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By: S.M.KAMRAN
Outline:
Basic Call Flow Paging Paging Related Channels Paging Request Types Paging Related Parameters Paging Statistics Paging Problems in MSC, BSC and BTS Location Update Location Update Types Splitting LAC Calculation of LA Capicity
Paging
Paging cont
MSC will send paging command to its all BSC knowing its LAC (Location Area Code) information, BSC s will send command to all cells in this LA. After BTS receives this command it will send out on paging sub-channel of paging group containing IMSI or TMSI number of paged subscriber. After receiving the Paging Request, MS will request through RACH for SDCCH allocation. BSC will assign this SDCCH to MS through Immediate Assignment message in AGCH after it confirmed the activation of the needed SDCCH by BTS. MS will use this SDCCH to send Paging Response. BSC will then forward this Paging Response to MSC, finishing a 1st radio paging successfully. The switch in GSM network usually adopts second paging with a paging interval of 5 seconds. After MSC obtains the current LAC information of the MS from VLR, it will send out paging message for the first time to all BSCs under the LAC the MS is in, finishing 2nd radio paging successfully. If no paging response is received within 5 seconds, MSC will send out paging message again to all BSCs under the LAC the MS is in. If there is still no paging response within 5 seconds, this radio paging fails, and MSC will send a voice notification the subscriber you dialed cannot be connected for the moment to the MOC subscriber.
Random Access Channel (RACH) RACH is transmitted Uplink only, When mobile is paged , it replies on RACH requesting a signaling channel. RACH can also used if the MS wants to make a contact the NW/Originating calls
BS-AG-BLKS-RES
Relation between Paging Group, BS-PA-MFRMS, and BS-AG-BLKS-RES (AGB Number of paging groups for combined BCCH/SDCCH = (3-AGB)*BS-PA-MFRMS Number of paging groups for Non-combined BCCH/SDCCH = (9-AGB)*BSPAMFRMS
Number of paging Number of paging groupsNongroupsCombined BCCH/SDCCH Combined BCCH/SDCCH Time between 3 paging 2 paging 9 paging 8 paging Transmission of each blocksper multi- blocksper multi- blocksper multi- blocksper multipaging group frameAGB=0 frameAGB=1 frameAGB=0 frameAGB=1 BS-PA-MFRMS
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0.47 0.71 0.94 1.18 1.41 1.65 1.89 2.12 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72
Paging Success Rate depend also on Network Coverage, the better the coverage the better The Paging Success Rate.
Network Environment Paging Success (%) Urban With good RF 98 Urban 95 Suburban 93 Rural 88
Location Update
Bandwidth is a very insufficient resource in radio networks, it is necessary to subdivide the service area into many cells called as Location Area (LA) in order to allow the reuse of frequencies. If a call has to be established, it is need to know the current cell of the subscriber and transmit the call setup message (called paging operation and paging message) only in this cell. Due to the mobility of the user, it is obvious that the mobile station will enter and leave cells and this information must be updated/registered in the network management to establish mobile terminated calls, this type of registration to network called Location Update.
Call Concentration
LAC A
LAC B
LAC A
LAC B
LAC A
LAC B
LAC LIMITATION
LAC Limitation :
The threshold will be define based on BTS/BSC Paging Capacity (Depends on HW and SW installed).
BSC PROCESSOR PAGING CAPACITY #Cells/LA * #Paging Commands/cell and sec < 8000 Paging Commands/sec APZ 212 11 #Cells/LA * #Paging Commands/cell and sec < 18000 Paging Commands/sec APZ 212 25 #Cells/LA * #Paging Commands/cell and sec < 50000 Paging Commands/sec APZ 212 30* CELL CCH USED Combined BCCH/SDCCH Non Combined BCCH/SDCCH # AGBLK 0 1 0 1 PAGING CAPACITY 21.2 Paging commands / second 14.4 Paging commands / second 63.8 Paging commands / second 57.5 Paging commands / second
The LA dimensioning is therefore a tradeoff between the signaling load caused by paging and location update procedures
* APZ 212 30 onwards equipped BSC other limitation will be reached before the paging capacity in the BSC (Mostly on TRH or abis/LAPD link).
Calculation of LA Capacity
Number of paging blocks per second X Number of paging messages per paging block = Maximum number of sending paging messages per second ( Each hour support paging number of times) Maximum number of sending paging messages allowed in an hour Traffic allowed in an LA. Number of paging blocks per second, 1 multi-frame = 51 frames = 0.2354s. If the number of BS_AG_BLK_RES is AGB, the formula to calculate the number of paging blocks per second is given as Non-combined BCCH: the number of paging blocks/s = 9- AGB /0.2354 (paging blocks/s) Non-combined BCCH: when AGB=2, the number of paging blocks/s = 27.9 paging blocks/s. When AGB = 0, the number of paging blocks/s= 38.2 paging blocks/s. Number of Sending Paging Messages per Paging Block: There are 23 octets in each paging block, which could send two IMSI paging messages (a); or two TMSI paging and one IMSI paging messages (b); or four TMSI paging messages (c). If IMSI paging mechanism is adopted, each paging block could send paging messages for X times in average, X 2 Number of Sending Paging Messages/paging blocks If TMSI paging mechanism is adopted, then, X = 4 Number of Sending Paging Messages/paging blocks Maximum Number of Sending Paging Messages per Second (P): This could be calculated through the following formula:: Non-combined BCCH: P = 9-AGB /0.2354 (paging blocks/s) X (number of sending paging messages/paging blocks) IMSI paging mechanism: to non-combined BCCH, when AGB=2, P=59.47 times of sending paging messages/s; TMSI paging mechanism: to non-combined BCCH, if AGB=2, P=118.95 times of sending paging messages/s Therefore, the paging capacity in IMSI paging is half that in TMSI paging.
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