Laboratory practice II (EE-2292)

TEST ON DC MOTORS

Name Jayasekara Index no Group Field Engineering Date of per

: G.M.A.S.M : 090207X : G5 : Electrical : 26/11/2010

Calculations 01)DC SERIES MOTOR

W

Field winding

Ra

Pulley

V = input voltage Therefore, Input power = VI Nr = speed of the motor in r.p.m W = weight on the pan in kg Then the torque of the motor (T), T = (W-w)g.r And mechanical out put power (P),
P=2.pi.T.Nr60

I = input current

w = reading of the spring balance r = radius of the pully

Observations Weight on pan W lb kg 28 12.7 30 13.6 32 14.51 34 15.42 36 16.33 38 17.24 40 18.14 42 19.05 44 19.96 46 20.87 48 21.77 50 22.68 52 23.59

spring balance 5.5 5.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 7.0 7.0 7.0

Speed Nr r.p.m rad/s 1800 1820 1780 1740 1780 1760 1720 1760 1660 1640 1600 1660 1640

Voltage V 206 206 204 204 204 206 204 204 204 204 204 204 202

Current I 8 14.8 15 15.6 16 16.4 16.6 16.8 16.4 18 18.2 18.6 18.8

Calculations Input Torque Power

Output Power

02)SEPERATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR Armature power input=V2*I2 Armature copper loss=I22*Ra

I2(A) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V2(A) 210 210 210 208 208 206 204 204 202 200 N(rpm) 1496 1485 1477 1469 1463 1456 1450 1442 1435 1432 I2(0) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 V2(0) 212 212 212 212 210 210 212 212 212 212 PIN(W) Copper Mechanical POUT(W) Loss(W) Loss(W)

Motor Characteristics:

Direct-Current Motors - DC motors are divided into three classes, designated according to the method of connecting the armature and the field windings as shunt-series and compound wound. Shunt-Wound Motors - This type of motor runs practically constant speed, regardless of the load. It is the type generally used in commercial practice and is usually recommended where starting conditions are not usually severs. Speed of the shunt-wound motors may be regulated in two ways: first, by inserting resistance in series with the armature, thus decreasing speed: and second, by inserting resistance in the field circuit, the speed will vary with each change in load: in the latter, the speeds is practically constant for any setting of the controller. This latter is the most generally used for adjustable-speed service, as in the case of machine tools. Series-Wound DC Motors - This type of motor speed varies automatically with the load, increasing as the load decreases. Use of series motor is generally limited to case where a heavy power demand is necessary to bring the machine up to speed, as in the case of certain elevator and hoist installations, for steelcars, etc. Series-wound motors should never be used where the motor cab be started without load, since they will race to a dangerous degree. Compound-Wound DC Motors - A combination of the shunt wound and series wound types combines the characteristics of both. Characteristics may be varied by varying the combination of the two windings. These motors are generally used where severe starting conditions are met and constant speed is required at the same time.

Types of Armature Windings

By Rick Carlton, eHow Contributor updated: January 21, 2010 1.

An armature is a rotating, copper-wrapped assembly, induced by a magnetic field to create electrical energy. This component is central to the manufacture of electric motors. An armature's "windings" refer to the network of metal conductors that enclose the structure's central commutator. Depending on the motor type, there a number of winding configurations.

Lap Winding
2.

In the case of lap winding, the end of a wire conductor is connected to the commutator, then the other wire end is connected to the beginning of the next coil segment. This winding configuration refers to the fact that the wire "laps over" each segment as the winding structure reaches its terminus.

Wave Winding
3.

With wave winding, one wire conductor is wrapped under one pole, then connected to the back of the next pole. In this case, the series of wire conductors do not directly overlap, but when it's completed, the structure looks like a series of copper "waves" wrapped around the commutator.

Non-Lapped Winding
4.

Non-lapped winding refers to a wire process that does not employ overlapping at any point across the commutator but employs a linear side-byside configuration from the front to the rear of the structure.

Motor Winding Types

By Ron Brow, eHow Contributor updated: November 16, 2010

1. An electric motor is a machine that is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. It can also be used to do the reverse, i.e., convert mechanical energy into electrical energy (in which case it is known as a generator, dynamo or alternator). 2. An electric motor is used in a car engine starter. It can either be powered by direct current or alternating current. The motor is made up of an axle in the middle of a cylinder. The axle is covered by coils of copper wire, which are known as windings. The purpose of these windings is to create a magnetic field when a current is run through them, thereby inducing motion in the axle, resulting in rotation of the motor. The types of winding that are used are either basket windings or distributed windings.

