FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS ( FACTS )

WHAT IS FACTS ?

IEEE definition : AC transmission systems incorporating power electronic based and other static controllers to enhance availability and to increase power transfer capabilities

SERIES CONTROLLER
Variable impedance or

variable source Injects voltage in series with the line More powerful controller For active power control Improve transient stability of power system

SHUNT CONTROLLERS
Injects current into a line Variable impedance or

source connected to the line

Improve dynamic stability

COMBINED SERIES SERIES CONTROLLER

COMBINED SERIES SHUNT CONTROLLER

Inline power flow control

Unified power flow

controller

(B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON COMMUTATION

Forced Commutation : GTO

Natural commutation : SCR

(C) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SWITCHING FRQUENCY

low frequency (50 60 Hz) Medium frequency switching (100 500 Hz) High frequency switching ( > 500 Hz)

(D) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE OF PE DEVCIE USED

VARIABLE IMPEDENCE TYPE(VIT) CONVERTER(VSC)

VOLTAGE SOURCE

C o n si sts o f a vo l g e ta Consists of impedances so u rce Supplies or absorbs reactive C o m p a ct C a n su p p l a cti a n d y ve power re a cti p o w e r ve No voltage source

Eg: SVC, TCSC, TCPST etc.

E g : S TA TC O M , S S S C , U P FC e tc .

IMPORTANT FACTS CONTROLLERS

SVC (Static var compensator) STATCOM (Static Compensator) SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator) UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller)

STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC)

Classification string: 1P-NC-LFZES-NDC PF correction Provides fast acting reactive power Stabilization of bus bar voltage Improve damping of dynamic oscillation

STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC)

Transformer Switchgear Reactor Thyristor valves Capacitor bank Cooling system Control and protection

STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR(SSC) OR STATCOM

Classification string: 1P-FC-HFCES-DC For supplying reactive power Active power control is possible Quick response Less space

Classification string: 1S-FC-HFCES-DC

STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR (SSSC)

Exchange both active and

reactive power
Compensate drop due to

reactive and resistance losses

Maintains constant X/R ratio

UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (UPFC)

Classification string: 2-FC-HFCES-DC Combination of STATCOM and SSSC Control both active and reactive power Provides high flexibility Terminal voltage control Phase angle regulation Series line compensation

ADVANTAGES OF FACTS
Power transmission capability System stability Power quality Environmental impact Transmission losses Dynamic and reactive power support and voltage

control Dynamic oscillation in power system

CONCLUSION
FACTS is an application of power electronics in

transmission system FACTS controllers makes a system flexible FACTS controllers are classified based on connection, commutation etc. SVC, STATCOM, UPFC etchave a number of applications in power systems FACTS has an important role in active and reactive power control FACTS helps to improve the capacity of an existing system FACTS controllers improve the power quality and stability

REFERENCES
W.N. Chang and C.J. Wu, Developing static

reactive power compensator in a power system, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems K.R. Padiyar and R.K. Varma, Damping torque analysis of static VAR system controllers, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, N.G.. Hingorani, Flexible ac transmission, IEEE Spectrum, pp. 4045 Power Semiconductor Devices and Circuits, Brown Boveri symposia series, Baden Datettwil

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