Biaxially Voided Bubble Deck Slab System and Other Conventional Floor Slab Systems

BIAXIALLY VOIDED BUBBLE DECK SLAB SYSTEM AND OTHER CONVENTIONAL FLOOR SLAB SYSTEMS
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.
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1.1 OVERVIEW Reinforced concrete slabs are relatively thin, flat, structural elements, whose main function is to transmit loading acting normal to their plane. Slabs are used as floors and roofs of buildings, as walls in tanks and buildings, and as bridges to transmit relatively heavy concentrated loading. Reinforced concrete slabs are among the most common structural elements, but despite the large number of slabs design and built, the details of the elastic and plastic behavior of slabs are not always appreciated or properly taken into account. This occurs at least partially because of the mathematical complexities of dealing with elastic equations, especially for support conditions which realistically approximate those in building floor slabs. Regardless of which design method is used, the resulting slab must be serviceable at the working load level, with deflections and cracking remaining within acceptable limits .slab design methods are concerned largely with flexure, but the shear forces may also be a limiting factor .The particular problem of shear is in beamless slabs, especially when acting in combination with transfer of unbalanced moments from slabs to columns. The bi-axially voided bubble deck technology is based upon the patented integration technique - the direct way of linking air and steel. The bubble deck technology comprises of a bi axial carrying hollow slab in which plastic balls serves the purpose of eliminating concrete that has no carrying effect. In other words, it removes the non working dead load, while maintaining bi axial strength. This project report contains the details of innovative design, detailing and estimation of bi axially voided bubble deck slab and a comparative study with conventional slab systems, namely, beam slab and conventional flat slab.
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1.2 OBJECTIVES The main objective of this project is to design and compare structural, economic, and environmental panorama of the following floor slab systems Conventional beam slab system Conventional flat slab system Bi-axially voided bubble deck system
In order to accomplish the advantages of the new bi-axially voided bubble deck floor slab systems over other conventional floor slab systems.
1.3 Project Outlines There are eight chapters in this project report. Chapter one gives introduction and objectives of this project. Chapter 2 provides literature review for this project. This chapter gives the theory behind this project. Chapter 3 gives the information related to design and detailing of flat slab system. Chapter 4 gives the information about design and detailing of conventional beam slab system. Chapter 5 gives the information about design and detailing of bi-axially voided bubble deck floor slab system. Chapter 6 contains material and economic estimation of all above mentioned floor slab systems. Chapter 7 contains results and discussions. Chapter 8 gives conclusions on the experimental outcome and the scope for future work.
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SLABS
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Different types of load patterns and support conditions require different types of floor slab systems. To accomplish this, the different types of floor slab systems used can be broadly grouped into the following four classes a ) Conventional beam slab system b) Flat slab system c) Hollow core floor slab system d) Bi-axially voided bubble deck floor slab system Slabs can be classified as follows:
2.2 BEAM SLAB Slabs supported on beams on all sides or selected sides of each poannel are generally termed as beam slabs. In a beam slab system, it is quite easy to visualize the path from load point to columns as being from slab to beam to column and them to compute realistic moments and shears for the design of all members. A conventional beam slab system can be classified as : One way slab Two way slab
A typical beam slab is shown in figure 2.1
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2.2 FLAT SLABS
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The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete slab with or without drops, supported generally without beams, by columns with or without flared column heads. A flat slab may be a solid slab or may have recesses formed on the soffit so that the soffit comprises a series of ribs in two direction. The following two methods are recommended by the code for determining the bending moments in the slab panel:
1) Direct design method (DDM) 2) Equivalent frame method (EFM)

