I F

F I
PM
I- O e

.w
V.T.
i.F

H
A
F F
F Of

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

 I F: F I PM
I- O e | FK
: F CK. F
A . F F
C. | Of ; K 2012 | K: 78-1 . M M ,
, - 108 | cypherandone@gmail.com | Of : A ,
: 2, H, 425, W , W, --_10. |
C: 044-_2646 1455 | F Of: 96, G vW , C - 642 002. :
04259 -226012 | : | : , Hv,
M . 40.00
I F

 G
F

Q H
GO.

- M

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

 ,
e e A
-JA
-S GS,
H & 2004

" C G
F I MM : J
G ;
OJ A. I F PF
G F G . G F
. , , , I
K . , F G,
A
bQ .
D ana Sacchetti*
D ana Sacchetti, E arth, W ind Preparing nuclear pow er plants for nature s fury ,
IAE A Bulletin 50- 1 | September 2008 | 51

* E arth, W ind Preparing nuclear pow er plants for nature s fury, International Atomic E nergy Agency Bulletin, 50 ( 1) ,
September 2008, p. 5.

I F


,
N *
AK G,
I F P I C
w Aw

* - : K . A J . 17
HL e. A H. H
C . N .
G. IF CO AJA.
5

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

 I F
6

F M
P H

14

F M

16

M: F
GM P
P M

18

M: F


27
K P F
M P

30

M: F GM
gFJ FI
F
M -

32

M K 39

48

- FM

F H ? 53
b ?

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

F O C,
A O
FA. PM A M PM
A. E E PM.
E H PM F PM
.
I
GF F J
EH K A
. w, . F, F.
FJ
GM, L, cKJ
3 A O I GF
M O,
, MA A. PM
OF K J O
A. , CK A
A M Q P PM
F PM OA.
M F F
MA, A, A, W
A. E F
A. F C W , ,
M M ,
A MA. F M
E, A.
P K A.
, F b
. P
, P
F
. K
K M F
E E PMO
C P .

, . .
5 K 2012
I F

.w,

V.T.,

i.F


I F

10

K I GF
F
F H C wM
P*. HK PM P OJ
I L, O
I GF E A
b I F J
HK PM O P**.
FJ h FF
. I G E A

A H OJA.
M, O F
M A,
P.
F , F C ,
HJ I F
F. , I F
F , P GMJ 28
KF P, F C
M O.
P, F F
GM L E GM,
, PM
FF A.
IP c
I GF F
P IP GA.
I K G
A H P I G
GA M
. F C F 77
L .
* Kudanku lam w ill be operational in tw o w eeks: PM, T he T imes of India, 16 D ecember 2011,
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-16/europe/30524367_1_kudankulam-nuclear-plant-commercial-operations.
Kudank ulam Nuclear Pow er plant cannot be allow ed to remain idle: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, T he E conomic T imes, 17
December 2011 http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-17/news/30528779_1_mw-power-kudankulam-nuclearpow er- second- unit
** Jayalalitha amaz ed at PM s statement, T he H indu, 18 D ecember 2011, http: / / w w w .thehindu.com/ todays- paper/ tp- national/ article27253 3 1.ece.
11

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

 I G K I N
F , GM
, 27- J F F OJ.
O , I G F FQ
90 Ae F, M, GKM
I M (slumps)
ML v g A 1982- OJ
.
OJ 27- , F
F J, F A FJQ
I (near field tsunami) H P.
O P A CM F
A OQ I
F A. ML
v g 1982- O
GJ, CM
M!
M, GM , K c
N I G K P
FA. F C
OA.
M M I
1982- G J GJ, P
P C.
F 2004- I N
G. L M
FA M F, I GK
. , , H
, K F A
M Mg M.
L 26- J
F v GF J
C A AeK G.
v GF F,
GAM. I G G F
CF A.
F GM L ,
I G F K
F A,
F FC KK ,
IK * v F
KA. I G E
O KA.
C ,
I G H
O A K P ,
F PM A.
I K G, F
O F O P F .
F H F F J G, F
P M, K F
G . PM
A.

*International Atomic Energy Agency, Volcanic Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations, DS405 Draft Specific Safety
Guide, 27 May 2011, pp- 54, 74, 75; R. Prasad, T sunami H aza rd Assessment at Nuclear Pow er Plant Sites in the U nited States of
America - F inal Report, U nited States Nuclear Regularty Commission, March 2009.

I F

12

J K, MHP, -LP
PM . PH
H PMgF FA
? P
K, , Q
KF, K
O MO J
K,
A, P
WKF PM CO OJ,
P P M
F, M , M
P H H PM
J K AJA
. PM
.
F ,
PM , E
dF LJM!
F C L
FJA MK M L
.
I GF
GM, L
cK PO F
C
A P
PM OI A.
E PM
F M ,
I F MA
M.

13

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

1) F
M P H

I F

14

F M , F . O
? Q PM H ?
F K, H. v v , v.. , . , ..
, v.. , v.. h A - M - F F
(D epartment of Atomic E nergy) F I F (Nuclear Pow er Corporation of
India) EP EJ . i. , C.v. w, . ,
, .. A - M - F
N . eF F, Fv, .. , w .
A - F M - F N
.
O PM O w . . F
PM N O M
O .
F F H v.. GF
H c O M
C F F v.. A
F I GF E .
F M H F O E.
J, I GF P H , GM,
L cK P A. PM b P
bQA.
GM P w . , F C PJ,
M I M P F.
I GFL Ae F I
E FA.
.. L PHA. .
J N . F J O F
O . .
15

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

2) F
M

I F

16

 , I G J.
O P M F I FKO
F K . FK O F ,
P, I
M H.
, PJ, I G F
P M MO C
M H M PMgF F O PM;
H O ,
P, F I F F OJ
PJA; H P
P A. M, O M
M H , , I H
F PJA.
P PM
PJA. ?
I GF P
F F I A. M O
; H , F M C
K. FA.
, F I M MIP
A.
P A. M P
PM ! F
A PM CJ , F- H
F PM- ?
17

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

3) 3.1) M:
F
GM P P
M

I F

18

3) 3.1) M: F
GM P P M :
K cK National E nvironmental E ngineering Research Institute G, 2003-
P ,
P F I F OJ F
PMFA; M FM
C PJA. P
F C KM! , F F
H v.. GF v..
O P C OJ
PJ .
cK PJ FF I G MF GM
cK P FJ, (F 1, F 1.4.1, 1-5) , I
FF PMgF CP FC FA.
MF J
Y A (Various investigations carried out earlier at the project site indicate no major rock discontinuities).

O G F F P N
F I AJ . J
...-J CK I, 2004- F PM
C Current Science- P O F :
1988- FLJ , FF F
M P F. H F G
Y A
F I F. G N
F 2001- F
19

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

A*. H F J PM GF
O A.
M F
Y FO. C O
C J H P.
2001- J N NJ J
W O (fractures and joints) . P
F M FF Kv MJ
K . FJ, Kv MJ**
E . O F e c.
H N C G F
.
N H GM G N O
GM P F, GM P.
O GM G N
G K FI . MJ
Kv O C G (consolidation cement grouting)
J CK I J
F***.
J e.
P W A
. W G F M
842 e F A. W G F
M 1,300 e F .
200 e OJ M
F IQ J ! MO F (fundamental period) IK M . MF fundamental period
0.071 - . J MF 0.044s . F
F (fundamental period ) 0.08s .
GM ?
F F F J.
MF H K M O
MO M J .
MF J Kv
F e . C MF
FJ. , J HA OJ
F, F P Kv K
- F - F P M
. , J G FO
G- H GM O F
P . F I
M. F M.
G- F P
O M.

