hnai-\m-I ]T\kwLw

CRITICAL THINKING INITIATIVE

Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady
email : ssuscrtical@gmail.com, blog : ssuscritical.blogspot.com

To.
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kplrt
hnai-\m-I
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`mKambn 2012 s^{_phcn 11 (i\n) cmhnse 10 \v tUm. Zneo-]vIp-am sI. hn i-co-c-]-cX
a[y-Im-e`
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- pXs FntcWw F`ynp-p.
Imcy-]c
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2012 s^{_phcn 11 (i\n) cmhnse 10 aWn
skan-\m lm

A[y-
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(50-- 60 an\nv)

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tUm. sI. Fw. kwKtai

tUm. Zneo-]vIp-am sI. hn

hnjbw

i-co-c-]-cX a[y-Im-e-`m-h-\-bn

{]Xn-Ic
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-
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(10- an\nv hoXw)

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tUm. jwjmZv lpssk

{io. hn. \ne
{io. sI. hn. iin
tUm. tUm. Zneo-]vIp-am sI. hn

adp-]Sn

ImeSn
20.12.2011

tUm. ]n.-hn. \mcm-b-W

tImUnt\

i-co-c-]-cX a[y-Im-e-`m-h-\-bn
kmln-Xy-n-p-]p-dv sshZyhpw tPymXn-jhpw hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bp-w apa-S-p AXn-hnim-e-amb hyh-lm-c-fpsS taJ-e-bm-bn-cpp aWn-{]-hmfw. Hbpw sX-bp-am-bn-n-nb Nne -Ir-XnI-fpsS t]cn aWn-{]-hm-fs kmln-Xy-{]-m-\-am-p-I-bmWp ]gbKth-j-I sNbvX-Xv. Fpam-{X-a-, Cr-Xn-I-fnse ico-c-]-c-X-bpsS B[n-Iy-ns t]cn Chsb s]I-hn-X-I-fpw IYm]m-{X--fmb kv{XoIsf A[x-]-Xn--hcpw Bn. thiym-kvXhamI-s, kmln-Xy-nse sImSnb
A[-am-bn-o-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu hW-\-I bYm-X-Y--fm-sWp sXn--cn B ]WvUnX-m-cpsS [mn-I-hn-{`m-np ]pd-p-shv ]Tn-t--h-bmWp aWn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-X-I F \ne]m-SmWv {]_--n-p--Xv. Cm IrXn-bmb sshin-I-X-{w -apX AXp icnpw Cm-Xm-Wv Ip-h-cp aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I ap-gpt Po-X-bpsS kmln-Xy-am-sW-m-bn-cpp
tIc-fo-b-`m-hp-IXzw Gsd-mew ]dp \S--Xv. ico-c-]-cX aWn-{]-hm-f-ns Ip-a-spw a[yIm-e-ae-bmfI-hn-X-I-fn km[m-c-W-bmbn ImWp--Xm-sW-p-amWv {]_--n kzoI-cn-n-p
\ne-]m-Sv. `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIrXn s]mX-pth ico-c-]-c-Xsb BtLm-jn-pXv F-s\-sbpw B
kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-cn-k-c-p-\np kzcp-q-nb Hcp-p-I Ihn-I kzIr-Xn-I-fn D]-tbm-Kn--sX-s\-sbpw ChnsS hni-I-e\w sNp-p. Xan-gv, sXep-v, {]mIrXw Fo `mj-I-fnse kmlnXy-hpw {]mNo-\--a-[y-Im-e-in-ev]-I-e-Ifpw ku-cym--I-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn ico-c-t_m[s ]m-e-am-n-bmWv Cu N. takq-Nn-n [man-I-hn-{`m-n-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-cn-k-chpw CXn {]iv\h-cn-m {ian-n-p-v. B--Ym-km-ln-Xyw Cu {]_--ns ]cn-[n-bn hcpn-.
tUm. Zneo-]vIp-am sI. hn.
ae-bm-f-hn-`mKw
kwkvIr-X-kh-I-em-ime
Ime-Sn.

i-co-c-]-cX a[y-Im-e-`m-h-\-bn
tUm. Zneo-]vIp-am sI. hn.
1. BapJw
1.

2.

DZ-bXn iin-_nw_w Im-a-n-p-h-n

]c-a]n chn-_nw_w sNn-XkvXw {]bmXn
D`-b-an-Z-ap-cp-n-q-Sp-In Ipp-am{Zw
IpN-bp-K-ap-]-anmw \q\-a-o-kp-Xmbmx
(sNdn-b
- o-hW\w, tmIw 6)
\oe--m hnc-Nn-X-a-Wn-s-p-t]mse hnfpw
tIme-tma-p-e Iph-ebw sh apKvt[--Wmbm... (Dp-\o-en-ktiw, Dc`mKw, 62)

""tIc-fo-bkmaq-ln-IP
- o-hn-X
- ns D]-cn-Xe
-
- f
- n btYjvSw \on-p-Sn {]`p-hK-ns
cmk-{Io-U-bn\npw s]mn-smSn _pZv_p-Z--fmWv aWn-{]-hm-f-IrXn-I... `n-{]-m-\s
Dq-e-\w-sN-p--Xn\v D-m-bn-bn ]mSnb ]qc-m-mtWm Ch-sbv, aWn-{]-hm-f-ns XrXob-]p-cp-jm-q-p-\n-d D-SwIv Bcpw kwi-bn-p-t]m-Ipw. ^yqUkwkvIrXnbpsS
PoXbmXmWv aWn{]hmfkmlnXyw... Chsb \q-Xn-cn--P-n-h-m-cpsS Nne t\ctm-p-I-fm-bn- ImW-Ww... kap-Zm-b-nse Db h-ns kmmKn-I-Po-hnXw A[x-]Xn Hcp Ime-L-s-bmWv Dp-\o-enbpw Iu-tWm--cbpw amc-te-Jm-a-e_m-W-tI-fnbpw eoemXn-e-I-n Dr-X--fmb Hp-h-fsc ]Zy-fpw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p--Xv. taemfhKns
kkarnbpw A\nb{nXamb ssewKnI XrjvWbpamWv Cu IrXnIm[mcw... apn-g Ima-hn-Im-c-ns Bh-\-kz-`m-h-ap \m-hn-jvIm-c-CXt{X Cu Imhy-''1
cmP-kvXp-Xn, tZhkvXpXn XpS-nb Imcy- CSnsS ImWm-sa-nepw D]-cn-h-ns
kv{Xohn-j-ba-- mb A`n-em-j--fmWv aWn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy--fpsS A---. kv{Xo-ku--cy-ns
kmwtKm-]mw-Ka
- mb h-\b
- n-emWp Ihn-Ip XmXv]cyw Fcp-taen ]c-ta-iz-c]n-(1998:-]p.82)
aWn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy--sf--n-bp Bt-]-fpw Bi--Ifpw hy-am-m CXn-tesd
DZm-l-c-W- thW-sap tXmp-n-. Hcp {]m-\s apgp-h kmwkvIm-cn-I-PoW-X-bpsS
D---fmbn ap{Z-Ip-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Hcp \qm-nse Am-Zan-I-\n-cq-]Ww. Ft CXn-s\
hcm? CXp tIc-f-nseam{Xw Imcy-am-bn-cp-n-.
2. kZm-Nm-c-hn-ai-\-]m-T--fn-tev
tIc-f-n(-`m-c-X-n-epw) B[p-\n-I-X-bn-eq-nb tZi-cmjv{Sk]w cq]sSpXv Ccp]Xmw \qmns BZy-Z-i-I--fn-em-Wv. Cu tZiobm[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ASn-m-\-L-S-I--fn-semv
tImf-\n-`-cWw-hgn ChnsS ]Is-nb hnIvtSm-dn-bkZm-Nmc-amWv. tZiobX, AXn-t\mSp
s]mcp--s-Sm-hp {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-sf kzo-I-cnpw Am--hsb Xn--fpamWv aptmp
t]mhp-I. \nc-h[n HXp-epIfn-eq-sSbpw Hcp--ep-Ifneq-sS-bp-amWv sImtfm-Wn-b B[p-\n-IX
`mc-Xo-b-Po-hn-Xs "A-p' \ne-hm-c-n-tev ]mI-s-Sp--n-bXv. ChnsS ssewKn-I-X-bvpw
ico-c{- ]-[m-\a
- mb Bhn-jvIm-c
- pamWv ASn]nb-Xv. Ch, kztZ-in-Ifpw hntZ-in-If
- pamb _pnPohn-I tZio-bm-[p-\n-I-XbpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bmnb, Bo-b-X-bpsS FXnZz--am-bn. X^-e-ambn
hnIvtSm-dn-b Cw-n-se-tmse {]W-bhpw ssewKn-I-Xbpw kzIm-cy-X-bpsS CS--fn-te-v HXpt--h-bmbn2. Nmcp-Kp]vX ]d-bp--Xp-t\m-pI: In the early twentieth century a moral panic of sorts
gripped a section of the British and Hindu middle classes, creating anxieties regarding questions of
sexuality..The creation of a 'civilised' and 'appropriate' literature paves way for a new kind of aesthetics
and for the fashioning of a modern collective Hindu identity - Charu Gupta(2001 : 30).

20mw \qm-nse `mcXo-b-sshm-\nIa-WvU-e-n ]mm-Xy-hn-m-\-p henb

kzoImcyXbpm-bn-cp-p. AXn BZy-tXv \nb-a-ns a-e-n-em-Wv. tImf-\n-\n-hm-knIsf sacp-m-\p \nb-a-\nm-W--fpsS Ime-am-WnXv. Ah-cpsS ka-kvX-hy-hlmctfbpw
\nb-a-n-p-Io-gn sImp-h-cnI-bm-bn-cpp `c-W-m sNbvX-Xv. Iq-n Ao-ehpw Ak-`yhp-amb Fn-t\bpw ssIImcyw sNm-\p \nb-a-fpapmbn. ]sm-Xmw \qm-sm-Sp-hmb-tm-tgpw AXn-\p-X hIp-p-I Cyin-m-\n-b-a-n tNp-I-gn-n-cpp. 1898
Ao-e-{]-kn-o-I-c-W- X]mhgn Ab-p-Xp \ntcm-[n-m-\p \nbahpw \S-nh-p

2
shv Nmcp-Kp]vX \nco-n-p-p-v(Kp]vX 2001: 3031). ]mco-kn-epw(1910) P\o-h-bnepw(1923)-hp
\S kt-f-\--fpsS ^e-ambn 1925 Bb-tm-tgpw Ao-e-{]-kn-o-I-c-W- \ntcm-[n-m\p \nb-ahpw cwK-s-n. 18mw \qm-n- sXep-KpIhbn{Xn app-]men\n cNn cm[n-Im-kzm\w -1911- ]p\x-{]-Im-i\w sNbvX-tm AXv Ao-e-am-sW-p-]-dv {_nojv km \ntcm[n-p3. kwip-a
- mb Hcp Cy-km-ln-Xyw \nn--p--Xnv CsX-m-am-hi
- y-am-bn-cppht{X(Kp]vX
4
2001: 31) . As\ \ne-hm-c-ap-Xpw ipo-I-cn--Xp-amb kmln-Xy-am-\-Z--, A`y-kvX-hn-Zycmb a[y-hK-m,v tZio-bm-kvXnXz-n-tbpw kwkvIr-Xn-bp-tSbpw `mK-am-bn. Cu Ne-\-sfsbmw {]Xn-tcm-[n-m-\p tijn kly--]h-X-npmbn-cp-n.
cm-a-Xmbn _un-I-a--e--fn-ep-mb amd-d-am-Wv. tIc-f-nemIs, am\-hn-I-hn-j-b-fn Ncn-{X-n-pw `qan-im-kv{X-n-pw Innb m-\-imkv{X-]-c-amb tatmbva, IrXn-Ifn\np t\cnv Ncn-{Xw hmbn-s-Sp-msa hymtamln\p hgnshp. IrXn Ime-ns
Im-Sn-bm-sW sXn-m-c-W-bm-bn-cpp Cu ]-Xn-bpsS ImX. hyn-bpsS apJw Im-Snbn {]Xn-^-en-p--Xp-t]mse Hcp kap-Zm-b-ns apJ-`mhw AXns kmln-Xy-n {]Xn-^en-p-sav Fw. B \mb knm-n-p5. ]cm-h-\-am-Wv Cu hnizm-k-m-cpsS apJy-hn-i-I-e\-]--Xn. ]d-bm-Xn-cn-m h, Ch-cnse ap\n-c-m-c-\m-bn-cpp s{]m^-k Cfw-Ipfw Ip]n. kwLwIrXn-I-tfbpw {]mNo-\ay-ImeIr-Xn-I-tfbpw Gd-p-sd, t\sc N-cn-{X-h-kvXp-X-I-fmbn
]cm-h\w sNp coXn-bm-bn-cpp CtlntXv6. ChnsS IpgapmnbXv cp LSI--fm-Wv. Hv, {]mNo-\-Ir-Xn-I-fnse Ncn-{X-kq-N-\-Isf, Ncn-{Xh-kvXp-X-I-fmbn ]cm-h\wsNm-\p AXym-thiw. CtXm-sSm-w, {]mtZ-in-I-amb {]tXyI-X-I Hpw-Xs ]cn-K-Wn-msX
Zn-tW-y Ncn-{Xs GI-in-em-cq-]-ambn ImWm \S-nb {iaw. ""sIm.-h. BZn-i-X-I-fn tI-c-f-n\pw ]mWvUy-tNm-f-cm-Py-pw Xn At`Zy-amb _apm-bn-cp--Xp-sImv
sXtCy apgp-h- H-s\ne-bn hon-t-Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.''(2005: 814). Hmtcm {]tZitbpw- `u-XnIkml-Nc
- y--\p-kcnmWv AX-Xn-S
- f
- n kaq-lcq]o-Ic
- Ww \S-p-Is
- b
Ncn{X-kXyw Cfw-Ipfn\v a\-n-em-bn- Ft Icp-tX-Xv?. GIk-Xys ]np-Sc
- p- B[p\n-IX
- b
- psS coXn-imkv{Xw ]n ]m-bn-cpp CXv. Fp am{X-a-, Dp\oenkt-i-nse kti-l-c t]mb-hgn amp hcv AS-bm-f-s-Sp-p-I-hsc sNbvXp At-lw. kt-i-l-c-m t]mhmdn-s Imcyw Cu KthjI ad-p-t]m-bn.
]mm-Xym[p-\n-I-X-bpw (Western Modernity)AXns ssewKn-I-{]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-hpamWv tIcf-n aWn-{]-hm-fI
- r-Xn-Isf PoWkwkvIm-cn-s D--fm-n-bXv. ico-ct- bpw ssewKnI-X-tbbpw \ntj[np {]h-WX Am-Z-an-I]T-\--fnse ^mj-\m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. adp-h-ivv
B[ym-n-I-kv]i-ap Fn-t\bpw kvXpXn-m\pw Ch Xm-dm-bn. As\ `n-km-lnXyw aWn-{]-hm-f-ns FXntN-cn-bnembn. F-, hp-hv Fn\pw GXn\pw aWn-{]hmfs hnain-m-sapa-m-bn. ""hiy-h-N-p-I-fmb sh-Wn, tNe--d-v, ioshmn apX-em-b-hcpsS H-tm-I-fpw ]qc-{]-_-hpw \psS kmln-Xy-n Dm-tI-n-bn-cp-n--'' (Icp-WmI-c\m-b, -1940: 232). P\n-X-I-tZmjw Nqn-m-Wnp hnain-p-Xp t]ms, P\nmt\ ]mSnm-bn-cp-p-shp ]d-m? kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-Isc th-bm-Snb A]-Ij-Xm-t_m[ns Bgw
Cu hmp-I-fn-ep-v. ]n-o-Sn-tm-m-I-s, CjvS-an-m An sXm-sXmw Ipsa-a-n XpSbmbn ]ptcm-K-a-t\-p- aWn-{]-hmfs B{I-an-- -p. N BimI-hn-X-sb--n-bmbmepw ASn
aWn-{]-hm-f-n\vv FnS-tm-f-san. Bpw Ftmgpw Fn\pw sImm-\p hgn-s!
shdpsX ]d-bp-I-b-, cp-]-Xn-m-p-In-S-bn-ep-mb aqv Bim Ihn-Xm-]-T-\--fnse ]cmai-fmWnh:
1. aWn-{]hm-f-kw-kvIm-c-ns Ccp--Im-e-L-n\p ]ndtI B[ym-nI-X-bpsS
ktiw sImph- Xp-s-gp--s Ah-Xm-cw-t]m-se-bmWv shaWn-{]m-\-ns sXmp]nt Ipam-c-I-hn-bpsS Ah-Xmcw (eo-em-hXn, 1996 :187).
2. aWn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-X-bnepw sh-Wn-m-hyfnepw euIn-I-am-en-\y--fn apgp-Inn-S-n-cp \mbn-I-am-cpsS ]m--e-n Bims \mbn-I-am F{X-tmfw
B[ym-n-I-hn-ipn {]I-Sn-n-pp Fm-Wn-hnsS hni-Zo-I-cn-Xv (jo-em-Ip-am-cn,
1996 : 8)
3. ImgvN-bn-se--Xn-t\-m A\p-`-h-n-emWv BimI-hnX aWn-{]-hm-f-ns
t`mK-em-e-kX-sb apdn-p-I-S-Xv (KoX : 2006 H-m-eq-nb amc-Zq-Xn-I, amXr-`qan, k]vXw-_ 17)
Hp kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xn\n-m-Wv, ASpXv Hcp teJ-\-k-am-lm-c-n\npw. asmv BgvN-

