'be F d~Un.ct from zero UL.f!lny oilier :f1Iurm~k vahre and fur cn<Jriit."ter data it ttillS.:t be dHfcIPnt from .11. ;;;tlfin_p, reJ hIaTlk2i at any ,DUw.r character v.<Iluc.

.5)

a r{!l<1iti~lJ J'.Jl!lLIb(JSI":.'" ffi l:t:!1-')R.""'l(!nted j!'l tT:ti SaL."T1~m.IDrUf!'r a....... ,Q'r't'una.ry du~"'t. 'rttii is ;jon"" w ,m,o'il[ 'tnc faldlilie; of the l':c-iatfvn .. d>.l_lllbase [n.ail1.g'!'i-nP-n.t SfS,benL :i~S('.Jf' ,(;3 ~ be U1Sl.'d b!Ji al m.'rirbtain datab.cl~C' descriptio-a C,'lItalog' facmti~ oJ
I.iI!I.1!guag:c 1\ 'rd.atiu.01.11 DaMS .rru~y support ~ dc:;.c~t:bin:5 iJ~.t<l ~Jd ac(('Ssirllg ;the d~:t:ah;1S€"-

: Th.r:!-

lo~cal desrription

6,~ nata

r.:,;:rny'

typl?S

of .fungillagL'S for

'1) VI~W 'updatilDl':iity = ~~ny "'lie'.iI" tnall CiUL he d-eiiDed (;]jb~es~ tl1iIi~ are theora ti.C03,Uy ~(iI!tahl>c, is arpaWe

l~m,g m'r:ribitLidiua~ of iba.~

of h€ing
npdi~.lr.:.'d by i:he

l'(_-1atiu;na) 1.::\1&1>.1'5. 8} Insert~ uy4a.te aittd delete ; Any opet:and iliat d-.:safr.efi the rt'.::til1£..;:. of ~ siItgie n.'"hiL...... opt:!l"ation is ~i1pable of OO'11g .appli('d ito an 11't.'rer't. up&! tt.'"Qr .deIete ~1 u~-r..ltiO:n as W"e'll.
9) Physil1'~1 d;a~ 'ittdep;efl dence
Ot a~<;.S TI:1?efuo&;

Change::;
do not

,r.f'preseIlmtiOl'1.S

made to physic<u ~ge .require rlt<mg;cs to hI".!:.t:IiIade to-

iilpplkm:ioo ,prug!F.rurI1S-

un

lasted dafa hu1~"Pe.i1de.l!u:1!!' ~ ClwTIlSL"Y;: m.a;d.e to laMe..s, ,11tB!t do nol modiily .any d..aita soorcd in 'lhi1!t t:;;)hle,. du TlQ_t ,l'<t.'qukl2: ('hang~!'j. to [w made to appif(',,,[i.mL

rrug~'<m1s..
11) ;integrity.
C0Jii5h:'..m[~S ~ Constraints r.kiJt apply ~0 entity intt.'h'Tiiy ,;l.ltd .R...£e.lerdi<'i1 'r,ntegrity ~re ~cifh;ible 'by the da ta Iangu:a~ .1ropl~ented 11')' the OSM5 a;nd T:l£Jt by" h.t.'" s~rerili=~1s. rode.d in >I;li tih.c .appHCd!tiOOl pl:'o~.

12Ji :[II~~'b<.iise ,dislyi.'hi,j·!:torL = The ,~tab.aS't: '..:Jrng,uZl~F'(' imp1~u'Lt..'I\l1;ld by the H;DBMS :ruppo-ru !.he , hility til} djsf:rilmte I1w. dLH:;ib<k~ without 1"f'quriti.ng changes to :be
ma.,J"" to IiIpp]:Ci3I:3.oUil ]j) Nt)'p
prQgHllllS

programs,

ru)l~f5 :'ill.PPDTt.s racufihe:s ·I,:!tat. ~lk~\%' "-ppUcatEo:n ro opeTi!Jr""on the !.~b[cs.·a t'ow .:l:1. aJ ·time... ill."! ""ppl,imtioTh ~:r!illf! uliU1g l:hi.s type of dati:lJOOtS<':il('.C~$ ~ prev€!1\(!d. hom. by P<ISsjr'ng entity· :if,'1.(:~~ I.y or ~ie:lfc'L\Ija1. i't\Ee:g.rily i[.'Qll!>l:r.tJilrrrtr;. that <we dc(j'!'i:ld h:n' ~hQ' datal},f.1sc·_
sul!J'I,;''CJ:Sj>rm. ; If ~he
O'~

1.2: P[iltil!Cft pie 'Coml'ponen'tS

~ ~ :l<iil!til fil:rul.ctnre

Re.tatioriji'~ IModel
:

Th.e i'cbt:tona~ Ilj"ICld'c:l ~nru:ist~ of fcillolilrlinig. thn.'i" baliic <i.lOn'I.pc.rnk.·.t"l.t..o::

., Dat .. 'ilrLkgri ty
.' .f)a1f.i

man.ipulMion

'lite 'rcia!inn,;d data tclali 01'i _

:!imn'Lui.'C'

i.'" stLm\':D. in l~~g.. 2.1 l~ is 'D!il$Cd oWl!

tnc e'm:ploy~

!)'

,.

:~r
..........",_
'i-~
liblp r&J

~
I I

._
.

I:-{a«.e

EQ;~
!"!

_l_ __ 8~

! _ 1'lif'O

'-~ I

p ..

• I

·~2 ..;,.u.
Zf!.

--'-~'2l3;;5
EO:

~ 1~.nEo
31"t;i

---_-- r-wc-.
lll>:OjJt\'rtm!.:Il

·1t~1"~IiI-.:J

1.

JOO!!:;

B'i9!o:r.,
Q;m;.

~----~~_----------n\e

Pi"t(fv:;Ij:m Ope.;ll;;.:ms 1M;'iljJjw

1-"-

:1f-.'

52

nc:c:

,__j__

~
Ilng1Qt1

l_~J
.~---~ ...