Basket Winding
3. A basket winding is a winding type with an electromagnetic coil that has successive layers of wire arranged at almost right angles to each other. It is also known as a half coil winding because it has a single layer of winding, with one coil side per slot. The sum of the active coils is half of the number of slots that are present. In this winding method, the wires crisscross each other with successive turns far apart except at the points of crossing. This design helps to reduce distributed capacitance. The wire is wound on an iron core because iron is an easily magnetized material. This type of winding is used in alternating current (AC) motors. However, the basket winding makes the motor large, which causes it to experience higher leakage inductance.

Distributed Winding
4. Distributed winding is the most common type of winding available. In this system, there are two layers, with two coil sides per slot. The total number of active coils is equal to half the number of slots present. The conductors in the adjacent slots are induced successively so that the voltage generated is out of phase. There are several ways of arranging the end connections of this design while giving the same electrical output. Most AC motors use the distributed winding design.

Presentation Transcript
DC Motor - 2 : DC Motor - 2 S.AMIRTHARAJAN DEEE SRI VIGNESH POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Contents : Contents Overview of Direct Current Machines Construction Principle of Operation Types of DC Motor Power Flow Diagram Speed Control

DC motor principles : DC motor principles DC motors consist of rotor-mounted windings (armature) and stationary windings (field poles). In all DC motors, except permanent magnet motors, current must be conducted to the armature windings by passing current through carbon brushes that slide over a set of copper surfaces called a commutator, which is mounted on the rotor. The commutator bars are soldered to armature coils. The brush/commutator combination makes a sliding switch that energizes particular portions of the armature, based on the position of the rotor. This process creates north and south magnetic poles on the rotor that are attracted to or repelled by north and south poles on the stator, which are formed by passing direct current through the field windings. It's this magnetic attraction and repulsion that causes the rotor to rotate.

The Advantages : The Advantages The greatest advantage of DC motors may be speed control. Since speed is directly proportional to armature voltage and inversely proportional to the magnetic flux produced by the poles, adjusting the armature voltage and/or the field current will change the rotor speed. Today, adjustable frequency drives can provide precise speed control for AC motors, but they do so at the expense of power quality, as the solid-state switching devices in the drives produce a rich harmonic spectrum. The DC motor has no adverse effects on power quality.

The drawbacks : The drawbacks Power supply, initial cost, and maintenance requirements are the negatives associated with DC motors Rectification must be provided for any DC motors supplied from the grid. It can also cause power quality problems. The construction of a DC motor is considerably more complicated and expensive than that of an AC motor, primarily due to the commutator, brushes, and armature windings. An induction motor requires no commutator or brushes, and most use cast squirrel-cage rotor bars instead of true windings two huge simplifications.

Major types of dc motors : Major types of dc motors Self excited dc motor Series dc motor Shunt dc motor Compound dc motor Separately excited dc motor Permanent magnet dc motor

Series motors : Series motors Series motors connect the field windings in series with the armature. Series motors lack good speed regulation, but are well-suited for high-torque loads like power tools and automobile starters because of their high torque production and compact size.

Series Motor Power Flow Diagram : Series Motor Power Flow Diagram

Series Motor (cont) : Series Motor (cont) Example 1: A dc machine in Figure 1 is consumed a 6.5kW when the 12.5 A of armature current is passing thru the armature and field resistance of 3.3 and 2.0 respectively. Assume stray losses of 1.2kW. Calculate a) terminal voltage, VT b) back emf, Ea c) net torque if the speed is at 3560rpm d) efficiency of the machine [520V, 453.75V, 12N-m, 68.8%] Figure 1

Series Motor (cont) : Series Motor (cont) Example 2: A 600V 150-hp dc machine in Figure 2 operates at its full rated load at 600rpm. The armature and field resistance are 0.12 and 0.04 respectively. The machine draws 200A at full load. Assume stray losses 1700W. Determine a) the armature back emf at full load, Ea b) developed/mechanical power and developed/mechanical torque c) assume that a change in load results in

the line current dropping to 150A. Find the new speed in rpm and new developed torque. {Hint: Ea=K1K2ia } Figure 2 [568V, 113.6kW, 1808Nm, 811.27rpm, 1017Nm]

Shunt motors : Shunt motors Shunt motors use high-resistance field windings connected in parallel with the armature. Varying the field resistance changes the motor speed. Shunt motors are prone to armature reaction, a distortion and weakening of the flux generated by the poles that results in commutation problems evidenced by sparking at the brushes. Installing additional poles, called interpoles, on the stator between the main poles wired in series with the armature reduces armature reaction.