*Atomic E nergy Regulatory Board, Government of India, Kudank ulam Nuclear Pow er Project, p. 49.
** MJ Kv CK I PHA.
S F
H K M . O
K F P J . Q,
H K - F. Q, F
(1991- ) H K I GM MQ . I
P P OJ.
***A. Boominathan, Seismic site characteriz ation for nuclear structures and pow er plants, Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 10, 25
November 2004.

I F

20

3.1.1 MF K P MQ . IJ :
F M Kv CK
I J PH F, I GM
. I, 1987- K
PF;
- F I G H p F
M F IJ P
GFM. H, 1991- OJ J MF
K AA H MKA . I:
KF K P F G-
ANF (rifting) . CH
FJ . GM O K G
.
F e (D yke ) F (8 8 , 77 43 A)
H J M. , C
. F J K H OP
OG F (aureoles) A. MF O
A. K O , L ,
A K - K
21

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

 K A. MF FJ K GF
G K (floats of volcanic bombs), K CP A
A.*
K G F F MK F
!
I GF GM M P F
PFJ; , O PM PJ
GM P M I FA. CK IQ
, I F K P . I
. I AK F C PFM.
PF P M HJ !
, J FA P
, PM J F P F P
FA!

3.2) MF K P MQ M MK

FF KJ E GM CK
H Av CK A, O
MF MK GM . , 2002-
HK ML F PM
A C**. I GF P A
v.. PJ A . F
v.. L O.
H:
FJ (8 8 77 36 A- 7 7 45 A)
. P K O
MJ A. -
F (fracture) . M
A; A. IJ mantle A FJ
F O
O .
FO, - FP A. AN
P (rift valley) - O .
- AN (paleo rift) F
A.
F F, A- FJ c.
e (ridge) . A
A WN. A
MK cA. P J 2.3 e F .
J (high tide) O O c G. MF
.
. F, O
J M K A.
(fossiliferous limestone) .
F Cv G C F
A. A FJ e

* R. Ramasw amy, Reactivation of E astern ghat paleorift system during tertiary and other periods, Procceedings in National Seminar on T ertiary Orogeny, Banaras H indu U niversity, Varanasi, 1987, p. 107- 127; R. Ramasw amy, Occurrence of Soda- trachyte
near Kudangulam village, T amilnadu, Current Science, Vol. 6 1, 1991, p. 401- 402; R. Ramasw amy, Occurance of olivine T ephorote and carbonate T epharite in Kudangulam area, near Cape Comorin, T amlnadu, India, Journal of Geological Society of India, Vol.
45, 1995, p. 3 3 1- 3 3 3 ; M. Ramasw amy, T he evidence of late Cenoz oic volcano tectonic deformations in Kudangulam, near Cape
Comarin, T amilnadu, International Geological Correlation Programme, 1993 .
** Biju Longhinos and Rama Sarma, Seismo T ectonic Signatures in and around Kudank ulam, T irunelveli D istrict, T amil Nadu, F ebruary 2002, U npublished Paper.

I F

22

 . O
F A.
MF A. P,
, H K
A.
MF F K P.
. K F (dyke sw arm)
. C eKL e
K A. K , 200 e c A.
MF O (foliation) N 1200 A
A N 300 A A N (dipping tow ard northeast)
A. O F P
M. Q O , (fractures/ joints) F
A. FJ H P
W .
1
H , P F N (List of major joints, their strike and dip)
F (strike ) N (dip)
1
N180

2
N0
6 0 N16 0
3
N90

4
N20
15 N105
5
N140

6
N16 0

7
N3 00
6 0 N16 0
8
N220
20 N3 10
9
N50
20 N3 10
23

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

N1800 N900 A FJ N
A; (master joints).
K O .
2 K O F
(trends) :

danku lam):

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

MF K O F (T he trend of the dyk es of KuF (strike ) F N (dip w ith direction)

N85
N75 A
N80
N75 A
N90
N80 A
N90
N85 A
N90
N80 A
N90
N85 A
N90
N85 A
N90

N90

N90

N90

N90

N90

N90

G (fractures) K MG (fractures), K MO
. M H (post injection),
(syn injection), (pre injection)
. G- ,
K F (dyk e sw arm) A. F
H GHM (along a lineament)
. F AJA.
24
I F

- ANF PP H K F
. HLv A*. A - e , MK. I F M MK, - MK,
. MK O .
H I F F C K
O; -
MKO H K GM. H
- MK, G- AN HF A
(rift zo ne); G- AN HF (aulocogen) A.
MF A
M G- AN HF
. FP G- F
K GMgFJ A HK AN
(E ast African Rift Valley) H A.**

3.3) J W HA G FP H K (sub volcanic rocks )

KM G M :
KM F IC, A L, MvC v
, 2010 20-26 O GM KM
F (U tah) GF (Moab) K F. G-
P (K F ) O
E GM P . F I
GF MF GM P C.
FF KJ GM MQ
H Av H. ***
, J G
M GF (Institute of Geomagnetsm) CK
I
v.H. AK P
, F
C G-H G
(National Geophysical Research Institute)
FF MM
(Centre for E arth Sciences)
AP N M
F
J PH.
FM IK I
G
P FO
GM , H A
FO GM
H J
. I G M
P 30 Ae FJ
G M (Ground Magnetic Survey) FJ H
J (metamorphic rock ) I D H K (mafic
body) M G A. H , M G H
K .
* A. Phillipots, Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, New Jersy, 1990.
** Biju Longhinos and Rama Sarma, Seismo T ectonic Signatures in and around Kudank ulam, T irunelveli D istrict, T amil Nadu,
F ebruary 2002, U npublished Paper.
* * * Biju Longhinos, K.S.Anand, Mita Rajaram, Sub- volcanic intrusives of Kudamk ulam, India: a ground magnetic characteriz ation of sub- surface structure, Lasi 4 Conference, Physical Geology of Sub Volcanic Systems: Lacoliths, Sills and D yk es, Moab
and Mount H illers, U tah U SA, 22- 26 September 2010.
25

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

H J HA G F K F
G- W A ( - Ae F )
F H K K .
FJ G- ANJ (E x tensional T ectonic Regime)
F H K E.
FJ A- FJ c H K
AI A. FJ F H K
Q F A.
A- FJ c H K , L H
, -
PJA (South E ast North W est trending horst graben structure). H J
MOHL 110--&120 e F H K A.
F H O W FJ
J
C O O A. FJ J FJ
(plugs) A FJ HA G F (dyk e sw arms)
OA.
H J O (horst) H K J K
(dyk es ), O (graben) C MJ KMA.
O 150 e O 110 e
MJ KMA.
FJ AA H K F (dyke sw arms) O
FJ MKAJ . H
K, G- W A FA F
F FJ G F KJ
( H A L) L P
MA. FJ G- L
A H O MOHL 110-&120 e F
H KO A .
FJ H K P AM. P
F M.
P FO M G- P
H KO A F M.
.
H Av I G F G- P
M .
F CF H. Q
PM PJ GM P I!
- 40,000 e 30,000 e
. , F MF
110&-150 e A! II L GJ G-
M F
O HL I FKO .
M!
PM F A P C F
A F PF?
P, P F Fe H ,
, I F K HM
, PML J P ?