TI.if.)~

F~g:.:1.1 Re'li2Itl'On~~ -data s.trudU.reif we t:hirJk of (3. n=:'~.li.nrias <t taM~·. tiilll!i't a wp.E.e corecsponds tv L~. ~m" of ::<11Ch. a "hP.e: .LIifJ.J ail stl:t.iibutc tQ a QOiUIlfmfL number: Qf ~U!pko.:::. is (1 J,:~ ,cafe:! inaliih'}" .and if.hc l1,'i,.mmbJ.."t' ;J.ttrll~td:e:;. is called lh~ ,i::k_gf'!'!C, and. a dl1Jill(~,3llil. is ,a. ~l of vul'[l~r hOM whic:h 'l~e V3!'ilJ.i::S of :s;p~.c .atlX:ibub:'!,'I, oi sp,"-oci'Ficllela.t:iul'tS rue klken_ It-.e. dl,)l:nam.

canoed

or

2',-4,

d~partJncm'i L is
("'i1ri'v,~t!5.,

Sl;!11:

oJt 3iU po.ssibl('

d~PiIrtrn~t

nm:r.tcii'.$. i'~ 2.", shtJ-w\S the F

S1.IDmifiJ.ty

(Ii

----------------- ..~--~--------~--~
t------------------~------.-------~f!1y

r--~--~--.------...,I-------'------'
tI~

l}ifflilbeJ ii:!~ oal!.m"lriS;

jde.'llffi2ol

r----'

2,,1.2'.2: lWmt:i(ln.al,tl1regrity'
b'ltE!grity :COTlstr:all:\h;: p',rml~dt- :1 means ,of ~U'Ii'ing' that c'h;an~s da:tab~ by ai!X~hi"!ri7..£d users do not. rtosu;1j ~n a Ioss o:f dillm 01:m..~i::;:bi1ru:"'Y-

~,-rJ7r

2,iYIa to L,

made

The maln

tYFe;.<;

(1.'£

jrli[t.-gr:i1y

OJfi5E~.ts,
..

Oll",e!

'"
'.'

Dorrt<1:!n con.~l:lU1:Ir:tIS
~clefflli.~~

J"ifULLS

~i:e~,rity
.lC

·0 DmJl't;ij-in

CO!1lstraifnltS

Om:rurin C01~'f£ai~_ts :spcoc..ify l'hI! :s:e't Qf ''l.r:::!lJlUl'!5: ths ~ ,cart, be ii1'5Sucfafr:ir Tii.'iU'I. ,illttritmre. These ;a;re: 1t"I.'C mcQ5t e:k'1'1ll~ form of. m:t(.'g:rily oono:;rmm't They acre ~

of':~rty 'by the' ~aiCm ,'!.~h!l!"l'H::,ve:r I'l.eW dat:.t itf!T.il :is ente~t.":d inf,Q- itrne datalr..:l!5€, Su"eh a ,oom~~ al!>Op:rQhibi I.S use of nx[U 'li'WUes"fOE ,pdil'LkuJ:ar fiej)dg,A
vordue il!:iJa.t"tP11J~

~"It;r~iiI, ~l Of ~

;i!ittrihute.s

[,m,

an one: mt<liDOllJ fu:r -a giv.en set o~ nttflibuillC$ ,also. aw-al',s arloi:O("I rd<'.lcti~J'.rt. l.t:is &5 ;fa]]~, 't'('ier-etd::iBl in.b:!gr:ity" 1

:lr01l'

:> RE!feronllj"an ill1t~.9f:il~ in ~

E-R mQliet'
d£Fhr,c ma' iFcfuti;ormI db eT,;'Cl!:f l'~til.li.r't ari.oSmg; flr:Qm a
'IJt.<e

Rpjefi..'f.1Itial trilh!gli'ity «m.~'I;~"'$ al:~ :rn£'lqUe1'Ltiy- If ~I'r.L€ by OOlL"imOCBn.g taboI€!i: from E-:R cli.;tgtams then y;eliltio..."1l5h~ ,!iet· ha~ ref.e~;t.~ti;!l11·j[1,~(-g;rH}" ~tr.aiit"l:ts ..
F

b ,shawn :in ~g;. 23 <lin :n~y' ,rell,&ho:nshlp set 'R" :F~la&i~g~hfy sct."l' £l~E~.-.."r"ill..A!t K; (k"not~ the primal'y ~.r of f~~ The g,llDhUlG:i- 01' !the it'clati'on ~c· ff)I T;e!ilfi'onship set R md:ude: .K~:....' K'2 'U _._-_. Kn_ Ei1d-i Kl .in IDe: ,sdlf'!'1l'tI2:for R is ~ u ~gtii ikey f:iha!" tead::> ro a rderen,fuJJ'l il'LilE:iP'ity,('O,ruill'amt-

r7I
..'
.~,I

fi.glAnothl;!X
S1)!.!.I1'Ire

2_3, M '111..:3111' nlibti~ii1:s;IiJ;i;P ,set

of :~ooij'iI ,infe8tify mnstli:,ain~,'a:r.E: weak Je-lI1.ti'fy sets. 'I'he! t.rCk!i~i(iiTIJ I;!:'fu,r a we<l!k entity set.'~ mclud.c· the primary .key of &e t'llI:Uy set on whkh ,.!p~, Th:w;;, 'the :re.l:;lm,m sdle-me fm' 'e~dt v>re;d;.('1'!i~;t:y 5'E!,J: f:md1JJcleS' a: fureig;n ~. I ~,ds to ~ ~refel1e.n:tial ,irdegrity con:straj,1'rI1.,
Refeh!ntbE
~ ,

imeglfity. in SOL.
_ .R."a;.
~r

Usin" SQL., p'~mar,¥ ..........om.dida~e' kev .. ilf.1.d for,ejon kC"i..' ,~ y, ... ~• k! talble sta'remeni: <1S gn.I'en b~low: '
:aamJlJra : create ti);b1ie, D~t
,~_:nG

Me dE:firted

:;IS, na:rl: tF"- •

of thee'

{Br.anoli_n:;f,DJ..i3 ~(1.5).,

'chraa:~:lO(), e'bar, {'20,l l1QI!: 'D!l.J.l].

C''lWt _:~

'Bafun'Cc ~g:a['. pii.mmy key '~A:e.t;: _111](, Gu::;~_name), :IDmigmt '~'Y {SI"EIilOIcb._ :tj::ame} r'€!fuJ~E!iS
fu.(tir~
I,

1!.UJfffi:!h..

key 'rG~_uam.a;,

ref.~1l?Bs

~f:!il:1'

;:
(MAy-<l;6..·Dee.-O'Yr ,2 Mmrb],

uns
,M

"Nu~~'["(;'PI"C£ieRl5 a 'ttUll.'€! for. licel;:!lt': fur 't:h:ls P.J.ple.";

siH:triltl].re tha~ is.