These methods are applicable only for two way rectangular slabs.
2.2.1 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
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Direct design method is a simplified procedure of determining the negative and positive design moment at critical section in the slab. The code specifies that the following conditions must be satisfied by the two way slab system for the application of direct design method:
1) There must be at least three continuous spans in each direction. 2) Each panel must be rectangular, with the long to short span ratio not exceeding 2.0
3) The columns must not be offset by more than ten percent of span from either axis
between centre lines of successive columns. As shown in figure 2.3.
4) The successive span length in each direction must not differ by more than 1/3rd of
longer span. 5) The factored live load must not exceed three times the factored dead load.
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2.2.2. EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD The equivalent frame method (EFM) of design of two way beam supported slabs, flat slabs, flat plates and waffle slab is a more general and more rigorous method than DDM, and is not subjected to the limitations of DDM.
The equivalent frame concept simplifies the analysis of three dimensional reinforcement concrete building by sub dividing it into a series of two dimensional frames centered on column lines in longitudinal as well as transverse direction. The EFM differs from DDM in
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the determination of total `negative` and `positive` design moments in the slab panel for the condition of gravity loading. However, the apportioning of the moments to column strip and middle strip is common for both methods.
2.3 HOLLOW CORE SLAB Hollow core slabs are pre fabricated, one way spanning, concrete elements with hollow cylinders.
FIG 2.5 Due to the pre fabrication, these are inexpensive and reduce building time, but can be used only in one way spanning construction and must be supported by beams and/or walls.
2.3.1 LIMITATIONS OF HOLLOW CORE SLAB Manufactured It requires higher capacity cranes Prevalence of post construction inflexibility It has one way action
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It is suitable only for certain applications
2.4 BI-AXIALLY VOIDED BUBBLE DECK SLAB SYSTEM
The bi-axially voided bubble deck technology is based upon the patented integration technique - the direct way of linking air and steel. The bubble deck technology comprises of a bi axial carrying hollow slab in which plastic balls serves the purpose of eliminating concrete that has no carrying effect. In other words, it removes the non working dead load, while maintaining bi axial strength. By adopting the geometry of the ball in the mesh, an optimized concrete construction is obtained, with simultaneous maximum utility of both moment and shear zones. The construction literally creates itself as a result of the geometry of two well known components:
a) Reinforcement b) Hollow plastic balls Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page 11
When the top and bottom reinforcement are linked in the usual way, a geometrical and statically stable bubble deck bubble-unit evolves. The reinforcement catches, distributes and locks the balls in exact position, while the balls shape the air volume, control the level of reinforcement and at the same time stabilize the spatial lattice. When the steel lattice unit is concreted, a monolithic bi-axial hollow slab is obtained.
2.4.1 GENERAL THEORY A bubble deck behaves like a solid slab, with true bi axial behavior, uniform in arbitrary direction. Tension and compression zone is not influenced by the voids. Forces can be distributed freely, with no singularities, in the three dimensional structure, hence, making all concrete effective.
Fig: 2.6
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When cutting out holes, the difference between the two deck types becomes obvious. With one way span it is necessary to place beams around the hole to transport the forces to principle beams.
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Two way spans can be completely without beams.
FIG 2.7
2.4.2 TESTS AND STUDIES The bubble deck technology has been tested thoroughly. Results confirm that a bubble deck slab behaves like a solid slab in every way. 2.4.2.1 SHEAR STRENGTH Tests confirm that all concrete in the slab can be taken into account when calculating any type of forces. For safety reasons, it is recommended to use a factor of 0.6 compared to values of a solid slab of same height.
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2.4.2.2 BENDING STRENGTH AND DEFLECTION BEHAVIOUR A bubble deck slab has the same bending strength as a solid slab of same height. The bending stiffness is 0.9, compared to a solid slab. But since the weight of the slab is only 0.65 of a solid slab, the deflection will be considerably less.
2.4.2.3 ANCHORING Tests confirm that the balls have no influence on the anchoring values. The values are exactly the same s for a solid slab. 2.4.2.4 FIRE A bubble deck slab can be tailored to meet any requirements by optimizing the actual concrete cover. The bubbles only slightly influence the patterns of heat transfer through the cover after a certain time and distance from the bottom,. Again, a bubble deck behaves like a solid slab.
TABLE 2.1
2.4.2.5 SOUND
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Values for air borne, impact sound (vertical or horizontal) exists. Below are the representative values.
TABLE 2.2
2.4.3 Bubble deck slab versions The appropriate bubble deck slab version is engineered to suit building configuration, span length between supports, applied loadings and vertical alignment of supports.
TABLE 2.3
2.4.4 ELEMENT TYPES Bubble deck can be manufactured in three types of manufactured elements:
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TYPE A FILIGREE ELEMNTS When the bottom of the bubble reinforcement sandwich includes a 70mm thick pre cast concrete layer acting as formwork within part of the finished slab depth replacing the need for soffit shuttering. The elements are placed on temporary propping, loose joint, the shear and edge reinforcement added, perimeter and tolerance shuttered and then the remaining slab depth concreted. Most commonly specified being suitable for the majority of new-build projects. Requires fixed or mobile crane to lift into position due to weight of manufactured elements as delivered to site. TYPE B-REINFORCEMENT MODULES Comprising pre-fabricated bubble reinforcement sandwiched elements. The modules are placed on traditional site formwork, loose joint, shear and edge reinforcement added and then concrete in two stage to the full slab depth. Suitable for suspended ground floor slabs and alteration/refurbishment projects, particularly where site access is extremely restricted. Can be manually lifted into position.
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TYPE C-FINISHED PLANKS Delivered to the building site as complete pre-cast factory made slab elements with full concrete thickness . These span in one direction only and require the inclusion of supporting beams or walls within the structure.
2.4.5 POST-TENSION When mega spans are required (above 15 meter) we can provide a post tension (PT) bubble deck solution. The above deflection limits can be increased by up-to 30 percent with post-tension bubble deck slab.
2.4.6 GREEN CREDENTIALS By virtually eliminating concrete in the middle of a slab bubble deck makes a significant contribution to reducing environmental impact. Guidance from the ODPM requires the direct environmental effects of building to be considered, including usage of natural resources and emission resulting from construction. Not only is concrete usage reduced up-to 50 percent within a building structure but knock-on benefits can be realized through reduced foundation side. Bubble deck can make a a big contribution towards achieving BREEAN targets. Every 5000 m2 of bubble deck floor slab can save:
1000 m2 site concrete 166 ready mix lorry trips 1798 tonnes of foundation loads or 19 less piles 1745 GJ energy used in concrete production and haulage 278 tonnes of CO2- green house gases-emission
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CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF FLAT SLABS
ANALYTICAL PLAN
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FIG 3.1
3. DESIGN OF FLAT SLAB (USING EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD)
3.1 Slab thickness For deflection control d ln / 26 [IS-456, Clause 23.2.1] [IS-456, Clause 23.2.1]
Since drop is not provided d ln/(26*0.9)
d 6500/(26*0.9) d 277.77 mm Approx. d 275 mm
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Therefore D = d + 25 D = 275 + 25 D = 300 mm
(clear cover)
3.2 Load Calculation
Self weight of slab = 25 * 0.3 = 7.5 KN / m2 Floor finish Live load Total = 1 KN / m2
= 2.4 KN / m2 = 10.9 KN / m2
Factored load = 1.5 * 10.9 = 16.35 KN / m2
3.3 Equivalent Frame Analysis
Along N-S direction
Middle strip
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Fig 3.2
Fixed end moment Mf-ab = w * l2 / 12 = - 98.1 * 6.52 / 12 = - 345.39 KN-m [Due to symmetry fixed end moments are same for all spans]
Distribution factor (DF Table)
Span A2B2 B2A2 B2C2 D2C2 D2E2 E2F2
K I / 6.5 I / 6.5 I / 6.5 I / 6.5
K 0.15 I 0.3 I
DF = K / K 1 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.3 I I / 6.5 I / 6.5 0.3 I Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page 22 0.5 0.5
E2D2 F2E2 F2G2 G2F2
I / 6.5 I / 6.5 0.3 I I / 6.5 I / 6.5