I F

26

4) M: F

27

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

O MFL () Ae P F A
F (E xcl usion Z one) PM . F I G G
W , I G E M H F
. O MFL Ae M F
F .F F (Sterilised Z one) PM . FJ
N ... F
MF.
O N F
2001- F A FL
J e F F Cv G
F G ; ,
c A MF
G .

I F

28

 G .
I G F G-, O J e
F 110-&-150 e Q
GM, F , . FJ
E MF A cK G-
J Y
F .
F , P G 2001-
M. F Cv G M
P F A. 2007- F F FL
C O. F F cFF
, G , !
2001- G F H GA
P OJ F M
H ! , F H v..
c M M v..
A . , I G GA
MA F
F, A J PJ
OJ.
PJ F F 5.34 E M FL
E M ? M, I G
EJ M F F, F .
I G EJ F!
J F A?
F H FK O F
P KF C, , F
OI A. O P PM
N F HA. G F
F e G c F
A!

29

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

5) 5.1 K P F
M P

I F

3 0

 I G FJ cA.
KH A. F F
G (shore instability) . gFJ
FJ K . F
PJ F 1.3 FJ .
F K
. K P K . ,
K e i i G
*. , F M PJ PM
, OA.
KJ F (cliffs) . F
K A A A. 1969- L 1999-
F K J 26,267 e M
KFA**.
K, J F F H FOL
L . FO
A FO L
F K H
(accretion) H bQ H E.

5.2 : Q GO K H
F:
F F EA
F Y .
2006--&-2007- F L 489
. 2007-2008- 221 .
FJ Q G Q
***.
OM c
, A ,
F F AA
F K H A.
F A FO J Q C Q G
F, A F
K F G A.
F P Q M, c AA
FJ m c P
. , K F. Q GO
F K. P
I G G, F , F , F
PP I.
1989- , F I
FO FJ, I G MF K P
G P. I
F GA PP . P F
J.
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_erosion
**P. Sheik Mujabar, Q uantitative Analysis Of Coastal Landform D ynamics Betw een T uticorin and Kanyaku mari using Remote
Sensing And GIS, PhD T hesis, Center for Geotechnology, Manonmaniyam Sundaranar U niversity, T irunelveli, F ebruary 2010, p
16 6 .
***P. Sheik Mujabar, Q uantitative Analysis Of Coastal Landform D ynamics Betw een T uticorin and Kanyaku mari using Remote
Sensing And GIS, PhD T hesis, Center for Geotechnology, Manonmaniyam Sundaranar U niversity, T irunelveli, F ebruary 2010, p.
152.
3 1

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

6) M: F
GMgFJ FI
F
M -
I F

3 2

 F F G (shore instability) A,
F M PJ F F 1.3.
/ FO GM- P P
P . / FO GM-
, F F M H F
F G A O
A.

6.1 MF GM :
MJ , 1987-
FJ . MJ GM- O ,
. F (Marburg U niversity) MJ , I G J e
A F Cv GF KJ .
(E arly Miocene) F AIF
H (Late Miocene) L H
E. F O HF O
. F F ,
L (Karaika l Beds) AJ
F. 1988, 1989- O OJ*.
K M FJ .
F Ae AA AF F
A Ae F FJ
.
F GM . v K
v. I A, 1998- OJ , FJ G
GM F F P C A .
, G C ,
(Laminated Crusts) (Rhodoids)
(coastal ridge) CJ KJ
KJ A. FO
F; AA.
?
* H . Bruckn er, Indicators for formerly higher sea levels along the east coast of India and on the Andaman Islands, H amburger
Geographische Studien, Vol. 44, 1988, p. 4772; H . Bruckn er, Late Q uaternary shorelines in India; In: Late Q uaternary sea- level
correlation and application; ( eds) D . B. Scott, P. A. Pirazzo li and C. A. H onig, D ordrecht, 1989, pp. 16 9194.
3 3

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

 FJ FJ G C,
O bM (Laminated Crusts),
(Rhodoids) AJ . H F
FJ GHO G Y ,
dM C F J .
Y P G CO
AA**.
FJ G AJA
J (coastal ridges), H (sand
dunes) F ( 25 e!) LL
F . F
CJ G CO : A. J F
GO (terrace) FA. GM-O
O .
Q I F (enrichment of placer deposits).
K F G HA
GA. FJ GF
***.
G CO F H O
F P R F
. v. v K , h, F v. I
A GF HA
F F .
O G QF (Nicke l) G G
QF M I I F .
FA. O GL F
? G Q F KO .
A G FJ K H O
. A M O
G F P F F A.

6.2 F FJ :
6.2.1 w: M A N :
F G G MM.
F FJ G . G
M A N JA. F,
M J P O
,H.. I K A G . M,
, I H G FJ G. J
F Q H b F . F
G P J.
-w M A N .
w Q P 1964- H.
1948-&1949- O K F G F .
G w . P 2007
O PM M N O .
2004- 26- O GP I NM w FJ
Ae HA. A w F
N F e .

* * S. Ramasamy and J. Armstrong Altrin Sam, Inferences on rhodoids from Neogene carbonates of Kudanku lam, T amil Nadu,
India, Geological Society of India Journal, Vol. 52, 1998, pp. 3 413 44.
* * * S.Armstrong Altrin, Y ang Il Lee, Surendra Varma and S.Ramasamy, Geochemistry of Sandstones from U pper Miocene Kudanku lam F ormation, Southern India: Implications for Provenance W eathering and T ectonic Setting, Journal of Seimentary Research, Vol. 74 ( 2) , March 2004.

I F

3 4

 F GM J (Geological Survey of India)

C. T. v, . KH, H. . i. A FJ
I MK EJ (detailed batymetric survey) . wJ
FO J F. J A A F
H. FJ F O 1948, 1949- O G P
. 1948- O F 1950-
H O H . M FJ FC
O.*
Ae c Ae 3.5 Ae
wJ F, 1948- HK FL 1949- K
A. F e
FJ M, F, i . F
- F AJ.
1948- HK FL 1949- K F
F K A. K w
A F F. M , G F F ,
wJ GF F (subsidence) P
. F P w
F Ae F
MK .
P EQJ J
P K F
O MA. FF
w
A P .
e F , -A FJ
e F J
. -A FJ A
GFJ FJ GHM
c .
P O F A
F GM
RV Samudra Shaudhik am v
. v J
F . M
F L A W
wJ CF i
. iM A- A
A i
A,
P.
PM K H
F I C G
. 1948- F
FJ 1950- HF
H . ML A PM M
J.
wJ J F GH P
e F W A w A
M .
GM O P F P FO
G- A L AIP F
.
w, I GF AA 218 Ae
F . P C .