3
-Xn-nse Hcp ]nme]T-\-hpw. Ch-bvsmcp s]mXp-X-e-ap-v. aWn-{]-hm-fw t`mK-]c-X-bp-sSXm-sWp aqpw Dd-np ]d-bp-p. icn, Bhs. ]t F-s\-bmWv aWn-{]-hmfw B[p-\nI-X-bpsS krjvSn-bmb BimI-hn-X-bpsS FXnZz--am-hpI? a[y-Im-e-kmln-Xys B[p-\n-IcN\-I-fp-ambn Xmc-XaywsNp--Xns AsamWv? ChnsS Hphyamhpp. Bcp-sS-sbnepw cN-\-I hnipamhm sXmSpv "aen-\-'a-Wn-{]-hmfapm-bn-cn--Ww. aWn-{]-hm-fs
adnI-S--emWv GI kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn--hw! Cu hni-Ie\--fpsSsbmw apJy-X{w Zzo-I-c-WamWv. hnim-em-n a[y-Im-eo-\X x B[p-\n-IX. t\mq:
aWn-{]-hm-fk-wkvImcw
Ccpv
aWn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-I
sha-Wn-I
ImgvN

x
x
x
x
x

B[ymn-IX
{]Im-i-w
Fgp-
-
Ipamc-\m-im
A\p-`hw

Cs\ aWn-{]-hm-fs FXnZz--am-msX Cm-epw BimI-hn-X-sb-n ]d-bm-\m-hn

Fp hcp-Xv IjvS-at?
t`mK-]-cX x B[ym-n-IX Fsmcp alm-Zzw k]n-p-sIm-mWv Ccw N-I
aptmp t]mhpI. Ch aWn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-sf HmsI t`mK-]-c-X-bptSbpw `n-km-ln-Xys
B[ym-n-I-X-bptSbpw In-Ifn {]Xn-jvTn-p-IbmWv sNbvXXv. Dp-\o-en-k-t-iw-t]m-ep
IrXn-I-fpsS t]cp-I-fmWv BZys "NXn'sbmn-Xv. Dn-sb--m-e-dnbmw Ducnse ]w
F ]g-sam-gnbnt? B hgnmbn aWn-{]-hm-f-K-th-j-Wns t]mv. ]pd-smen Iv DSw hn`m-h\w sNp Kth-j-Ww- ChnsSbt Fq? t]cp-I-v, \macq] cnepw Dp\o-en-k-t-i-w ap ktiImhyfn\np hyXnbm\s Ipdnpshp hymJym-Xm-hmb
ZmtamZc ]n IcpXn(1972: 47). CdXn cq]ns Imcyw icn. ]t, \mans
Imcyw A{X efnXa. CuhI hni-Ie
- \
-
- fpsS ]cnanXn hS-pw-Iq ]tXs Nqn-mWnnpv. ImtW--h In-s-p-am{Xw:
ckn-Ic
- R
- vPn-\n-{]-h-Im BZyw {Kw {in-p-t\m-msX sImSp-X
- mIWw
Cs t]. AXp- {]-N-cnp amp-hm Ign-bm--hn[w Bbn. ap-kt-isat]cpw A_w Xs. \mbn-I-bpsS hop-t] ktin\p I]n-pI
]Xn-hn-. An-s\-bm-sW-nepw C\n, ]g--ta-dnb Dp-\o-en-k-t-isa t]
amn Xm-\p asmp kzoI-cn-p-Xp kYm Akw-K-X-am-Ipw (1967: tIcf-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{XwNbpw ]qc-W-hpw, ]p. 134).
"ap- kti'sa t]cmWv Xmfn-tbm-ea
- m-Xr-Ib
- nepw a{Zmkv {]-Xn-bnepap-sXv iqc-\mv
Ip]n ]d-bp-p(1996: 312). a
- m-cmpw CXt{X ]yw. A-s\-bmWv ap-k-tiw ap
gp-- Nn-cn-bm-bX
- v(1990: 54-77). kt-i
- nse cmwtmI-n "Dp-\o-en-hn-jtb ktiImarXw'F Hcp ]mZ-apv. CXns\, Dp-\o-en-kt- -is
- ap [cnXm-hm\mWp hgn. t]cns t]cn
henb N-I \S-n-bh- Cu hkvXpX {inn-. Fm-bmepw Ap-sXm-n-tmfw IrXn
\mbn-Ib
- psS t]cn-emWv ]Xn-p-In-S
- p--Xv. Xmew, CXpaXn-sbp hSpw-Iq hn[n-pIbpw
sNbvXp. "Ao-Nc
- n-X'-s
- fp iIm-ct- ]Xn IrXn-If
- psS Ahbpw CXp-Xs
- . Dnbo
DnbmSoNcnXv Dq Xmew sImSp t] FmetpapXmbn amdpI
bmbncpp. `mjmN\zp F {]_-
-- n Atlw CXp hy-am-p-pv:
1. Rm Inp `mjmNpfn {]m\XaamsWv F\np tXmopXv
Xmew Rm "DnboNcnXw' Fp \maIcWw sNp Hcp ImhyamWv
(3mw ]Xnv; 1996 ]p. 3233)
2. ....C\n {In. ]n. ]XnmemwiXIns Dcmn hncNnXhpw Xmew
\apv DnbmSoNcnXw Fp t] sImSpmhpXpamb asmcp aWn{]hmf
Nphns\n {]kvXmhnmw(1996 ]p. 37).
1941 HSp-hn-tem 1942 BZytam BWv Cu {]_-k
- a
- m-lmcw ]pd-n-d
- n-bXv Ftmp-I. Fnpw
Ctmgpw Ao-N-cn-X- Fv \ncq-]-I-/A[ym-]-I Cu IrXn-Isf ]cn-lkn-p-h-cp-p.
FmWv Cusbmcp {]h-W-X-bpsS ]n-Wn-bn? B Ime-s--nbpw aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-XnI-fpsS t]cv, {]ta-b-w, LS-\- Fnhsb-p-dn-p-ap aphn-[n-IX-s. \q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS ]pf-pIm-e-at{X CXv Ch-tcsdbpw Pn-amcpw! AXn-\m aWn-{]-hmfcN-\-Isf \q-Xn-cn-/-P-n-h-m-

4
cpsS Nne t\c-tm-p-I-fm-bn- IW-mn-bma-Xn- FmWv Cfw-Ipfw ]d-bp--Xv. t{X-tI-{nX-ambn hfp ap-nb taemfhKns kkarnbpw A\nb{nXamb ssewKnIXrjvW
bpat{X Cu IrXnIm[mcw. Imfn-Zm-k\pambn XmcXayw sNbvXm \psS kt-i-Im-cmp -hnh-cn-m\pXv Ipsd A-ehpw s]p--fpw- \q-Xn-cn-bn--fpw am-{X-am-sWv apt-cn hnainp-p-v. ""Hcp- Im-ep tIc-f-n \q-Xn-cn-mns s\Sp-hoYn Fhn-Sw-sXms-hn-S-tm-f-am-bn-cp-p-shp Im-Sn--p-I sXmp-Im-Wn-m Fgp-Xn-bXpt]m-encnpp, Dp\o-en-k-tihpw ipI-k-t-ihpw abq-c-k-t-ihpwapw'' Fp-hsc ]d-sn, ap-t-cnam
(2004: 268). CXmbncpp As s]mXp-{]-h-W-X-. hyXy-kvX--fmb Imhy-P-\p-p-Isftmepw
Iqn-n-Snv kmam-\y-h-cn-epw ]Xn-hm-bn. Ch-bn-semw Htc-t]mse hym]n-p-\np-Xv
irwKmchpw B`m-k--chpw am{X-am-sW-m-bn-cpp C-fw-Ipfns Ncn-{X-t_m-[hpw Is-nbXv. kt-i-Im-hy- hr-]-c-ambpw {]ta-b-]-c-ambpw amdnb Ncn{Xw IXv tIk-cn-am-{X-ambn-cp-p(2011:155-56).
CXp tIc-f-n htXm-Xnep kmlnXy]T-\-\S-psIm-ncnp Ime-amWv.
Cm-e-ns apJ-ap-{Z-bm-Wv kmln-Xy-n-tbpw kwkvIm-c-n-tbpw ]g-a-sb-sm-n-bp A`nam-\hpw. 1906- Dp-\o-en-k-tihpw 1909-10 eoem-Xn-eIhpw ]pd-p-h-p. 1917- Bq
eoem-Xn-eIw hnh-\w- {]kn-o-IrX-ambn. XpSv 1940-41 Imev Dn-b-o--D-n-bm-So--D-nn-cp-tX-ho-N-cn-X-IqSn A-Sn-ajn ]pc-tXmsS -aWn-{]-hm-f-hn-ai-\w Xgv ]-en-p. a[yIm-e-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-sf--n-bp Imcy-amb ]T-\- -\Sp-Xv Cu L-n-emWv.
a-[y-Im-e-km-ln-Xy-ns apJy-imJI aqmWv: ]mv, aWn-{]-hm-fw, hmsam-gn-h-g--.
CXn Kth-j-I-cpsS kzmyw \in-n-Xv aWn-{]-hm-f-am-Wv. An-s-p--fpsS AwtKm-]mw-KhW\ \S-n- F-Xt{X aWn-{]-hmfns ]ng. -C-Xns t]cn Zim-_vZ--fmbn ]gn- tIpI-bm-Wv, Cu kmln-Xyw. KWn-Im-kvX-hw, Ao-kvXp-Xn, AoekmlnXyw FsmsbmWp
Nmn-n-nb Ip-t-cpI. aWn-{]-hm-f-np ]pd-p kmln-Xyhpw ico-c-hW-\-I-fn
A`n-c-an-p-p-v. Fnepw ]gn Gsd tIXv aWn-{]-hm-f-am-Wv. Ctmgpw _ncp-Z--_n-cp-Zm-\--c-]T-\--fn aWn{]hmf hnai\w s]mXpth Cu hgnmWv. Cu {]_--n BZy-Im-e-a-Wn-{]hm-f-c-N-\-I-, cma-N-cn-Xw, IrjvW-Km-Y, A[ym--cm-am-bWw Infn-mv Fn-h-sb ap\nn
a[y-Im-e-Imhy`m-h\bnse icocmhn-jvI-c-Ws hni-I-e\w sNm-\mWp {iaw.
]c--cm-K-X-amb aWn{]hmfN, aWn{]hmfsam kmlnXyw am{XamsW [mcWbn
emWv. Fm, eoemXneIw Hmwinev]n Be-qaWn{]hmfsa sshZy-im-kv{X-{K-s-n ]d-bp-Xp {in-p-I. ASp-p-Xs aplq-]-Z-hn-sb tPymXnj{Kn
\np Hcp D-c-Wn-bp-ap-v. N-I-fn {]am-W-ambn D-cn-m-hp {]m[m\yw Chbvpmbn- c pp FmWv CXn- w. sshm\nIcwKpw aWn{]hmfw ISphXns
sXfnhmWnh Fv sI. F. Fgp \nco-n-ppv(1974:25)7. t- IcfkmlnXy-Nc
- n-{X-ns
17m-a
- ym-b
- n Ccw IrXn-Ifpw hni-Ie
- \ hnt[-ba
- mhp-p-v. Fnpw aWn{]hmfKthjI
Bcpw-Xs Cu hgn-smp Nnn-m ]pd-sn-8.
3. kZm-Nm-c-hn-ai-\-ns tXtcmw
ap]p ]d-p-sh B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ISp-hchv HpIqSn hni-I-e-\w-sN-mw. Gsdmew ]c--cm-K-X-amb Bkzm-Z-\-io-e--f\pk-cnv Nns--ncp tIc-fob-`mhp-I-Xzn henb
amamWv 1930 apXpmbXv. amIvkn-b Nn-Ifpw dnb-env Iem/-km-lnXyZi\hpambncpp
CXn\phgn-sh-Xv. ]c--cm-K-Xhpw Xt-io-b-hpambhsb tami-ambpw \ho-\hpw ]mm-Xy-hp-am-bhsb tIa-ambpw ImWp ioew Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-m-n\p ap]p-Xs ae-bmfnpmbncptm.
ioa-n-Isf hmgvp Cp-teJ CXns Hm-cw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Cw-o-jn\p- ssIcy-a-\pjvTn-p Hcp-hKs krjvSn--m samsf Hcp-nb ]-Xn-bmWv ChnsS B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym`ym-k-n\p If-sam-cpnb-Xv. tImf-\n-Ip-thn ]Sn-mdv {]tXyIw Xm-dm-nb temI/
Ncn{X t_m[--fm-bn-cp-p AXns ssIap-X.
Cu Lnse apJyIem/kmlnXy-hni-I-e-\-]--Xn kZm-Nm-c-hn-a-i-\-am-Wv. B[p-\n-Ihn-Zym-`ym-kw-hgn ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-t_m-[-n-tep \pgp Ib-dn-b hnIvtSm-dn-b
aqey-t_m-[-ns ^eam-bn-cpp CXv. 19mw \qm-n, ssewKn-I-Xm-kv]i-ap Iem-km-lnXy-cN
- \
- I
- sf apgp-h \ntcm-[n ]mc-c
- y-amWv Cwo-jp-ImcptSXv. AhnsS, hnIvtSm-dn-bmcmnbpsS
`c-W-Im-ev bmYm-n-Xn-I kwL-Snvv CXn\p {]tabw XmdmpI-hscbp-m-bnt]m!9
a[y-Imew apX aXm[njvTn-X-bqtdm-]ykm-aq-ln-I-Zi\w ssewKn-I-Xsb ]m]-tmSp
tNp-sh-mWv ssIImcyw sNbvXpt]m-Xv . B[p-\n-IkZmNm-c-t_m[w thiy-Isf am-n-