~'I:ly

,lmkn:l:Jf",cn,

af is :irn1t

A nuIl!, 'Cilfl betaken kJ mean th~ logical ,,"rune ~rik:rru::!'l'rn, ~t is a ¥alll.l'e that Is not ..3p"pll>cable to a p~li::i.cular tuple, NuL!o; are a liI!ray W. deal ~[h mc,r.:.'in'LpIete, or ~epPQn;il!J. ,da.ita. Hmve:V"e:r, a n,1I11.is nciJhef a Zit-to l'!.UITrt€nc. ~lue nor ;jJj text ::.tr.ling. ed T,.\rith spaces. 01bEiI integrity

cC1'lS<tr<mn. te ~ mfIity integrity <l.rndentt-.rpriJsle QDIlIS.ttam~_ a

-4}

lE!liltity

~'1I]~9riti'
fi'!jl

(Dc~O~r :5 ,Msrk:!..; Mc;.y~!i~ j; ,

"In a OO~€' rehrnm1 r

A piin-~al'Y

E1:ttrilintc. of a ;prim<.!'J.'}1 lEy can be: nlill.~

:k£')' is Il.ISUU r:o idli!rlti fy LUp~~ 'I.u:lguely. This. means !:li.<£E Sllibat l!10

Eh'\:" !p~im"ry key i::; an nick':rtt 10 p:rm;jd e []!!1iqtae kl!E'JI ~i£ic,<J:Don of tupLc:5. primary k~' t_.;h,;"llld no~ b~ null, }io~ example, as ~""nCh 'no Is flhl?, primary 'k.ey of iBr:a!l1.r'hi~lZIli,ofll, \...,-.:: AA;:>illd nN beable ~,Oin:o;erl <I, t.!.lpJe .i.r#.o fl:10 BraTid\ £:~<liliO'.r"1 \vifr nUll Em the 'brn,t1Irll Flo;)oi';Uribu!be-

These are da J.;}bas a, It

1:;.

3 .. ,:kiiitiol"l~J ,

:rules

s}X-{:1t1ed by fhe' ..

J!lSf!.TS Or

as ~~sp.

,1'J(i'Jr.iTIlis! ra'tl:')1!S:.

p~lS5ib!c- fnr users ~ ':speciiJ <.ddi't[o.nill ,rJQnstr,ain~s, tfu<Jt I:fi't;::. da ta ::>il,tit:ii~y. For example, if limit Oft numb~;r of staffs. workh-ig ;?,it a brart.Lh i<;;20, then. user Tni!J:sl be able to speci.t:r it ~,J,n.d ex:pt.>d Dnb15 tn enfcrce it. ['0 this case, it !ih:;ic not be poosihll'!!: to add) <I l\1!ev,,;SJtaf( ~l that J"VJi'ill.Jl.Ch.
2_., 1.:2.)

aoo

Uata M\aiJ:l'i'plllfation

The 'fii1aiiipulFi;Li¥ e p..ar~ of ~ neJatiUirmJ mod,e[ eenslsts G.f ~ ~ ot operators ml1ecti .... as th~ raatione'l ~=b.-,:ilirstog~fu~ 'with rehlioon;;t l Cillwlh.ts.. riIy 2.1 ..3 ,Ad'llallilltages of' ,Relatiolliil'a~1 .M'odel The' ,ll'L<ljnr' ad v,;m;tF.l~c!:' ~ of <Lhe-mlaf:i01'ti.d model are :

SblK'Jt:iu:~ hndepend,;moCe ~ VIlhen. it ~s 'po:=i~ibi.~ to ,ID<Jke ,r::h<Jnge :tn ( detabase S~l.-mJ'E' wl"!bt::nn a.fiect:ing fihle I)E1~t.<;".=; ;;::(rpabUHy to .fJcrJl.'S.. ,d_;31ta." V~ s c.a.:n Sil]" fhiIIl ,s,tcucblJ'<'l!l ,mdepefiden.re lhwe be~"I1!,,achillcvoo_
,jIiOCC~- ;So

In r,c-J.atimcl data ha~~1~.rt.gcs ,in dat~b<'Ui~ ;:;;trl!!K'ihlT{" do. no~ affect th.12: rc1:iril:ionl'aj ,d4!itab~ ~ haa ~trl.J!crur;;il ~-:tderendf!T:1:0E-'. simplicHy ~, .J.',h~ td.atianal dal.o'!IbOt::i:e m.QdeI ts ::;impr,!.::x at 11k ,rxmoepE'HiJI 1I.'!veI. S]J'l(';E! 11'1£ reila:t,ij)n;;:il d~w. mode] :frees the. derugn:er Ilt"Om physi('a~ data, sr(llr~!8-e deroll!S v: ii:h;edeEfgru:.'T!:> c_.an mnrenuab!: on the' 10';g:k21" 'viffi.;r Df the' d.iatCl~S'2.
CO.lbll:'!e!lPblal

me

!II

,ii'

:Des~'gn,
dlatamsc

hnrihemen~;).timlJ :nIa!irtklilaniC'!e <mid tiJ!i;mge ease = The t'Ckirti.ona model, <);j:;htevr..~, both, ,d~to:'tL 'indep12ndencf2' and sb:l;,!IctlJtfii: Jndq)i:!:nd~nc:C' makii:'!.g 'i:hE!' dahilia....o;e d~ih'll, D:l.Wnte.narl.l:lI:!F adlnin&.<;;~tioo ;;I'fld 1lJsage much (l;ll;lc.'x thaJI.\ t:he 'o'hi'§ models,

!II

Cr'ClIOd ad-hoc fOJ:"

It ~$ sm-rpk'T

:requests

ii'

t,o ru...rib"Pjt"e" \

"

Gr.rd.'ater {l'1Q)::llbility._

- ~~=--~----.

_ 1.4 DisadivaflliagG.S
II<

.o~j Rle'at~(lnalModel,
liI1l.ldl

Signifi(:.MI!~ !,l-i;3T-Jwar€: NO!l:s:good

sattwBIe ov(:th~7!.1d,s.

for transacuon

process mod~jng ,at:j' ruerarduca;!