Shunt Motor (power flow diagram) : Shunt Motor (power flow diagram)

Shunt Motor : Shunt Motor Example : A voltage of 230V is applied to armature of a machines results in a full load armature currents of 205A. Assume that armature resistance is 0.2. Find the back emf, net power and torque by assuming the rotational losses are 1445W at full load speed of 1750rpm. [189V, 37.3kW, 203.5Nm]

Compound motors : Compound motors the concept of the series and shunt designs are combined.

Compound motor (power flow diagram) : Compound motor (power flow diagram)

Separately Excited Motor : Separately Excited Motor There is no direct connection between the armature and field winding resistance DC field current is supplied by an independent source (such as battery or another generator or prime mover called an exciter)

Separately Excited Motor (Cont) : Separately Excited Motor (Cont) Where p= no of pole pair n= speed (rpm) Z=no of conductor =Flux per pole (Wb) C= no of current/parallel path =2p (lap winding) =2 (wave winding) KVL: Circuit analysis:

Permanent Magnet motors : Permanent Magnet motors PMDC is a dc motor whose poles are made of permanent magnets. Do not require external field circuit, no copper losses No field winding, size smaller than other types dc motors Disadvantage: cannot produce high flux density, lower induce voltage

Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor : Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor Torque speed characteristic for shunt and separately excited dc motor

Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor : Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor By referring to the Torque speed characteristic for shunt and separately excited dc motor note that, there are three variables that can

influence the speed of the motor, V If Ra Thus, there are three methods of controlling the speed of the shunt and separately excited dc motor, Armature terminal voltage speed control Field speed control Armature resistance speed control Variables

Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor : Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor Armature resistance speed control Speed may be controlled by changing Ra The total resistance of armature may be varied by means of a rheostat in series with the armature The armature speed control rheostat also serves as a starting resistor. From -n characteristic, Will be changed

Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor : Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor Torque speed characteristic

Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor : Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor Advantages armature resistance speed control: Starting and speed control functions may be combined in one rheostat The speed range begins at zero speed The cost is much less than other system that permit control down to zero speed Simple method Disadvantages armature resistance speed control : Introduce more power loss in rheostat Speed regulation is poor (S.R difference nLoaded & nno loaded) Low efficiency due to rheostat

Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor : Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor Field Speed Control Rheostat in series with field winding (shunt or separately ect.) If field current, If is varied, hence flux is also varied Not suitable for series field Refer to -n characteristic, Slope and nNL will be changed

Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor : Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor Torque speed characteristic If1 < If2 < If3 1 < 2 < 3 Base speed

Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor : Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor Advantages field speed control: Allows for controlling at or above the base speed The cost of the rheostat is cheaper because If is small value Disadvantages field speed control : Speed regulation is poor (S.R difference nLoaded & nno loaded) At high speed, flux is small, thus causes the speed of the machines becomes unstable At high speed also, the machines is unstable mechanically, thus there is an upper speed limit

Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor : Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor Armature terminal voltage speed control Use power electronics controller AC supply rectifier DC supply chopper Supply voltage to the armature is controlled Constant speed regulation From -n characteristic, C and nNL will be change Slope constant

Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor : Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor Torque speed characteristic nNL1 n n1 m V3 < V2 < V1 n2 n3 nNL2 nNL3

Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor : Speed Control for shunt motor and separately excited dc motor Advantages armature terminal voltage speed control: Does not change the speed regulation Speed is easily controlled from zero to maximum safe speed Disadvantages armature terminal voltage speed control : Cost is higher because of using power electronic controller

FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF DC MACHINE : FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF DC MACHINE There are two factors affecting the performance of dc machine Armature reaction Armature inductance

Armature Reaction : Armature Reaction Definition of armature reaction: It is the term used to describe the effects of the armature mmf on the operation of a dc machine as a "generator" no matter whether it is a generator or motor. It effects both the flux distribution and the flux magnitude in the machine. The distortion of the flux in a machine is called armature reaction Two effects of armature reaction: Neutral Plane Shift Flux Weakening

Armature Reaction : Armature Reaction Effect on flux distribution: Neutral plane shift When current is flowing in the field winding, hence a flux is produced across the machine which flows from the North pole to the South pole. Initially the pole flux is uniformly distributed and the magnetic neutral plane is vertical

Armature Reaction : Armature Reaction Effect on flux distribution: Neutral plane shift effect by the air gap on the flux field causes the distribution of flux is no longer uniform across the rotor. There are two points on the periphery of the rotor where B= 0.