5
\nt Hcp KW-amnbncpp Fpw Chsc \nIr-jvSm-]-c-Xz-ambn IW-m-p-Ibpw `b-pIbpw sNbvXn-cpp Fpw Nne ]T-\-- hne-bn-cp-pp. {In.-h. 1800 apX-mWv `c-W-IqS
ns klm-b-tmsS hyn-bpsS ssewKn-I-Xsb Nn-s-Sp-m-\p Ccw {ia DunX-am-bsXmWp sPn-^ lmUnwKns \nco-n-Ww(-1998: 27)10.
CXnp kam--c-ambn asm-p-IqSnbpv. tIc-fo-b\thm-m-\-n ]cn-{hm-P-I-Po-hnXw
\bn--hp Innb kzoIm-cy-X. tZio-b-{]-m-\hpw Bo-b-{]-m-\hpw Xn-ep-m-b-cp
Cg-t Fw. F hnP-b \nco-n-p-p(c-Xv\m-I-c 2010 : 18). {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp Bim-t\mSv
irw-Km-c-I-hn-X-I Fgp-X-cp-sXp ]d-Xpw Hmp-I. CtXmsS Ihn-X-bpsS `mj- kmc-hpw
hnj-b-w, A`n-Pm-tXm-Nn-X-hp-am-bn-cn--W-sa [mcW tIc-fo-bn-S-bn thcq-n-sbv F. hn
IrjvW-hm-cn-b ]d-bpp(2000: 20-21). h-tm aKvZ-e-\-a-dn-bhpw Dq ]nwK-fbpw Bim
Icp-Wbp-sa-gp-XnbXv Cu t_m[ns ]m--e-n thWw hni-I-e\w sNm.
4. `qX-hpw h-am-\hpw
e`y-amb Hcp h-am-\-ntep ]cn-W-an-s-p Hm-bn-mWv `qXns ]p\x-krjvSn- \S-pI(Mahasewta Sengupta, 1995:56-7). {]mNo-\--a-[y-Im-e-a-Wn{]-hm-f-ns Imcy-nepw CXp
icn-bm-Wv. 20mw iX-I-ns XpS--n aWn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-X-I Fm sh-Wn-qm-bvabnse I-hn-IfpsS cN\-I-fm-bn-cpp(\ym-cpsS {ioIr-jvW-N-cnXw aWn-{]-hm-f-s adp ]d-bpI-b). Cu Iqm-bva-bn sh-Wn- A apX Bdp-t] \q-Xn-cn-am-cm-bn-cpp shWn
al, ioshm-n, \Sp-hv A, al, Hd-h
- c
- . Ch-cmcpw km-tPmen-mtcm Imbtiaq
11
tPmen-I sNp--htcm Bbn-cp-n- . 13-15 \qm-p-I-fnse aWn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-I A-e-kPohnXw \bnncp-h-cmbn-cpp F [mc-W- Cs\ h-Xm-hmw. CXns ]m--e-ntev
{]mNo-\--a-[y-Im-ea-Wn-{]-hm-fs {]Xn-jvTn-p-I-bmWp Kth-j-I sNbvX-Xv. CXv, aWn-{]-hmfs Ae-k-{]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-ns Dev]am-m hgns-h-p.
Fm, Hp {in-t--Xpv. shWn A\pw(cpIrXn-I, Ihn-X--p-I,
ap-I-) aI-\pw(-Bdp IrXn-I, GXm\pw ssIsImn--fn-m-p-I, H tmI-, Ihn-X-p-I) Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-t\-mtfsd Ipn-p- Xp-cm-s\-gp-Xn-bn-p-v(42 JWvU-Ir-Xn-I, 10
KmY-I, 12 ]mp-I; tIcfw, Xptm-fm-n- XpSn 20 IrXn-I, aqp imkv{X-{K--,
h-\-Ifpw hnh-c-W--fpambn Htsd apI-I-fpw BbncWn\pIhnXpIfpw). alm`m-cX-hn-h-\s ChnsS ]cn-K-Wn-p-n-. sImp-n--p-cm(21), Ipq-cv(12), sImm-cn ip-n(16), N-\m-tcn tImbn--p-cm(8 IrXn-I, ]e-hI tmI-), Impn
ANyp-X-ta-t\m(7) Fn-hcpsS cN\Isfmw tNmepw Xp-cms cN-\-I-tfmfw hcn-, Afhnepw Xq-n-epw.- Cu Iqm-bvabnse {]i-kvX-cp-tSbpw A{]-i-kvX-cp-tSbpw IrXn-I samn-se-Sp-m irwKm-c-{]-[m-\am-b cN-\-I Npcp-pw. ]t, Nne Awt_m-]-tZ-i--fp-tSbpw
irwKm-c-tm-I--fp-tSbpw ]qc{]_-n-tbpw t]cn CrXn-Isf apgp-h irwKm-c-/AoecN\-I-fmbn Fp-I-bmWv an]T-\-fpw sNbvX-Xv. hmkvX-h-n Ipn-p{]m-\-satm
sImSp--q {]m-\-satm hnfn-mam-bn-cp Hns\ Hc--tbpw aI-tbpw t]cn NmnsmSppI-bmbncpp hnai-I. am{X-a-, Ch-bnse {]ta-b-am-Is-, kh/\q-Xn-cn--hn-IfpsS Ima-{`-mns {]IScq]--fm-sWpw hn[n-p12.
CXns\ {]mNo-\- a
- [
- y-Im-e
- f
- n-tep Xncn-p-h
- t- m Imcyw Ffp-a
- m-bn, As aWn{]-hm-fc
- N
- \
- I
- s
- fmw \q-Xn-cn-P
- n-am-cp-tS-Xm-bn! shWnhn-XI
- sf Af AtX Af-hp-tImhv
Ahsb hnain-m\pw XpS-n: ""sh-Wn-\
- q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS im-KpWw ZznKp-Wo-`h
- n-m-ep tabmWv sshin-IX
- {- -n ImWp-Xv''(Cfw-Ipfw, 1998: 200). AtXmsS aWn-{]-hm-fs \ncq]Im
h-km-ln-Xy-ambn Nm-Ip-n. AXpw \qXn-cn--P-n-h-ns kmlnXyw! Fm \q-Xn-cnamcpw Pn-amtcm A-cm-`ymkap-htcm Ihn-X-sbgp-Xm tImphtcm Bbn-cp-n Fp
hnai-I a\-n-em-nbn-. CtXmsS aWn-{]-hmfw D-X-hns ctXm--h--fpsS BhnjvIc
- W
-
- f
- m-sW [mcW {]Ncnp. Chtbm? As kZm-Nmc-{`w-i
- ns t\{]Xn-^e
- \
-
- fp-w. adph-iv Bob/`n-km-ln-Xys {]Xn-jvTn-p-I-IqSn sNbvX-tXmsS irwKm-c-ns/
Ao-e
- ns Dm-S\w ]qn-bm-bn!
5. BZys IWn
aWn-{]-hm-f-nse "BZy'IrXn sshin-I-X-{-amsWpw Am-es kZm-Nm-c-{`wins
sXfn-hmWv CsXpw hnai-I-m ]d-p-h-cpp. CfwIpfamWv sshinIX{ns Ah-Xmcn-ImImc. CXn Ctlw kzoI-cn-\ne-]m-Sp-I C-s\-bmWv:
1. KWn-I-Ip-thn \ Hcp kmlnXyw kwkvIr-X-n-ep-v. 2. cmPm--mcpw {]`p--mcpw

6
sshin-I-hrnsb t{]mkm-ln-n-cpp. 3. KWn-Im-hr-nv Ghpw IqSp-X {]-Nmcw e`n-Xv
sXtCy-bn-emWv. 4. kk-ar-n-bn \nv DS-se-Sp Akm-mn-I-Po-hn-X-amWv CmXncn Imhy--fpsS Dev]-n-p-Im-c-W-am-b-Xv. 5. tIc-f-nse KWn-Im-km-ln-Xy-imJ Bcw-`n-Xv
\q-Xn-cn-am-cm-Wv. 6. Aqns]XmWv sshinI-X-{w. 7. Ata-cn--bn Cv (1960-70 Ifn)
ssewKn-Ikm-lnXy-n\p knn-ncnp t{]mkm-l-\hpw 13-ap-X 15--hsc iX-I--fn
sshinI-X-{wt]mep IrXnI-v tIc-f-n e`n {]-Nm-chpw Htc ]cn-X-n-Xn-bn-emWv
hon-t--Xv(1968, ]p. 917).
Cfw-Ipf-ns, ta-d hmZ-nv ASn-kvYm-\-]-c-ambn Nne t]mcm-bva-I-fp-v. aqv,
Av {]kvXm-h-\-I t\mp-I. aqm-as {]kvXm-h-\-bn- Ctlw D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv ]mcnam-WnI(quantitative)-hn-i-I-e-\-am-Wv. Am-ev Zn-tWybnem-bn-cpp IqSp-X {]Nm-c-sap
]d-b-W-sa-n A`yqlw aXntbm? nXn-hn-h-c--W-p-I tht? tIc-f-n Cu -km-ln-XyimJ Bcw- ` n- Xv \q--X n- c nam- c m- s W- Xpw A`yq- l wam{Xw. \q- X ncnamv B[p- \ n- I ]qhLn Chn-Ss kmlnXyhyh-lm-c-n Imcy-amb ]p-m-bn-cp--Xmbn Hcp kmlnXy-N-cn{Xhpw ]d-bp-n-. shaWn-Ihscbp Ime-sa-Sp-m sNdp-t-cn, ]p\w(15mw iXIw),
]qm-\-w(16-17), ag-aw-K-ew, \oe-I-WvT (17mw iX-Iw) XpS-n- A-mdp `mjm-I-hn-I-tfbpw Imt-cn, ta]p-q XpSn Nne kwkvIr-X-I-hn-I-tf-bpta ImWm-\p-f-fq13. ap \q-Xn-cn-am anhmdpw aoamw-k, hymI-c-Ww, tPymXn-jw, tPymXnimkv{Xw, KWn-Xw, X{w Fo aWvU-e--fnemWv CS-s]n-cpXv. kmaq-Xn-cn-\m-nse, ]Xn-s\-c--hn-I-sf ]sm]Xp ]n-X-m-cn
ip-I-hn-I-fm-bp-Xv ]p\hpw h-kp-a-Xo-am-\-hn-{Iaw \mS-Isagp-Xnb Im-t-cn-bpam-Wv(D\mhs, Ihn-Xbvp ]pdpw hyh-l-cn-n-cp-p). Fnpw kmln-Xy-n \q-Xncnamv appw
ssIbp-ap-mbn-cpp-shp Is-nb Kthj-W-_pn A]m-cw-X-s.
kwkvIr-X-n-tebpw Zn-tW-y `mj-I-fn-tebpw KWn-Im-km-ln-Xy-ns ]nbnemWv Cfw-Ipfw CrXnpw Ce-sh-Xv. Imew 13mw iXI-am-sWv Ddn-pIbpw sNbvXp. t\ct,
t`mK-]c-X-bn apgp-Inb \q-Xn-cn-k-ap-Zm-b-ns krjvSn-bm-Wn-sXv Ct-lw-Xs ]d-npapv(1998: 203-04). Chn-sS-p-S
- nb A`yq-l
- fmWv aWn-{]-hm-fs
- -p-dn-p-mb ]nmeNI-fpsS ZniXs \nWbn--Xv. aWn-{]-hmf-nse BZy-IrXnXs KWnIm-km-ln-Xy-amsWn
_mn-bp IrXn-Isfmw aln-fm-fn-a-lm-kv]-Zhpw Ao-ehpw BIWatm. Cu \ymb{]Imcw,
aWn-{]-hmfw = irw-Kmcw/ Aoew F kahmIyw Am-Z-an-I-N-I-fn m\w]nSn-p. AXpsImv aWn-{]-hm-f-]-T\w Chn-sS-\n-pXs- XpS-Ww.
sshinIX{ns "Imhv'- BcmsWvv Adnbn-. Cs cq]-n CXp {]km[\wsNbvXXv tUm. sI cma-N{- \m-bc
- m-Wv. tIc-fk
- h-Ie
- m-im-em{Kti-Jc
-
- nse a{m-w
(X-fn-tbm-e), Dq-cns tiJc-nse \mep IS-emkv]Ip-I Fn-h-bmWv Cu ]Xn-n-m- mbpw Cu
[mcw. tmI--fpsS ]qhm-]c{Iaw-t]mepw \n-bn-Xv Cu {]km-[I
- \
- m-Wv ""{]-[m-\a
BZi-{K-
- f
- n\nv e`n tmI- ASp-n-bn-Wn {]kn-o-Ir-X`
- m-K
- t- fmSp Xmc-Xa
- ys-Sp-n, sshin-IX
- {- -ns ]q-amb ]mTw Xm-dm-p--Xn-\p DZy-a
- ns BZy-^e-amWv
- m, Cu {]km-[\w ]qW-as
- pw CsXmcp kwtimCtm {]kn-s
- -Sp-p Cu {Kw.'' F
[n-X-kw-kvI-c-W-a-, AXn-m-[m-c-am-m-hp Xmfn-tbm-e-{K-- Inn-bnn- Fpw Atlw
k-Xn-p-p-v. Cmcyw IrXn-bpsS apJ-hp-cb
- n(1969: 5) Atlw Xpdp]d-n-p-ap.v
6. Nm-a-WvUew
Fn-s\--n-bmWv sshin-I-X-{-nse N? kqn-p-t\m-n-bm Htc Bibw
Dsm-p- tmI- IrXn-bn ]e-bn-S--fn-embn NnX-dn-n-S-p-Xp ImWmw. CXn-s\
ap\nn, sshin-I-X{w Hcp Ime-ttbm H-hn-bptStbm krjvSn-b-sp sI. ]n. ic\pw Fw.B cmL-h-hm-cn-bcpw amXr`qan BgvNXnnsegpXnb teJ\n (2003: 30-33, 62)
Nqn-mWn--pp14-. sshin-I-X-{w- Hcp {]mNo\{K-am-sWpw AXnse Ipsd tmI-sfSpp a{m--n- tNXmsWpw Dq sXn--cnXmWv(1990: 325-26). NmIym-m km[mcWbmbn Bhiyap-tm-sgmw A\yIhn-IfpsS tmI-sfSpv D-]-tbm-Kn-m-dpv. CXp
Nq-Im-c-mcpw sNmdp-v. `mjmcmam-bWw Np-hnse 1879 tmI--fn 600--Spv tmI-Cs\ ]Ip-t]m--Xm-Wv. ]e-Xn\pw cma-I-Y-tbmSv Hcp -_-hp-an F-XmWp kXyw. CXmWv
Dqcns\ ]n--Xv. Xncn-v, cwK-Ie kmln-Xys F-s\-sbms kzm[o-\n-msav Atlw
Btem-Nn--Xp-an-. A-c-samcp Btem-N-\mI-s, Amevv hgn-Xn-cn-n-n--Xm-\pw.
Dq-cns aqe-[-\hpambn aWn-{]-hm-f-]-T\-n-n-d-n-b-h- adn-smp Nnnm an\s-tX C. kn-am-b D-c--sf-pdnv Fmtem-Nn-m-! Fp-X-t-bp-a-, kwkvIr-X-

7
n sshin-I-km-ln-Xy-apXn\m tIc-f-nepw AXp-m-hp-sa-m-bn-cpp ]e-cp-tSbpw (Cfw-Ip-f
- ns hmZw ta sImSp-n-p-v) hnizm-khpw. Cu AXn-c kmam\yhcWw ]T\sf
GI]obamnfpsh-XmWp bmYmyw. sshinI-X-{n BsIbpXv 273 t-mI--fm-Wv. Ch-bn Gsgw A]q-fpw. {]ta-b-tam? Hcp apXp-K-Wn-I, Cfw-X-e-ap-d-m-cnbmb
A\w-K-tk-\bvp \Ip sshin-I-X-t{m-]-tZ-ifmWv. ]c-cIfmbn X-f-\p-jvTn-p-t]mcp I-saan-emWv hnj-bm-h-X-cWw \nh-ln-p--Xv. {]kn--am-b, ""Fp-n-ap-n-b-h
apn-b-hp \memw..''. Fp-Xp-S-p tmI-amWv BZy-tXv. hmpIfn sNdnb hyXym-ktmsS cm-a-t-Xnepw AtX Bib-amWp ImWp-Xv. CXv Hcp kqN\bm-Wv. XpSp-h-cp
]etmI-fnepw B-i-b- CtX-t]mse Bhn-pIbmWv. DZm-l-c-W-nv Imap-I-mtcm-Sv F-s\sbms s]cpamdW-sap ]d-bp- -\mep-tm-I--fpvv:
sN--f-n-sem-cp-h-smcpal-mkw
at-h-t\mSp aItf Ip\p-Nn-n-sImpw
aqm-a-hp ]ncnIw apdp-]mSp Xmgvn
t\{X-sIm-p-]-d- ]n-shcp ]pwkmw (18)
19, 21, 22 tmIfpw Cu hgn-mWv. Chn-sSbpw ]d-bp-Xv HpXs Fm- Im-ap-Itcbpw Hcp-t]mse ]cn-K-Wn--Ww. BVy, Ihn-I, Imap-I XpS-nbh-sc -F-s\-bmWp
hi-m-t--sXp ]d-bp ASp \mep tmI--fpw CXns XpSbmWv. Imap-I, tNSnI, hoS, amW-h-I, {imh-I, Pf, {]`p- XpS-nb Nne t]cpIIqSn hcp-sapam{Xw.
C\n, \m-n-c-p-ap-X \mev]-n-sbm]-Xp-hsc (42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 159) bp tmI-
t\mp-I. Ch,
\otNjpkwK-sam-c-\-]-cw-]-cm-bm (42),
\otNjp kwK-anf \oe-hn-tem-Nt\ tX (49),
\otNjp \na-\kn \n InS--thWw (156)
Fsms-bp an \oN-m-sc ASpn-cp-sX- D]-tZ-i-am-Wv.
Adp-]-n-sbm]-Xn\pw Fgp-]nsbm]Xn-p-an-S-bnep Ggp-tm-I-fn ]d-bpXv ]pcp-j-h-iy-n\p D]m-[n-I-sf-pdnm-Wv. a-kvan-Xw, a[p-c-hm-Wn, hW-w, Zb, kuP-\yw,
B{ZX, at\m-l-c-X, -hn-em-kw, XmcpWyw Cu H]-X-t{X ]pcpjhiy-: ""hiy--sfm-p- n Bhnanhsbm]-Xp-sa-n-th-m'' (tm. 69). t\cnb amtfmsSbm-Wv Ch Cu tmI-f
p-I.- hnem-kw, I-t\mmbpw a[pc-hm-Wn, Imaw-hn-fbpw hmmbpw amdp-sa-p-am{Xw! sXmSp tmI-n CXv Fmhp-Xpw ImWmw:
]p-cp-jKp-W-hn-tijkmc-hn-Zym
bp-h-P-\-h-iy-an-sX-p-sa-n-bn-. (70)
Nne-bn-S-v, B\p-Iq-ey-hpw(72) A\p-h-\hpw(73) am{Xw aXn hio-I-cn-m-s\-pw ]d-bpw.
Bcyw Xs. -Ipdp aptmp sNp-tm, Ch AmWvv Fp ]d-bp-Xpw ImWmw. AXpw
cn-Sv.
`q-tbm]n tI aItf ]pcp-j hcp-tm
\o sN-th-p-ap-]-Nm-c-]-Z--fv (111).
174mas tmIhpw CtX Bi-bw Bhn-p-p. H]-Xv, Fv, Av, Hv Fmw IW-pX-s. Fsmcp ad-hn-m-c! C{X Ing-mtWm Cu Ihn-bpsS ]Sn-mdv?
Amdp tmI- ]W-ap-m-p--Xns\--n-bm-Wv. Hcm-fn\n-p-In-nb [\w-sIm-pam{Xw PohnXw aptmp t]mhn-. ""hm-Iy-sa-sXmcp hI-S-epp apn'' AXn-\m
Ahiywth apI-cp-X-temsS, hcp-h-cn\n-smw [\w t\S-Ww. 82, 102, 104, 107, 113, 227
tmI-fn CXmWp N. CsXmw sshin-I-X-{-s-n Xmsg ]d-bp \nKa-\--fn-temWp \bn-pXvv:
1. ]Z-fpw ]mZ-J-WvU-fpw ]mZ-X-sbpw AtX-]Sn Bhn-p-p. 2. ]e-bn-Spw
aptm-I--fpsS Omb ]In-p-v. 3. Htc Bi-bw-Xs IrXn-bn ]e-bn-S-mbn NnX-dn-nS-p-p. 4. BZn-a-[ym--sm-cp--an-. 5. CsXmw Ae-m-c-im-kv{X-hn[n-{]-Imcw Imhy-tZm-jfm-Wv. 6. Aoe-sap hnfn-mam{Xw IrXn-bn Hp-an-.
BsI-samw a\-n-cpn hmbn-m, {]Xn-`m-kv]i-an-m GtXm \memwInS IhnbpsS cN-\-bm-Wn-sXp ]d-tb-n-h-cpw. GXp- Ir-Xnpw Ahiyw thWw, Hcp BZn-a-[ym--smcpsams. D]-tZ-im--I-c-N-\-bmhp-tm {]tXy-In-pw. Fm ChnsS AXn-. tmI-fn \np tmI--fn-te-p XpS Dt-in-ntbn-. Bi-b--fpsS NnXdntbmS-emWp apgp-