El

r\d ':rn:=lwO'!k

models,

12 The Catal'og
fa

dkiaOJ1Tl.<lIY is. a, ~asi:ror'y

of fni)(m11anOIll·dil!!scribtng

i:I-u:! delta. in Ute dJ;;I~ba~ that

-= 'Ute m,rladati:i or ~ "dJrta'ai!tQut the dam_'"

is .wn:E: of i:ll.C' l.tGldi:3m.~, oornpot"lt""llb of 'i:hE' tiySIre:I1ilIhtt;t of lt1~ :=iDfbviiE(' ,co.mpcm~nbi' "!::hart tely .cXOLthe ~y$h~n\cabJn,g fur ,~t:n~t:il!ln. Fa:: ex.=rmp1e, the ,a!uthruization orm,Jt]:(11 .moduJi!? 'iI..15e:5 tru:o system catalog' to d\oc'k WhEfueiI' ,ill :;$e- ball: the ~;:oSaIy<lutlmriza.Ji.on 'to c.arry Ol!lt (h,e '!I'~tcd o~ltQT1i1'0 ~fom\
.. nte thi!i: che~ fur:_.. SYS~~lI

The DBMS sy-stEm. Glt.al.og.

,cakliog Mil 'to !7:WDE!' :

ns,me!> of

U-~s

a'Llj~hQui7;ed

to

rISIE.' 'Lhe

DBb.1S.,

..

"I:ht:: 'f.1lL~e~ uf

'!:he ,da.ta '!;'bEim.i, ,ifi ~h:e,dlSlbb<lEc.

a;0(-.e~

,.. ThI2" ,c.<l!i:;). l~~~ t:h3!~ 'Cadt "i~{·'r an ~~S~ ( U1;e types of ~m~te. i.nsexl±. Upd!iltC d;~e't:e ar r<tndlaccess,
F•

.aUow'f:!d : ,:WI'

As atLo:rher ,exarnpl£-... 'fr~c- infegri~ ,

check.

module

~t the l'eq!.H?,,-,>mJ! operation Fiiltilifi,C8, ruB.necessary this ch~k. thri.':~yS.I.em. ca;t:elog'ruts. to store -, ,.. 'Thi? names
iii

l!Js('''lSH''I.I:.'' sys!:e~n catalog to ehock mtegt'ily ('(rnS"rr.ainfu_ 1:0 pe:rifornll

o.f I.\he

,&t,ji ik'm1'- :in th~ dalzib<t:::le"

Thrz: types

~oo ~lz'E!~,o:f
'Q,Kh

the dab iiEe:r!rnl:i

..

The oonstTaiint un

da.t.i!! item.

di.<tssnoo as .ac'l:h'€ (If pss;i'i.',e'_ AFI. active S)"'Stem ~s ~ays ";::Qnsis~t w"iti'J !he, d!afubi'iSoC Ser~~(ruru... because it il'i- mtJis"1tain.ed: ;jl,iutm:rullnuili.y by the. sy:s<tl2:m. OIl the olhBI" ,["j pa:?i~""I2' !l:}"steIl1 may not be COftSiBrewt' 'willi the ,:ifa.t;J.b.a~J ;:r::> dww~ are :fniti.:''!:I)OO by' 'the users, If Uti'! da~ ruru:on..<;rirJ' i~, pm:t of the DlTh4S.. 'iI1o'C relet' to it as an -i"I:[~T-,aited. darn d.ki:iooa'Fy. A stand ol~OT.ti!! data dict~O'n:3Ty rn.~two i~ Q.'Wn spoo.alized, [Ji~'!MS_
Do'L~ dj('Ljll)J1.al')' .l:o)~tt"D:~ canbe

ki.a:rm,

2.3 TYlPes The dam !types. .~iJ'"e a dassi£i'cati'OIll ~X a ,pM1i1a~laJi"type of infonn..atirm_ Ii: Is easy foJ' progr~'f.' to dist5n:gulSh be:twf!eIIi di:lIfC're'.J:l~ t:;ypes if:l(f data., t:elBtiioml mudd. S!.lp~ ftillQ ......-..g dab iJ'P~'5: 'u

1)Cmnctei' (n)

Thl~ data. l)"PI!

Ex:a.m-p'Je :

irepTeIiiEEt:1

a f~xe.d'1etJ.g.th :stJ'fug af exadily 'r( ~cteM.""S,

~I!:

'[1:'"

lis,

gre.a~' than: ZID'O ~nd :sJID'~M, 'be an ime.ger_

N<.)IDe C'~aQ'teT

frO}
w~

21, 'Vrarc.har tp)

'fhits, d.ai~, cban.'ClieDs,

Qf

Ic'hial;;a~t Ya'fYlng (n}

ty.p~ l:!ep.Ecsents ~ ~fary.iing len.gth ~trIDg

tnaxYnwu len5-th. is

'f1'

Examp.-ie :: ~amo, ~ha:r.

3} NumPCi' tp) q)

fu)

l'bii,s di'fj.ta, type rep:[~, <h dacim~l n~eJ! 'p' dliglfii ~ s.:iigri..... <lSSt!..m',ed r:ftIh deoci.:mal, point .~' di,giIs from .hL' sigt1. &th .i'p! and ""qr ar.e :inf:egc.rs-

Ie.umpm :
:F![ice n~e 4) Intrags:Jr An
~~.l'

(6. 2)

'!I1:.?~t!;;

a '!clg:ned, in-~l:

,deci.:mal

1,)["

bin<liJl"-

'EXampiQ: :~
Ri)lt.:NQ

mwgBl: {3}
'!I:I1a.dti1Tre 1tI.'dependent s~ of. lfhe.

$) Sm8lfU 'jnt
A s!il'L\;lIlm~g,&is
8,

integer ija~in

~.

Emmple:
Boll_No ~ ..fJt -(:3) i

6) R.e-ai~'I' d(J.Yb'a; pl!ed.s:icnJ :fi].oiltirtB"~tand.

d;~1re--p.[e:dstltm

flo.:tting Jl'!1IDJt: numbers

with

m:;t.dhi:Ji'l;!

