Matt Griessler

Mr. Bowman/7
1800-1860 test review
11-16-08

Terms to know: Who or What/When/Where/Why Important

Thomas Jefferson: the leader of the Democatic-Republicans (called
Jeffersonians), elected president in 1800, beat President John Adams of the
Federalists. First peaceful transfer of power from one party to another.
Resulted in 12th amendment to prevent differing parties in president and
vice-president

MerriwetherLewis: along with William Clark organized a group to explore

Louisiana Purchase after its purchase by Jefferson from Napoleon. Set off in
1804. Doubled size of US.

William Clark: Merriwether’spartner. See Merriwether Lewis

Marbury v. Madison: a few days before Jefferson’s inauguration Adams

appointed Marbury, a Federalist, as a justice of the peace to give Federalists
more power. Commission not delivered to Marbury and Jefferson’s secretary
James Madison wouldn’t give it to him. Marbury tried to get the Supreme
Court to force Madison to deliver commission but they said that that would
be unconstitutional. 1803.

Monroe Doctrine: 1823. President Monroe issued a message that any

attempt of foreign powers to mess with the west would be seen as
“dangerous to our peace and safety.” And the US would not mess with the
east in return. Set foundation for future American policy.

Democratic-Republicans: created by Thomas Jefferson. Believed that there

should be strong state governments. Mostly supported by S. First 2 party
system

Federalists: created by Alexander Hamilton. Believed in a strong national

government. Supported by N. First 2 party system.

Elastic Clause: Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18 – “to make all laws which shall
be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers,
and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the
United States, or in any department or officer thereof.” Basically Congress
can make any law it wants if it’s necessary. Important because this is the
reason for Jeffersonians and Hamiltonians. Jeffersonians believe that elastic
clause means that congress can do whatever it wants, loose interpretation.
Hamiltonians believe you have to follow the constitution to the letter.

John Q. Adams:won election of 1796 over Jefferson. Growing danger of

sectionalism-N voted for Adams, S voted for Jefferson. Because of bad
feelings with France. XYZ affair – French allowed US delegates to see 3
French nonameofficials, wanted $250,000 to see foreign minister. US
commissioned navy, unofficial naval war of stealing ships. 1798. Supported
Alien and Sedition Acts – Alien Acts: raised residence requirements allowed
pres to deport or jail aliens. Sedition Act: fines and jail terms for hindering or
speaking out against gov. Outraged Democrats. Jefferson and Madison as
opposition to Alien and Sedition Acts wrote Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
– threatened seccession, asserted Nullification

Henry Clay: known as Great Negotiator. Came up with American System,

1815, – established protective tariff, recharter national bank, national
govsponsor internal improvements. Also, came up with Missouri
Compromise: 36 degree 30 s slavery divide line and Maine free, Missouri
slave. Compromise of 1850 – CA is free state, new and more effective
fugitive slave law, popular sovereignty in NM and Utah territories.

Andrew Jackson: first western pres. Promoted strength of common ppl. Pres
from 1828 to 1836. Jacksonian Democracy – common ppl have chance to
participate in national govthrough spoils system in which pres hires their
supporters to positions. Supported Indian Removal Act, 1830, Jackson told
Marshall to ignore Supreme Court and force Nativesoff land. Fought
Nullification, tried to pass Force Bill in which military force could be used to
make states comply. Fought National Bank, killed it, caused Panic of 1837.

American System: see Henry Clay.

Trail of Tears: 1838 on, path that US troops forced Cherokee to take on
journey west. 800 miles. ¼ of Cherokee died.

Nat Turner: Turner’s Rebellion, August 1831, Virginia slave, rebelled with 50
followers and attacked 4 plantations killing over 60 whites. Hung. Showed
growing dissent against slavery.
Abolitionism: believe that slavery is wrong, growing tensions between n and
s.

Missouri Compromise: see Henry Clay

Nullification: belief that states can declare act of congress unconstitutional

and nullify it. Jackson really didn’t like it.