8
\ofw ImWp--Xv. Fp-sImv C-s\-Hcp "IrXn'?
Cu hgn Nnn-p-tm IqSn-bm--n-tep IS-t-n-h-cpw. Imc-Ww, sshin-I-X-{-tmI--fpsS ]gb BIcw a{-m-amWv({]Xn-m-bu-K--cm-b-W-nse Hc-w) F-Xp-X-s.
KqV-X-{-w, koW-amb KqV-`m-j Fn-h-bpsS {]tbm-K-k-`-am-Wn-sXv sI. ]n i-c\pw
cmL-h-hm-cn-bcpw ]d-bp-p. a{m--ns Bap-J-n ]n. sI \mcm-b-W \ymcpw Cmcyw
hy-am-p-p-v(1980: 13). hf-sc-tbsd kt-XPSn-e-amWp a{m-samWv CXn\-w. Cs\-bp Hcp k`-n-emWv sshin-I-X-{-tm-I- hcp--sX-n Ah-bpsS s]mcp Xncn hnNm-cn{X Ffp--a. AXmWp sshin-I-X{w Fp tIp-tm-tgv Hmm-\n-m
]pd-s-Sp Kth-j-Ip ]d-dn-tm-bXv!
7. am-{`wiw!
Am-es kmwkvImcn-Im--]-Nb-ns sXfn-hpIfmWv Ccw IrXn-I Fm-Wv CfwIpfaS--ap -a-Wn-{]-hmfhnaiI-cpsS hmZw. A{X-pw Ao-e-aptm Cu IrXn-bn-? Fs\
t\mn-bmepw hy-amb cXn-kq-N-\-bp-sp ]d-bm-hph, \mse--ta-bp-q15. Ahy--kqN\-I-fp-hbpw A{XXs. CXp-w sh-p-sIm-m-Wv, Ata-cn--bn Cv ssewKn-I-km-ln-Xyn\p knn-n-cn-p t{]mm-l-\hpw 13--ap-X 15--hsc iX-I--fn sshin-I-X-{w-t]mep IrXn-Iv tIc-f-n e`n {]Nm-chpw Htc ]cn-X-n-Xn-bn-emWv hon-t--Xv(1969:
17) Fv Cfw-Ipfw ]d-p-I-fXv. Amevv C-s\-sbmcp IrXn-bn Ima-imkv{Xhn[n{]Im cap c-X-{]-I-c-W- hnkvX-cn-p N-sNm Fsnepw XSapm-bn-cp--tm? ]Zyc-Xv\-Ir-Xn-I-fnse Hbpw sX-bp-amb Nne t-m-I-fnemhs-,16 D]-cn-kp-c-X-wt]mep ImaX{-hsc hnh-cn-ppapv. Fn-\-[nIw? ap-Nne aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fnepw IqSp-X cXn-]-cX-bp `mK--ImWmw17. KWn-I-Ip-th-n-bp-mb IrXn-bm-sW-n CXm-hp-am-bn-cpp
Ic-Wobw. IrjvW-Km-Y-bnse cmk-{Io-Um-hW-\-t]mepw Cu h-gn-m-Wv.
ChnsS IrXn-bpsS t]cm-Wp aphn-[n-I-fn-tep \bnXvv. Dp-\o-en-k-t-i-ntsX-t]mse sshin-I-X-{-ntbpw t]cvv sXn-m-cWbvp hgn-sh-p. aWn-{]-hm-f-]-T-\--fn hps] aphn-[n-I-fpsS asm-cp-Zm-l-c-W-amWv ]n. sI. \mcm-b-W-]n--bp-tS-Xv.
aWn-{]-hm-f-hn-tZy-bw
]mT-tI-jz-h-Xn-jvTtX
ew_-in-{]n-]-co-hmcm
aln-fmfn alm-kv]-Zm'
F tmIw ap\nn ]n. sI., aWn-{]-hm-f-sa-m kv{Xoh-\-I-fm-sWphsc {]Jym]npIfp(1971: 29). ]ns, Gsd-mew aWn-{]-hm-f-K-th-j-I- Cu hgn-mWp \onbXv. CtXmsS, A\--]p-c-h-\w-, hmkp-tZ-h-kvXhwt]m-ep IrXn-Ifpw aWn-{]-hmfimkv{X{K---fpw
]cn-K-W-\-bpsS ]Snp-]p-d-m-bn.
8. Ncn{Xw k]w Aemcw
{]mNo-\ay-ImeIr-Xn-I-fnse Ncn-{X-kq-N-\-Isf t\sc N-cn-{X-h-kvXp-X-I-fmbn ]cmh\w sNpI-bm-bn-cpp Cfw-Ipfw Fp ]d-p-h-tm. Fm, A-hsb ap\nn Hcp
Ime-L-s Po-X-bpsS Imesap hnain-p-Xp icn-bsv Fw. Pn. Fkv \nco-n-n-pv: \mSp-hm-gn--{-Zmbw kmwkvIm-cn-I-Po-X-bn-te-p- \o-p-Xv Cfw-Ipfw ]d-bp--Xnpw
hfsc \qm-p-Ip tij-am-Wv(1999:14). CXp]t, Cfw-Ipfs IpaSp ]nXpS
\ncq]Ip Xncnp InnbXpan.
A\-]
- p-ch
- -\w, sNq\m-Yk
- vXh
- w, {iohm-kp-tZ-hk
- vXhw XpS-n-b- Ir-XnIsf A]hmZ-s
- fmWv]gb Kth-jI
- FnbXv. aWn-{]-hmfIrXn-I irwKm-c{- ]-[m-\fmsW s]mXpt_m[
amWv CXnpImcWw. sshZyw, tPymXn-jw, X{w, a{w, If-cn-hn-Zy, Xp-im-kv{Xw, BNm-cm-\pjvTm-\
- XpSnb taJ-eI
- f
- n-embn F{Xtbm aWn-{]-hm-f{K- Dv. CXp a\-nemmXpw Cu t\mn-iIn\p hgn-shp. BJym-\
- ns kqvaL
- S- \
- bpw th-t]mse Ins]n-. Dnbo-Nc
- n-Xwt]m-ep IrXnI-fnepw kt-iI
- m-hy-f
- nep-ap kvXpXn-Ifpw tZh-Xm-]c
- mai-fpw {in-msX t]mb-XmWv asmcp Imc-Ww.
Hcp IrXn-bn- GtX-Xns hW-\bvv F{X ew D]-tbm-Kn-n-p-s At\z-jWw
Chsb kqvaa
- mbn Adn-bm klm-bn-t-pw. DZm-l-c-W-nv Ao-Nc
- n-X
- s
- fp hnfn-sh
F{X ew kv{XokvXp-Xnp \on-sh-bvp-p-sp ]cn-tim-[n-mw. DnboNcnXn 30
5 KZyfpw DnncptXhoNcnXn 30 4(14 17 hsc) KZyfpamWv kv{Xohn-jb
- I
- a
- m-bn-p-Xv. DnbmSoNcnXnemIs 32 Ahkm\tXpw. Inbq inhs\ kvXpXnm 491/2

9
tmI Fgp-Xnb Ihn ]t, \mbnImhW\bvv apXptmItf D]-tbm-Kn-n-p-q. CXn
\mbn-Isb- hWn-p KZy-ns Ccntbmfw hen-a
- pv In-bq a-s {io]hXw AmSn hnh-cn-p KZyw! Cu BJym-\L
- S- \
- b
- psS s]mcpsfm-bn-cnpw?
aWn{]hmfIrXnIfnse kv{Xoi-co-ch
- -\I
- Ap Pohn-n-cp--h-cpsS t\p-t\hW\-bm-sWv sXncn Am-Z-an-I-]-WvUn-X Ahsb H-Sw Ao-e-sap Nm-IppIbmbncpp. bYmX-Y-amb kv{Xoi-co-csb, kmn-I-amb Hcp kv{Xoico-c-h-Sn-hns\bmWv Ihnh-npsXv A-hp a\-n-em-bn. hyn-bpsS icocw P-kn-amWv; Fm AXns\
\nh-Nn-p-Xv/\nW-bn-p-Xv kaq-l-am-Wv F-pImWmw. ico-c-ns kmaq-ln-I-kmw-kvImcn-Im- Bt\z-jn-p-t]mb ]mm-Xy-Nn--I C-s\-sbm-cm-i-b-n-se-n-tn-p-v.
ico-c-ns ssPhmkvXnXzw A{]-k--amhp-Ibpw AXv Hcp kmaq-lnI/kmwkvIm-cn-I-\nn-Xnbm-bnocp-Ibpw sNp-p-sh-w18. Cu ico-c-Zi\w kmh-eu-In-I-amWv. CXns tZiob-amb apJam-Wv kmap-{Zn-I-im-kv{Xw. ico-c-h-Sn-hp-Isf Xcw-Xn-cnpw Ah-bpsS taIo-gm-bva-I
]dpdn-p-amWv Cu imkv{Xns {]h-\w. _rlkw-lnX(1998) CXns\ Cs\
Dsm-pp:
aywkv{Xnbm-kv{Xn-h-en-bp--a-tcm-a-i
hru L\m-h-hn-jau ITn-\m-hp-tcmPu
tcmam-]-hn-X-aptcmarZp-Nmw-K-\\mw
{Kohm N Iw_p\n Nn-Xm-kp-Jm\n [t (70/5)
(ay`mKw aqp sRmdn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw tcma-an-m--Xp-am-bn-cn--Ww. ape-I hsamv CS-Xn-n-bXpw hen-hpw DdpapXpw Hn-t\msSmp Xpey-am-bn-p--Xpam-bn-cn--Ww.- s\v tcma-an-m-sX-bpw- ar-Zp-hm-bp-w Igpv iwJp-t]mse {Xntc-Jm-bp-am-bpan-cn-Ww. C{]-Im-c-ap kv{Xo, [\-tm-Sp-IqSn kpJ-h-Xn-bm-bn-cn-bpw
sNpw ]p. 370).
Cs\ kv{Xoi-co-c-n-se- Hmtcm `mK-npw A\p-]m-X- \ntinpIbmWv Cu
imkvv{Xw. -A\p-]m-X- am{X-a-, taIo-gm-bvabpw Iev]npw Nne-tm-.- C-S-XpssI he-Xp-In-t\-m tami-am-hp-Xv A-s\-bm-Wv. Ima-im-kv{Xhpw kv{Xoi-co-cs KpWm-\p-kr-X-ambn
]Zvan-\n, lkvXn-\n Fsms thXn-cn-n-p-v. CXns\ sImm-Sp {]amWkaqlnp
(reference society) cpNn-p ico-ch
- S- n-hp-Itf AXXpImep Ihn-I h-\b
- vs-Sp-q. Atm,
DNn-X-sav Hcp hmb-\m-k-aqlw -]dbp ico-c-h-Sn-hp-Isf ico-c-Zr-iy(body-scape)Bn
hnpIbmWp sNpI. Cu imkv{X]cn-k-c--fn\npInp ico-c-t_m-[s hW-\bvp Hcp-p-I-fm-n, ASn-m-\-ktX-fmn, Nn-s-Sp-p-I-bmWv Ihn-I sNpXv.
9. Hcp-p-I
hmsam-gn-h-g--m-p-Im BJym-\-np inbpw hy-Xbpw ]I-cm D]-tbm-Kn-p
Hcp-p-io-ep-Ifp-v. H-sbm---hn-I-fp-tSX-, ]mpIqm-bvabpsS krjvSn-IfmWnh19. Cu ioepI tNpw ]ncnpamWv ]mp-I aptmp t]mhp-I. DZm-l-c-W-n-v, DuWns IY ]mSm,
thp tNmhmcn D-hcpw
thm tNmn\p ssIa-Sn
F Hco-cSn aXn. CXp hnkvXcnW-sa-n ]qh-\ne apdn-p-sh-Xpw ]q-t]m-es tNmdpw
sagp-p-]p-c-nbpwapw hnf-n-bXpw hnkvX-cnmw. Nne-tm ae-sh-w-t]mse Dcp-p-s\pw
s]mt]mse \mep Idnbpw hnfn-sbpw ]mSpw. CXpw Ignv Imm-Sp Ifn-n--bn-en-cpv
\mepw-Iqn apdpnsbp hnh-cn-p-Xpw ImWmw.
Ahpw s]mbvpw hnh-cn-m\papv C-c-n-ep ioep-I. I-sI-p--Xp- ap-X
FXn-cm-fn-bpsS Xe-sb-Sp-p--Xp-hsc BJym\w \ofmw. k`u-Nn-Xy-am-Wn-Xns ImX. HtX\ s]mn-bw-]-S-bvp-t]mb ]mpIY-sb-Sp-p-I. CXn HtX-\ hgn-pw tNmZn ]pen-apw
Nmp-p-dp-n-t\bpw A\n-b-m-tcbpw h[n IY-bn,
am\pw t\mn \nepw t\mn
\ne-bo-sm-cw adnbp-pv
Ft ]d-bp-p-q. Ipdp-n-tbpw ]{v A\p-P-m-cp-tSbpw Xe-t]mbn! AShp-I-fpsS kqvaX
kqNn-n-m,
tImm-cn-bw ]nSn--hcpw
Aq-dpw apqdpw \op-\on
hmm-cnbw ]nSn--hcpw
F-an hnkvX-cn-p-Xpw ImWmw. Aev]w Ignv HtX-\ Hcp ae-b-\pambn Gp-app `mK-

