Industry Comes of Age Advanced Placement United States History Review for Test Chapter 24 Industry Comes of Age

1. When private railroad promoters asked the United States government for subsidies to build their railroads, they gave all of the following reasons: too risky without government help, too costly without government help, private investors would not accept initial financial losses, and impossible to serve military and postal needs without government help. 2. During the Gilded Age, most of the railroad barons built their railroads with government assistance. 3. The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in the late nineteenth century by providing railroad corporations with land grants. 4. James J. Hill Great Norther Cornelius Vanderbilt New York Central Leland Standord Central Pacific 5. The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was the Great Northerner. 6. One by-product of the development of the railroads was the movement of people to cities. 7. The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War years was the railroad network. 8. The United States changed to standard time zones when the major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep their schedules to avoid wrecks. 9. Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profits were called pools. 10. Early railroad owners formed pools in order to avoid competition by dividing business in a particular area. 11. Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroad corporations first came in the form of action by the Supreme Court. 12. The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the Interstate Commerce Commission. 13. One of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act was that it represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business. 14. After the Civil War, the plentiful supply of unskilled labor in the United States helped to build the nation into an industrial giant. 15. One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was increased competition.

16. Andrew Carnegie vertical integration John D. Rockefeller trust J. Pierpont Morgan interlocking directorate 17. Andrew Carnegie steel John D. Rockefeller oil J. Pierpont Morgan banking James Duke tobacco 18. The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of Henry Bessemer. 19. J.P. Morgan undermined competition by placing officers of his bank on the boards of supposedly independent companies that he wanted to control. This method was known as an interlocking directorate. 20. Americas first billion-dollar corporation was United States Steel. 21. The first major product of the oil industry was kerosene. 22. The oil industry became a huge business with the invention of the internal combustion engine. 23. John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve his domination of the oil industry: employing spies, extorting rebates from railroads, pursuing a policy of rule or ruin, and using highpressure sales methods. 24. The gospel of wealth, which associated godliness with riches encouraged many millionaires to help the poor. 25. To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to avoid corporate regulation by the states. 26. The Fourteenth Amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when defending themselves against regulation by state governments. 27. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the power of railroad corporations. 28. During the age of industrialization, the South remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural. 29. The Souths major attraction for potential investors was cheap labor. 30. In the late nineteenth century, tax benefits and cheap, nonunion labor especially attracted textile manufacturing to the new South. 31. Many Southerners saw employment in the textile mills as the only steady jobs and wages available. 32. One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of workers was the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock. 33. The group most affected by the new industrial age was women. 34. Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following: economical swings and depressions,

employers whims, sudden unemployment, and illness and accident. 35. The image of the Gibson Girl represented a romantic ideal of the independent and athletic new woman. 36. Most women works of the 1890s worked for economic necessity. 37. A closed shop is least similar to lockout, yellow dog contract, blacklist and company town. 38. Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor corporations. 39. National Labor Union a social-reform union killed by the depression of the 1870s Knights of Labor the one big union that championed producer cooperatives and industrial arbitration American Federation of Labor an association of unions pursuing higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions 40. In its efforts on behalf of workers, the National Labor Union won an eight-hour day for governing workers. 41. One group barred from membership in the Knights of Labor was Chinese. 42. The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would disappear when labor would own and operate businesses and industries. 43. The Knights of Labor believed that republican traditions and institutions could be preserved from corrupt monopolies by strengthening the economical and political independence of the workers. 44. One of the major reasons the Knights of Labor failed was its lack of class-consciousness. 45. The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the American Federation of Labor. 46. By 1900, American attitudes toward labor began to change as the public came to recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively and strike. Nevertheless, the vast majority of employers continued to fight organized labor. 47. By 1900, organized labor in America had begun to develop a more positive image with the public. 48. The people who found fault with the captains of industry mostly argues that these men built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers. 49. Even historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism generally concede that class-based protest has never been a powerful force in the United States because America has greater social mobility than Europe has. 50. All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion: a large pool of unskilled labor, an abundance of natural resources, American ingenuity and inventiveness, and a political climate favoring business. Posted by Alexander at 7:13 PM 16 comments Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to Facebook Labels: APUSH

Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Advanced Placement United States History Review for Test Chapter 23 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age