* G.G. Vaz, M. H ariprasad, B.R. Rao, V. Subba Rao, Subsidence of southern part of erstw hile D hanushko di tow nship, T amil
Nadu - E vidences from bathymetry, side scan and underw ater videography, Current Science, Vol. 92, No. 5, 10 March 2007.
3 5

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

 M PMgFJ K M . Q
F, M FJ!
w J 62 N F G-
Q , M J F
PM M .
6.2.2 M K M M
I F:
2009- KM F (U nited States Nuclear
Regulatory Commission), I K F O M
PM OJ. F
I A I GF M FK
PFM O .
FJ G
M FK AM . O I
A I . I A J
F A I (paleotsunami) P L K
. H MF A (near field tsunami), M (far field tsunami)
I , K, GK
E K M (slumps) P F .*
O PM J I F
GA FM. I F P PMgF
I G MF M.
.. w, F K
.** 2008- I K
H ***. I K P
M
G M. I
I G M F F
O FF PA. F A M,
.. w J 85 AK FL c K , I
F PH.
K , MFL 180 Ae !
F .. w FJ
F CM LA!
I A I G F AOH
PA!
HEJ MF A GH, K, H
K , K M P
A.
ML v g L , 1982-
P OJ L , I GF
.**** M F F ,
F F , , O
P OF F
IF Fw. Q P,
K AK M, FF, e
I A !

* R.Prasad, T sunami H aza rd Assessment at Nuclear Pow er Plant Sites in the U nited States of America F inal Report, U nited
States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, March 2009, pp. 8, 12, 13 - 27, 29- 3 5.
* * A.K.Gosh and D .C. Banerjee, Report on E arthq uake D esign Basis for Kudanku lam Site, D epartment of Atomic E nergy, Government of India.
* * * A.K. Ghosh, Assessment of earthq uake - induced tsunami haza rd at a pow er plant site, Nuclear E ngineering and D esign, Vol.
23 8, 2008, p. 1743 1749.
* * * * W illiam Vestal and Allen Low rie, Large Scale Slumps Off Southern India and Sri Lanka , Geo- Marine Letters, Vol. 2, 1982, p.
171- 177.

I F

3 6

6.2.2.1 K AK- M FE GH:

M -A O K M
(slumps) . A K M M .
AK M K. 70-&100 Ae c- .
100-250 e . 1500&-3000 e F .
ML L (blocks ) .
15-&35 Ae . MAJ FJ MK
(submarine canyon) A. F K
M M A.
I GF 173 AK AA 100 Ae F
- (continental shelf margin) A.
O (canyons) A.
A FJ v g A
P K AK M . ,
HL A 30 Ae F, cHL A 50
AeK, I GFL AA 230 AeK J
- AJA. FO I
A. , K
M .
K MO -
O v g . O M C A
:
Ae c AK ML F, I
GFL 90&-100 Ae F . FJ
K (scarp), V N . K 30&-60
e . ML FJ 30-&50 e
K, N . F, -L
8-18 Ae KF . ML
. M W F FJ
F M (paleo slump) 3000 e F A.
3 7

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

M AK M c ; K
MM F O AJA. K V
N F M A; F
A.
MO F GK . v
gJ A. I G MF
100 Ae M K ML FJ
e A. ML FJ
e K A A. ( )
-, ML FJ H - A. - F, ML
FJ H F Ae F .
, M, F F Ae cF G
K, W F A F .
M FJ A- FJ
, -A HKA. FJ F FE GH . FE GHM cH
GM PO E*. FE GHM
, MO M J
bEA EO A**.
J E GIF
FE GHM P 5.2 Ky F . P
MO P bQ F FE
GH GFA F .
I GF I I A
GM P F F F
M M. cK G
PJ M v g A
1982- P M P M P .
I GF MF A I
GM F F P P. AL
I (near field tsunami) I F F
GM PMP PA. Q MN
? Q PM J H ?
I GF MF AL I A
O PM ?
PM J .

* W illiam Vestal and Allen Low rie, Large Scale Slumps Off Southern India and Sri Lanka , Geo- Marine Letters, Vol. 2, 1982, p.
171-177; G.R.K. Murty, Y. Satyanarayana and T. Pradeep Kumar, Magnetic Profile Across Gulf of Mannar, Journal of Geological
Society of India, Vol. 44 , October 1994, pp.443 - 449.
* * W illiam Vestal and Allen Low rie, Large Scale Slumps Off Southern India and Sri Lanka , Geo- Marine Letters, Vol. 2, 1982, p.
171- 177.

I F

3 8

7. M
K

3 9

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

 GM O bQ H A GM
, G Q .
FH A J J F (basin) .
F F -
AN HK A MKJ cK
c FJ. AN A A
G M; FJ G M. G
J AN AM. H
HK M. MKJ FJ FJ
G AN G M. F
ANF (failed rift or aulacogen) A. GM P
1984- .*
GAN M FJ A FJ G- F (tectonic feature) .
A F HKA. Mf M
H c 190 Ae. AA A
Mf M . J
FM A . P
P - F
GM PO E. M F ( F
F) A- FJ Q
- F HKA.*
GAN , FJ Ae
M , Ae L M.***
M K - Ae cF
. K (Comorin Ridge) GM P A.
7.1 A P K:
F AN G, K
F L (Kerguelen hotspot)
GM A.
GAN G M e O L
AO K K
H 6A. (D olorite) H K ( sub volcanic rock )
F H A. I GFL A 120180 Ae F AA . MF
P mafic H K (sub volcanic bodies) G,
AO .****
7.2 K (Comorin Ridge) K I GF :
I GF AA 160 Ae F K
A; J A. 2,500-&4,000 e
J K , Ae c Ae
K 500-&1,000 e ; -A FJ .
A K (gradual) K
. , AAL I
F . M, GM L
* J. R. Curray, Sri Lank a: is it a mid- plate platelet? Journal of the National Aq uatic Resources Research and D evelopment Agency,
Vol. 3 1, 1984, Colombo, pp. 3 0- 50.
* * M.S.Rana, Chandan Chakr aborty, Rajesh Sharma and M.Giridhar, Mannar Volcanics - Implications for Madagascar Breaku p,
Seventh International Conference and E xp osition in Petroleum Geophysics, H yderabad, 2008.
* * * K. M. Sreejith, K. S. Krishna and A. R. Bansal, Structure and isostatic compensation of the Comorin Ridge, north central Indian
Ocean, Geophysics Journal International, Vol. 175, 2008, p. 729741.
* * * * S.K. D as, N. Phanisheka r and R. Mahadevan, U nderstanding of Volcanic Intrusives and H ydrocarbon H abitat T hrough Integrated Study in Gulf of Mannar Offshore, Cauvery Basin, Seventh International Conference and E xp osition in Petroleum Geophysics, H yderabad, 2008; M.S. Rana, Chandan Chakr aborty, Rajesh Sharma and M.Giridhar, Mannar Volcanics - Implications for
Madagascar Breaku p, Seventh International Conference and E xp osition in Petroleum Geophysics, H yderabad, 2008.

I F

40

 F. , I GF
P .
. F
F M.
K FJ G- - (continetal crust), FJ
G- (oceanic crust) . FJ G-
20 Ae . F H W Ae F,
K . K F G-, F Ae .
F W Ae F, K
W Ae F J Ae F,
.*
K GM G , FE GHM N
M K M F .
M I FM . K P
F .
7.3 M J P K :
M GM P FA , 1994-
O. CJ F J H L
(Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory) T... F, . F .
Hb A . I GF
; F F
cK GF P F
.
I GF A
F Q MK :
, AA
J GF A
FM GF A
P
. A F
L FA.
(basin)) FJ
6.5 25

e GM
O .
Q
GH FM
A C
A- FJ .
. J
(basement)) W
Ae F
. I GH
- (horst
horst
graben structure)
1966-
GM
P
v PJA.
J FJ AP K
PF GM P
1983- KMFA.