10
apv. ChnsS AS-hp-I hnh-cn-p-Xp- ImWmw. Cbm apJy-i-{Xp-hmb aXn-eqKp-cp--fpsS
A\p-bm-bn-bm-Wv. A-Xp-sImv IYm-K-Xn-bn Nmppdp-ns\ sIm-Xn-t\-m {]m[m\yw
Cu sIme-bvp-v. Bfw hnh-cn-m-\p ioep-IXs tImgn-bw hnh-cn-m\pw D]-tbm-Knnp--Xmbn cmL-h-hm-cn-b \nco-n-n-p-v (1996:19). Cs\bp Hcp-p-IfpsS {]tbmKw
hmsam-gn-bpsS am{Xw Imcy-a-.
10. Ihn-k-a-bwhW-\-Isf \ndw-]n-Sn-n-mthn Ihn-I B{i-bn-p kt-X--sfn ]d-tm.
Chsb cmP-ti-J-c Ihn-k-a-bsap hnfn-p-p. Aim-kv{Xo-bhpw Aeu-In-I-hp-am-b (hmkvXhn-Iam-)- A-f-mWv Chsbp Imhy-ao-amwkbn Atlw ]d-bppv(1982:166). GtXXp
hWy-p tbmPn D]-am-\-ta-Xv, GtXXp hWnptm Fsms hWn-Ww
Fsmw CX-\p-k-cnv s]mXp[mc-W-bp-v. CXp ]c--cm-K-X-ambn hcp--Xm-Wv. ]pcm-W-
apX \mtSm-Sn-h-g--hscbp ]mc--cy- C-cw k-ev]-sf cq]-s-Sp-m hgnsh-bvpw. Ihn-I, apKm-an-I-fpsS cN-\-I [mcm-f-ambn ]cnNbsS-W-sav Ae-m-c-im-kv{X-m ]d-bp-Xv Cu apsm-cp-p-I ssIh-i-s-Sp-p--Xn-mWv. Ch-bmWp Ihn-hm-Iy-fpsS an\p--en\p klm-bn-p-Xv. CXn-tep Nne-tm Imen-I-amb Nne Iqn-t-ep-I-fpm-hp-sapam{Xw. Fmw h\ IcpnSnnm\p Hcp-p-I Xs. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, Cu
Ihn-k-a-b- t\mpI:
1. cm{Xn-bm-bm N{I-hm-I- CW-]n-cnp ZpxJnp-w 2. Ion shfp-n-mWv. 3. N\hpw
N{\pw hnc-l-n s]mn-pw 4. kv{Xo Nhn-nbm AtimIw ]pjv]n-p-w 5. kqcy\pw Xmacbpw Imap-Io-Im-ap-I-m/`mcym-`m--m BWv. 6. hn-Ifpw hr-fpw Z-Xnam BWv. 7.
NtImcw \nemhp IpSn-pw.
AXp-t]mse, kp-cnbm-sW-n i_vZw Ipbn, lwkw, hoW Ch-bn Hns -\m-Zwt]m-en-cn-Ww. kvX\ BIrXnsImv B\-bpsS akvX-Iw, sNv, ]v, Xma-c-samv, kzW
Ipw`w, ]cw, ]hXw- Ch-bvp-kam-\-ambncn-Ww. ay-n aqpaS-p-I th-Ww, Iri-a[y-bm-bn-cn--Ww, kvX\-`m-cw-sImv ayw tin-Ww, angnI Nen-p-sIm-n-cn--Ww, aqv
Infn-ppt]m-tetbm Fn]q-t]m-tetbm th-Ww Cs\ ]eXpw Ihn-I ]d-bpw. CsXm
pw imkv{Xo-ba, hmkvX-h-hp-a-. ]t Ihn-a-\-n\v Ch-bpsS ku-cym--I-X-bn-temWp
t\mw. ta]d kt-X- Hbvsm-bvtm ]eXpw Ietm Ae-m-c--fn hcmw.
Ch C-s\bmWp Nne Ae-m-c--fn sXfnbp--Xv:
1.
tImI-kv{Xo-hn-c-l-o-bn ]pI-btm Xa-n-Xv
(-D-Xvt{]mN `m-jm-`q-jWw)
2.
l-hn-iz-a]n \npsS Ioym
kXw shfp-sh-fpp Naq
(ao-enXw `m-jm-`q-jWw)
3.
l! N{-ap-Jn-np
sNo-bm-bXp N\w
(hn-tcm-[m-`m-kw `m-jm-`q-jWw)
4.
]pn-cn-bm-btXm N{nI sNst
AmsXsNmm-a-sX-m-tcm-Spw
GWm--au-en-X t\{X-N-tIm-c-
qWmbn amdptam A-bm-bvIn
(hnjvWp-ambm-hW\ Ir-jvWK
- m-Y)
5.
Aw_p-P-Im-ap-I XpsS Imn-sIm
w_-c-sapw hnf-n-\np
(i-c-ZzW-\w Ir-jvW-Km-Y)
6.
imJm-`p-Pw-\on eXm-h-[p-
]pWp-t]m hr-a-Wm-f-tcbpw
(`mjm-Ip-am-c-kw-`hw)
Nnetm D]-am-\--sfmpw D]-ta-b-ns sshin-jvSy-tmSp Xpey-a-spw ]d-bpw. CXpw
hWy-h-kvXp-hns ku-cym-[nIyw hyRvPn-n-m-\p X{am-Wv.
Hw \nm a\-kn-P-a-Wn-sp Pm\p-Zz-b-tm
Sm-empw Icn-I-c-cpNow I{a-aq-cq-{]-ImWvUw
(Dp-\o-en., D.k.; 52)
Cu {]h-WX, `mjm-cm-am-bWw Np-hn (cm-am-h-Xmcw, KZyw 10) AXoXbuh\bpw K`nWn-bpamb, IukeybpsS kvX\-h\-hscbpw Fp-p-v: \dp---cw- ]-p-]q-smpN{I, s]mpw-`aw-t`m-Ps-- am-,- {Zn-hr---fn-XymZn t]pw ]Zm--sf-t-cp-aptm-cn s\np-t\-scn shn--bn-- h-bt{X Zi-c-Ys ]a-ln-jn-bpsS kvX\-! Atm {]iv\w,
\mbnI KWn-Itbm cmP-a-ln-jntbm F-X Fp hy-am-b-tm.
Nne-tm D]-abpw Dt{]-bpwhnv Iptd-qSn koW-amb Ae-m-c- D]-tbm-Kn-

11
p-Xpw ImWmw. sNdn-b-o-hW-\-nse, app--cn-, ""DZ-bXn iin-_nw_w Im-a-n-p-hn.. '' F hW\ t\mp-I. ChnsS "kw`m-h\' F Ae-m-c-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-n-p-f-f-Xv.
CXv, Aev]w IqSnb AXn-i-tbm-n-bm-Wv. AXp-m-bm CXp-m-hp-sa Iev]-\-bmWp kw`mh\(`m-jm-`q-j-Ww, 60mw ImcnI). AXn-i-tbmnbpw t]mcmsX hcp-tm-gmWv Cu A-e-m-c-ap-]tbm-Kn-p-I. ChnsS \mbn-I-bpsS khm-Xn-im-bn-bmb kvX\-ku-cyw hyRvPn-n-m Ign-bpp.hmfpw thepw sXmtg-Ww -Xn-cp-an-gn-bp-K-f-n-p, ]qm-b Imm
tcmfw \ofwIesm-,Wn-aXn sImXn-sImpw apJ-{io-hn-emkw
FmWv Cf-b-nbpsS apJ-hW-\. IutWm-csb hmgvp ]Zy--fn ]Xn-\-sw (519)
AwK-{]-Xyw-K-hW-\-Ifm-Wv. Ccw hW-\-Ifp-ambn GXmp t\p-t\ kmZriyw hlnphbmWp cma-N-cn-X-nepw IrjvW-Km-Y-bn-ep-ap--sXv ]n. hn. IrjvW \mb(1972) \ncon-n-p-v.
taI-hmIp-g-em-\-tNm-e-bn \np t\Nnn hn-ta
anIshm-cp-n-\-h-X-c-sN-\n Ip-sa-Xp sImp-hm
thIwhnn-d-nshpIpn-sXpc sNbvIntem
hnc-s]m-cp--n\- Xne-a-esmcp Xpbap-gp-s-gp-a--cm (ko-Xm-h\ 117-mw]S-ew)
F cma-N-cnXhW-\-bvv, bYm-{Iaw -Km-Y-bn-tebpw Dn-n-cp-tX-ho-N-cn-X-n-tebpw
1.
tNmcn-hm-bm-sbmcp sNsm-n-X I\n
Nmcp IXp sImp-hm-\mbv
sath sNp ss]n-fn-p-st
sNmp-hmtXm-p-a-mk Im
2.
Inf-scmfn app Infn-p-s-m
Ina]n N Xne-a-e Ie-ln-pw abn.
Fo Cuc-Sn-ItfmSpap kmZriyw {in-pI. Adp-]-n-tesd CucSn-I-fmWv KmY-bnse h\bvv Ihn D]-tbm-Kn-n-p--Xv. khmw-K-kp--cn-bmb Hcp I\yI F \ne-bn-ep h-\bmWv KmY-bn. Fm, b-In--cm-Zn-I-fpsS ]qPbpw kzoI-cn-p-v, AjvS-_m-lp--fn almbp[-fp-ambn \np tZhn-bpsS h-\-bmWv `mK-h-X-n.
AZr-iy-Xm-\pPm hnjvtWmx kmbp-[jvS alm-`pPmx
Znhy-{k-Kw-_-cmte] cXv-\m-`-c-W-`q-jnXmx
[\px iqtejp Nmkn iwJ-N-{I-K-Zm-[cmx ...
(Z-i-aw. 4. 911)
Cu `mh-Kmw-`ocyw KmY-bn sXmp-Xo-n-bn-n-. a-w-K--fpsS hW-\bpw CtX coXn-bn-em-Wv.
Imhy-{]-m-\-taXv FXn-t\-m Ihn D]-tbm-Kn-p Hcp-p-I-tfXv F-Xm-Wv Cu hW-\Im-[mcw.
kwkvIr-X-nse alm-Im-hy-]m-c--cy-a Ccw hW-\-Iv t{]c-Iw Fp-thWw
Icp-Xm. CXpw IqSn-bm-ns ]m-c--cy-n\np h-Xm-hm-\mWp hgn. ]mwKw BSpI
Fsmcp Gm-Spv IqSn-bm-n. hnc-ln-bmb \mb-I \mbn-I-bpsS BIm-c-h-Sn-hp-Isf ap{ZI-fn-eqsS AXn-kq-va-ambn hnh-cn-p k{-Zm-b-am-Wn-Xv. B-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn-bn cma koXbpsS ]mwKw BSm-dp-v. kp`-{Zm-[-\-RvP-b-n Ap-\ kp`-{Z-bpsS ]mwKw BSpXp ImWmw. \S-m CXp at\m-[-a-\p-k-cnp s]men-n-pw. CXp tIim-Zn-]m-Z-ambpw ]mZm-ZntI-i-ambpw ]Xn-hp-v. CXns hmMva-b-cq]-n-ep Bhn-jvIm-c-amWp aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fn
ImWp--Xv. sXmp-dv a{mw B{]-Im-c-n ImWp hmk-h-Z-m-hW-\w-IqSn t\mpI.
CXp tIimZn]mZ-ambpw Xncnpw ImWp-pv. kmlnXyNcn-{X-n(hm.1) -D-q D-cn-p--hbmWv Cu tmI-:
]h-N-{\p t]mcp Kshm-gn apJmw-_pPw
C-am-e-I-W-t-t]mbv \op-cp `pP-Zzbw
A`n-am-\-s-bp-m-p-an-`-Ipw-`-kvX-\-fpw
ape-sb-m-p-Xmh-m-Xp-gepwa[y-h--cn...
Nmcp-s]m IZ-fn--n t\cp-fm-aq-cp-`m-c-hpw
sXfn Ipn-tbm-sSmw hne-kp IW--g
\-{X-[-h-fm-Imcw kpcw \Jhpw XYm.... (]p. 331-33)
XpSp ]mZm-Zn-tI-i-hW\bvv (sN-n\ Xfn-scmfn tNp-hn-f-n-s-cn NnX-dn\tNh-Snbp-K-fm..) Dn-n-cp-tX-ho-N-cn-X-nse, ""sNm-a-c-a-e tNh-Sn-sb-m sN-fn-scs shSn-nSp-atm.. F hW-\bp-ambn(K-Zyw18) henb kmZriyw ImWp-p-v. Ctm Cu `mK-

12
hnkvX-cnv cwK-p-]-bm-Kn-m-dn- Fm-W-dnhv. Fnepw kv{Xoi-co-c-hW-\-bn- \ncs D-]tbm-Kn-p Hcp-p-I-fmWv Ch-sbv H-t\m-ns hy-am-hpw.
`n-{]-[m-\-sap hnfn-p-h-cp Infn-m-p-I-fnepw ico-c-hW-\-I Dv. {]kn--am-Wtm
]m-km-c-Yn-hW-\. A[ym--cm-am-bWw Atbm-[ym-Im-WvU-nse cma-hW\(]p.67) Cu an-emWv:
\psSPoh\mw cma-Ip-am-cs\
\n-e-c-Xv\-In-co-S-a-Wn-Xn
cay-a-I-cm-bn-X-a-Wn-Ip-WvU-e-
k-p-Kv[-tim-`n-X-K-WvU--e-fpw
]p-co-I--Z-tem-N-\-`w-Knbpw
]p-co-Im-cm-Xn-a--e-Xp-hpw
N{n-Im-kp--c-a--kvan-Xm-`bpw
Ip-ap-Ip-f-k-am-\-Z-fpw
_q-I-kq-\-k-am-\m-[-cm-`bpw ...
Ipw`n-Ip-tem--a Xpn--cw-Ip
Ipn-p-Iq-o-Sp-aq-cp-Imfpw
Ipw`o-{-a-kvX-I-k-n-`-Pm-\php
awt`m-P-_m-W-\n-jw-Km-`-Pw-Lbpw
Iw-I-ep Ia-T-{]-h-c\pw
Ipn-Sp-tmcp ]pd-h-Sn-tim-`bpw
Awt`m-P-Xp-ey-am-aw-{Ln-X-e-fpw
Pw`m-cn-cXv\w sXmgpw Xncp-ta-\nbpw...
hWy-hkvXp ]pcp-j-\m-Wv. Fm ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn- hW-\m-X-{-tfm? an-hbpw mkn kwkvIr-X-]m-c-cyw apXentmv Ihn-I kv{Xoku-cyw hWn-m D]-tbm-Kn-p--hX-s. F-s\-sbp t\mmw: Iv XmacbnX, apJw N{, ]pncn \nem-hv, ]v
ap-samv, A[cw Nph--]p-jv]w(-D--a-e-cn), XpS Xpn--cw, apv akvI-Xw, ]pd-hSn Ba,
]mZw Xma-c. CXn kv{XoI-fpsS app-Isf akvX-I-tmSv D]-an-pI ]Xn-hn-. B m\w
kvX\-m-Wv. A[ym--cm-am-bWw kwkvIr-X-aq-e-n C-s\-sbmcp hni-Z-amb hW-\bn-. AhnsS C{Xtb Dq:
khm`-c-W-k-w Inco-S-I-S-tIm-zew
IukvXp-`m-`-cWw cmaw I-i-X-kp--cw(3. 39)
Atm, icocw `n-{]-m-\-mpw thW-sap kmcw! ico-c-am-Zyw Jep [a-km-[\w!
]qm-\-ns L\-kw-Lw, ImWm-tIWw kvtXm{Xw(Hcp {ioIr-jvW-kvtXm{Xw) Fn-hbpw
k-cn-p-Xv Cuh-gn-X-s:
1.
hne-kp-am-Ip-\p-Nn-o-bp-Kfw ssIsXm-gp-t
Xne-kp-a-cp-Nn-sh Xncp-\mkm sXmgp-t
sNsm-n-gw shsm-c-[cw ssIsXm-gp-t...
Ip-I--fw-sh- cZ-\- sXmgp-t
ImSn hSn-shm Ihn-fnW sXmgp-t..(L-\-kw-Lw)
2.N-Sp-e-X-cm-f-I-cm-Pn-X-am-sbmcp \nSn-e-XSw aa ImWm-tIWw...
ao-i-c-Ip-e-hn-ns\ shpw Nno-e-X-s\dn ImWm-tIWw
Xne-]p-jv]{io Xnd-\IoSpw hne-k-m-knI ImWm-tIWw..
ac-X-I-hn-c-NnXZ-W-Zw Ihcpw Ihn-fnW ImWm-tI-Ww..
AwK{]-Xyw-K-hW-\-bm-bm Aoew; tIim-Zn-]m-Z-kvXp-Xn-bm-bm A[ymw F hgn-bpsS
s]mcp hnNn{Xw-Xs
hmsam-gn-bns Btcm-at-I-hsc hn-p ]mp-t\m-p-I. Iqcn-cpsm
Xe-ap-Snbpw ]-an--{-t\m-sSm s\nbpw iwJp-I-S Igppw Ac-bm-en-e-sbm hbdpw
Ba-tbm-sSm ]pd-h-Sn-hp-amWp tNtImv. Hcp-p-I-fpsS {]`hw hyw.
11. hc-sam-gn-bnse apsm-cp-p-I
CXn\p kam--c-amWv hc-sam-gn-bnse Ihn-k-a-b--fpw Ae-m-c-fpw. Chbpw hyn-bptS-X-, Iqm-bva-bpsS kzm-Wv. ChnsS ]mpioep-I-fpsS cq]-a (form) Ch-bvp--Xv. Fm
[aw (function) AhnSt-Xp-X-s. kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-ao-amwk {]N-cn Iqm-bva-I-fn-semw