TABLE 3.1
0.5 0.5 0.15 I 0.5 1
Moment Distribution Table
Joint Span DF FEM Final Mome nt
A2 A2B2 1 -345 -345
B2A2 0.5 345 345
B2 B2C2 0.5 -345 -345
C2B2 0.5 345 345
C2 C2D2 0.5 -345 -345
D2 D2C2 D2E2 0.5 0.5 345 -345 345 -345
E2D2 0.5 345 345
E2 E2F2 0.5 -345 -345
F2E2 0.5 345 345
F2 F2G2 0.5 -345 -345
G2 G2F2 1 345 345
TABLE 3.2 Since A and G are fixed ends and also due to symmetry, all moments are balanced, hence fixed end moments are equal to final moments
For edge strip
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Fig 3.3 Fixed end moment Mf-ab = w * l2 / 12 = - 49.05 * 6.52 / 12 = - 172.70 KN - m [Due to symmetry fixed end moments are same for all spans]
Span AB BA BC DC DE EF ED FE FG GF
K I / 6.5 I / 6.5 I / 6.5 I / 6.5
K 0.15 I 0.3I
DF = K / K 1 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.3 I I / 6.5 I / 6.5 0.3 I I / 6.5 I / 6.5 0.3 I I / 6.5 I / 6.5

Table 3.3
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.15 I 0.5 1
Joint Span
A AB
B BA BC CB
C CD DC
D DE ED
E FE
F Page 24
G GF
DF FEM Final Momen t
1 -172 -172
0.5 172 172
0.5 -172 -172
0.5 172 172
0.5 -172 -172
0.5 172 172
0.5 -172 -172
EF 0.5 172 172
0.5 -172 -172
FG 0.5 172 172
0.5 -172 -172
1 172 172
TABLE 3.4 Since A and G are fixed ends and also due to symmetry, all moments are balanced, hence fixed end moments are equal to final moments
Along E-W direction
EDGE STRIP
Fig 3.5
Fixed End Moment Mf-a1a2 = w * l2 / 12 = - 53.13 * 62 / 12 = -153.39 KN - m [Due to symmetry fixed end moments are same for all spans]
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Joint A1 Joint A2 Span DF A3 FEM Final Moment
Span A1A2 A2A1 A1 A13A2 A2 A 1 3A2 A -159.39 -159.39
K I/6 I/6 A2A1I / 6 0.5 I / 6 159.39 159.39

Table 3.5
K 0.166I A2 0.33I 0.166I
DF = K / K 1 0.5 A2A3 0.5 0.5 1 -159.39 -159.39 A3 A3A2 1 159.39 159.39
Moment Distribution Table Since A1 and A3 are fixed ends and also due to symmetry, all moments are balanced, hence fixed end moments are equal to final moments
Table 3.6
MID STRIP
Fig 3.6 Fixed End Moment MF-B1B2 = W * l2 / 12
= -106.27 * 62 / 12 = -318.825 KN m [Due to symmetry fixed end moments are same for all spans]
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Joint B1 B2 B3
Span B1B2 B2B1 B3B2 B3B2

Table 3.7
K I/6 I/6
K 0.166I 0.33I
DF = K / K 1 0.5
I/6 I/6
0.166I
0.5 1
Joint Span DF FEM Final Moment
B1 B1B2 1 -318.25 -318.25 B2B1 0.5 318.25 318.25
B2 B2B3 0.5 - 318.25 -318.25
B3 B3B2 1 318.25 318.25
Moment Distribution Table Table 3.8 Due to symmetry of span and supports, maximum positive moment will occur at centre
Fig 3.7 M+ive = w * l2 / 8 = 98.1 * 6.52 / 8 = 518.09 KN m
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3.4 Moment Calculation N-S direction Negative moment calculation (for mid strip along N-S dir) From left support , M-ive = Ml (98.1 * 0.352 / 2) = -345.39 - 6.008 = -351.39 KN m (Since all the spans are symmetrical, moment from right support will be equal to moment from left support) Total design moment, for span (face to face) , Mo = w * ln / 8 = 98.1 * 5.8 / 8 = 71.125 KN - m Calculation of Ast (N-S direction) Adopting M+ive for calculation of Ast, since its value is highest and reducing it by 10% in accordance with clause 31.4.3.4 of IS 456. Mu = 0.90 * 518.09 = 466.28 KN m Mu / bd2 = 466.28 * 10 ^ 6 / (6000 * 275 2) = 1.05 (Using Fck = 30, from table 4 of SP 6) pt = 0.304 Considering 1m strip Ast = pt * b * d / 100 = 0.304 * 1000 * 275 / 100 = 836 mm2 Using 16mm bars Spacing = ( * 162 / 4) * 1000 / 836
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= 240 mm
E-W Direction Due to symmetry, maximum positive moment will occur at centre M+ive = w * l2 / 8 = 106.27 * 62 / 8 = 478.21 KN m
Maximum negative moment, From left support , M-ive = Ml w * l2 /2 = -318.82 (106.27 * 0.352 / 2) = -325.33 KN m Total design moment, Mo = w * ln / 8 = 106.275 * 5.3 / 8 = 70.41 KN m
Calculation of Ast (E-W direction) Adopting M+ive for calculation of Ast, since its value is highest and reducing it by 10% in accordance with clause 31.4.3.4 of IS 456. MU = .90*478.21 = 430.39 KN-m MU/b*d2 = 430.39*10^6/(6500*275) = 0.90 (Using Fck = 30, from table 4 of SP 6) pt = 0.259
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Considering 1m strip Ast = pt * b * d / 100 = 0.259*1000*275/100 = 712.25 mm2 Using 16mm bars Spacing = ( * 162 / 4) * 1000 / 712.25 = 280mm
3.4.1
Shear check
v = VU /b*d =( 318.82 * 2 * 103 )/( 6000* 275) = 0.38 N/mm2 For 100Ast/bd = 0.304 Referring to table 19 of IS-456 C = 0.40 Hence C > v Therefore SAFE
Detailing of flat slab
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Fig 3.8
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CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF CONVENTIONAL BEAM SLAB
4. Design of Conventional Beam Slab (Using limit state method)
4.1 Design of slab
4.1.2 Check For one way / two way type of slab
Ratio of longer span to shorter span = ly / lx = 6.5/6
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= 1.08 > 2 Therefore slab is designed as two way slab. Lx = 6m Ly = 6.5m Consider 1m strip Assume slab thickness =150mm Using 15mm clear cover with 10mm bar d = 150-15-10/2 = 130mm
4.1.3
load calculation
Dead load = 0.15*25 = 3.75 KN/m2 Live load = 2.4 KN/m2 Floor finish = 1 KN/m2 Total load = 7.15 KN/m2 Ultimate load = 1.5 * 7.15 = 10.725 KN/m2
4.1.4 Calculation of moment co-efficient
x y
1.0 0.062 0.062