States’ rights: power struggle between state and federal gov. stateshave
rights because US constitution is a compact among sovereign states. Each
has rights such as nullification. Basis of Sectionalism. Part of growing
tensions between N and S.

John C. Calhoun: a southerner that worked with Henry Clay. Proposed

Nullification, 1828. Pushed for expansion of slavery.

Second Great Awakening: widespread Christian movement, 1790s to 1839s.

Main tool of movement was revival meeting, lasted for days, studied bible,
reflected on lives, heardemotional sermons. Strong impact. 1 in 6 ppl
member in church.

Santa Fe Trail: one of busiest trails used by settlers and traders. 780 miles
from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, NM. 1821 to 1860s.

Oregon Trail: Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon. Blazed in 1836

by 2 Methodist missionaries, Marcus and Narcissa Whitman. Used by many
pioneers.

War for Texas Independence: Americans immigrated to Texas Mexico to settle

there. Mexico outlawed slavery. Mexicans were Roman Catholic while Texans
were Protestants. Mexicans spoke Spanish, Americans spoke English.
Mexican politics are increasingly unstable. To force Texans to follow Mexican
law Santa Anna marched army to San Antonio. Battle of Alamo, every
American died. “Remember the Alamo!” Texans captured Santa Anna and
didn’t let him go till he signed the Treaty of Velasco that gave independence
to Texas. Sam Houston elected president of Republic of Texas. Joined Union
Dec 29, 1845.

James K. Polk: supported Texas being admitted as a state. President in 1844.

1845, entered war with Mexico to get CA and New Mexico. Entered war in
1845. Mexico signed Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Feb 2, 1848. N of Rio
Grande is US territory. US payed 15 million.

Mexican War: see James K. Polk. Established current boundaries of

continental US along with 10 million dollar Gadsden purchase.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: treaty that ended Mexican War. See Mexican
War and James K. Polk.

Secession: When a state leaves the Union to become its own Union. S
secedesthe Union in 1860 followed by Mississippi, FL, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas. Form Confederacy. Last straw. The Union is now
divided. Will result in Civil War.

DredScott: A slave that fought for freedom because he had gone to free
territory in Illinois and Wisconsin and then back to Missouri. Said that since
he lived in free stateand territory he should be free. March 6, 1857 Supreme
Court issued ruling. Blacks cannot be citizens and thus cannot sue. No
matter where slaves go they are still slaves. One of most controversial of
supreme courtdecisions. One of last events before secession.

John Brown: Studied historic slave uprisings. Thought it was a good time for
another one in US. Secretly got funding. Led a band of 21 men to Harpers
Ferry, Virginia. Wanted to sieze federal arsenal and start slave uprising.
Stopped by military. Brown put to death. Intense reactions from N and S.

Harriet Tubman: one of most famous conductors on Underground Railroad.

Former slave. 1849, owner died, feared she would be sold, escaped to
Philadelphia. Made 19 trips and saved 300 slaves.

Jefferson Davis: elected president of Confederacy, Feb, 1861.

Fugitive Slave Act: part of Compromise of 1850. allegedfugitives weren’t

allowed trial by jury. Anyone convicted of helping slaves were liable of fine
up to $1000 and up to 6 months in prison. Enraged N more determined to
help slaves escape to freedom.

Stephen A. Douglass: N that didn’t believe in slavery. Helped push

Compromise of 1850 through. Believed in popular Sovereignty. Ran against
Lincoln in 1858 race for US Senate. Debated against him. Lost. Also lost
against him in Election of 1860 for president. Pushed Kansas-Nebraska Act
through.

Harriet Beecher Stowe: wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, book written from a slaves’
point of view. Emphasized that slavery was unmoral. Pretty much caused
Civil War. Enraged both sides.

Popular Sovereignty: states and territories can vote whether to be slave or

freestates. Pretty much superseded by Dred Scott decision.

Underground Railroad: a network of people that helped slaves escape to

freedom

Compromise of 1850: see Henry Clay. Staved off slavery crisis for a short
while. Pushed through by Douglass after Clay gave up.