13
AXns kzm[o\w {]N-cn-n-p-v. tta-{s Ihn-I-WvTm-`-c-Ww-t]m-se-bp Ihn-in-m-{K- Imhy-c-N-\-bpsS NnI-fn-tepw Hcp-p-I-fn-tepw Imhy-hn-Zym-X-Xv]-c-msc D]-\-bn-m-\p-hbm-Wv. Ch-I-fn AXXv BNm-cy-m-cpsS hyn-ap-{Z- ]-Xn-bp-sa-nepw Ah-cpsS kzIm-cy-kz Ch-sbm-pwXs19. A-s\-h-cp-tm \mn Ap \S-p Ihn-k-a-b-fpw Aem-c-{]-bm-K-ns X{-fpw Adn-bphv FSpp {]tbm-Kn-p-I-tb-th-q. Nne- I-hn-I
{]-tbm-Kn-p-tm kzhyn-Xz-ns {]Xn-`-bpsS HcwiwIqSn Ah CXn Iensbpw
hcpw. Imfn-Zm-ks D]-a-Itfm sNdp-t-cn-bpsS Dt{]--Itfm ap--h-cp-tS-Xn\np hyXn-cn-am-hpXv A-s\-bm-Wv.
Ae-m-c-, {]mk-, hr- Xp-S-nb Imhy-L-S-I--sfmpw BcpsS \nnXn-bm-sWp ]d-bm-\m-hn-. `c-X ap-X G. B cmP-cm-P-ha-h-sc-bp--h N-sNbvX Ae-mc--sfmpw Ch-cpsS \nan-Xn-I-f-. Ihn-I D]-tbm-Kn-p-h-cp Ae-m-c-fpw {]mk--fpaS-ap ku-cymwi-sf \nh-Nn-p-Ibpw hI-Xn-cn-p-I-bp-amWv imkv{X-Im-c-m sNp--Xv. IhnI-fm-Is, Gd-psd ]mc--cys ]np-S-cp-I-bpw.
CsXm-p-IqSn hy-am-mw. alm-Im-hy-sf-Sp-p-I. Imfn-Zm-k-s\-tm-ep--h \S-p
cN-\I
- sfhmWv ]nm-ev ZWvUn-bptSbpw-apw e-WI
-
- ]\. alm-Imhy-cN
- \-bn hW\
s]men-n-m Ahiywth Hcp-p-Isf--n-bmWv ChcpsS-N. Hcp- Imhy-n Ch-sbmw
thW-sa-p \n_--an-. {]I-c-Wu-Nn-Xy-a-\p-k-cnv Nne-sXmw hcn-Itbm hcm-Xn-cn-p-Itbm
sNmw. ]noSv Xe-ap-d-I-tfmfw Ihn-I Cu BJym\X{- ]nXp-S-cp-tm Cu Hcp-pI Ihn-q-m-bva-I-fpsSXs s]mXp-kz-mbn amdp-p. sNdp-t-cn-bpsS tla---i-cZvhW\I {in--hv a\-n-emhpw, Chbvv tIc-f-nse {]Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp _w Zp_-e-am-hpXv Cu kz`m-hw-sIm-m-Wv Fv. KmY-bnse Hcp-p-I-tf-sdbpw hS--\m-Wv. hc-samgn hensbmcp `qhn-`m-K-nse Ihn-I-fpsS {]h-W-X-Isf \ne-\np-tm hmsamgn, {]mtZ-in-I-X-bn
Npd-p-\npIbmWp sNpI Fw. Npgn-p-t\m-n-bm cn-tebpw BJym-\-X{fn Assh-b-n-I-X-bp-sS (impersonality) LS-I--fpsp-ImWmw.
CsXmpw ]nSn-Inm--h-cmWv aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fnse ico-c-]-c-X-sbn Gsd t_Pmdm-b-Xv. Ihn-k-a-b- Aim-kv{Xo-bhpw Aeu-In-I-hpamsWp cmP-ti-J-c hy-ambn ]dnp-v. CXp kwkvIr-X`mjm-m\-aphv a\-n-em-m hnj-a-an-. Hcp]t, kmlnXynse AwK-{]-Xyw-K-h-\-I bmYm--y-amsWp [cn-p-h-im-b- kZm-Nm-c-hn-ai-I cmPti-J-cs Ime-p-apm-bncn-mw. A-c-mp adp-]SnIq-Sn-bmhmw CXv. Ccw h-\Isf ap\nn, {]mNo-\--a-y-Im-e-aWn-{]-hmfI-hn-I Ima-{`m-am-cm-bn-cp-p-shpw AhcpsS
IrXn-I Po-kw-kvIm-c-ns AS-bm-f--fm-sWpw iTn-pXv anX-amb `mj-bn ]dm, bpn-k-l-a-. ]e-Ir-Xn-I-fn-tebpw \mbn-I-amsc hWn-p-Xv `c-Wm-[n-Imcn ]d-nm-sWp Ihn-I kmy-s-Sp-p-p. ]Zy-cXv\w(2009) ImWp-I.Hcp shWv]-e-\m-p-cm-Pmhp ]dn-mWv Ihn IutWm--csb hmgvp--Xv. asm-cm Cf-b-nsb hmgvp-Xv tZh-\m-cm-b-WKcp-Ir-]bm BW-t{X. Atm Ihn-bpsS Ima-sa hmZw FhnsS \npw?
12. kmwkvIm-cn-I-irwJe
Cu hW-\-Isfmpw GI-]-o-b-ambn kmln-Xy-n-tep s]mn-ho-W-h-b- Fp a\n-em--Ww. \nc-h[n sImsmSp--ep-I-fpsS ^e-am-Wn-h. GXp kwkvIr-Xn-bnepw kwkvIm- W
- vUe
- a
- pv. Xmew CXns\
c-iI
- e
-
- (cultural traits) tNp cq]-s-Sp Hcp hen-b kzm[o-\a
kmwkvIm-cn-I-irw-Je(cultural network) Fp-hn-fn-mw. A-s\-bp-, I-e-Ifpw e-W-im-kv{Xfpw {]Xn-am-hn-m-\o-bhpsamw tN, hen-sbmcp kmwkvIm-cn-I-irwJe- \mK-cn-I-k-`
-fn(urban situations) Gsd-mew \ne-\n-p-t]m-n-p-v. Ima-imkv{Xw CXns AS-bm-f- D
sm-ff
- pp. Cu sshm-\n-IX
- sb BZ-cn-p Iqm-bvaI
- f
- psS temI-t_m-[w- Xs CX\pkcnp
Nns-Spw. Cu _unI]cn-k-c--fn-ep-m-hp kmln-Xyhpw CXntemSp ka-c-k-st]q.
ta-]-d- ico-c-tI-{n-X-amb Ihn-k-a-b--fpsS Imcyw-X-s-sb-Sp-mw. Ch-bpsS DdhnSw-tX-Sn-tm-bm _rlkw-ln-X-t]mep IrXn-I Dsm-p icoc-t_m-[-n-te-mWp sNs-pI. hcm-l-an-ln-c-t-sXp s]cp-a-bp CrXn F. Un. Bdmw \qm-n-\pap]mImt\ hgn-bp-q. Ima-im-kv{Xhpw hnhn-[- i-co-c-am-Xr-I-I- Nm-hn-j-b-am-p-pv-. \K-c--
s]cp-In--c-p-Xpw inev]--Nn-{X-I-e-I hnIm-k-ns ]c-tIm-Sn-bn-sep--Xpw s]mXpth CXnSp-p \qm-p-I-fn-em-Wv.- Am-ew-sXmsnepw i-co-cm-hn-jvIm-c- htXm-Xn inev]Nn{XIe-Ip hnj-b-am-Ip--Xmbn a\-n-emWw.
a\pjyi-cocsn eWinev]-im-kv{X--- ap-tm-p-sh-bvp k]amWv A`y-

14
kvX-hn-Zy-cmb Hcp Iqm-bva-bpsS, AXXp Ime-tbpw \mn-tebpw {]am-W-k-aq-l-ns (reference society) ico-c-t_m-[-ambn amdpI. inev]n-I-fptSbpw Nn{X-Im-c-m-cptSbpw hgn-sXfn-p-Xv
Cu t_m[-amWv. CXpXs-bmWp Ihn-IfpsS hyp]-n-pw ASn-m\w. icocnsam{Xw
Imcy-a
- , CXv. Cu Iqmbva ]p-sh-bvp- GsXmcp m\hpw Cs\ BJym-\mw-ia
- mbnISphcm-sa-w. tPymXn-jw, -tPym-Xn-imkv{Xw, Bbpth-Zw, hmkvXp-imkv{Xw, a{-X-{m-Zn-I
Fn-h-bp-ambn _-s-v {]mNo\a[y-ImeaWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fn Ip-h-cp ]cm-ai-
Cuh-gn- h-XmWv.
icoc-e-Ww hnh-cn-p kmap-{Zn-I-imkv{Xw Fs\ Ie-I-fn-tep IS-p-sap
t\mmw(Nn{XwImWp-I).

kmwkv Im-cn-I-irw-Je

Imhy-Ie

Nn{X
Ie

kmap-{Zn-I
- imkv{Xw

inev]-Ie

\r-Ie

Iqn Hcp Ie-Xs t\cnv asm-ns\ kzm[o-\n-p-Ibpw sNpw. DZm-l-c-W-nv

\rw Imhy-n-tetbm Nn{X-I-e-bn-tetbm ico-cm-hnjvI-c-Ws kzm[o-\n-m-w; inev]-I-e -\r/Imhy-I-e-I-tfbpw. CXns ^e-ambn ico-c-ns hmNn-Im-hn-jvI-c-W-n Xmsg ]d-bp
LS-I- {][m-\ambn-o-cp-p.
1.
A`nPmXinev]-Iebn\I/\-In-amp{]m[m-\yw
2.
inev]imkv{Xw \nW-bn-p- hSn-hp-If
- psS kzoIm-cyX.
3.
ico-c-ns Zriy-{]-Xn-\n-[m\w.
4.
AWn-sm-cp- -in-ev]-Nn{XI-e-Ip hnj-b-am-Ipp.
APmNn{X- ap-X t_eq-cntebpw(tlmbvm-e-Im-e-L-w) tImWmv, JPp-cmtlm
t{X--fn-tebpw in]-hsc \rhpw AWn-sm-cp-epw Bhn-jvI-cn-p-p-v. kv{Xoico-c-ns amZ-I-ku--cys \r-cq-]-n BJym\w sNp-I-bmWv Cu inev]--sfp ]dbmw. Ch-bn-semw A{X-tbsd {]m[m-\y-tm-sS-bmWv kv{Xoi-co-c--fpsS Ah-X-c-Ww \S-nbn-cn-pXv. \mSy-im-kv{X-nse Nc-W--fpsS Bhn-jvI-c-W--fmWv Cu \r-in-ev]--fn
ImWp--Xv. \-Is /\-In-bpsS ico-c-`m-j-sb BIj-Iam-p--h-bmWv `c-X ]d-bp
Nc-W-. Hc-n Ch ssSp IYm-]m-{X-pth ico-c-`m-j-bpsS (body language)
hymI-cW
- a
- mWv (body grammer). CXns kzm[o\-^e
- a
- m-hmw, ]nm-es tZho-hn-{K-l
- t]mepw
Gd-psd \r-h-Sn-hn-emWp {]Xy--s-Sp--Xv. kmap-{Zn-I-im-kv{Xhpw inev]-im-kv{Xhpw \mSyim-kv{X-hpw aptm-p-sh-bvp icoct_m[-amWv Ch-bn-semw hym]n-n-cn-p--Xv.
aK[km{amPyns hym]-\-tmsS `mc-Xo-b-Nn-{X-I-e-bnepw inev]-I-e-bn-ep-ap-mb
hnImkw ChnsS ]cn-K-Wn-t--Xp-v. Kp]vX-Im-e-tm-sS-bmWv AXv henb IpXn-p-Nm--p
hnt[-b-am-Ip--Xv. ssk-h-\m-K-cn-I-X-bn\nv hnP-b-\-K-c-n-te-s-p-tm-tgpw ico-c-hSn-hp-I-fpsS kqva-amb Bhn-jvI-c-W-n inev]-Ie Gsd apt-dn-bncpp. inev]-im-kv{Xsa Hcp sshm-\n-I-a-WvU-e-ns hc-hm-bn-cpp CXnp hgn-sbm-cp-n-b-Xv. tamltPmZm-tcm-lmc-in-ev]--fn\nv hnP-b-\-K-c-Im-ewh-sc-bp inev]-I-em-]-cn-Wm-a-samp {inm Cm-cyw hy-am-Ipw.
sSdm-tm-bnepw HmSn-epw- a-p-ap \nan-XnI-fmWv ssk-hinev]-fn Gsdbpw

15
ImWpXv. Ch s]mXp-th, an\p--ep-I, kqva-s-Sp--ep-I, Ipd-hp-hbm-Wv. Chn-sS-\np \rw-sN-p s]Ip-n, amXr-tZ-hX, hnf-sh-Sp-ns tZhX Fo in-] {inpI.
Ccw inev]--fpw ssk-hap{ZI-fpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp ico-c-t_m[w {]Xo-Im--I-am-Wv.
Bhn-jvI-cWw hniZa, bYm-X-Y-hpa. knp-\-Zo-X-S-]-cn-jvIr-Xn-bpsS Imew Ignv {InkvXp
BZyiX-I--fm-hp-tm-tgpw IqSp-X kqva-Xbmn inev]- ImWm Ign-bp-p-v.
_u-hnlm-c--fpsS hnIm-k-tm-sS-bmWv a\p-jy-i-co-c-ns IqSp-X hy-hpw bYmX-Yhpamb Bhn-jvIm-c- inev]-I-e-bn ImWm XpSp--Xv Fp Icp-X-Ww. \msSm-ppw
_p-tbpw t_m[n-kz-Xz-mcptSbpw ]e hSn-hp-I-fnepw hen--n-ep-ap {]-Xn-a-I hcpXv
Cu ImemWv. CtXm-sSmw _u-k-t-X--fnse Iem-in-ev]--fpw {in-t-Xp-v.
aucyin-]I-ebpw XpSv Kp]vX-in-]I-ebpw Cu km[y-X-Isf hf-sc-tbsd aptmp-sImp-t]m-bn FmWv ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-W Nqn-m-Wn-p--Xv. _u-kw-kvIr-Xn-bp-ambn
_-s bn-in-ev]- CXns D-tam-Zm-l-c-W--fm-Wv. ZoZK-n \np e`n Hcp
bn-in-ev]-ns hSn-hp-I t\mpI. Bd-Sn-tbmfw Db-c-ap, kqva-ambn an\p-n-sb-Sp,
Cu inev]-nvv GXmv cm-bncw hjtmfw ]g-apt{X. aucy-Im-e-ns Iem-]qWX-bpsS DZm-l-c-W-am-bn-mWv CXns\ Ncn-{X-Im-c-mcpw Iem-K-th-j-Icpw ImWp-Xv. aucy-Im-ep-\nv {InkvXp 2-mw iX-Iw-hsc CXns Imew aptm-p-t]m-tb-m-sav hnZym Ztl-Pnb
\nco-n-n-p-v.- hkm-{am-Py--fpsS ]X-\-n-p-ti-jhpw Ahbp-m-nb Iem-]m-c--cyw
DShpXmsX aptmp t]mIp-Xv km[m-c-W-a-t{X (Vidya Dehejia 1998:3132).
kmn-bnepw kmwtKm-fnepw _lq-n-epap _u-a-T--fpsS Ah-in-jvT--fn\np
Innb bn-in-ev]--tf-sdbpw \--fm-Wv. kv{Xoi-co-c-ns hSn-hp-Itfbpw \-X-tbbpw
(nuidity) BtLm-jn-p Cu ]mc-cyw hnP-b-\-K-c-ns ]X-\wh-scsb-nepw XpSp-t]mp
Fp-thWw Icp-Xm. tNmf-I-ebpw({In.-ap.9mw iXIwapX 13 hsc) tlmbvkm-e-I-ebpsamw
(1012\qm-pI)- kv{Xoi-co-cns hSn-hp-Isf BtLm-j]
- qh-w ssIIm-cyw sNbvXn-cp--p. _u-Pm-X-I-I-Y-I Bte-J\w sNbvXn-p AP-m-Kpl-I-fnse Nn-{X--fn-tmep-apv Cu {]hWX. Ch-sbmpw {]Xn\n-[m\w sNp-Xv, bYm-X-Y-amb icoc-s-b adn-v, ku-cy-s-Spn-b(aestheticized) ico-c-s-bm-Wv. Cu ku-cy-s-Sp--ens kzm[o-\-amWv Imhy--fnse icocm-Jym-\--fnepw ImWp-I. kwkvIm-c-i-I-e- iq\y-X-bn\np s]mn-ap-f-bvp--h-b--tm.
ta ]d cXn-]-c-Xbpw ico-c-]-c-Xbpw, `mc-Xo-bkwkvIm-c-n-tebpw -km-ln-Xy-ntebpw AXn-km-[m-c-W-amb Hcp ku-cymw-i-am-Wv. CsXmpw Aoens t]cn aWn{]hmfs hnain-h {inn. Um-\n-tebpw D-c`m-c-X-n-tebpw cmP-sIm-m-c-tfm lnpt-{X-tfm am{X-a-, Chn-S--fn-semsbp _u-ssN-Xy-fpw kvXq]-fpw amZ-I--fmb
kv{Xoi-co-c-{]-Xn-\n-[m-\- Dsm-ph-bm-Wv. kmn-bnse kvXq]w Cm-cy-n khnti- j - m- \ - a ln- p- p. JPp- c m- t lm- , tImWmv FnhnSfnse cXn- i n- e v ] - fpw
temI{]kn fmWv. ssewKn-I-X-bpsS t]cn `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-cs hnain--h {Kotm-tdm-ain-ev]--fnse \-Xsbpdnv Fp-]-d-bptam Bthm. Ah-bm-I-s, a\pjyico-c-ns
A\p-]m-Xw-t]mepw AtX-]Sn IrXyXtbmsS ]nXp-S-cph-bm-Wv. Hp {in-t--Xp-v. tIhew
hnhkv{X-amb Ah-kvY (nakedness)-b, Iem--I-amb \Xsbv (nuidity) `mc-Xo-b-dn-bm-ambn-cp-p. ssNXy--tfbpw t{X-tfbpw Ae--cn-m\pw \-in-ev]- D]-tbm-Kn-Xv CXpsIm-m-Wv. ]d-p-h-Xv, Ch-bpsS t\p-S-I-fmWv aWn-{]-hm-f-ntetbm ap kmln-Xy-fn-tetbm hW-\-I F. adnv, ico-cns hyXy-kvXfmb BJym\-sf ]m]-ambn
ImWp ImgvN `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIr-Xn-bn-en-m-bn-cpp Fm-Wv.
13. hcsamgnbntev {]mIrXw, Xangv, sXepv
C\n kmlnXy-n-te-p- Xncnphcmw. hS--km-ln-Xy-nse KmYm-k-]vX-i-Xn, ipI-k]vXXn XpS-nb cN-\-I- ChnsS {]k--am-Ipp. hnhml-_m-ly-_-- BtLm-jn-p-
- ho-am, ]m-msc cXn-eo-e-IpWn-p k`-hsc KmYm-k-]vX-i-Xnbnepv. {]mIrX `mjbnep Ch As \mtSmSnP\{]nbkmlnXyambncpp. `q-j-W-nse
(1999: 190) [z\n-N-bn G. B. D-cn,
km-c-ta-Im-\bn ]m! tI
Xm-e-an-n Krlm-[n-\m-Y
]tbm-[-c-nsbpb ]mn
obm-[n-sb-n ]pe-sc--an-mw.