Table 4.1
1.08 0.0716 0.0612
1.1 0.074 0.061
4.1.5 Calculation of moments MX = 0.0716 * 10.725 * 62 = 27.64 KN-m My = 0.0612 * 10.725 * 62 = 23.63 KN-m M max = 27.64 KN-m
4.1.6
Check for depth
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MU
= (0.36 * Xu-max ( 1-0.42(Xu-max /d))b*d2fck )/ d
27.64 *106 = 0.36*0.48( 1-0.42*0.48)*1000*d2 * 20 d = 81.72mm < 150mm
Hence safe Provide D =150mm; d =130mm From IS-456 ; Pg 76 M Spacing = 29.66 KN-m = 110mm
Provide 10mm bar @ 110mm c/c along long direction and short direction
4.2 DESIGN OF BEAMS
AREA OF 1 + 2 = Volume
2*((6.5 + 0.5)/2*3) 21 m3
= 21 * 0.15 = 3.15 m3
Weight
= 25 * 3.15 = 78.75 KN
Uniformly distributed load = 78.65 / 6.5 = 12.12 KN / m 4.2.1 Depth Calculation For simply supported beam (clause 23.2.2 of IS - 456) L / d = 20 d Approx. d Therefore = 6500 / 20 325 mm D = d + 50 (clear cover)
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D = 325 + 50 D = 375 mm Assuming width, b = 230mm 4.2.2 Load Calculation Self weight of slab = 25 * 0.375 * 0.23 = 2.16 KN / m2 Dead load due to slab Floor finish Live load Total = 12.12 KN / m2 = 1 KN / m2
= 2.4 KN / m2 = 17.68 KN / m2
Factored load = 1.5 * 17.68 = 26.52 KN / m2 Moment Mu = w * l2 / 8 = 26.52 * 6.52 / 8 = 140.06 KN m Shear force at support, Vu = w * l / 2 = 26.52 * 6.5 / 2 = 86.19 KN
Limiting value of moment, Mulim = 0.36 * Xumax *(1- 0.42Xumax/d)bd2 fck /d Referring to clause 38.1 of IS 456 For Fe 415, Xumax/d = 0.48 Mulim = 0.36 * 0.48 (1-0.42*0.48)*230*3252*20 = 67.033 KN m Mu > Mulim, hence design as doubly reinforced section Xumax = 0.48 * 325 = 156 mm
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4.2.3 Calculation of area Compression steel Strain = 0.0035 (Xumax d`)/Xumax = 0.0035 (156 50)/156 =2.37 * 10-3 From SP 16, figure 3 Stress, Fsc = 380 N/mm2 Mu - Mulim = Fsc * Asc (d-d`) 10^6(140.06 67.03) = 380 * Asc (325 - 50) Asc= 698.85 mm2 Using 20mm bars Number of bars = 698.85 / ( * 202 / 4) = 2.23 3 bars Hence provide 3 bars of 20mm as compression steel Tension steel Xu / d = Xumax / d =( 0.87 fyAst1) /(0.36 fck bd) 0.48 = (0.87 * 415 * Ast1) / (0.36 * 20 * 230 * 325 ) Ast1=715.51mm2 Ast2 = Asc * fsc /(0.87 fy) = 698.85 * 380 / (0.87 * 415) = 735.53 mm2 Total area of tension steel , Asc = Asc1 + Ast2 = 715.51 + 735.53 = 1451.04 mm2 Using 22mm bars No of bars = 1451.04 / ( * 222 / 4) = 3.81 4 bars
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Provide 4 bars of 22mm as tension steel 4.2.4 Design for shear

