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. Trong phn t c 1 lin kt i: gm 1 lin kt v 1 lin kt . Nguyn t C lin kt i tham gia 3 lin kt nh 3 obitan lai ho sp2, cn lin kt nh obitan p khng lai ho. c bit phn t CH2 = CH2 c cu trc phng. Do c lin kt nn khong cch gia 2 nguyn t C = C ngn li v hai nguyn t C ny khng th quay quanh lin kt i v khi quay nh vy lin kt b ph v. Hin tng ng phn do: Mch cacbon khc nhau, v tr ca ni i khc nhau. Nhiu anken c ng phn cis - trans. V d: Buten-2
Anken c ng phn vi xicloankan. 2. Cch gi tn Ly tn ca ankan tng ng thay ui an bng en. Mch chnh l mch c ni i vi s th t ca C ni i nh nht. V d:
Tnh cht vt l Theo chiu tng ca n (trong cng thc CnH2n), nhit si v nhit nng chy tng. n = 2 - 4 : cht kh n = 5 - 18 : cht lng. n nh hn hoc bng 19 : cht rn. u t tan trong nc, tan c trong mt s dung mi hu c (ru, ete,) Tnh cht ho hc Do lin kt trong lin kt i km bn nn cc anken c phn ng cng c trng, d b oxi ho ch ni i, c phn ng trng hp. 1. Phn ng oxi ho a) Phn ng chy.
b) Phn ng oxi ho m du: To thnh ru 2 ln ru hoc t mch C ch ni i to thnh anehit hoc axit.
2. Phn ng cng hp a) Cng hp H2: b) Cng hp halogen: Lm mt mu nc brom nhit thng. (Theo dy Cl2, Br2, I2 phn ng kh dn.) c) Cng hp hirohalogenua (Theo dy HCl, HBr, HI phn ng d dn) i vi cc anken khc, nguyn t halogen (trong HX) mang in m, u tin nh vo nguyn t C bc cao (theo quy tc Maccpnhicp).
d) Cng hp H2O (un nng, c axit long xc tc) Cng tun theo quy tc Maccpnhicp: Nhm - OH nh vo C bc cao
Cng hp H2 vo axetilen
Tch X2 t dn xut ihalogen: (Phn ng trong dung dch ru vi bt km xc tc). ng dng Dng sn xut ru, cc dn xut halogen v cc cht khc. trng hp polime: polietilen, poliprpilen. Etilen cn c dng lm qu mau chn.
BI TP V ANKEN
1.
t NaOOC CH = CH COONa +2 NaOH C H +2 Na CO 2 4 2 3
o
2. 3. 4.
C2 H 4 + Br2 C2 H 4 Br2
C2 H 4 Br2 + Zn C2 H4 + ZnBr2
ddKMnO4 C2 H 4 + [ O ] + H 2O C2 H 4 (OH )2
nCH 2 = CH 2 [ CH 2 CH 2 n ]
o
Cracking C4 H10 C2 H 6 + C2 H 4
Ni ,t C2 H 4 + H 2 C 2 H 6
t C2 H 6 C2 H 4 + H 2
o
14.
H 2 SO4 ( d ) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH CH3 CH2 CH =CH2 +H2 O 180o C Ni CH 3 CH 2 CH = CH 2 + H 2 C 4 H 10
Cracking C4 H10 CH 4 + C3 H 6
C2 H 4 ( OH ) 2 + 2 HBr C 2 H 4 Br2 + 2 H 2O
C2 H 4 Br2 + Zn C2 H 4 + ZnBr2
ddKMnO4 C2 H 4 + [ O] + H 2O C 2H 4( OH) 2
t C2 H 6 C2 H 4 + H 2
+2 MnO 2 + KOH 2
C2 H 4 + HCl C 2 H 5Cl
Cracking C4 H10 C 3H 6 + CH 4
29.
Br
t 30. CH 3 CH CH 3 + NaOH long CH 3 CH CH 3 + NaBr | |
o
Br
31.
OH
nCH 3 CH = CH 2 CH CH 2 | CH 3
32.
CH 3 CH = CH 2 + Br2 CH 3 CH CH2
| |
Br
o
Br
Br
Br
OH OH