16
F ]Zyw- {in-p-I. irwKmctmsSmw lmky-ns Hcp ASn-b-ScpIqSn Chbn-epv. KmYmk]vX-iXnbnse Ccw ]Zy--fp--cn-mWv B\--h-\s [z\n-m]\. [z\nbpsS ]ncnhpI
hyamm ChbmWv [z\nImcs\ klmbnpXv. hf-sc-tbsd P\-Io-b-amb IYm-k-cn-XvkmK-chpw cXn-_--sf DZm-c-ambnmWp kao-]n-p--Xv. IpSpw-_n-\n-tbm KWnIbvp m\w
sImSp-p cN-\-bmWp ar-I-SnIw. KWn-Ibpw hnS-\p-samw IYm-]m-{X--fm-hp cq]-I--fp-ap- t m. \mK- c n- I - c mb, sNdnb, Hcp- I qw Bkzm- Z - I sc Xr]v X n- s - S p- m- \ p cN- \ - I - f mWnhsbmsap \tc-{-\mYv `m-Nmcy(1975: 52) ]d-bpp. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Ah-cpsS temI-ho-W-nse tLmjm--IX Chn-Sfn Npd-p-\npw.
km[m-c-Wbmbn kwkvIr-X-Im-hy-- hen-b-tXm-Xn ]pcp-j-I-Ym-]m-{X--fpsS ico-c-hSn-hp-I hWnm-dn-. cLp-hw-is ad-p-sIm- CXp ]d-bp--Xv. Fm kv{Xoi-cocns kqva-amb hSn-hp-I Xo-bmbpw Ahsc lcw]nSn-n-p-p-v Fpw Chsb {]I-Samb ssewKn-I-Xm-kv]i-tmsSbmWv Ch-bn Ah-X-cn-n-mdpsXpw \tc-{-\mYv `mNmcy ]d-bp-Xp icn-bmWv(1975: 52).
Xon-, sXmSpv Xangv kmlnXy-n-tep t\mnbm \q-Xn-cn-ampw ae-bm-fkm-ln-Xy-n-pw A-p-dp thtdbpw kv{Xoico-c-hW\-I-fp-v Fdnbmw. s]mcp\cmpS,
a[psscmn, s\Sp-\hm-S XpSnb ]g--angv ]mp-I-fn-ep-apv ico-c-]-c-X-bp-tSbpw ssewKnI-X-bp-tSbpw BJym-\-20. CXpw aWn-{]-hm-fs B{I-an--hcpsS In s]n-! s]mcp-\cm-p--S-bnse hnh-cWw t\mpI:
IcnaWXnc-It]mse Af-Im-h-en, iin-I-e-sbm eem-Sw, Ipe-hn-smp
hf ]pcn-Iw, Imnbpw Ipfn\-\-hp-ap IS-an-gn-I,....an\p ]qS-tcm-a-ap
IW-ss,... NpW--Wn-am-dn Cunsm-fn-t]mepw \Sp-hn-tem-SmsX sRcpnsmnb IpN-`mcw, \op-gn-t]m-sebpw ke--W-hp-amb s]mn-Sw,
t\mn-bm ImWm-{X CSp-nb Ac-sv,....henb ]nSn-bm-\-bpsS Xpn-sst]m-se -H-gp--ambn Xn-ep-c-kp XpSI kmap-{Zn-I- e--W-sam-Xpw s]mSntcm-a-ap--Xp-amb IW-m..(25--- 43),
CXnse Hcp-p-I-fpsS hwi-_-hpw hy-am-W-tm. Xangv ]WvUn-X-\mb Cfw-Ip-f-ns {ibn CXp s]n-sp hcptam? Ch-bpsS t\v I-S-Xv Fn-\m-bn-cp-p-sh At\z-jWw
Cpw {]k--am-Ipp.
a[y-ImesXep-Kp-km-ln-Xyhpw imco-cnI-ku-`m-Ky-sf BtLmjn-n-cpp. apJy-ambpw ]Zw]m-p-If
- mWv Cu hgnp Ncn-n-cp--Xv21. aWn-{]-hm-fk
- m-ln-Xy-n ImWm Xc-n-ep sshImcn-I-amb Bhn-jvIm-c-amWp ]Zw-]mp-I-fnep--Xv. Ch-bn ]eXpw KoX-tKm-hn--nse cXn-]-cXsb Hmn-n-p-hbmWv. Cuiz-tcm-p-J-am-sW tXm-ep-bn imco-cnI-Xsb ap\npI-bm-Wn-h22. kv{Xo kz-c--fn-ep Cu ]mp-I-fn an-tmgpw tZhXs--bmWp Imap-I-th-j-aWn-bpXv. t{X--bpsS Nne ]Z- Cs\ t]mIpp:
1. F{X thK-amWp {]`m-X-sa-n-bXv!.. Ima-tmsS \osbs hnfnp s]t
Fn-tephcq. \ns Npp-I Ft-Xn-t\mSp tNn-cn-th ...{]`m-X-ambn!...
\ns KmVm-enw-K\w Ab-p-t]m-Ip--Xn-\p-ap]v {]`m-X-san! Nne AwK-fn \o Itm-Sn--tm Rm\p-bnb iom-c hfp-X A\p-I-cn-Xp-tIv InS--bn \-sf-s\ Nncn-p-t]mbn? ASp-p-h-cm]-dv \o Hcp
ImS-s\-tmse Fs {]W-bn-p. Rm \nsta Ib-dm ]p-d-s-tm-tgpw
{]-`m-X-sa-n-tmbn! (]Zw 175) 21.
2. ]dbq kJo; Rmt\m Aht\m IqSp-X No? kznS--bn ]pm-cn-pIn-S-p-tm Ah-s\s Ia-em-n-sbp hnfnp B at s]ns t]cv.
F\n-p {]mmbn. apSn-sns Aw-sImv Rm\-hs\ ASn-p. C\n ]dbq
BcmWp IqSp-X No? Imam-th-i-n Ahs amdnhoWv t]map-e-IsImp sRcn--tm Ah ]dp; CXn\p I\-Imw-Kn-bmWp IqSp-X tIan-sbv!
Ap hncepw tNv Rm\-hs apJ--Snp..... C\n ]dbq Rmt\m Aht\m
IqSp-X No? (]Zw 104) 22.
14. lnn-km-ln-Xyw
a[y-Ime ({In. h. 1400 1700 Ime-w) lnn-km-ln-Xyhpw Cuhgn hnp-v. Ahn-tSbpw
ImWmw ico-cm-Jym-\-ns {]h-W-X. cp-Zm-l-c-W- am{X-sa-Spmw. hnZym-]-Xn-bp-tSbpw
_nlm-cn-bp-tSbpw Hmtcm Ihn-Xm-JWvU- C-s\-bmWv:

17
1. Ah-fpsS kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-s {]k-amb apJv Ins Xnc-am-e-I
kpJw Xcp--h-bm-Wv. N{ BIm-ipw Xmac ]mXm-fpw Ccnp-p-sh-nepw
Chcpw Hnv apJ-ambpw Ip-I-fmbpw Hcn-Sv Fn-b-sX-ns\.... Ah-fpsS
IpN- Im tXmpw kpepcp]Xw env Zni -a-d-n-cn-m-sWv. (hnZym]Xn: \J-in-J-h\).
2. I]o-enI, s\n--Sw, A[-c- Fn-hsb Ae--cnv Cv \o hfsc kpcnbmbn-cn-pp- (_nlm-cn-: _nlm-cncXv\m-Icw)
_nlm-cn-bpsSXs thtd Nne {]tbm-K-IqSn t\mpI:
]d-bp-Ibpw \Sn-p-I-bpw hio-I-cn-p-I-bpw tZjys-Sp-I-bpw kn-p-I-bpw Nncnp-Ibpw, enp-Ibpw sNp-Xv Ip-IsImpX-s... \mbnI Ip-I
sImv \rw sNbvXp-Im-Wn-p-p... irwKmcw \nd \ns Xmacp-I ]cmP-b-s-Spp-h-bm-Wv, A\sagp-Xm-sX-Xs!
kwkvIr-X-Im-hy-ao-amw-k-hgn {]N-cn-Xpw tZiImem-Xo-Xhpw `mjm-Xo-X-hp-ambn `mcXobkwkvIr-Xn-bn \qm-p-I-tfmfw \ne-\n-p-t]m--XmWv ta N-sNbvX ico-c-]-c-X(cXn]-c-Xbpw). Ch kmaq-lnIhn-cp--am-sWv tImf-\n-mewhsc s]mXpth \n\-n-cp--Xpan-. CXn-p-dv, kam--c-am-bn-s {_-N-cyhpw k\ym-khpw Bo-b-X-bp-samw {]N-cn-p-t]m-np-ap-v. cpw cp-h-gnv P\-Po-hn-Xs aptm-p-sIm-p-t]m-bn. taml-ap-ZvK-chpw ku-cy-e-lcnbpw icm-Nm-cy-cp-sS-Xm-Wp ]d-bp ]mc-cyw Cu hgn-bt hXv? Ima-]p-cp-jm-tbpw
Kml-y-tbpw \ntj-[n-m ]pcmW-fpw CXn-lm-k-fpw Imhy-\m-S-Im-Zn-Isf kzm[o\n-s-n Ap-X-s-Sm-\n-. Ch D-S-nb ico-c-]-c-Xsb an\p-n-sb-Sp-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Imaim-kv{Xhpw kmap-{Zn-I-im-kv{Xhpw apw sNbvX-Xv. alm-`m-c-X-nse {]ap-J--fmb cp-]m-Jym\-fpw \-tfm-]m-Jym-\hpw iIp--tfm-]m-Jym\hpw irwKm-c-c-k-{]-[m-\-fm-sWp `mc-Xo-bsc-nepw ad-p-Iq-Sm--Xt? AtX, kwi-b-an-.
12. ]nIpdn
hnIvtSm-dn-b ]m]-t_m[w `mc-Xo-b-ku--cy-Zi\ns \ndwsISp-m Ime-mWv
Cu cN-\-I-sf-m-ap-m-b-Xv. Am-es Ihn-Itfm inev]n-Itfm Nn{X-Imctcm \-X-tbbpw
cXn-tbbpw kzm`m-hn-I-X-bm-bnt In-cp-p-q. As _pn-Po-hn-Ifpw Cu hgn-X-s-h
-- hcm-Wv. tZh-m-cptSbpw ap\n-amcptSbpw Imahpw AK-ay-K-a-\w-t]mepw `mc-Xo-b-cpsS CXn-lm-k-fnepw ]pcm-W--fn-ep-apv. hymtkmev]-n--Ysb Ao-e-sav Bsc-nepw hnfn-ptam? Fgp- ]cn-`-hnp FXp icn-X-s. AXn\p ImcWw AXp tXhm-c-ns ka-b-am-sW-XpsImt? ap\n-bm-bmepw tXh-cn-t ka-bp irwK-cn-mtam?
XpS-n-tb-Sp\n-Ww Fm-Wtm {]amWw. AXp-sImv aWn-{]-hm-f-n-tep
hopw. kqva-ambn ]Tn-m, Hdnbmw: GXm\pw \mp-\-In-I-fpsS kvX\-P-L-\-ku--cyns -h\Itfm ImatIfo-]m-Sh-ns hnfw-_-c-tfm A Dp-\o-en-k-t-ihpw Dn-bo--D-n-bm-So--D-n-n-cp-tX-ho-N-cn-X-fpsampw. CX-dn-bm, ]t, aphn[nIsf hI-p-am-d-dW-sa-p-am-{Xw. aWn-{]-hmfw kmln-Xy-npapdtv ]Sp-\npp. kqn-p-t\m-nbm {]mtZ-in-I-kw-kvIm-chpw- \mp`mj-bpw Nn\-p-s]m-p-Xpw sshZyhpw tPymXn-jhpw Xpim-kv{Xhpw \mp-sam-gn-I-fn-tebvp ]Ip-t]mcp-XpwImWmw. ]g-Inb I-S-I am-Ww;
ImgvNoefpw.
-----------
Ipdn-p-I
1.
]pXptcn cmaN{ (AhXmcnI I--cm-am-b-Ww, ]p. viii,1967, `mjm`KhZvKoX, ]p.21), CfwIp-fw(kwkvIrXan{iimJ, kmlnXyNcn{Xw {]m\fneqsS, ]p. 265); ]n. hn. thembp[ ]n
(a[yImeaebmfw, ]p. 62); Fw. Fw. ]pcp-tjm--a \mb (BapJw, ]mpw aWn{]hmfhpw, en]n.
tImgntmSv); Fcp-taen ]c-ta-iz-c]n (aebmfkmlnXyw ImeLfneqsS, ]p. 82)Fn-h-cpsS
aWn-{]-hm-f-]-T-\--fn\nv D-cn--h.
"Many Britons had clear notions of propriety and respectability. Observations from different perspectives
counterposed concepts of state and civil society to notions of vulgarity in aspects of Indian religion, culture and
literature, especially in the medieval times.They revealed an interest in what was obscene and what was permissible in
present-day civic order" ..(P.38). Charu Gupta, 2001: Sexuality, Obscenity, Community: Women, Muslims and the Hindu
Public in Colonial India, London, Permanent Black.

2.