* K. M. Sreejith, K. S. Krishna and A. R. Bansal, Structure and isostatic compensation of the Comorin Ridge, north central Indian
Ocean, Geophysics Journal International, Vol. 175, 2008, p. 729741.
41

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

1975- M P F
GM P T.H.
F
, M J
Mf P
F. H M
1976- Q -Q M 1982-
M Mf M
OJ. FO
G F 1981- vFK
M 1993- H S
OJ.
M FJ A FJ 200 Ae cF
J P
RV Gaveshani L
F. L 1,000&3,100 e . 200 Ae
F J F, 2,000-&2,500
e (trough)
. OJ
120- Ae F F
A.
FO 400 e W
15-20 Ae
A.
J Ae
F . H, FL
G (anomalous body) K .
Ae M e 180 Ae c c GA.
, J 5-11 Ae F (, K
Ae F) . O F I N
Ae. O
M GH P O .
M J G O ( JL)
F F Ae KM.
F Ae J . I F N
FJ - Ae F FI.
F FI MF I
? O
M .
1966- OJ L K
F . - c FE GHM
GF A.*
FJ K J P C A
1975- M PF E GM - 1981- F
K (Oil and Natural Gas Commission) G
vFK M PO PH. O H
FJ KO PA. J
P M K J K
.

CK P: 1938- M5.8 W . S. Carl P PHA

A .

I F

42

M G- bQ A (major tectonic
features) .**
T... F M F , M O
KO F A. , I GFL
137 AK AA 108 Ae F 160 AK AA 240 Ae F
.
1982- ML v g A P AK
K MO (E ast Comorin and Colombo Slumps) FJ
K P .
7.4 I F M :
1938- , M5.8 F M .
I GF 117 AK AA 160 Ae
F . M FJ 1994- F M
P 15-20 e 400 e A- FJ
H FJ . FE GH A
AK MO FO
P .
G. R.K. Murty, Y. Satyanarayana and T. Pradeep Kumar, Magnetic Profile Across Gulf of Mannar, Journal of Geological Society of
India, Vol. 44 , October 1994, pp.443 - 449; V. V. Sastri, B.S. Venka tachala and V. Narayanan, T he evolution of E ast Coast India,
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 3 6 ( 1- 2) , November 1981, p. 23 - 54; K.N. Prabhaka r and P. L. Z utshi,
E volution of Southern Part of Indian E ast Coast Basins, Journal of Geological Society of India, Vol. 41, 1993 , pp.215- 23 0; Naini R.
Bhopal and M. T alw ani, Structural framew ork and evolutionary hisotry of the continental margin of w estern India, Studies in Continental Margin Geology ( eds.) J.S. W atki ns, and C.L. D rake , American Association of Petroleum Geology Memoir, Vol. 3 4, 1982,
pp. 16 7- 191; H . G. Khale, M. T alw ani and O. E ldkl om, Geophysical study on the continental margin of south India and w est of Sri
Lanka . E OS, T ransactions of the American Geophysical U nion, Vol. 57, 1976 , pp. 93 3 ; N. A. E remenko .and A. Gagelganz, New
data on the tecionic framew ork of the New Indian Peninsula, Bulletin of Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Government of India,
Vol. 3 ( 2) , 196 6 , pp- 1- 3 ; W .S. Carl, Seismicity of the Indian Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 71, 196 6 , pp- 2575- 2581;
G. B. U dintsev ( ed.) Geological and Geophysical Atlas of the Indian Ocean, Moscow , 1975, 151 p.
43

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

1993- , M5.2 F .
, I GFL 157 AK A 163 Ae
F F. F O (E picenter) AK ML
FJ F.
I F H . P
F F C ! K ML F
I GF P P M G
F F A*.
2010- O .v.. F MK P K
FJ F P . F P
/ P J .** , I
GF 178 AK FJ 300 Ae F A.
2001- , M6.1 F F L
FJ G. I GF 147 AK AA 950 Ae
F A. G F, J
. FE GH FJ
A A.
2011- 19- F L F J
K FJ M5.2 F . F
FF H . I GFL 162 AK
A 480 Ae F F O . FE
GH FJ I GF
.
K FE GHM N,
, K K MO F Y .
N I F.
Ae F, AN F
AN F GM F Ae M
I L AM M - M
L H K .*** T...
F MK ML AOL A
P A.
M, T... F MK
ML H P
:
M
(basement) J
Ae F ;
H P
(sub volcanic rock s) M.;
M H
K JL
F Ae F
.
T... F MK
M J
M
O AeK
A e
A
. Ae
G-,
* Amateur Seismic Centre, Seismicity of T amil Nadu and Pondicherry.
http: / / asc- india.org/ seismi/ seis- tamil- nadu.htm
* * K.S.R. Murthy, V. Subrahmanyam, A.S. Subrahmanyam, G.P.S. Murty and K.V.L.N.S. Sarma, Landocean tectonics ( LOT s) and
the associated seismic haza rd over the E astern Continental Margin of India ( E CMI) , Natural H aza rds, 16 March 2010
* * * K. M. Sreejith, K. S. Krishna and A. R. Bansal, Structure and isostatic compensation of the Comorin Ridge, north central Indian
Ocean, Geophysics Journal International, Vol. 175, 2008, p. 729741.

I F

44

45

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

 Ae G- P
P .
LA M G KO
vFK AK 1975 1981-
F .
L G- F F F
I ; H K M LA
M G-, .
G I F .
J GK H K LA G-
I GFL 100&-250 Ae F
I . P, J
GKM I, I I I
I M A.
M K , FF
F - M GK G-
: I G J I GF F .
P, 23 F F OJ P, ,
O P . , PM O J
, F M F .
P Y P G
F F ; . Q
PM PM J
.
7.5 K d KJ :
vFLML H A- FJ I F G
HF . , F-vFL HF (IndoAustralian Seismic Belt) A. HFF J F M
A. 90 A (Nintyeast T rench) A K . 1879-, 1883- O .*
KJ (pumice stones) L
I A. 2007- RV Aka damik Boriss Petrov L
F Ae M
F.**
HFF KJ F . F
M F -M A -I -
GF HFF .
1978- O KJ 2007-
FA: F F G M (58
mW / m2) M 2007- KMA.***
FL A 29 Ae M ML
F I F G PM K?
G- F H FM FJ F M LA
J MOH A FJ H F
F mantle F G-
F MJA K .
* P. H edervari, Volcanism and Seismicity in the Indo- Australian Seismic Belt: Manifestations of Intraplate T ectonics, March 1978;
P. H edervari, Catalog of Submarine Volcanoes and H ydrological Phenomena associated w ith Volcanic E vents 1500 BC to D ecember 3 1, 1899, Report SE 3 6 , W orld D ata Center A for Solid E arth Geophysics, September 1984.
* * J. N. Pattan, A.V. Mudholka r, S. Jai Sanka r and D . Ilangovan, D rift pumice in the Central Indian Ocean Basin: Geochemical
evidence, D eep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, Vol. 55 ( 3 ) , 3 , March 2008, p. 3 6 9- 3 78.
* * * Suka nta Roy, Labani Roy, Anurup Bhattacharya and R. Srinivasan, New H eat F low D ata from D eep Boreholes in the Greenstone Granite - Gneiss and Gneissgranulite Provinces of South India, D eep Continetal Studies in India New sletter, Vol.17, No.1,
January 2007.