,dependent prrt'Wm\..
1)1 float (11) ,A, ,fl'O'lltmg :point 1ITrtm'l:bCT... wlcth p~{fn Q'f at.le:a'st,'[1 digi1!:s.

~p~:
~te

'rfio·at (S, ::t~

allimder da~ {)(ml~g

=tmJ!l.~1;!! : Dam_:m_h__Rth 'ii_ate

<Ii

(four-digiij reat, month oo.d: day of the 'momrth.

e ~ mn£<'u,f daYJ m, homsl :mirI.uffiS and 5~'Lds • 'fuhc llLlI.'JLmhEx o.f {r,i:lict:i:r.:m.al d;i.gi1!S llQ:r ~~fl-ds
pie : Artiv,al 'itimi!J, time,
.

.A

",7~t

... 'tiim.e

JP) can, JI:J,e

u.s",.,j,to

(the default

be-mg.O) ..

- 'fIime smmp.

A rombirl':illllJ.Qn', (J d.at'8"and tinu:.A

!fi~'

variOlfJ.t. 1imtS'~mF (Fh can. he uBed fo'speclfy

th:i8; :

ill,glls far ~eQcmds.. and. uIitte values can be spoo 1]00 iliike
of :ir,aroo:nal da.h':!:20Q5#25' '
ti.r:m:; '00 :: 1(1 ~ 25'

,time

staIl'l[p '2(J!J~4-,25

00: 25 '; &l,.~r

V'a;t:e:;; must 'L'Se: ,SP(rified, in the form<tt - yE!:<iJt :foJl1ow~ 'by 'm<mlh fulIcl''!:;e.d 'ib'y da,y" - "ahDW,[;:' True 'SlIOConds field of lime 01' 'ijme~iaIDp GU'i: :r.~,v,e:~ £~cti:ona1 'Part,. as. in the

~~pabovc,.

2.4 K;ey.s,
• ~'Y

Is ;oj :field 01' set of fi.e:~d$; 't&.atvrn"q_uclJ' ID 'ltup~e5 itL

;a

ll'elat:ioJ1. .

'for every tlCiatiQn .. we :need (II, .ke.y.

t-.ik11'oS
fI(!,Vl2:tal.

• ' Som~tim.cs.ke)r .)- D itrererrt: t;y pes

•
0. f

!fields. IllY tii.e

el(iI:E:e1.ne'

(.:lise: rihe. e:rdire "rup1e lis

.a1sf'lu.",oo. as, .:II h-,. ..

kfJj!5. in
1I'!e'l!aiiQ
Of

rr,ai! mc(:lE;li I

a."11te:;,

SupeE" key : It: lsa fi~,

~l

of :t'5elds thet m"IiquelJ IDs

mp«-s

{D,IL

a gi.... en.

r&tio.rt .'
II!!

Ca:nd;»clate kc.-y Pti'J;rI,a-![Yl'!!y tuples.

= .~

!,

It is rn;~ CIUldldoi.'bC'

sll.lyerk.ey,.

t:ey

dlOOOO ,1Jli

"the, JH'.mt<ipal means m ld~!I1g

~~----

Alterna.te keys: On!'.!' (}'f file set of Cillifllil!ate keys the others aJ..""e alK..... ~ \:le'J"!'" mbl!lliS;

~.rs 1_S chosen

'00 DE!the

,P't'im.aty

.~. Refie.rol"lceS ~bveen

..
"

'fables often i.a'bm.li!:"

:r,pj'f!1"

to· eech other, 'by' s.t'ori-Jig

Ofit:"

We :rep'l;'es.e It ~

aJ

key value'

rroo'll one

to:ible· m.

~.e.t

001£:'1'

-i'he

prima:ry :ke)~ o~

table fual is used :En anollrer

table

]k.;

.:a'UedjQM&1f.

k.eV)i!'

F'!trrei!!ll;n I{;ey
'IIi'

A foreign key' is an .aittribrl!lt,e: i(!(r'rormibinatiQ;ll oi .attribuks .in lIEdb.noo. R1 wh~ ·v alues 11:"~lS~~. the prim~ry ~'Y 'i/'abl!E!S in Rl. In re:£-f!rrLJllI.,g.eo 'fbe· ' Rl t!L!:]>~ by its: frim~r k,cy in. 'R2~ y,ou fi'~t be sure :it e--Jtll:im in Rl. Fa.. examvt..J', .!lt~ Subj'8c;t_:icil hey of SubjC.d fahlie-r :is used ~ f't;iiFe'5gn ke:jin Time_ .E'~ble t'ah~_
F ~

ht all aHtibut{t j.:5 a, tcurcign ke,Y is anifllfle:r kind of (jnrer-re:Jati(mal) jn~~Ii.ly OOl'~1::r.tii:TiiJl: tCtillcd a ooTei?,11. key CUMl:ra~J:'~, (II rlErore.nti,:I\i O1;ftS:'Ir'dimlt~ m' 'inClusioo. dependency ..
DetU:!rlng

I.

:II you. ha,'Ii'~ a foccigm. k~y,. 'it sho.llilld be true rj1)al 't:iIl.c 3tbiblll~e (:s) :it refers to. i~]:je ili.c: prima.ry kCJ fur the. other. fitlation the' '~'@Jues ad:ulaJ I'y ·e;.:ist -in tnl!' ot.her ~iafi'l)n..

2..5 Re·~ati'ona.1Algle,bra
~1
ql!!l£ry'

j:m~g.~

~a

Iangui3.~e

datall~sc.

