AMINO ACID

METABOLISM 1

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

AT THE END OF THE 3 LECTURES, THE STUDENT IS EXPECTED TO : 1. UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISM OF DIGESTION & ABSORPTION OF PROTEINS (AMINO ACIDS)

LEARNING OUTCOMES
2. KNOW THE ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC FATES OF THE AMINO ACIDS 3. UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISM OF DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH AMINO ACID METABOLISM

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
AMINO ACID LECTURE 1
DIFFERENTIATE THE ACTION OF THE GASTRIC, PANCREATIC, & INTESTINAL PROTEASES

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
AMINO ACID LECTURE 1
DESCRIBE THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR AMINO ACIDS EXPLAIN HOW DISPOSAL OF THE AMINO ACID NITROGEN TAKES PLACE

DIGESTION OF PROTEINS
STARTS IN THE STOMACH AND CONTINUES IN THE SMALL INTESTINES

PROTEASES
GASTRIC PEPSIN PANCREATIC TRYPSIN (ENDOPEPTIDASES) CHYMOTRYPSIN ELASTASE

PROTEASES
PANCREATIC : (EXOPEPTIDASES) CARBOXYPEPTIDASES

PROTEASES SPECIFICITY
PEPSIN PHE, TYR, LEU SITES TRYPSIN ARG, LYS CARBOXYPEPTIDASE B ARG, LYS CHYMOTRYPSIN-PHE,TYR,LEU,TRP, MET CARBOXYPEPTIDASE A VAL,ILE,LEU, ELASTASE ALA, GLY, SER SITES

PROTEASES
INTESTINAL AMINOPEPTIDASES DIPEPTIDASES

GENERAL STRUCTURE
H 2HN - C - COOH R L AMINO ACID

NITROGEN BALANCE
NITROGEN INTAKE = NITROGEN EXCRETED

NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE

NITROGEN INTAKE

<

NITROGEN EXCRETED

POSITIVE NITROGEN BALANCE

NITROGEN INTAKE

>

NITROGEN EXCRETED

MAIN FUNCTION OF AMINO ACIDS IN THE CELL

BUILDING BLOCKS FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

OTHER FUNCTIONS OF AMINO ACIDS

OXIDATION TO CO2 & H2O FOR ENERGY FOR SYNTHESIS OF SPECIALIZED PRODUCTS

SOURCE OF ENERGY

AMINO ACID POOL

CIRCULATING & FREE AMINO ACIDS DERIVED FROM: DEGRADATION OF BODY PROTEINS DIGESTION & ABSORPTION OF DIETARY PROTEINS

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

CANNOT BE SYNTHESIZED IN ADEQUATE AMOUNTS IN THE BODY MUST BE SUPPLIED IN THE DIET

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

LEUCINE, ISOLEUCINE, VALINE ARGININE, HISTIDINE, LYSINE PHENYLALANINE, TRYPTOPHAN METHIONINE THREONINE

ABSORPTION OF AMINO ACIDS

NA+ DEPENDENT ACROSS LUMINAL MEMBRANE NA+ INDEPENDENT ACROSS CONTRALUMINAL MEMBRANE

TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
FOR NEUTRAL AMINO ACIDS WITH SHORT OR POLAR SIDE CHAINS FOR NEUTRAL AMINO ACIDS WITH AROMATIC OR HYDROPHOBIC SIDE CHAINS

AMINO ACID TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

FOR IMINO ACIDS FOR BASIC AMINO ACIDS FOR ACID AMINO ACIDS

DISORDERS OF AMINO ACID TRANSPORT

HARTNUP DISEASE FAILURE OF ABSORPTION OF NEUTRAL ACIDS RESULTS IN : AMINOACIDURIA ( ALA, SER, THR, VAL, LEU, ILE, PHE, TYR, TRP,GLN, ASN ) AMINO

CYSTINURIA
DEFECT IN TRANSPORT PROTEIN FOR DIBASIC AMINO ACIDS: LYSINE , CYSTINE, ARGININE, & ORNITHINE LEADS TO FORMATION OF KIDNEY STONES

AMINO ACID DEGRADATION



DISPOSAL OF

- AMINO GROUPS

DISPOSAL OF CARBON SKELETONS

DISPOSAL OF

- AMINO GROUPS

TRANSAMINASES USE : PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE AS CARRIER - KETOGLUTARATE AS ACCEPTOR

TRANSAMINATION
NH2 R-CH-COOH HOOC-CH2CH2CH-COOH ENZ-PLP NH2 GLUTAMATE ENZ-PLP HOOC-CH2CH2C-COOH NH2 O

R-C-COOH O

pyridoxamine

pyridoxal

TRANSAMINATION

FATES OF GLUTAMATE
TRANSAMINATION TO OXALOACETATE ENZYME: ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE ( GOT) GLU + OXAA - KG + ASP

OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION OF GLUTAMATE

GLUTAMATE + NAD

- KG + NADH + NH4+

GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE

L- AMINO ACID OXIDASES

R-CH-COOH + H20 NH2 RC-COOH +NH3 O

FMN FMNH2

UREA SYNTHESIS
OCCURS ONLY IN THE LIVER

THINGS TO REMEMBER
RATE-LIMITING STEP CATALYZED BY CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE I (CPS-I) CPS-I ACTIVATED BY N-ACETYL GLUTAMATE

KREBS-HENSELEIT CYCLE
FIRST 2 ENZYMES FOUND IN THE MITOCHONDRION CARBON SKELETON OF ASPARTATE RELEASED AS FUMARATE

THINGS TO REMEMBER
ARGINASE RELEASES UREA ORNITHINE IS REGENERATED UREA IS EXCRETED IN THE URINE

UREA CYCLE ABNORMALITIES

TYPE I HYPERAMMONEMIA TYPE II HYPERAMMONEMIA CITRULLINEMIA ARGININOSUCCINIC ACIDURIA HYPERARGININEMIA

ROLE OF ALANINE IN DISPOSAL OF -AMINO GROUPS

AMINO ACIDS - KG ALANINE

- KETO ACIDS

GLU

PYRUVATE GLUCOSE

MUSCLE

LIVER
ALANINE PYRUVATE GLUCOSE - KG GLUTAMATE UREA

DETOXIFIED FORM OF AMMONIA

GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE

GLU + NH4+ + ATP

GLUTAMINE + ADP + Pi

RELEASE OF AMMONIA FROM GLUTAMINE

ACTIONS OF GLUTAMINASE & GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE

DISPOSAL OF THE CARBON SKELETONS

TOPIC OF AMINO ACID LECTURE 2

THE

END

WAIT FOR THE NEXT EPISODE

CATECHOLAMINES