\
Vu = 86.19 KN b = 230 mm d = 325 mm Actual steel = 4 * *222 / 4 = 1520.53 mm2 v = Vu / bd = 86.19 * 10 ^3 /( 230 * 325) = 1.17 N / mm2
100 Ast / bd = 100 * 1520.53 / (230 * 320) = 2.03 Referring to table 19 of IS 456, for M20, c = 0.79 c < v Hence provide shear reinforcement Using Vus = 0.87 * fy * Asv * d / Sv Using 2 legged , 8 mm stirrups, Asv = 2 * * 82 / 4 = 100.53 mm2 Vus = Vu - c bd = 86.19 * 10^3 (0.79 * 230 * 325) = 27.13 * 10 ^3 N 27.13 * 10 ^3 = 0.87 * 415 * 100.53 * 325 / SV Sv = 434.68 mm
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But, As per IS 456, maximum spacing = 0.75 * d = 0.75 * 325 = 243.75 mm OR 300 mm
Hence provide 2 L 8mm @ 300mm c/c stirrups
Detailing of conventional beam slab
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Fig 4.1
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Fig 4.2
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CHAPTER 5 DESIGN OF BUBBLE DECK SLAB
5. Design Of Bubble Deck Slab
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5.1Slab thickness For deflection control Modifying l / d ratio by 0.5 [BS8110, product introduction] d d
l n
/ (26*0.9*1.5) 6500 / (35.1)
[IS-456, Clause 23.2.1]
d 185.19 mm Approx. d 190 mm Therefore D = d + 20 D = 190 + 20 D = 210 mm Provide D = 230 mm Hence , (considering slab version BD 230) (clear cover) considering
d = 230 25 = 205 mm
(25mm cover provides 60 min of fire resistance)
5.2 Load Calculation Self weight of slab = 25 * 0.23 *2/ 3 = 3.83 KN / m2 Floor finish Live load Total = 1 KN / m2
= 2.4 KN / m2 = 7.23 KN / m2
Factored load = 1.5 * 7.23 = 10.845 KN / m2
5.3 Equivalent Frame Analysis
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Along N-S direction For middle strip
Fig 5.1 Fixed end moment Mf-ab = w * l2 / 12 = - 65.07 * 6.52 / 12 = - 229.1 KN-m [Due to symmetry fixed end moments are same for all spans]
Span A2B2 B2A2 B2C2 D2C2 D2E2 E2F2 E2D2 F2E2 F2G2 G2F2
K I / 6.5 I / 6.5 I / 6.5 I / 6.5
K 0.15 I 0.3 I
DF = K / K 1 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.3 I I / 6.5 I / 6.5 0.3 I I / 6.5 I / 6.5 0.3 I I / 6.5 I / 6.5 0.1 I
Table 5.1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1
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Joint Span DF FEM Final Mome nt
A2 A2B2 1 -229 -229
B2A2 0.5 229 229
B2 B2C2 0.5 -229 -229
C2B2 0.5 229 229
C2 C2D2 0.5 -229 -229
D2 D2C2 D2E2 0.5 0.5 229 -229 229 -229
E2D2 0.5 229 229
E2 E2F2 0.5 -229 -229
F2E2 0.5 229 229
F2 F2G2 0.5 -229 -229
G2 G2F2 1 229 229
Table 5.2 Since A and G are fixed ends and also due to symmetry, all moments are balanced, hence fixed end moments are equal to final moments For edge strip
Fig 5.2
Fixed end moment Mf-ab = w * l2 / 12 = - 32.535 * 6.52 / 12 = - 114.55 KN - m [Due to symmetry fixed end moments are same for all spans]
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Span AB BA BC DC DE EF ED FE FG GF
K I / 6.5 I / 6.5 I / 6.5 I / 6.5
K 0.15 I 0.3 I
DF = K / K 1 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.3 I I / 6.5 I / 6.5 0.3 I I / 6.5 I / 6.5 0.3 I I / 6.5 I / 6.5 0.15 I
Table 5.3
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1
A AB 1
B BA BC 0.5 0.5
-114.5 114.5114.5 -114.5 114.5114.5
C CB CD 0.5 0.5 114.5114.5 114.5114.5
D DC DE 0.5 0.5 114.5114.5 114.5114.5

Table 5.4
E ED EF 0.5 0.5 114.5114.5 114.5114.5
F FE FG 0.5 0.5 114.5114.5 114.5114.5
G GF 1 114.5 114.5
Since A and G are fixed ends and also due to symmetry, all moments are balanced, hence fixed end moments are equal to final moments
Along E-W direction
EDGE STRIP
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Fig 5.3 Fixed End Moment Mf-a1a2 = w * l2 / 12 = - 35.24 * 62 / 12 = -105.72 KN - m [Due to symmetry fixed end moments are same for all spans] Distribution factor (DF Table)
Joint A1 A2 A3
Span A1A2 A2A1 A3A2 A3A2
k I/6 I/6
K 0.166I 0.33I
DF = K / K 1 0.5
I/6 I/6
Table 5.5
0.166I
0.5 1
A1 A1A2 1 -105.72 -105.72 A2A1 0.5 105.72 105.72