18
Maddhupalini's Radhika Santwanam consisted of five hundred and eighty four poems about the relationship
between Krishna and Radha. .. Her compositions created a stir in the literary world when they were published almost two
centuries later. The erotic poems in her most reputed work, Radhika Santwanam, stunned even the most liberal of readers
and critics. - Sherin Koshy, Indian Women Writers A world of words, lost and found: a brief overview of women's
literature in India from the 6th century BC onwards. - http://www.literature-study-online.com/essays/indian-womenwriters.htm
4.
Standardised and sanitised literary norms became a marker of modern national identity and culture for the
educated middle classes - Gupta, Op.cit, p.32

5.

cm-Pm[nIm-ch
- y-`n-Nm-c
- m sRn-Rc
- pn hop-ap-p Hcp- cm-Py-n-\n,v
Imaw \r]m-p kl-{k-timt\y
cmP-\z-Xo-am-lp-ct- \\ `qaow
\-{X-Xm-cm-{K-l-kw-Ip-em]n
tPymXn-jvaXo N{-as
- skh cm{Xnx
F Hcp `q]m-e-h\hpw ]pd-s-Sp-I-bn -(]p. 171); s_tbm-hp^ns Ihn-X, s_tbm-hp^ns
Imew-t]-se--s-bm-bn-cp-p(]p. 172.). Fw. B \mb. 1988. kmln-Xy-\n-Ijw. amXr-`q-an, tImgn-tm-Sv.
6.
Cu ]cm-h\]-Xn-bpsS ]cn-anXn ]nm-ev Fw. Pn. Fkv \mcm-b-W Nqn-m-Wn-n-pv. kwL-Im-eI-hn-X-Isf F-t]mse aWn-{]-hm-f -I-hn-X-Isfbpw Imcy-amb hnNm-cW IqSmsX shw
Iqm Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-I-fsS BI-c-ambn AwKo-I-cn-m-\p {]h-W-X-bmWv Cfw-Ipfw {]Zin-n--Xv
FmWv Fw. Pn. Fns \nco-Ww(1999:14).
A Xp-cm1909- awK-tfm-Z-b -n eoem-Xn-e-I-ns Hmw inev]w {]km-[\w sNbvXp.
tImbv ]n. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b-cpsS tiJ-c-n--\np Inn-b-Xm-bn-cpp Cu IrXn.
7
""`mj, `mjm-an-{iw, aWn-{]-hm-f-sa-ssmw ]d-n-cp Cu an{issien imkv-{X-Ir-Xn-Ifpw kmlnXyIr-Xn-Ifpw H-cp-t]mse Fgp-Xm D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-p....sshZyhpw tPymXn-jhpw aWn-{]-hm-f-n-se-gp-Xnbn-cp-p-shv eoem-Xn-e-Iw-Xs hy-am-p-p-v'' tUm. sI. F. Fgp--, 1974, appw ]hn-ghpw, kmln-Xy-{]-hIkl-I-c-W-kw-Lw, tImbw
8
tIc-f-nse lkvX-en-Jn-X-{K-m-e-b--fnse `mjm{K-fpsS hen-sbmcp `m-Khpw hmkvX-hn tPymXn-jw,- tPym-Xn-im-kv{X-w,- a-{-w,- X-{w,- hm-kvXp-imkv{Xw Fnhbp-ambn _-s cN\Ifm-Wv. bkwkvIm-chp-ambn _-s {Inbm{]-m-bivNnK--fp-w {]Nm-c-n-ep-m-bn-cp-p.
PmXImtZiamKw `mj, ImeZo]Iw aWn{]hmfw, inev]cXv\w aWn{]hmfw, BJphnjNnIn aWn
{]hmfw, hnj\mcmbWobw aWn{]hmfw, hnj]oU `mjman{iw, KpW]mTw aWn{]hmfw, Bq ],
t\{XNnInnXw aWn{]hmfw, _meNnIn aWn{]hmfw, kl{ktbmKw an{iw, tbmKmarXw `mj,
hnizIaWobw aWn{]hmfw, aplqw `mj XpSnb {KtcpI Hp {in-p-I. Cu aWvU-e-fn-ep-mb khn-ti-jhpw kqva-hp-amb m\m-\-n-s (specialization) kqN-\IIqSn Chbn AS-bm-f-sp InS-p-p-v. CsXmpw ImWm--hv aWn-{]-hm-fw ip-km-lnXyambn.
9.
hnIvtSm-dn-b ImeLw, kzw ssewKn-IX
- sb kv\m\-s-Sp-n-sb-Sp-m BwK-te-bsc t{]cn-n
-Xn\v Ncn{Xw kmn-bm-Wt- m. hni-Zmw-i
- n\v, Gayle,S. Rubin FgpXn-b, Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical
Theory of the Politics of Sexuality F teJ\w ImWp-I. Culture Society and sexuality A Reader, Ed.Richard
Parker & Peter Aggleton.
10.
Jennifer Harding : 1998. Sex Acts Practices of feminity and Masculinity. Sexuality is constantly spotlighted for a
public gaze, yet it is considered to be the most personal andintimate of experiences(23), A wide spread fear of the social
implications of prostitution is suggestedby the frequent use at the time of terms such as social evil and the social
diseases. Prostitution represented the other for respectable (middle-class)married womanhood and had a direct effect
on sexuality within the marriage. - J. Weeks. 1989: Sex, Politics and Society The regulations of Sexuality since 1800.
Longman London, as quoted in Harding.(27)

11.
A[nIhnhcv AIhq \mcmbW FgpXnb, shWn, 2005, kmlnXyAmZan, \yqZln,
shWn{]m\w(2000, F. _n. Fv, tImbw) ioshmn \mcmbW kamlcn shWnrXnI
(Un. kn. _pIvkv, tImbw) Ch ImWpI.
12.
hoW-]qhpw ]nm-se-h BimIrXn-Ifpw Ihn-X-bpsS `mj- kmc-hpw hnj-b-w, A`n-Pm-tXmNn-X-hp-am-bn-cn--W-sa [mcW tIc-fo-bn-S-bn thcq-m Imc-W-am-bn-sbv F. hn IrjvW-hm-cnb \nco-n-n-p-v. Dq-cn-sbpw hf-ft- m-fn-tbpw cN-\I
- Cu t_m[s t]mjn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
CXpaqew sh-Wn-{]-m\-ns {]ikvXn {]m-\-\m-b-I-cn- Nne Pohn-n-cn-p-tms ]qWambpw \jvS-s-p(2000: 20-21). F. hn XpS-cpp: Imev]-\n-I-{]-m-\-n-tep kzoI-cn--s-n-cp

19
AXns KpWh-i- hnkva-cn--s-p. \nc-I-]-Z-{]m-Np-cyw, {Kmay-X, hnj-b-em-L-hw, hfn- irwKmcw
apX-emb AXns tZmj-h-i-am{Xw Ccn-p-wtXmdpw Gdn-h-cp sNp-]m-{X-nse mhp-t]mse kaql-ns [mc-W-bn Xn-\np-Ibpw sNbvXp. sh-Wn-{]-m-\-sa-m aqcn-irw-Km-c-sa-m-Wsa [mcW ]c-p. P\-Io-b-[m-c-W-bnse Cu Ak-p-en-XXzw Hgn-hmn sh-Wn-{]-m-\-ns
KpW-tZm-j- hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn hne-bn-cp-m IS-s-n-cp \psS kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X--fn DqcntXp-am-{Xta B {]m-\-tmSv Hs-nepw \oXn ]pen-bp-q. Fm Dq-cn-sbpw Nmbvhv
sh-Wn-{]-m-\ns {]Xn-Zz-n-bmbn hn-n-cp tIc-f-h-{]-m-\-tm-Sm-bn-cp-p (]p. 21)
13.
18mw-\q-m-sm-Sp-hnepw ]sm]-Xn-ep-ambn B-Ym-Im-c-m-cmb Nne \qXncn-amsc ImWppv Iq \q-Xn-cn-mSv_m-en-hn-P-bw, at{-S-v--kp-`-{Zm-l-c-Ww, i-ct]m-nIptN-e-hrw.
14. AhnsS(Dqcns tiJcw) ImWmb \mepISemkv]IpIfn tmIkwJy ]ckv]cw s]mcp
sSpn. 157, 27, 39, 153 C{]ImcamWv Hmtcmnsbpw \ne. Iptd tmI Hmtcmnepw Bhnpp
FmWtm CXn\w. ]e tmIfnepw ]mTcq]nv AcapsXt{X Hcp]t CXnt\m
{][m\w. Fmambnpw hmNnIcq]n Hcp Imep {]Ncnncp Bib kmayap ]Zyv
Bscmstbm GtXm Bhiyn\pthn FSp ]IpI am{Xamhmw Ch F Dulw DZnpInnbn
FXmIpp ApXw cmL-hh
- m-cn-b, sI. ]n. i-c 2003 (]p. 30).
15
ASp-p-sNqape-sam--Wq
sbmcn--ap-m-In-e-I-psImq
(109)
Zqc-p-\np ]pcp-j hcp-thmcp\m \o
Nmc-p-\np hcp-thmsc hne--thpw
Bcm ]pW-gnI\o-b-h-tcmSp s]t
amcn-r-jnp ag-\m apXn-cp--t]m-se (110)
...kpc-tXjp hnlmb \mW-samw
cXn-`qanw {hP \ns \o adv (112)
\mW-sa--sXmcp `qjWw apZm thW-ap Ig-Ip amZrimw
BWp-ambv ]p\-c-I--Xm-Sn-\m thWp-hmWn hnf-bm`q-jWw (239)
16. ]ZycXv\IhnXIfnse, IutWmcbpsS cXn-km-ay-s-nbp tmIw {inpI:
\{Xfapapsmcp]tbmhmlwIem\mbI
sNmsmpw aWnappXnp ]hngw s]nnfw N{nImw
Xnnfnew_tc IpeKncnZzw \SwsNpam
dvWm ImaXns\p]mbabn tX sNmoSp IutWmtc (tm. 62)
Nt{m--h-w 2mw `mKs 103-109 tmI-fpw cXn{]-[m-\--fm-Wv. sIp-I-eymWw Ign taZn\oshnemhv ]e Imap-I-m-cp-ambn can IY ]dbp-n-S-p-t]mepw sshin-I-X-{-n-ep--Xn-t\-m hyamb cXn-kq-N-\-I-fp-v. hym. Cfw-Ipfw Ip]n-, 1969, F.-_n. Fkv.
17. Dp-\o-en-k-t-i-nse, ""Atm-fp-ZyIp-fna-Xn-ap-Jo..(tm.87.) F kymhW\-t]mepw sshinI-X-{-tm-I-tf-m sshIm-cn-I-am-Wv. 1997, hym. Cfw-Ip-fw, km.{]-.-k.kw., tImbw.

18.
Hertz argued that body is socially constructed, The biological entity of the body simply disappears and
instead becomes a socialy constructed product.- Helan Thomas.1998, Culture/Nature, Core Sociological
Dichotomies.(Ed.) Chris Junks, Sage,London. Analysis of the body can therefore increasingly see it as a product of social
constraint and construction Andrew Edgar & Peter Sedgwick, 1999. (Ed.) Key Concepts in Cultural Theory. Routledge,
London.

19.
Ihn-sI-p-Xnm-h-iy-amb Hcm-ibw D-S-n-smv appw ]npw hcp hcn-In-Sbvv
]mI-ambn HXp-n-\np sIn-sbm-cp-n-sh hcn-I-fmWv Hcp-p-io-ep-I. hWy-h-kvXp--fpsS {]tXyI-X-I-sf-hnv kmam-\y-X-Isf kzcq-]n-p-sh-bvp--XmWv Hcpp-io-ep-I-fpsS kz`m-hw...]e-\m-fs ]cn-N-bn\nv ]mp-Im t\Sn-tm Ch-bn ]eXpw Iqm-bva-bpsS Hma-bv-p-d-p-\np hcp--h-bmhmw
hS-]m-p-I-fpsS ]Wn-bme, ]p. 24 cmL-h-hm-cn-b, 1996.
20.
Imhym-Zi-n-tebpw kmln-Xy-Z-W-n-tebpw alm-Im-hy-e--W-fpw Ihn-I-WvTm-`-c-W-ntebpw Imhy-ao-amw-k-bn-tebpw Imhy-c-N-\m-X-{-sf-n-bp NIfpw {in-p-I. Imhy-tZmj-NIfpw Hcp Imhy-kw-kvIr-Xn-bn \mWn-b-spI-gn BJym-\-X-{--fn-te-mWp hnc Nqp--Xv.
Chsbmw AwKo-Ir-X-amb Imhy-c-N-\m-]--Xn-Isf aptm-p-h-bvp--h-bm-Wv.
21. a[p-ssc-mn(406-22), s\Sp-\hm-S(148-52),- ]-n-\-me(106-15, 142-52 ) Fn-h-bnepw C-c-n-ep
hnh-c-W-fpw ]cm-ai-fpapv. tae-p \mcm-b-WIp-n hnh\w sNbvX, ]p-mv (2000.
tIc-f-km-lnXyAm-Zan ) ImWpI. The poems translated here belong to the category of padams -short musical compositions of a light classical
nature, intended to be sung and, often, danced. Originally, they belonged to the professional caste of dancers and

22.

20
singers, devadasis or vesyas (and their male counterparts, the nattuvanar musicians), who were associated with both
temples and royal courts in late medieval South India. Padams were composed throughout India, early examples in
Sanskrit occurring in Jayadeva's famous devotional poem, the Gitagovinda (twelfth century). When God Is a Customer:
Telugu CourtseanSongs by Ksetrayya and others, Ed. A. K. Ramanujan, Velcheru Narayana Rao, David Shulman,
University of California Press - P.1
23.
The god assumes here the role of a lover, seen, for the most part, through the eyes of one of his courtesans,
mistresses, or wives, whose persona the poet adopts. These are, then, devotional works of an erotic cast, composed by
male poets using a feminine voice and performed by women. As such, they articulate the relationship between the
devotee and his god in terms of an intensely imagined erotic experience, expressed in bold but also delicately nuanced
tones.Ibid., (P.2).

klm-b-I-{K--
Icp-Wm-I-c \m-b, sh-w-Ipfv,"kmln-Xyhpw kmKhpw', kmln-Xy-]-cn-jss{X-am-knIw. ]p.8,
e. 1, 1115 Xpemw.
Ip-]n, Cfw-Ipfw., 1969. BapJw, sshin-IX
- {w, {]km. sI. cma-N{- \m-b, Xncp-h\
-
- ]
- p-cw
------------------, 1997, Dp-\o-en-k-t-iw(hym.), tImbw, kmln-Xy-{]-h-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw.
-----------------, 1998, "kwkvIr-X-an-{i-imJ', -km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]m-\-fn-eqsS, tImbw, kmlnXy{]h-I-k-l-I-c-W-kw-Lw.
Zmtam-Z-c ]n, ]n., 1972, Dp-\o-en-k-tiw (hym.) tImbw, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.
\mcm-b-W, Fw. Pn. Fv., 1999'kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-m-ew', ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw \qm-p-I-fn-eqsS `m. Hv, Xncp-h-\--]p-cw, ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c\m-b kvamc-I-{S-v.
\mcmbW]n, 1971, Dt]mZvLmXw, ]ZycXv\w, tIcfkhIemime, Xncph\]pcw.
]c-ta-iz-c-, Dq. Fkv., 1990. tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw, hm. 1., {]kn-o-I-cW-h-Ip-v, tIc-f-kh-Iem- im-e, Xncp-h-\--]p-cw.
]pcp-tjm--a \q-Xn-cn, ]pen-bq, 1998, _rlkw-ln-X(hym.), sImSp--q, tZho _pvm.
aptcn, tPmk-^v, 2004, ktiwAsXmt-bpq, ap-t-cnIrXn-I, Xrq, Id v _pIvkv.
hnP-b Fw. F, 2010, kw`m-j-W-, (k-m. amm-Sv cXv\m-I-c), tImgn-tm-Sv, Hen-hv.
cmP-cm-P-h, hS-pw-Iq 1967, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw Nbpw ]qc-W-hpw, `mKw 1.. Xrq, awK-tfmZbw.
cmL-hh
- m-cn-b, Fw. B. 1996, hS-]m-p-If
- psS ]Wn-bme, ipI-]p-cw, h-tm hnZym-]o-Tw.
cmL-h-hm-cn-b, Fw. B., sI. ]n. ic, 2003: Cm IrXnsbsmn, amXr`qan BgvNXnv, HIvtSm_
1925, tImgntmSv
cmaN{, ]pXptcn, 2001, `mjm`KhZvKoX, Xncph, IkvamcI {Sv.
cmaN{ \mb, sI, 1969, sshinIX{w, Xncph\]pcw, tIcfkhIemime.
them-bp-[ ]n, ]n.hn. 2004, a[y-Im-e-a-e-bmfw, tIm-bw, Id v _pIvkv.
joem-Ip-am-cn, 1996, Imhy-`m-j-bpsS kv{Xo]-T\-, sImw, Cw{]n v.
Bhattacharya, Narendranath. 1975, History of Indian Erotic Literature. Munshiram Manoharlal Publications New Delhi,.
Bussalgi, Mario, 5000 Years of the Art of India, (www.A-PDF.com), H. N. Abrams, New York..
Dehejia, Vidya 1998: Indian Art. Phaidon Inc. Ltd.
Gupta, Charu 2001, Sexuality, Obscenity, Community: Women, Muslims and the Hindu Public in Colonial India,
London, Permanent Black.
Harding , Jennifer: 1998, Sex Acts: Practices of feminity and Masculinity. London, Sage.
Mahasewta Sengupta, 1995, Constructing the Canon: Problems in Bengali Literary Historiography, Social Scientist,
Vol.23, Nos.10-12, October-December.
Rubin, Gayle, S. 1999, 'Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality', Culture Society and
Sexuality A Reader, Ed.Richard Parker & Peter Aggleton, London, UCL Press.
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