Armature Reaction : Armature Reaction Effect on flux distribution: Neutral plane shift when a load connected to the machines a resulting magnetic field produced in the armature If the armature is rotated at a speed by an external torque each armature coil experiences a change in flux t as it rotates. A voltage is generated across the terminals of each winding according to the equation e = t

Armature Reaction : Armature Reaction Effect on flux distribution: Neutral plane shift Both rotor and pole fluxes (flux produced by the field winding and the flux produced by the armature winding) are added and subtracted together accordingly The fields interact to produce a different flux distribution in the rotor. Thus, the flux on the middle line, between the two field poles, is no longer zero.

Armature Reaction : Armature Reaction Effect on flux distribution: Neutral plane shift The combined flux in the machine has the effect of strengthening or weakening the flux in the pole. Neutral axis is therefore shifted in the direction of motion. The result is current flow circulating between the shorted segments and large sparks at the brushes. The ending result is arcing and sparking at the brushes. Solution to this problem: placing an additional poles on the neutral axis or mid-point that will produce flux density component, which counter-acts that produced by the armature.

Armature Reaction : Armature Reaction Effect on flux magnitude: Flux Weakening Most machine operate at saturation point When the armature reaction happen, at location pole surface: The add of rotor mmf to pole mmf only make a small increase in flux The subtract of rotor mmf from pole mmf make a large decrease in flux. The result is the total average flux under entire pole face is decreased. This is called Flux Weakening d flux decrease under subtracting section of poles

Armature Inductance : Armature Inductance When rotor turns, thus we have inductance value, e1 = L(di/dt). Let say current ia1. That means, we have ability to store energy If the machine is turn off, thus, e1 will decreased. This will affect the current as well. Say ia2. When the machine is turn on again, it will produce e2 while e1 is still inside. The current now is reversed direction from previous (decreasing) current. Thus, it will cause sparking resulting the same aching problem caused by neutral plane shift.

Dc motor characteristics
Section 2.1: TORQUE

Torque , as defined in 1998 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated Main Entry: torque Function: noun Etymology: Latin torquEre to twist 1 : a force that produces or tends to produce rotation or torsion (an automobile engine delivers torque to the drive shaft); also : a measure of the effectiveness of such a force that consists of the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation 2 : a turning or twisting force Torque , as defined in University Physics, 8th ed. 1992, by Hugh D. Young: The quantitative measure of the tendency of a force

to cause or change rotational motion is called torque. Torque (also called a moment) is the term we use when we talk about forces that act in a rotational manner. You apply a torque or moment when you turn a dial, flip a lightshwitch, drill a hole or tighten a screw or bolt. As shown in the picture of a ratchet, a torque is created by a vertical force applied at the end of the handle. The force, F, applied to the ratchet as shown causes a tendency to rotate about point O. The force can be broken down into two components: a radial component, Frad, parallel to the ratchet handle that does not contribute to the torque, and a tangential component, Ftan, perpendicular to the handle that does contribute to the torque. The distance from point O to the point of action of F is described by the direction vector, r. The moment arm, l is the perpendicular distance between point O and the line of action of F. If we were to shorten the moment arm by applying the force closer to the head of the ratchet,the magnitude of the torque would decrease, even if the force remained the same. Thus, if we change the effective length of the handle, we change the torque (see equation 1).

UNITS of TORQUE
SI newton-meters {Nm} English inch-pounds {inlb} foot-pounds {ftlb} inch-ounces {inoz} 1 inlb = 0.113 Nm 1 ftlb = 1.356 Nm 1 inoz = 7.062E03 Nm

1 Nm = 0.738 ftlb 1 Nm = 0.113 inlb 1 Nm = 141.61 inoz

Up to Contents

Section 2.2: SPEED

Speed (Angular Velocity) , as defined in 1998 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated Main Entry: angular velocity Function: noun

he rate of rotation around an axis usually expressed in radians or revolutions per second or per minute Motors are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. The D.C. motors that we have been dealing with here convert electrical energy into rotational energy. That rotational energy is then used to lift things, propel things, turn things, etc... When we supply the specified voltage to a motor, it rotates the output shaft at some speed. This rotational speed or angular velocity, is typically measured in radians/second {rad/s}, revolutions/second {rps}, or revolutions/minute {rpm}. When performing calculations, be sure to use consistent units. In the English system, calculations should be done in degrees/second, and radians/sec for SI calculations.
NOTE: 1 revolution = 360 1 revolution = (2* ) radians 1 radian = (180/ ) 1 = ( /180) radians