Table 5.6
A2 A2A3 0.5 -105.72 -105.72
A3 A3A2 1 105.72 105.72
Since A1 and A3 are fixed ends and also due to symmetry, all moments are balanced, hence fixed end moments are equal to final moments
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MID STRIP
Fig 5.4 Fixed End Moment MF-B1B2 = W * l2 / 12 = -70.49* 62 / 12 = -211.47 KN m [Due to symmetry fixed end moments are same for all spans]
Joint B1 B2 B3
Span B1B2 B2B1 B3B2 B3B2
K I/6 I/6
K 0.166I 0.33I
DF = K / K 1 0.5
I/6 I/6
Table 5.5
0.166I
0.5 1
Page 47
B1 B1B2 1 -211.47 -211.47
B2 B2B1 0.5 211.47 211.47 B2B3 0.5 - 211.47 - 211.47
B3 B3B2 1 211.47 211.47
Table 5.6
Due to symmetry of span and supports, maximum positive moment will occur at centre
Fig 5.5 Va = 65.04*6.5/2 =211.47 KN M+ive = w * l2 / 8 = 98.1 * 6.52 / 8 = 518.09 KN m 5.4 Moment Calculation N-S direction Negative moment calculation (for mid strip along N-S dir) From left support , M-ive = Ml (65.07 * 0.352 / 2) = -229.1- 3.98 = -233.08 KN m (Since all the spans are symmetrical, moment from right support will be equal to moment from left support)
Page 48
Total design moment, for span (face to face) , Mo = w * ln / 8 = 65.07 * 5.8 / 8 = 47.17 KN - m
Calculation of Ast (N-S direction)
Adopting M+ive for calculation of Ast, since its value is highest and reducing it by 10% in accordance with clause 31.4.3.4 of IS 456. Mu = 0.90 * 343.08 = 308.772 KN m Mu / bd2 = 308.772 * 10 ^ 6 / (6000 * 205 2) = 1.25 (Using Fck = 30, from table 4 of SP 6) pt = 0.365 Considering 1m strip Ast = pt * b * d / 100 = 0.365 * 1000 * 205 / 100 = 748.25 mm2 Using 16mm bars Spacing = ( * 162 / 4) * 1000 / 748.25 = 270 mm E-W Direction Due to symmetry, maximum positive moment will occur at centre M+ive = w * l2 / 8 = 70.49 * 62 / 8 = 317.20 KN m Maximum negative moment, From left support , M-ive = Ml w * l2 /2
Page 49
= -211.47 (70.49* 0.352 / 2) = -215.78 KN m Total design moment, Mo = w * ln / 8 = 70.49* 5.3 / 8 = 46.69 KN m Calculation of Ast (E-W direction) Adopting M+ive for calculation of Ast, since its value is highest and reducing it by 10% in accordance with clause 31.4.3.4 of IS 456. MU = .90*317.2 = 285.48 KN-m MU/b*d2 = 285.48*10^6/(6500*205) = 1.05 (Using Fck = 30, from table 4 of SP 6) pt = 0.304 Considering 1m strip Ast = pt * b * d / 100 = 0.304*1000*205/100 = 623.2 mm2 Using 16mm bars Spacing = ( * 162 / 4) * 1000 / 623.2 = 325 mm
Page 50
Detailing of bubble deck
Fig 5.6
Page 51
CHAPTER 6 COSTING AND ESTIMATION
6.1 FLAT SLAB
6.1.1 Reinforcement
Along N-S Direction
Page 52
Length of main reinforcement L= l + 2 * 0.5*d- 2c = 39700+ 2*0.5*1.5 2*25 = 39666 mm Length of crank bar L = l-2c +2 *0.5d +2 *9d1 (d1 = D -2c-d = 300-50-16 =234 mm)
= 39700- 2*25 +2*0.5*16+2*9*234 = 43878mm Number of main reinforcement = ((span/spacing)+1)/2 = ((12.7/0.24/2)+1)/2 = 27 bars Number of cranked bars = 54-27 = 27 bars Along E-W direction Length of main reinforcement, L = l + 2*0.5d-2c =12700 + 2*0.5*16 -2*25 =12666 mm
Length of cranked bar, L = l 2c + 2*0.5*d +2*9*d1 = 12700 -50 +2*0.5*16 +2*9*234 = 16878mm
Number of main reinforcement = ((span/spacing)+1)/2 = ((39.7/0.24)+1)/2
Page 53
= 84 bars
Number of cranked bars
= 167-84 = 83 bars
Table 6.1
Reinforcement N-S direction Main Cranked E-W direction Main Cranked
Number
Length (m) 39.7 44 12.7 16.9
Weight/meter 0.616d2 =0.616*1.62 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57

TOTAL
Total weight (kilogram, kg) 1683 1865 1675 2202

= 7425
27 27 84 83
6.1.2 CONCRETE Volume =12700 *39700 *300 = 151.3 m3
Table 6.2
Particular Steel Concrete
Quantity 7.425 M Ton 151.3 m3
Rate (Rs) 42000 3500

TOTAL = 8,41,500
Amount (Rs) 3,11,950 5,29,550
6.1 BUBBLE DECK SLAB
6.2.1 Bottom Reinforcement Along N-S Direction
Page 54
Length of main reinforcement L= l + 2 * 0.5*d- 2c = 39700+ 2*0.5*1.5 2*25 = 39666 mm Length of crank bar L = l-2c +2 *0.5d +2 *9d1 (d1 = D -2c-d = 230-50-16 =164 mm)
= 39700- 2*25 +2*0.5*16+2*9*164 = 42618mm Along E-W direction Length of cranked bar, L = l 2c + 2*0.5*d +2*9*d1 = 12700 -50 +2*0.5*16 +2*9*164 = 15618mm
6.2.2 Top Reinforcement Along N-S direction Length of main reinforcement, L = l + 2 * 0.5*d- 2c = 39700+ 2*0.5*6 2*25 = 39656 mm
Length of crank bar L = l-2c +2 *0.5d +2 *9d1 (d1 = D -2c-d = 230-50-6=174 mm)
= 39700- 2*25 +2*0.5*6+2*9*174 = 42788mm
Page 55
Along E-W direction
Length of main reinforcement, L = l + 2 * 0.5*d- 2c = 12700+ 2*0.5*6 2*25 = 12656 mm Length of crank bar L = l-2c +2 *0.5d +2 *9d1 (d1 = D -2c-d = 230-50-6=174 mm)
= 12700- 2*25 +2*0.5*6+2*9*174 = 15788mm Number of bars Along N-S direction (bottom reinforcement) Number of main reinforcement = ((span/spacing) + 1)/2 = ((12.7/0.27)+1)/2 = 24 bars Number of Cranked bar = 48-24 =24 bars
Along E-W direction (bottom reinforcement) Number of main reinforcement = ((span/spacing)+1)/2 = ((39.7/0.27)+1)/2 = 74 bars Number of cranked bar = 148-74 =74 bars
Along N-S direction (top reinforcement) Number of main reinforcement =((span/spacing)+1)/2 = ((39.7/0.2)+1)/2 = 199 bars
Page 56
Along E-W direction (top reinforcement) Number of main reinforcement = ((span/spacing)+1)/2 = ((12.7/0.2)+1)/2 = 64 bars
Details of bottom reinforcement ( using fe415 steel)
Table 6.3
Reinforcement N-S direction Main
Number
Length (m) 39.7
Weight/meter 0.616d2 =0.616*1.62 1.57
Total weight (kilogram, kg) 2992
48
E-W direction Main
148
12.7
1.57
2950
TOTAL
= 5942
Details of top reinforcement (using fe250steel) Table 6.4
Reinforcement N-S direction Main
Number
Length (m) 39.6
Weight/meter 0.616d2 =0.616*0.62 0.22
Total weight (kilogram, kg) 558
64
E-W direction Main
199
12.6
0.22
552 Page 57
TOTAL 6.2.3 Concrete Total volume = 12700 *39700*230 = 115.96 m3 Number of balls Along N-S direction = (span / spacing)-1 = (39.7/0.2)-1 = 197.5 198 balls Along E-W direction = (span/spacing)-1 = (12.7/0.2)-1 = 62.5 63 balls Total = 197*62 = 12,214 balls
= 1110
Reduction at column Solid slab is to be provided for areas of high shear that is 1/6th of the distance from centre to centre of column.
Therefore, area of 1 column = 2000 *2166. Number of balls = (2000*2166.6)/(2000 *2000) = 20.83 21 balls Number of equivalent columns units = 1*5+0.5*12 +0.25*4 = 5+6+1
Page 58
= 12 Number of balls to be reduced =12* 21 = 252 balls Therefore, total number of balls actually provided = 12,214 252 = 11,962 Volume of one ball = (4 * *r 3)/3 = (4* *0.0903)/3 = 3.05 * 10-3 m3 Hence, volume of concrete = 115.96 -36.53 = 79.43 m3 Abstract
Table 6.5
Particular Steel (fe415) Steel (fe250) Concrete Balls
Quantity 5.942 M Ton 1.11 M Ton 79.43 m3 11,962
Rate (Rs) 42000 42000 3500 Lump-sump