I F

46

7.6 MF A F
G C K (Small
Volume Volcanic E ruptions):
KM J M
N FF H
- 1987- H - C
K P
PM A.
IF F
F F
1996- O
FL A HJ
1998- v
FJ 1999-
29- O FL FEK
F - Q, K
AO 1998- F J 2001-
24- O A L F 2005- F
CP M K (small volume volcanic eruptions) G. F
L F v GF (Nagaon) F A AF
2005- 22- O AvQ Cv F
F 2010- K C M K G.
1996- L 2010- FJ P.
P - I A G I
CM J .
HL O O F O C K H
P KL K IP
G.* C K G FO GH
A. G C
G F C O PH.
C M K I J
A F ulgurite KMA.
I G MF GM P F
F A AI F
M MQ cFF 2002-
. I G MF
P FJ K PP F
* S.C. Jayaka ran, A note on the occurrence of fulgurite in T amil Nadu, Current Science, Vol. 75( 8) : 1998, p. 76 3 ) ; G. Victor Rajamanicka m and N. Chandrasekh ar, E xt rusion of Rockm elt in the vicinity of high tension electric line, Journal of Geological Society
of India, Vol. 55, March 2000; R. Ramasamy, Molten Rock E xt rusions, Journal of Geological Society of India, Vol. 55, March
2000; G. Manimaran, P. Sivasubramaniyan, M. Senthiyappan, Rock Melt E xt rusion at Abhisheka ppatti, T irunelvelli district, T amil
Nadu,- A Report, Journal of Geological Society of India, Vol. 57, 2001; T eam Rules out Volcanic E ruption, T he H indu. 16 July 2005
http: / / w w w .hindu.com/ 2005/ 07/ 16 / stories/ 20050716 150803 00.htm; B.J. Saiki a, G. Parthasarathy, N.C. Sarmah and G. D . Baruah,
F ouriertransform infrared spectroscopic characteriza tion of naturally occurring glassy fulgurites, Bulletin of Materials Science,
Vol. 3 1 ( 2) April 2008, pp. 155158; A.C. Kerr, M. Khan and I. McD onald, E ruption of basaltic magma at T or Z aw ar, Balochistan,
Paki stan on 27 January 2010: Geo- chemical and petrological constraints on petrogenesis, Mineralogical Magazi ne, D ecember
2010, Vol. 74 ( 6 ) , pp. 1027103 6 ;
Charles B. Connor, John A. Stamatako s, D avid A. F errill, Brittain E . H ill, Goodluck Ofoegbu, F . Michael Conw ay, Budhi Sagar
and John T rapp, Geologic factors controlling patterns of small- volume basaltic volcanism: Application to a volcanic haza rds assessment at Y ucca Mountain, Nevada, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 105 ( 1) , 10 January 2000, pp. 417- 43 2; Greg
A.Valentine, Frank V. Perry, Don Krier, Gordon N. Keating, Richard E. Kelley, Afllen H. Cogbill, Small Volume Basaltic Volcanoes:
eruptive products and processes, and post eruptive geomorphic evolution in crator flat (Pleistocene), Southern Neveda, Los Alamos National Laboratory, D ecember 2005; J. Spera and S. J. F ow ler, Conceptual model for small- volume alka li basalt petrogenesis: implications for volcanic haz ards at the proposed Y ucca Mountain nuclear w aste repository, in Volcanic and T ectonic H aza rd
Assessment for Nuclear F acilities, ( eds.) Charles B. Connor, Neil A. Chapman, Laura J. Connor, August 2009; Greg. A. Valentine
and Naoto Hirano, Mechanisms of low-flux intraplate volcanic fields - Basin and Range (North America) and northwest Pacific
Ocean, Geological Society of America, 2010.
B.J. Saiki a, G. Parthasarathy, N.C.Sarmah and G..D . Baruah, F ulgurites from Garuamukh , Assam, India - F T IR spectroscopic
study, Goldschmidt, 2007; B J Saiki a, G. Parthasarathy, N C Sarmah and G D Baruah, F ouriertransform infrared spectroscopic
characteriza tion of naturally occurring glassy fulgurites, Bulletin of Materials Science, Vol. 3 1 ( 2) , April 2008, pp. 155158.
47

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

A YA F GM P
P F cF A
. GM MQ . M EF I
P A cFF H.
HJ J 1998 2001- O G C
K O OP K P G
I GF H P CK M EF
P C:
24.11.2001 5.8.1998- O J HJ G A
IO F v , H F
. J A.
I, O A. A J
PP O A. K Q
A. O C phenocysts P sanidine, leucite, mica opaq ues
A LA. O O
K E . G F
MI. F A. CP
I P N A. F A
A.
T he xe nocrysts are vitrophyric in nature w ith q uartz, augite and hypersthene in glass. Phalagonite presence
is also noted. F F P
I G QO I F K . It is the typical indicator of basic nature of composition. . J D- O K
F .
HFF F GM M-M
GH F . QK F J
HF, A- FJ GH HF.
HF A- FJ F GH HKA.
Q A; T hey tilt alomg the strike slip and develop the movement
in the lineaments. W hen such is the tectonic structure of this area, the rock melt injections in Abhishek appatti,
Thiruppanikkarisalkulam and Surandai are confirming the activities of neo&tectonic movements.
Over and above, the seismic tremors, tectonics in this region is also bringing a q uestion of stability for the area.
Large scale studies have already brought forw ard for Achanko vil shear zo ne s role in destabilising this block. U nder such circumstances, it is a must before going for any major structure in Kudanku lam, one has to ensure the
tectonics of this block. It is lying on a lineament plane.
, F K G FJ GM F
FAIP G C .
Prof.G.Victor Rajamanicka m,
Dean & Science Faculty,
Sr. Professor and H ead,
D epartment of Industries and E arth Sciences,
Principal Investigator for D ST , D OD , CSIR, INSA, GMC, U GC,
T amil U niversity
T hanjavur - 6 13 005
I F F C F J
cF MKM. M IP
I F . I- F
.

I F

48

8. FM

49

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

 I G F F OO
MK F M F I
A.* F M C
O P A. J
F MK M I G F O
F ; K F I
F 24 , F F
C MK !
KM F HK C
24 . C P C GIF I
F F P
. P P I GF F
G .
8.1 N :
Q P GM F , F!
GM P MA A!
K CF F GA PML K
F GF C GF
Q O L !
1977- M H. K
I GO M FK N
J G I
GF A. O K FK
N G I PMgFJ
H K L PM. GO
1983- PM O.
1987- , P C N FF
F AF K F . FF
J, GF KM N I
H M
K PM; O
GF F. H, N GM 1991-
A.
8.2 N K KK
.
GM FO I G, N
. I G N
K O M M
. J M
N .** I G F
AJA.
FJ K .
M N KN F
P.***

* Centre issues notice to NGOs, D eccan H erald, 18 D ecember 2011, http: / / w w w .deccanchronicle.com/ channels/ cities/ chennai/
centre- issues- notice- ngos- 595;
Kudanku lam nuclear plant protests: Government suspects foreign hand, launches probe, T he T imes of India, 18 D ecember 2011,
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-18/india/30530627_1_nuclear-plant-fukushima-kudankulam
** International Atomic E nergy Agency, Volcanoes and associated topics in relation to nuclear pow er plant siting, Provisional Safety
Standards Service 1, 49 p., Vienna, 1997.
Charles B. Connor, John A. Stamatak os, D avid A. F errill, Brittain E . H ill, Goodluck Ofoegbu, F . Michael Conw ay, Budhi Sagar and
* * * John T rapp, Geologic factors controlling patterns of small- volume basaltic volcanism: Application to a volcanic haza rds assessment at Y ucca Mountain, Nevada, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 105( 1) , 10 January 2000, pp. 417- 43 2.