1. At the conclusion of the Civil War, General Ulysses S. Grant accepted gifts of houses and money from citizens. 2. In the presidential election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant owed his victory to the votes of former slaves. 3. As a result of the Civil War, waste, extravagance, speculation, and graft reduced the moral stature of the Republic. 4. In the late nineteenth century, those political candidates who campaigned by waving the bloody shirt were reminding voters of the treason of the Confederate Democrats during the Civil War. 5. Jim Fisk is least related to; Black Friday, Jay Gould, Ohio Ideaand Wall Street gold market 6. One weapon that was used to put Boss Tweed, leader of New York Citys infamous Tweed Ring, in jail was the cartoons of the political satirist Thomas Nast. 7. The Crdit Mobilier scandal involved railroad construction kickbacks. 8. In an attempt to avoid prosecution for their corrupt dealings, the owners of Crdit Mobilizer distributed shares of the companys valuable stock to key congressmen. 9. President Ulysses S. Grant was reelected in 1872 because his opponents chose a poor candidate for the presidency. 10. Match each politician below with the Republican political faction with which he was associated. A. Roscoe Conkling - Stalwarts B. James Blaine Half-Breeds C. Horace Greeley Liberal Republicans D. Ulysses Grant Regular Republicans 11. One cause of the panic that broke in 1873 was the construction of more factories than existing markets would bear. 12. As a solution to the panic or depression of 1873, debtors suggested inflationary policies. 13. One result of Republican hard money policies was the formation of the Greenback Labor party. 14. Those who enjoyed a successful political career in the post-Civil War decades were usually party loyalists. 15. During the Gilded Age, the Democrats and the Republicans had few significant economic differences. 16. The presidential elections of the 1870s and 1880s aroused great interest among voters. 17. One reason for the extremely high voter turnouts and partisan fervor of the Gilded Age was sharp ethnic and cultural differences in the membership of the two parties. 18. During the Gilded Age, the lifeblood of both the Democratic and the Republican parties was political patronage. 19. Spoilsmen was the label attached to those who expected government jobs from their partys elected officeholders. 20. The major problem in the 1876 presidential election centered on the two sets of election returns submitted by Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana. 21. The Compromise of 1877 resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South. 22. The sequence of presidential terms of the forgettable presidents of the Gilded Age (including Clevelands two nonconsecutive terms) was Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland. 23. In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal facilities were constitutional.

24. At the end of Reconstruction, Southern whites disenfranchised African-Americans with literacy requirements, poll taxes, economic intimidation and grandfather clauses. 25. The legal codes that established the system of segregation were called Jim Crow laws. 26. The presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes opened with scenes of class warfare. 27. The railroad of 1877 started when the four largest railroads cut salaries by ten percent. 28. Labor unrest during the Hayes administration stemmed from the collapse of the steel industry. 29. Labor unrest in the 1870s and 1880s resulted in the use of federal troops during strikes. 30. In the wake of anti-Chinese violence in California, the United States Congress passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to America. 31. The following were internal developments in China, that led to Chinese immigration into the United States: the disintegration of the Chinese Empire, the seizure of farmland by landlords, the intrusion of European powers and internal political turmoil. 32. One of the main reasons that the Chinese came to the United States was to dig for gold. 33. The Chinese word tong means meeting hall. 34. Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated while in office; the second was James Garfield. 35. President James A. Garfield was assassinated by a deranged, disappointed office seeker. 36. The Pendleton Act required appointees to public office to take a competitive examination. 37. With the passage of the Pendleton Act, politicians now sought money from big corporations. 38. The 1884 election contest between James G. Blaine and Grover Cleveland was noted for its personal attacks on the two candidates. 39. Grover Cleveland had a different political affiliation than other Gilded Age presidents. 40. When he was president, Grover Clevelands hands-off approach to government gained the support of businesspeople. 41. On the issue of the tariff, President Grover Cleveland advocated a lower rate. 42. The major campaign issue of the 1888 presidential election was tariff policy. 43. In the latter decades of the nineteenth century, it was generally true that the locus of political power was Congress. 44. The Billion-Dollar Congress quickly disposed of rising government surpluses by expanding pensions for Civil War veterans. 45. Which of the following was not among the platform planks adopted by the Populist Party in their convention of 1892? Government guarantees of parity prices for farmers 46. The four states completely carried by the Populists in the election of 1892 were Kansas, Colorado, Idaho, and Nevada. 47. The early Populist campaign to create a coalition of white and black farmers ended in a racist backlash that eliminated black voting in the South. 48. The political developments of the l890s were largely shaped by the most severe and extended economic depression up to that time. 49. Economic unrest and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act led to the rise of the pro-silver leader William Jennings Bryan. 50. President Grover Cleveland aroused widespread public anger by his action of borrowing $65 million in gold from J.P. Morgans banking syndicate. 51. The greatest political beneficiary of the backlash against President Cleveland in the Congressional elections of 1894 was the Republicans.