TOTAL = 6,04,189
Amount (Rs) 2,49,564 46,620 2,78,005 30,000
6.3 BEAM SLAB 6.3.1 SLAB Concrete Volume of concrete = 6.25* 5.75 *0.15 = 5.39 m3 Total = 12 * 5.39 = 64.68 m3 Reinforcement Along N-S direction
Page 59
Number of main bars
= ((span/spacing)+1)/2 = ((5.75/0.11)+1)/2 = 27 bars
Cranked
= 54-27 = 27 bars
Length of main reinforcement L = l + 2 * 0.5*d- 2c = 6250+ 2*0.5*1 2*25 = 6210 mm
Length of crank bar L = l-2c +2 *0.5d +2 *9d1 (d1 = D -2c-d = 150-50-10= 90 mm) = 6250- 2*25 +2*0.5*10+2*9*90 = 7830mm
Along E-W direction Number of main bars = ((span/spacing)+1)/2 = ((6.85/0.11)+1)/2 = 29 bars Cranked = 59-29 = 30 bars Length of main reinforcement L = l + 2 * 0.5*d- 2c = 5750+ 2*0.5*10 2*25 = 5710 mm
Page 60
Length of crank bar L = l-2c +2 *0.5d +2 *9d1 (d1 = D -2c-d = 150-50-10= 90 mm) = 5750- 2*25 +2*0.5*10+2*9*90 = 7330mm
6.3.2 Beam
Along N-S direction Length of main reinforcement L = l + 2 * 0.5*d- 2c = 6500+ 2*0.5*10 2*25 = 6460 mm Length of the stirrups L = 2 ( l1 + l2 ) + 2 * 9*d = 2(180+275) +2*9*8 = 1054 mm Number of stirrups = (6.5/0.3)+1 = 23 Along E-W direction Length of main reinforcement L = l + 2 * 0.5*d- 2c = 6000+ 2*0.5*10 2*25 = 5960 mm Number of stirrups = (6/0.3) + 1 = 21
Page 61
Volume of concrete for beam = 18(6.5*0.23*0.375) = 14(6*0.23*0.375) = 17.43 m3
Details of reinforcement Table 6.6
Reinforcement Slab N-S direction Main Cranked E-W direction Main Cranked Beam N-S direction Top
Number
Length (m) 6.2 7.8 5.7 7.3
Weight/meter
Total weight (kilogram, kg) 1236 1560 1222 1619
12*27=324 12*27=324 12*29=348 12*30=360
0.616 0.616 0.616 0.616
18*3=54
6.5
2.46
865
Page 62
Bottom E-W direction Top Bottom Stirrup
18*4=72
6.5
2.98
1395
14*3=42 14*4=56 708
6 6 1.05
2.46 2.98 0.39

TOTAL
621 1001 290

= 9809
Total quantity of concrete =17.34 +64.68 = 82.02 m3 Abstract Table 6.7
Particular Steel Concrete
Quantity 9.8 M Ton 82.02 m3
Rate (Rs) 42000 3500