Kansas-Nebraska Act: bill introduced by Douglass Jan 23, 1854. Would divide
Nebraska territory into two states – Kansas and Nebraska and would institute
popular sovereignty opposed because it was above 36 30. Became law in
1854.

Free-Soilers: 1840s, opposed extension of slavery into territories because

slaves would compete with white jobs. Convinced of S conspiracy to spread
slavery throughout US. Not necessarily abolitionists.

Sojourner Truth: former slave, outspoken abolitionist, 1851 argued for

women’s rights at a women’s rights convention.

The Liberator: written by the most radical white abolitionist, an editor by the
name of William Lloyd Garrison. Wanted one thing: immediate emancipation.
One of first to demand immediate emancipation, proslavery pplhated
Garrison. Widespread black support. Supported Frederick Douglass.
Garrison believed in using any means necessary for slave freedom.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton: women’s rights supporter. Abolitionist. Angry at

being discriminated at World’s Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840. Along with
LucretiaMott held a women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY. Wrote a
modified version of US Declaration of Independence protesting the limited
rights women had.
Frederick Douglass: escaped slave, genius poet, sponsored by Garrison. Did
not agree with Garrison because he wanted peaceful negotiations, not any
means necessary. Started his own paper The North Star.

Aaron Burr: became Jefferson’s vpafter 35 tied ballots in the House. The flaw
resulted in the 12th amendment – separate pres and vp ballots.

Eli Whitney: N American that invented cotton gin 1793, possible for S to
produce more cotton faster. Vastly increased slavery.

Abraham Lincoln – president 1860 – 1865, abolitionist. Pres during civil war.
Caused S to secede.

Understand the following

1. What were the differences between Federalists and Democratic-

Republicans? -
Federalists Democratic-Republicans
Strong national gov Strong state gov
Led by elite Led by common man
Loose interpretation of Strict interpretation of
Constitution Constitution
Shipping and manufacturing Agriculture economy
economy

2. Why were Lewis and Clark sent west? – to explore Louisiana Territory

3. How are states’ rights and nullification related? – nullification would be a

right of the state.

4. What were the points of the Monroe Doctrine? – east don’t bother west,
west don’t bother east.

5. How did the spoils system affect the president’s power? – it increased it
because now everyone that had a government job was on his side.

6. How was Jacksonian democracy more democratic? – promoted the

common man as opposed to the elite.
7. Why was Andrew Jackson opposed to the Bank of the US? – he thought it
gave to much power to a couple of wealthy, elite while ignoring the common
man.

8. What was the key issue of American settlers in Texas under Mexican rule?
– Mexico abolished slavery in 1829. Texans didn’t want to get rid of their
slaves.

9. What were the effects of the Missouri Compromise, and in what territory? –
divided Louisiana Territory on the 36 degree 30 second line, above is free,
below is slave. Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was
admitted as free state.

10. What were the effects of the Compromise of 1850, and in what territory?
– staved off secession for a short while. Utah and NM territories given
popular sovereignty to decide whether slave or not. Fugitive Slave Act. CA is
a free state. N got even more enraged at slavery and greatly increased slave
support.

11. What were the effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? – Nebraska territory
broken into Kansas and Nebraska as states. Given popular sovereignty.
Resulted in “Bleeding Kansas” because of illegal sneaking of proslavery ppl
to vote from Missouri.

12. Explain the DredScott case. - Having lived in free territory and free state
DredScott, a slave, sued that he should be free. Supreme Court ruling said
that African-Americans cannot be citizens and thus cannot sue. Also, no
matter where slaves go they are still slaves. Pretty much nullifies popular
sovereignty.

13. What were the major reform movements of the period, why did they
happen, and what was their aim? - Second Great Awakening: strengthening
of Christianity. Women’s Rights Movement: because women were becoming
unhappy with their very unimportant role. They wanted more, the right to
vote, to be independent of their husbands. Abolitionist Movement: an
antislavery push for the abolishment of slavery. The complete eradication of
slavery. Happened because people were starting to come to their senses
and realize how wrong slavery was.