I F

50

 I GF MF H H K
K M FK PM GM
. I G K
.
N J MFL A e M FJ
(basalt vents)
R K (cinder cones) . N
M P, I G MF H
K . MF 26 Ae M A
, K AO 1998- F
66 Ae M A FL - HJ 1998-
v 1999- 29- FL FEK
F 96 Ae M A J 2001-
24- O 156 Ae AA A L
AF CP M K (small volume volcanic eruptions) G.
M, - -QK (A)
A GHO K G.*
F MF A 26 Ae M
, K AO C M K G G.
K G FJ GM
F .
F K G N KK
K . M 25 O K
M 10,000 . H O J
F E PM 2009- K
OJ M!**
F 2011- OJ I G
KK P PM , I G P
MO H K K
F A P O
A:***
M K
A . G
cK P ; G cF P
A. P .
( 54). Gc .
K H K K GcK
bQ . G cF v
GFO GF N (subsidence) M A. ( 75).
8.3 F H E A v N:
I G MFL N 343 FJ Ae
M A F A. 2011-
26- GF v G HJ A A.
, F H PH v
N A. FJ H K O , G c
M v N AJ A.
G GF FP PHA.
, F H K v HF
A.
* G. Victor Rajamanicka m and N. Chandrasekh ar, E xt rusion of Rockm elt in the vicinity of high tension electric line, Journal of Geological Society of India, Vol. 55, March 2000; R.Ramasamy, Molten Rock E xt rusions, Journal of Geological Society of India, Vol.55,
March 2000; G. Manimaran, P. Sivasubramaniyan, M. Senthiyappan, Rock Melt E xt rusion at Abhisheka ppatti, T irunelvelli district,
T amil Nadu - A Report, Journal of Geological Society of India, Vol. 57, 2001; S.M. Ramasamy, Remote sensing and Pleistocene
T ectonics of Indian Peninsula, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.16 ( 13 ) , 1995, p- 2784.
* * Senate passes bill to close Nevada s Y ucca Mountain nuclear w aste site, Los Angeles T imes, 3 0 June 2009, http: / / articles.
latimes.com/ 2009/ jul/ 3 0/ nation/ na- yucca3 0
*** International Atomic Energy Agency, Volcanic Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations, DS405 Draft Spcific Safety
Guide, Vienna, 27 May 2011.
51

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

 I GF I A G F
F F F
M!
2011- 26- F v N P H
F OJ:
L P 15 ;
, . 26, 2011
F IJ O M dF F
. 15 HJ I I F
.
GH. aK
c I . J A a
I . 2004- I H , J
I MQ P.
GJ IJ F a
F F .
A. F . J
O 10 M 15 F K .
FJ J A a F . F a
. c, c N I . P P F
. O C A AJ a F M.
O M dF .
P FK KM. F A P M.
M A.
F F , I GO M M
P OJ. .. , H. Q,
A F M P P v HF P H P
:*
v GM I G
MF A A F
. v G
N G P
. M
FO v
GF F. J GF
c A. P KI
G c KI
(Q R) A. I c
J
G AMA.
v GM .
GM F F I G MF F,
K M K F
N M I G F
PM .
8.4 M G G :
, P E c H.
GI 3,580 L m . c P
. J cM OM e c M c
- GI L M.
J FJ AM c
M. OM E ,

* A.D . Roshan, P. Shylamoni and Sourav Acharya, Monograph on siting of nuclear plants, Atomic E nergy Regulatory Board, Government of India, 2008, p. 9.

I F

52

 . Q, AJ F GI
7,160 L m L c C!
A K F 2009- OJ IK
H A:*
A P a c
F P G . A O
c F J FO .
eP H c
F .
I G A
P F F, F !
M, 2004- 26- G I NM E
K Ae A P.**
O c FA A
J 320 e F KA. M, c P O
M F !
2004- I H M I P
G PMA. M A
W :
4
M A ***

1
2

2005
2006

12

30

3
4

2007
2007

23
13

2008

6
7
8
9
10
11

2009
2009
2009
2010
2010
2010

K 14
K

12

14
6
23
12

v, , F
F, - ,

v
I PM: - ,
F
QK -
E G
QK - G
QK - G
v - 20
v
- Fv
QK

M G PM GJ,
I G P O
P I GF F !
L F .
A F .

* * R. Prasad, T sunami H aza rd Assessment at Nuclear Pow er Plant Sites in the U nited States of America - F inal Report, U nited
States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NU RE G/ CR- 6 96 6 PNNL- 173 97, March 2009, p. 3 7.
* T ad. S. Murty, Arun Bapat, T sunami Survey at Kanyaku mari, D ecember 2007, p. 9
http: / / w w w .nsc.org.in/ ANNE X E S/ 3 .2.4% 20Risk % 20assessment% 20and% 20vulnerability% 20maps/ T sunami% 20Survey% 20Report_Kanniyakumari.pdf.
* * T ad. S. Murty, Arun Bapat, T sunami Survey at Kanyaku mari, D ecember 2007, p. 9
http: / / w w w .nsc.org.in/ ANNE X E S/ 3 .2.4% 20Risk % 20assessment% 20and% 20vulnerability% 20maps/ T sunami% 20Survey% 20Report_Kanniyakumari.pdf.

53

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

9. F
H ?
b ?

I F

54

 I G I- O PM
J IK.
I G GF PM .
GF I G A IG I-
JKO FM F F
F .
I G I GM, L
cK G F PM
P O .
I GF M P
F I G . F Q G
S M, A
H M A.
S M F H F F
K; Q, M M I GF
PM J MF .
:
1. I G M, H K (sub volcanic rocks ) F
M . , MF I L
A. 40,000 e MF ,
O 150&-200 e A. J M
GA F M
(shielded emergency control room) A MF
J . F H K (sub volcanic rocks )
F L J KA. , O
H KO G- N A M CP M
K F F . MF
G G F,
M ?
2. O F 2001- N , F
1990-1998 F GM O P F
P. FC FK F e
PM NJ C F (consolidation cement
grouting). 1990-98- O GM O C ..
CK . I 2004 Jv CJ F P
. C F FK P F , MF
MJ H K.
3. H K G cK F
O F F M F 2011-
OJ KK F A. ,
H K M O,
H H O K GO K P M
(Volcanic H aza rd Analysis) LA.
4. KM FJ M KM N F
K 2010 F M.
M, F H K
; K , 1991- L 2010- H
K N J H
F; J M. FJ
H K H ; c,
F M.
5. F M M H K H
K G F G P
F A.
6. MF 26, 66, 96 156 Ae M ,
55