TOTAL = 6,98,670
Amount (Rs) 4,11,600 2,87,070
6.4 ABSTRACT
TYPE FLAT SLAB Steel Concrete
VOLUME
RATE
AMOUNT( RS)
7.425 M-Ton 151.3 m3
42000 3500
3,11,850 5,29,550
BEAM SLAB Steel 9.8 M-Ton 42000 4,11,600 Page 63
Concrete
82.02 m3
3500
2,87,070
BUBBLE DECKSLAB Steel (fe415 ) Concrete Recycled plastic Steel (fe250) 5.94 M-Ton 79.43 m3 11,962 1.11 M-Ton 42000 3500 Lump-sump 42000 2,49,480 2,78,005 30,000 46,620
Table 6.8
CHAPTER 7
Page 64
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.1 IINTRODUCTION Design and analysis of three types of slabs was done using their respective design considerations. Costing and estimation was carried out to compute and compare the structural, economic and environmental results. The outcome of the comparison is presented in this chapter.
7.2 THICKNESS OF SLAB Based on the design outcome (given in chapter 3,4,5) comparison of thickness of slab for the different type of floor slab systems is plotted in the figure 7.1.
Page 65
Fig 7.1
Graph shows that bubble deck slab has considerably less thickness as compared to conventional flat slab. Tough the conventional beam slab has least thickness; the addition of beam nullifies the advantage.
7.3 QUANTITY OF CONCRETE Based on the design outcome (given in chapter 6) comparison of quantity of concrete used in slab for the different type of floor slab systems is plotted in the figure 7.2.
Fig 7. 2 Graph shows, the conventional flat slab system uses highest amount of concrete and conventional beam slab system and bubble deck slab uses equal amount of concrete. But addition of beams in conventional beam slab system nullifies this advantage.
7.4 QUANTITY OF STEEL Based on the design outcome (given in chapter 6) comparison of quantity of steel used in slab for the different type of floor slab systems is plotted in the figure 7.3
Fi g7.3
Page 66
From the graph we conclude that the bubble deck slab used least amount of steel and usage of steel in conventional beam slab is maximum.
7.5 TOTAL QUANTITY AND ECONOMICS OF MATERIALS Figure 7.4 shows the diagrammatic comparison of quantity of steel as well as quantity of concrete used in different type of slab systems
Fig 7.4
Fig 7.5
Figure 7.5 shows the comparison of cost of concrete and cost of steel in slabs for different types of floor slab systems. It can be seen that the bubble deck slab has least cost of both steel and concrete as compared to conventional flat slab and conventional beam slab
7.6 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISON
Table 7.1 shows the CO2 emissions for different types of slabs at given slab thickness The table gives relevant data with reference to designed slabs as the thickness of slabs in table are identical to the slabs designed
Page 67
Table 7.1
From table 7.1 we conclude that CO2 emission for bubble deck slab is least and that for conventional flat slab is most. Figure 7.4 shows the diagrammatic comparison of quantity of steel as well as quantity of concrete used in different type of slab systems
Page 68
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
Page 69
8.1 CONCLUSIONS A floor slab was designed using three different floor slab systems, namely conventional beam slab system, conventional flat slab system, new bubble deck floor slab system. Design and estimation was carried out for all the three types of slab systems. On the basis of this work the following conclusions are drawn. 46.3 % of Concrete was saved by using bubble deck slab instead of conventional flat slab system
38.7 % of steel was saved in bubble deck slab system as compared to conventional beam slab system.
Almost 20 M.tones of CO2 emission was reduced by use of bubble deck technology
Intangibles other intangible benefits derived from the use of bubble deck technology are 1) Increase in number of floors due to less slab thickness
2) Reduction in foundation depth and size, which alsoi reduces the earthwork
excavation. 3) Reduction in number of columns used and larger spans are possible
Page 70
8.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK The present study on bi-axially voided bubble deck slab system has the following scope for further improvement
Design can be improved so as to provide bubbles at the areas of high punching shear
The technology can be extended to design of rigid pavements and design of foundation slabs.
Page 71
APPENDIX A
Page 72
Fig A.1 Ball diameter
Fig A.2 Bending strength design
Page 73
Fig A.3 Bending stiffness
Fig A.4 Shear capacity
Fig A.5 Shear capacity
Page 74
Fig A.6 Nominal cover to meet specified period of fire resistance
Fig A.7 Minimum permissible values of c
Page 75
Fig A.8 Design shear strength of concrete
Fig A.9 Maximum shear stress
Page 76
Fig A.10 Bending moment coefficient for slab spanning in two directions at right angles, simply supported on four sides
Page 77
BIBLOGRAPHY
REFERENCES
Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page 78
[1] S UNNIKRISHNA PILLAI, DEVDAS MENON (1999) Reinforced concrete design, Tata Mcgraw Hill. [2] P.C. Varghese (2009) Design of Reinforced Concret Foundations, P H India. [3] S.S. Bhavikatti (2009) Advanced RCC Design (RCC Volume-ii), New Age International Publishers. [4] Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice (FOURTH REVISION) IS 456:2000. [5] ACI code 318-02,2002. [6] Nederlands BV-QR code. [7] Bubbledeck Voided Flat slab solutions Technical Manual and Documents (June, 2008) [8] British Standard code 8110.
Page 79

Biaxially Voided Bubble Deck Slab System and Other Conventional Floor Slab Systems

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BIAXIALLY VOIDED BUBBLE DECK SLAB SYSTEM AND OTHER CONVENTIONAL FLOOR SLAB SYSTEMS

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SLABS

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

A typical beam slab is shown in figure 2.1

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

2.2 FLAT SLABS

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

1) Direct design method (DDM) 2) Equivalent frame method (EFM)

2.2.1 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

It is suitable only for certain applications

2.4 BI-AXIALLY VOIDED BUBBLE DECK SLAB SYSTEM

a) Reinforcement b) Hollow plastic balls Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T. Page 11

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

Two way spans can be completely without beams.

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF FLAT SLABS

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

3. DESIGN OF FLAT SLAB (USING EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD)

Since drop is not provided d ln/(26*0.9)

d 6500/(26*0.9) d 277.77 mm Approx. d 275 mm

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

Therefore D = d + 25 D = 275 + 25 D = 300 mm

3.2 Load Calculation

Factored load = 1.5 * 10.9 = 16.35 KN / m2

3.3 Equivalent Frame Analysis

Along N-S direction

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

Distribution factor (DF Table)

Span A2B2 B2A2 B2C2 D2C2 D2E2 E2F2

K I / 6.5 I / 6.5 I / 6.5 I / 6.5

DF = K / K 1 0.5 0.5 0.5

E2D2 F2E2 F2G2 G2F2

I / 6.5 I / 6.5 0.3 I I / 6.5 I / 6.5

0.5 0.5 0.15 I 0.5 1

Moment Distribution Table

Joint Span DF FEM Final Mome nt

A2 A2B2 1 -345 -345

B2A2 0.5 345 345

B2 B2C2 0.5 -345 -345

C2B2 0.5 345 345

C2 C2D2 0.5 -345 -345

D2 D2C2 D2E2 0.5 0.5 345 -345 345 -345

E2D2 0.5 345 345

E2 E2F2 0.5 -345 -345

F2E2 0.5 345 345

F2 F2G2 0.5 -345 -345

G2 G2F2 1 345 345

For edge strip

Department of Civil Engineering, M.S.R.I.T.

Distribution factor (DF Table)

27.64 106 = 0.360.48( 1-0.420.48)1000d2 20 d = 81.72mm < 150mm

/ (260.91.5) 6500 / (35.1)