From the angular velocity, , we can find the tangential velocity of a point anywhere on the rotating body through the equation tangential velocity, v = r* , where r is the distance from the axis of rotation. This relation can be used to

compute the steady state (constant speed - no acceleration) speed of a vehicle if the radius and angular velocity of a wheel is known, or the linear speed of a rope as it is wound up by a winch. Up to Contents

Section 2.3: POWER

Motive Power , as defined in 1998 MerriamWebster, Incorporated Main Entry: 1power Pronunciation: 'pau(-&)r Function: noun Usage: often attributive Etymology: Middle English, from Old French poeir, from poeir to be able, from (assumed) Vulgar Latin potEre, alteration of Latin posse Date: 13th century 1 a : (1) : ability to act or produce an effect 6 a : a source or means of supplying energy; especially : ELECTRICITY 6 b : MOTIVE POWER c : the time rate at which work is done or energy emitted or transferred Power in Rotational Motion , as described in University Physics, 8th ed., 1992 by Hugh D. Young):

When you pedal a bicycle, you apply forces to a rotating body and do work on it. Similar things happen in real-life situations, such as a rotating motor shaft driving a power tool or a car engine propelling the vehicle. We can express this work in terms of torque and an angular displacement... What about the power associated with work done by a torque acting on a rotating body? dW/dt is the rate of doing work, or power P. When a torque T (with respect to the axis of rotation) acts on a body that rotates with angular velocity W, its power (rate of doing work) is the product of the torque and angular velocity. This is the analog of the relation P = Fv for particle motion. Power in rotational motion can be written as:

UNITS of POWER SI Watts {W} newton-meters per second {Nm/s} 1 W = 1 Nm/s 1 W = 0.738 ftlb/s 1 W = 1.341E-03 hp English foot-pounds per second {ftlb/s} horsepower {hp} 1 ftlb/s = 1.818E-03 hp 1 ftlb/s = 1.356 W

Up to Contents

2. Motor Characteristics
Section 3.1: TORQUE/SPEED CURVES

In order to effectively design with D.C. motors, it is necessary to understand their characteristic curves. For every motor, there is a specific Torque/Speed curve and Power curve.

The graph above shows a torque/speed curve of a typical D.C. motor. Note that torque is inversely proportioal to the speed of the output shaft. In other words, there is a tradeoffbetween how much torque a motor delivers, and how fast the output shaft spins. Motor characteristics are frequently given as two points on this graph:

The stall torque, , represents the point on the graph at which the torque is a maximum, but the shaft is not rotating. The no load speed, , is the maximum output speed of the motor (when no torque is applied to the output shaft). The curve is then approximated by connecting these two points with a line, whose equation can be written in terms of torque or angular velocity as equations 3) and 4):

The linear model of a D.C. motor torque/speed curve is a very good approximation. The torque/speed curves shown below are actual curves for the green maxon motor (pictured at right) used by students in 2.007. One is a plot of empirical data, and the other was plotted mechanically using a device developed at MIT. Note that the characteristic torque/speed curve for this motor is quite linear. This is generally true as long as the curve represents the direct output of the motor, or a simple gear reduced output. If the specifications are given as two points, it is safe to assume a linear curve.

Recall that earlier we defined power as the product of torque and angular velocity. This corresponds to the area of a rectangle under the torque/speed curve with one cornerat the origin and another corner at a point on the curve (see figures below). Due to the linear inverse relationship between torque and speed, the maximum power occurs at the point where = , and = .

Up to Contents

Section 3.2: POWER/TORQUE and POWER/SPEED CURVES

By substituting equations 3. and 4. (torque and speed, section 2.1) into equation 2. (power, section 1.3), we see that the power curves for a D.C. motor with respect to both speed and torque are quadratics, as shown in equations 5. and 6.

From these equations, we again find that maximum output power occurs at = , and = repectively.

Application of dc motor
Starting Speed control Braking lathes, fans, pumps disc band saw drive requiring moderate torques. Electric traction, high speed tools Rolling mills and other loads requiring large momentary torques.

Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_applications_of_dc_motors#ixzz17cBgnBSt