T.ft~· ~a;ng;U1)ge_.g;:;]:n:: usyalty programmlJ:lg- L~"llages.. Q~!etj( l~~ ij f-'rocedur,;am ~~n~l!I'3QfIc'S

~ w.bidt a user re.qut:::-t't<;Wonnatif.)n from on a l!::'1I"elbi&'h;e~ ~ :I11ii1i~ Qf a !:iwnG1a__ can. be C:.:ik:g,o:riz.eo, as ;

In p I'Oir'I!'!d;t~raI 1"U"1b "iild,_'ij€!,. ·tlrie 'IJ set :iru:ihud:.<;: fhe sy:::.itcrmt tn perlOfin. ojJ'lE'r.a:f.i.atJ..S. (Jill. ttu:;! dl~tar..ll1Sif! to c:omp1Jj~ ~o d(':!:iir:~ r~<:(uit.
ii~' INonlUOc.91'hiljl;a~· :1:all"t!;JI!.!!~~

.01

sE!!Ijuence

Itr! a nonp~iUrr;3! h~flgUiI;,ge, thE lJI.5f!1' destru:.€S the desitcd lnforrna,IJon &:v.ing a '!'if?ed.fi.C' procr::dur'f!: £OJ' ob:t!llimg tlmt linfoi!'lm.i1Mn.

wiilio::

.duction

RefaliO:liJa~:AJg}~bra
[~04.r Ds-c-01, 8IP&rrb.·NriT;jO-06.,. '2·iMtJtb; D.i9~o.a.r ]0 ~j;.1

rclaoonaJ. ~lgcl)l."a is. 3! p\T.;Dte>dhual query la)n:~H£' :::--:::==::tm1!lSi', th~t. ta:1.:e one .of' fb.w op5a'ti.o:..,.s as 'input .ru:td
~t.-

~t oon'!>ists of

produce a new

ser of. f>e!ation as,

:;Ii

de.finiti.'Qn of the.:rela~ian2r aige'i;ua ~:

- hW.c '(2:xpre£.Sian ill the ni'l.ationLd :;!ilg.ebm roT'.sis~$ of ei'f:hC':r orne iQFUle
181

·foli.i)'io'!.{in_~ ;

A rea;oon. in the d<d2Jbase'

A
C:O.flSii1l.fl.t:

rcla'J;~Qn
WH:hi11 ( }. :fur exaH1JP1c

A. Oi}fL'""tmt n=l!atino .. js wri'tfill~ by listing its tuples. !(A -·lOt DO'>vniGlwn,. 500.) (A-21$" mjanll.S, 700) ~,

~.al 'L"Xl)~Q'n. in. relational _p1gebra. is OO;Prstti..uc.k:.'d (Jut of $fI'LaUe::r s1ill1J -~l':lns. Let [, and £1; 'O.;!: :re1a'tiooEll. ru:.gcbra, ii.~r~{m!;. Thi2'it. following: at! are . ai ~g,€!bra expl:'essioo :
'!II

£1 vB:i:

, ['-£"2
,.
II!

~l);:

f2
W..rtlert!" j~

e P {EI ).

a prre;d.cit;ate on <it!rlDU~e.;;:in iF.]<Ii

ill

(f.'L ). where S is

lis~ cof,s1stif.1lg
XH!l'I

~omtt}

.of the- <:rltDbU,I,e5i 1. £!. a

!II

PI (£1). wb£.re.Jt

is the

j14l"&:i'Le H'Ie r.e!'u1't 1.)f [\_. fur

:reJatjona[ algoi'bl",aic QPl":!i'atioxrsare rl!.VW.P.Ii 'I1Ij,t.o ftvo ~ps

ij

:
~J

The ·first ~u!p

itldude,::i; the sF.:.i opera~~ StrL'~e roeh ~latio:rn. is &:-I~ncd. i:J!!i, OO~ of luplt.'S:r ith.t- 'set ope:r:.atiai'lS ;ij.F£, (iI_pplit'abk \'0 t1:te~rcl~tio.fJal. da ta [11:ndet Set Qpe:ratiQ'J,1I5 :w'ldude n.12: following QPCra.t:k:trts :
iii

UlfiinTl!
InteTSr.'ctiiol"l

iii

.. Set ditfe!rC[~oe:
Ii;

I~esirm.

p!ud:lJd:

iri)

The l;1E!cOJld gcn:)1lf' of rela.tional al:gt=:brai.1;: opi:!'fi::rl'i.(ms is. d'e"'dopcd ~re~ni!!l1:y for TI2'1a:tio:ruu .d.a:tab~ :So:me of: the ope[t]:iiQru:;, of lfIii:s. gi'oup. aT.(! :

'" Sellccf;
iii'

Project

2.5.1 ..1 iI!lI~~. :ln~eC1r.Ofa and' :DUt;~I!'en~~¥

U'ru0l\.
onooiitklnS :inh?l'S~liofL

~Ci!d dj'~f,enro~' 'o.peranDIli!';

ndaDIIlIL';:
<II)E!:

l"eq,IDI"e

'!.M'!lOTI Ql)[jl/jJ2lible'_
81"il:!'

Two

;gfd

ki

ibe u_"lion,"

1liiat ~ ~at]IDk

robLES m'l,l'm'l;7E. ":if '~ :iR:Jll

satisJiecl. ::

~
•

"Th.e

n;;'Q

.relaJtioru:J [al1i1es m'l.J5t

{lO:o~iT:L

tbe s::Jme numb'ex 'Of ~Q~mnTI!5,'

ibe d'iRt.'"t t&:i.e
Of
Sml"i.(,:'

the same clegr,ee)Racll €.oJ1:h1'i.1:I!i,n~ iI:he: fi'irst 'irrliil;tfo.m/tabh~' :must

a;ata '~

cor,~"S,~
(LL$,

same '~lltll fype

Cm;tSjder followIDg

column of the@' second ro1citbcm/[([bJe &l',t:esp;oo;limng oohmm of (he second;

ffilLivertible to

two rel;;i'l;ioJ:[S=

City I,

I,

IPmte

bw1D
::iQl1lS,

Dl;:lil~~

a]"~ 'union

~om,];i!'ltJ!ble.. N>o:w

'~

'viii11 see fum set aneneed

The

J"t"lRIl'l:E of llJIPer.ation
L

ts denpl'ed jbv J
..

~Ll."~

~~atl'tt'

,~ft!eT"

__ ~ .... -..",all tuple!> that a'{e 'e-liliher':I:n l~l:~L)si,tDl'~T B~t" ~t'eoj.

or
~e

m bl)~,
<l.<F.i.

il!;: '!:hE!:

:re'lation fhai!: [)uplki:ltes ~ loail"i.

iExllim~le' ,; FhiLcl, the

:E'lP.iJijfieS;

of

;:d[

b~

OJ~m1i!i~

'Who

~'Fil,

{!IV'

1l)J'

TII,H:ner

'Fig:"
~nJte~iE!e~io.l!'I

a:5

R~e:s'Ui11t M

1IJ!li'iiOfill,op;efa~.j}Dn

r.l"b]~":_O~~ .dis], :2:

The :resuh of h~t.eI;'.ooc~lo1l1opemeton is a .tie~ti(lfi !ili_@j~jlldud>Ct; Ml'tup1e15 ''I:fu'it ~ brJEih De:po.;;lh"!ir" and '~~_ 1"ht::! 'in:~01ll (;1~E'iI."!,jkin i!j! idet1lQ,ied by D8";pos,iW,l" e ~BOII'OW~.