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

K, H, FE K, L A AO
1998, 1999, 2001 2005- O C M K (small volume
volcanic eruptions) G KM F FM.
M N KJ K (Volcanic
H aza rd Analysis) MK J, F. , M
F K MF
M.
F M, H PM
GH H F F
J . cF 2002-
PM , cFF H.. A
M. , C M cF J
P . O F bQ HC O
H E F, cFF A, H
F A F
M MQ J MF
G.
7. C M K MF F
G M. GO G
e F. H K O
P K
F . K J Q
P KMA.
G MF G ?
G F W G N A
HL O , K MF P A
?
b M F?
M F P F K K
M . I I C.
8. F F G (sub crustal heat flow) , FL
29 Ae M M M 2007-
F. F H FM FJ G W
F M HJA K . M
KK F
A.
9. I G, OM c
HJA. 1989- F
F FJ,
OM c HJ e
e LA. F O
LA.
P OM C J c
F . C J A O H
O c I
G G P F F PF.
C M JL G cKL J
m G F I G G
.
2006- FJ F M PM P
C c F I G G
PM; F GF N v L A c
P (sea w ater desalination plant) M c Q !
I G GF F F
M .
10. OM C c
N c F , K
O F I G G A.
P F !
I F

56

F F I G G C c
P G J
c O M MO
!
2006- FLJ , , ,
F O .
H F C O , C c G FF
H P PH. H C c
F I G G !
I G GF PM PM J
A!
11. C J c P I
G , c P
H IP M c A M MO
J.
1989- F F F A FJ,
FJ K (sea erosion and accretion P
. I
G G M.
MF AJ G c P
F K F GH. MF
F F A, FJ
C Q G C gF F
MF FJ
F . MF AFJ
K . c P GM E
M G I G GF P
. FO Q G F M F M.
12. 2008- K I A G L c O
GM e c P J .
OJ FM . F G
P . E G .
MF P G M.
G P OP
!
FJ F I F cK M J
P OP !
M O cK L
1989- L F P A!
MF ! L, 1.2 L c I
!
13. J N F
F A 2001- F. MF
L a A F
PMF. I GFL 900
e F F Cv GF F
G G
MFF.
F H G I G
G M ! I G G
F , FE GJ F
! M O cK F M
I , kv... F H
x I G GF C A!
14) M F F GM M;
1948, 1949- O -w M L A N G
A.
57

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

 M J MF FJ
G F I G
G M.
GM O FJ G-
M A v K A
F A. H F FI (stable shoreline) F PJ PM J
.
15. M J KO C 1975-
F , w L P T.H. L
F. ON G M.M. vFK
, 1981- M K J F
.
M E AO
K KMA. 1994-
T... F M M magnetic survey ,
M J J (basement) eKL
e K JL MJ
G A.
, M M G KO L F MK
GA.
M J K (volcanic vent)
KMA. K MF Ae
M .
16. F G- FJ G GM, L
M (meteorological) KO I GF c
P J HOP FK G PM
.
17. , MF G- P G- FJ
G-O H K F M M.
O F M . G-
M, - -QK GHO
K G .
H M.
18. 2011- 26- MFL Ae
M (F ) F J
M F . FJ AJ c
F A . A AJ a F
M. O .
G 2008- G. A P
a . v GF (ka rst region) PP .
M v ( ) HFF
G A. C I G
GFI. , F v GF P
.
19. 2004- 26- G I N H, FJ
A. MA PM
C A. GJ FF M
FJ F P I G
GF .
O , ? J
c
P J (dry intake ). c P H F
.
O I O Y
F IG GF .
20. AL I (near field tsunami) FM F
I F

58

H F F H H. H,
G G PM Q .
A O I A F GM
A. F H M
. MQ K G H
LA!
FJ I E I
A:
. F GH,
. K (undersea volcanoes)

. J GK (submarine landslides).
I G 104 Ae A K
K F (Global Volcano Program) 0305-1 F
250 , 1757- K 2011
F OJ KK P A!
K P N AM G
e I G
F. P CF F F
H A.
I GF A FJL I A
F; F I G ! P I
G GA PFM O
F M P A.
21. 1982- M ML v g A
M A K . M J
IK K M (slumps) KM.
35 Ae c M AK
M M K. Ae
M, K
- P P.
MO F N WN
. MO
F GK .
22. F M MF A ;
AK M Ae M, M
250 Ae M .
1994- M J T... F M P
K , AK M W . MO
- c FE GHM F
v M A.
23. M J M A
1938- M5.8 F 1991-
M5.2 F G. J I G
MFL 160 Ae AA A G. ML
GKM I F
M P MA.
F , I GF P
.. S P A; P
PHM; F M PJ M
A!
F F I GF
J K H
.
24. 2011- 19- K K J
5.2 Ky F . F H FF
. P F GM (Centre for E arth Sciences)
F Q (India Meterological D epartment) H F
59

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

 C (India National Centre for Ocean Information Services) A G

P OJ. M J MO
bQ F FE GHM G. , P
P I G OJ F F
FF. P OM.
I GF Q F ? F
F OJ F GF F F
N . I G G F C
MOM.
25. O AK F MO GK
F. M J G O (clay stones)
KMA. GK OF G
. GK I . I e
I M .
26. I GF M
G F P P I G G
A.
27. I GF F N I K ,
K G K
(T sunami H az ard Study, Volcanic H az ard Study) A I G GA
A. w O N
K C, PM A.
28. FKO A F-I ,

H K v

C M K

K M I

F GM

cF HJ S
H F F .
29. L I G M I
O G A.
30. F F P .
F J PM P
A.
31. F J PM P O
G F
M. P F
FKMA.
32. J F-, I F M
P GK .
33. I G MF GM, L cK P
K G C C P F , F
IG FK H FK
e P M F-G
.
34. M O . M F
KO P K, O M
GJ .
35. I G MF IK , KK ,
c , F P A F-G
J .
36. O .
37. GF
38. F FKO , PM
F c . P
C .
I F

6 0

H:
I GF MM F K M GM
gFJJ . F .
A F w
A 2011- OJA.
MF GM H P w
FM ?
b MK .

6 1

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

CK
P

I F

6 2

.w

w, IF A PpM. E
, C, E MK
IF , , M O
A. O MF FL ,
HJ i PM, L, J IN
C F,
L , , K C
A . C, ,
K . , , F F, M
AP O F C A
A. , M, , F A K,
Q A.

i.F
1989& KJ M H,
v AF E A F. L
e E .
E P. F
E A, .
P, F iC
P MK . M FKO
MP C H OJ A.
K , F ,
F M cF cFF .. . , F
P PH, F H K.
. , AF F H K
A .

V.T.
M.. -FK JK F P
30 MQ. F
J FK F P C O
HM P 10 M .
MF F P, F HF
Mvv P NO P MK
. F HCM O F GF A
FO H H P. ,
v
F F MK .
International Journal of Health Services, Journal of American Medical Association,
International Perspectives in Public Health, the Lancet and Economic and Political Weekly. PM
CO OA. European Commission on Radiation Risk H A H
.

6 3

.w,

V.T.,

i.F

 I F

6 4