:in

Et~}.'!Il<e;: 'Fmd 'tJhe names af customers .wt.~have

Tl!JJ.:':

h0~l.

an

<lI.it.ot":otilFN

,iili::U l~"i..

:r:eroid.t

r m.J?e::t'$ee!t

iL';I n is ~

:3.), IDrffie:rence'
'The

ditFem~

ope::ra:ti:DJ'l

is deaorou 'by lJf:pruitor - BU1Tl)~..ue.r.

that
co:n~.jlm.s

dJi&'T.efl~ o~<it:or
BOlT.(}'w~'r .,

is, th~ r~a~fi

all fru:pl£.s in RJe:pos.i:Emr but

Tuns

iF·~.2:7 Re5.u~i sf ,dlf{~IfBl1ic:e, pel'3t:io.:n a

BOEh m..i.mun<EEJ.d mntt!.~S'OC'tioo OpeT,allo:ns are commulta.n'Ve This means 'ri'Lciil :roUtn'!.';ng are true: : .. A uB ,= Bv. A. ,Ei.IitJ: A f,B .::,~ n..A"
The {:Hfff'~C: !;;;liM~ ,as 'is _ A '0"1" 4)

~l.d,,as,'!iQc·~ftive

,"-",IL.'C"io.....o..oo

in 'othr:."[: Vt.ro:rds 11 ,_ B:;= B - Ai..

mm\l"iil. as

operaid'Otl Is nut cummutati".;e .. This, means

tiJat A _, '5 Is ~

c.art~.5i&n
~e

P,liiOttUJct,
~'O

~a..:t'ti.esBnli;od;IU.dL p Is

J('fiOt,,ro bJ-" 'x', The C<lr~_ predUG' m two E.c:-Itl!noao;; A and B ils d~enol'E'lliby A. x _ The' :r.c!i1!.iIlt f carb;!SiMl 'pr{).cluct ofil:'i/i,'1[~reta'ooru;' whiCh 1:l:031'~'C' X and Y ~O~_ o ;rilat~Qr.I 'I:l:tat ha:.s X -+ Y !:mmlTl~'i. !ilte tC1:iUltin_g rclllf,o.n l.nU h.'ilve ane tuple or oo:ml:linai:i(lln uf tup!.Els fr.om e--am partictpati:ng ,~1a00n. Henoe it rbe !f!i<ttions hat· andl fit fupJes :respa..i:3vdys then 'Ll'te CA:R'1IES.J:.A1\ji' f'ROD1JL"T will nave, n '1" ,11'. mp:!e.'i CUIlliidet'" ftoUow<.ng' '!two '~l~l:i)cms': rubhsh.~!:.:_ktfu and H0QlcW'lJi.

,moss

f"[(ODUCI or CROOS JOIN'S.

!Name I----------=-----~-------------,~
P'iIl:l;;lmshIilT_code
PHI

Book_!n E.o.OD1

Trtf:e

1l'J.e 'reh:Ulon ·P~blish€.r_1nfu l'1lBS. Z colu._mns .and . .3 tuples. The ]')uainn ]3QrJl:jnfo has :_ lC.'IfIiumn8 omdi. :2 ruple1i. So fhe: e;.u'tesian. pl'i.::ulud [1M,·4 CL)l1Ll1t!ns (2 . 2) and ,6, tup'!E2S 3-"' 2). 'The ~~ran. product of 'P~.dJlidt.trrJrif.'D and BQc&;J~ is ~'!j'el'l.in FIg. 2...9.

I.

PUb1i$her:.JblJ
1PiOOQ1
If-"OO(JQ.

t4ame
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IMd311!11~

OI;)¢'r_110 8000.1

lltle

BOOtr
'aDOOt
'B~

PO·OO3. PQOD1

DBMS

POOO2
p~

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'Reai:5flllI

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/BIiJOO~.

ClJIW"I.pilcr (;;.!:;qm.pifer

'"1.2:l1Me S9~et ~mt!on •. 'l1:-.e- seled

Q"pt:!r.lr·nOf!.

s~.le(its tuples

~hat

.safi.sfy

it :W1'Il0f1. prodic.;;;'i-€-

" 'TIt£: sele¢t 'aper(3D.cr-ft !!; r~es.enhXi

G'-:. ~l...,l co;:-;:'fil.ko:!r:~

as j"Olllo'T;N'S =

(R)

The syr51boril G is used. to dooob!; ·the selE;(_i: ·o.pc-;r,a)to.r.~rmd thl! ...:sdooti.oJ'L oond.itiOln. >, 0lS. "exp[~s:ilurr 9pMfit.-d on. th.e: a.ttrll'il!J~, of the ·rcla.twt'L It 'T~ e.'!Cpre~5(.JfI. ~Jrn0d the sciocJtiml'Cdtfl~ditio'Fi is made up of .number, o:f cla-u.se5- of thl;! fUmi =.
..;:.f~t~l'.tb[.f~"t1·

nmne

>. -<
)0 <:

O!PmlffiriSQ:tJ:

~~

> < ·r:tr'n5tant. _tit.

;;0.

or

-< If:f'lriblLltt! where,.

..,

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t1.pu~t,,;r

)0

-c If:£mbu~ tn.tIme' )-

<. fltt.;rifn#e ,~

">. is 'I:he

riJaIDe;

.of

ClI'l ,2rtttlOu:i{!'

(c61umn) of

i1'te rcl;;l.tioo, .R.

=
=f .;::".

., < (:f.lmpari'iOtil ,o;pt'ratr:w:> <• .r.;:; f ~ • >.

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:is one ·[Iif the: ltlUro1,\Vi.tiig r('OtWLperioo.n. <oper:hlm~

<

aJ!1';I;Sm,tf;

n III~jl! eo :> ~s

file

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al-uc {VQffi i:kic attr,iliu Ie d unn~·

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CUiIDE!cied by bool~

operators

.AND... OR. iiIiEld. NOT

f(I1

'l"'1i..lUSai io:rJ::a. g,eIl'EEai

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rn:' year' 200~1o

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:1

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KOO.h
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<I.

t:aib.!e whilc'

dIscarding

nthr:=.[S-

'The." pITlje:r::i: rO'peraition' Is Tt::p'.r.e~led

n-:::~::o.(R,}

The :symbol J1i rp:i') Is u5e'dl, to d'Glule th.e· 'f'll0ject: upe.faliGIl!. and th£'"aL~tri.bu~ list i. <Ii .. &l' of ;i3:l:ihibiU!1",es. 'fr.om thE:!: ,aUIEonMS of ·the 'retation R The 'f'ESiiJl ,of full." projci::ti.
operaiicm .M'S only The altli:rib'u~ ;::;pee_ified irL.JLl\e: ~~bufC list ~nd in tIMe·same Q["d;;ll' as t!l:.ec}-appeal' in. [he, Hs_t_Hence tl'-..e degn.-e (11"..JUIJD(}f .of rolu.mEls) 'rusuJt l!ii E:qu~! to ft!.e .fi1iIDl'bp.r. of ~t;tribures ~CJ;::wed :in 'I:heatlriI:t,:LE:.e . lid .

m~

}:- EXamptles ':

The- :£'o.l!Iowmg are 'ithQ .exaimp1es. of. project o-pe.."af:io:rI1.00
1).Di~~· ~ U 'noo..
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Bot)};.

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ti~les iWitH: lll~th01.' ~~_

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f~g.z, 11 iliUle and ,AJUIth.ot of Bt::I!l;~t{

2) Display .all' ruok titles wi'tIt trut.F~or.s;l1~iaprfu~.

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[,5.'.'1. ..4 CO'rnplJi5itiii!l.l~o.f Sel\e:ct and ip~o,jed QjJemtil).'fiJiS

The Tif!Ja:f:ia.rJ.ru QPE!:riJiii.ore sE!la4: and, project
i(';3Jlii,

b~ ~Jl'ibin~.d

furm a

0,

:l;lnp.lliLillf.':l

que:fY,
E:Ka1I!Ipla : I} fJispla,g £~ tftlts

of

book; ,~iill;g

pri~ grettf,cr

:rffan

t~a..?

~ n ''iT!!ft

(-..:r.E'J1.'OO ':- ~

(l}.'Qok)) ~,

Thf': outpu.t uf

th..e ab!3ve query is ;f,t,,·,en,

!'!1M

PPIl.

In If;e-J£'IIti~ ~ b~'I'Sl1 ~
i~iP' 50
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:;d_geb:r,a.,. ~u 'C&1 E'~

operaltian. (R)

~.n. tilkc

<miiL].'

eiither the rclatiDrt of t.~~ f'OilowhLg

{!Ill'

the a!it:ribu~
=

or both.

IDrmS

;Jlfrillljli' ''''~~

ill) j)'~"

(19
{R'
o_pe£.lbu_ 'So is the ntw ''fiihe seeond

ill) p 1il!~1.'.':rti!l:ihlJtc-n;].m.-::;~

~nOri
,.

'!)teo symbol

.p' (rhQ) is used to d~~e.· fue RENAMt, aM ':R," m m]~!liii!i!da'I3QtL r

l;e!1~rrt('s bofh the r-.eJ2 non

"ThE:! f;jJ~t exp~!j.OJli

Eltamp{11M> ~

om.d iD;l ,a'ltt'ili;jlJ::cs.

ames the :oel.alti;onQ:rIily and Ilht=! fhird .renilm .. on1,:!(' the 3'H:riib.ut.es.. cs

~-:ce. ~

Fot '~X<.lmI?,JeccrtSidl2l' iUIt£ EO(lk r~fu:!ion ""jih attritmli:e..s l'iril'Et Auif!:lo:r s- Ytm JrE."!13m,e opera~r ]a: used on !look r,eio't11on as fulilows ;

and

1,

P' .~:.::u-.J"Eb&::n... Al'~.

~I.-

~,;.)

(iB.ook)
l'i!2lil'i'liCS ,i1lDE!'

Here both, 'tn,C" DEilaoon name ~~d the ,atlribute

l} .• "rq'I

::rena:moo_

(tsook)

~}

j")

Here mill' the -relation ,!J.'ffillm€ :k :r,enaIW1OO. t'D-=tI1.£:.. ,\J'.JIIM. ~. '~) (~Q(t<'k)
1."1. ttll's case, only
ifuJ:!

a[:f:riblJ.ie

J1..1ll1I,1ZS <Ire 'renBm~d..

51.2,Additio.nal .,

Operations

!lfperntl,1)_[[j£; 'reI2ilti.;mal o:dg(fua are select. ,PF{~t:.-rtr ll.mio:n. st."t p.r:odtilot W rename, These ~'I.Ji_fl.rlil:IDI.:.'"[ttal {)~a~l.onS illi[1::!: sl1'ffh~i.g1lLt 'C{lc~ess a:ny n--..L"'i.ti.onal .algeb~, 'q,ttmy. Huw,everr 'if we .[_r..~md O"i!,1,1;'S"{'.ives, jlilS[ the to :-;.rndan'I))1ntal op:!iI"'Si~(ltnSr ,~ CCl-Jl1Im,W!, qil:L~, ~ ,!en,~n~ '~(I, I!2xpre'>S~ Th.€'J'ef~, Wit!: e ad.cli.ti:Ulilal: Qperatio:p.s '&it ci!.o.' not sod. ail)' pow't:.'T." to 'the ~t..:rora... but s-jmplify ~)Jl--·~~s. fur each l1e'W op.ettLtiOn",'W·p' gave ;filA (_'quillale:n~ expression thlait 'll5'E$ Y th€ ,rnrfdaIDJ!ntai ope-ra.n(m.$".' , ..

The.

in Re{t:iiliIliionaJ Alge.bra .

fUfL.u<lilD.E!::nta~ cartesian

;;fu..~~~.

.. £

11r'c additional!. o~tion..'j ., Set

miJl~5iOCtjOO ~

,..

<I.e ,:
~,

..

@'

up r.;.':I";]thm,

.A..~igTi:rntm"~ ope-ranon

- _-

--

- :--:=..:..:.....-:.: ..: