Deflection: Virtual Work Method; Beams and Frames

Theory of Structure - I

Contents


Method of Virtual Work:

 

Beams Frames

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Method of Virtual Work : Beams and Frames Vertical Displacement Real load w A x1 RA C (Cv x2 RB M2 V2 w B x1 RA V1 x2 RB
L
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Virtual unit load x1 B A rA 1 rB C x2 B

M1

x1

m(1 v(1

m(2 v(2

x2 B rB

rA
m( M dx EI

1 y ( Cv !
0

 Slope

Real load w A x1 RA M1 x1 RA V1 M2 V2 C UC x2 RB w B

Virtual unit couple x1 A rA rB 1 C x2 B

mU1 B x2 RB
L

mU2 vU2

x2 B

vU1 rA
mU M dx EI 0

rB

1yU C !
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Example 8-18 The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the slope and displacement at C. EI is constant.

P B A 2a a C RC

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SOLUTION

Displacement at C Real Moment M

1 kN P

Virtual Moment m( x1
A 2a
1 2 m x1 2
L

x2
A a C
P 2 M

x1
2a

x2
a C

3 2

3P 2

mU 1 ! 

-a

m(2 = -x2

M1 ! 
a

Px1 2

-Pa

M2 = -Px2

m M 1 (1kN )(( C ) ! ( dx ! EI EI 0 1 P x ( C ! ( )( )( 1 ) EI 4 3
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

2a

x Px 1 ( 1 )( 1 )dx1  2 2 ( x2 )( Px2 )dx2 EI 0 0

3
a 0

2a 0

P x  ( )( 2 ) EI 3

1 P 8a 3 P a3 Pa 3 )  ( )( ) ! , ! ( )( )( EI 4 3 EI 3 EI
6

Slope at C Virtual Moment mU x1

B A 2a
1 2a m x1 2a
L

Real Moment M x2
1 kNm A a
1 2a

x1
2a
P 2 M

x2
a C

3P 2

mU 1 ! 

-1

mU 2 ! 1

M1 ! 

Px1 2

-Pa

M2 = -Px2

2a a mU M 1 x1 Px1 1 (1kN y m)(U C ) ! dx ! ( 2a )( 2 )dx1  EI (1)( Px2 )dx2 EI EI 0 0 0

1 P x U C ! ( )( )( 1 ) EI 4a 3

2a 0

1 Px  ( )( 2 ) 2 EI

a 0

1 P 8a 3 1 Pa 2 7 Pa 2 )  ( )( )! ( ), ! ( )( )( 2 6 EI EI 4a 3 EI
7

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Example 8-19 Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 250(106) mm4.

3 kN/m A B

5m

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

SOLUTION

Vertical Displacement at B Real Moment M

1 kN x A 3 kN/m x

Virtual Moment m(

5m

B 1 kN

5m 3x
3x 2  ! M 2
x 2

-1x = m( v

1 3x 2 1 3x 3 1 3x 4 m( M ( x )( )dx ! ! ( (1kN )(( B ) ! dx ! EI EI 2 EI 8 2 EI 0 0 0 234.375kN y m 3 (B ! kN (200 v106 )(250 v10 6 m 4 ) Department of Civil Engineering m
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

234.375kN 2 y m 3 )! 0 EI
5

= 0.00469 m = 4.69mm,
9

SOLUTION

Slope at B Real Moment M

3 kN/m x 1 kNm B A 5m 3x
3x 2  ! M 2
x 2

Virtual Moment mU

5m

-1 = mU v

1 kNm

1 3x 2 1 3x 2 1 3x 3 mU M (1)( )dx ! ! ( (1kN y m)(U B ) ! dx ! EI EI 2 EI 6 2 EI 0 0 0 62.5kN y m 2 UB ! kN (200 v106 )(250 v10 6 m 4 ) m

62.5kN 2 y m 3 )! 0 EI
5

= 0.00125 rad,
10

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Example 8-20 Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.

14 kNm A

5 kN C B 2m 2m 3m D

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11

Virtual Moment m(
x1 A 0.5 kN 2m
m(1 ! 0.5 x1 1

Displacement at B
x3

1 kN

x2 C 0.5 kN 3m

Real Moment M
D 14 kNm x 1 A 1 kN 2m M1 = 14 - x1 5 kN x2 C B 6 kN 2m 3m D x3

B 2m

m( 2 ! 0.5 x2

m( 14
L

M2 = 6x2 m( m( M (1kN )(( B ) ! dx EI 2 0 2 3 1 1 ! (0.5 x1 )(14  x1 )dx1  EI (0.5 x2 )(6 x2 )dx2  (0)(0)dx3 EI 0 0 0
1 1 1 7 x1 0.5 x1 2 1 3x 2 2 !  (7 x1  0.5 x1 )dx1  (3 x2 )dx2 ! ( )( ) 0  ( )( 2 ) EI EI EI EI 2 3 3 0 0 (B ! 20.667 20.667 = 0.00172 m = 1.72 mm, ! EI (200)(60)
12

2 0

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Virtual Moment mU
x1 A 0.25 kN 2m B x2 C 0.25 kN 3m

Slope at B
x3 D

Real Moment M
14 kNm x 1 A 1 kN 2m M1 = 14 - x1 M2 = 6x2
2 3

5 kN

1 kNm 2m

x2 C

x3 D 6 kN

B 2m 3m

mU

mU1 = 0.25x1 0.5 mU2 = -0.25x2

-0.5
L

14 m(
2

mM 1 1 (1kN y m)(U B ) ! U dx ! (0.25 x1 )(14  x1 )dx1  (0.25 x2 )(6 x2 )dx2  (0)(0)dx3 EI EI EI 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 2 2 (3.5 x1  0.25 x1 )dx1  (1.5 x2 )dx2 ! EI EI 0 0 1 3.5 x1 0.25 x1 2 1 1. 5 x 2 2 !  ( )0 ( )0 EI EI 2 3 3 2.333 2.333 = 0.000194 rad ! Department of Civil Engineering U B ! University of Engineering and EI (200)(60)
Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

13

Example 8-21 (a) Determine the slope and the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame. (b) Draw the bending moment diagram and deflected curve. E = 200 GPa I = 200(106) mm4

5m B EI 2 kN/m 1.5 EI A 6m C 4 kN

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14

Real Moment M
5m B

x2 C 4 kN

Virtual Moment m(
x2 C 1 m2= 1.2 x2 12 kN 6m 1.2 kN x1 A m1= x1 1 kN 1.2 kN
6 5

M2= 12 x2 2 kN/m x1 A 12 kN
L

M1= 16 x1- x1 16 kN

mM 1 1 2 (1kN )(( CH ) ! dx ! ( x1 )(16 x1  x1 ) dx1  (1.2 x2 )(12 x2 )dx2 EI 1.5 EI 0 EI 0 0 1 1 2 3 2 ! (16 x1  x1 )dx1  (14.4 x2 )dx2 1.5 EI EI 0 0 ( CH 1 16 x1 x1 6 1 14.4 x2 !  )  ( ( ) 1.5 EI 3 4 0 EI 3
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

5 0

552 600 1152  ! = + 28.8 mm , EI EI (200)(200)

15

Real Moment M
5m B

x2 C 4 kN

Virtual Moment mU
x2 m2= 1-x2/5 12 kN 6m 1/5 kN x1 A m1= 0 0 1/5 kN
6 5

1 kNm

M2= 12 x2 2 kN/m x1 A 12 kN
L

M1= 16 x1- x1 16 kN

mM 1 1 x 2 (1kN y m)(U C ) ! dx ! (1  2 )(12 x2 )dx2 (0)(16 x1  x1 )dx1  EI 1.5 EI EI 5 0 0 0 1 12 x2 ! 0 (12 x2  )dx2 EI 0 5 1 12 x2 12 x2 UC !  ( ) EI 2 5v 3

2 3
5 0

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

50 50 ! EI (200)(200)

= + 0.00125 rad ,
16

(CH= = 28.87 mm 5m B C 4 kN 12 kN 6m A 16 kN 12 kN 4 -12 V , kN 60 + + 16

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UC = 0.00125 rad ,

2 kN/m

60 +

M , kNm

Example 8-22 Determine the slope and the vertical displacement of point C on the frame. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 15(106) mm4.

5 kN C 3m

B 2m A

60o

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18

Virtual Moment m(
1 kN C 3m x1 30o B 1.5 m 1.5 kNm 1 kN 1.5 kNm x2 A
L

Displacement at C

Real Moment M
5 kN

1 kN x1 v(1 n(1 C 30o B 1.5 m m(1 = -0.5x1 5 kN 1.5 kNm x2 v(2 n(2 m(2 = -1.5
3

C 3 mx
1

5 kN x1 C 30o M1 = -2.5x1 7.5 kNm x2 V2 N2 M2 = -7.5

30o

V1 N1 5 kN

7.5 kNm 7.5 kNm x2 A

2

1 kN

2m

2m

m M 1 1 (1kN )(( Cv ) ! ( dx ! ( 0.5 x1 )( 2.5 x1 )dx1  (1.5)(7.5)dx2 EI EI 0 EI 0 0 3 2 1 1.25 x1 3 1 33.75 33.75 2 = 11.25 mm , ( Cv ! ! ( )  (11.25 x2 ) ! 0 0 Department of Civil Engineering EI 19 EI EI 3 (200)(15) University of Engineering and
Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Virtual Moment mU
1 kNm C 3m x1 30o B 1.5 m 1 kNm 1 kNm x2 A
L

Slope at C

Real Moment M
5 kN

1 kNm x1 vU1 nU1 3m C 30o B mU1 = -1 5 kN 1 kNm x2 vU2 nU2 mU2 = -1

3 2

C x1 30o 1.5 m 7.5 kNm 7.5 kNm x2 A N2 N1 x1 V1

5 kN C 30o M1 = -2.5x1

5 kN 7.5 kNm x2 V2 M2 =--7.5 = 7.5

2m

2m

mM 1 1 (1kN y m)(U C ) ! U dx ! (1)(2.5 x1 )dx1  (1)(7.5)dx2 EI EI 0 EI 0 0 2 2 1 2.5 x1 3 1 26.25 26.25 = 0.00875 rad, UC ! ( )  ( 7. 5 x 2 ) ! ! 0 0 Department of Civil Engineering EI 20 2 (200)(15) EI EI University of Engineering and
Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

Virtual Strain Energy Caused by Axial Load, Shear, Torsion, and Temperature Axial Load
L

Where

Un !
0

nN dx AE

n = internal virtual axial load caused by the external virtual unit load N = internal axial force in the member caused by the real loads L = length of a member A = cross-sectional area of a member E = modulus of elasticity for the material Bending
L

Ub !
0

mM dx EI

Where n = internal virtual moment cased by the external virtual unit load M = internal moment in the member caused by the real loads L = length of a member E = modulus of elasticity for the material I = moment of inertia of cross-sectional area, computed about the the neutral axis
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 Torsion
L

Ut !

tT dx GJ 0

Where t = internal virtual torque caused by the external virtual unit load T = internal torque in the member caused by the real loads G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material J = polar moment of inertia for the cross section, J = Tc4/2, where c is the radius of the cross-sectional area

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

22

 Shear
L

Us ! K(
0

vV )dx GA

Where v = internal virtual shear in the member, expressed as a function of x and caused by the external virtual unit load V = internal shear in the member expressed as a function of x and caused by the real loads K = form factor for the cross-sectional area: K = 1.2 for rectangular cross sections K = 10/9 for circular cross sections K } 1 for wide-flange and I-beams, where A is the area of the web G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material A = cross-sectional area of a member

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23

 Temperature

T1 O dU dx T2

T2 > T1

(T = T2 - T1 dU y M c c T1
(T F! 2c

Tm !

T1  T2 2 M

T1

T2 y T1

(T y 2c

T2 > T1
(dU ) y ! E (

T2
(T y )dx 2c (T (dU ) ! E ( )dx 2c

U temp ! mdU
L
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U temp ! m(E
0

(T )dx 2c

24

Example 8-23 From the beam below Determine : (a) If P = 60 kN is applied at the midspane C, what would be the displacement at point C. Due to shear and bending moment. (b) If the temperature at the top surface of the beam is 55 oC , the temperature at the bottom surface is 30 oC and the room temperature is 25 oC. What would be the vertical displacement of the beam at its midpoint C and the the horizontal deflection of the beam at support B. (c) if (a) and (b) are both accounted, what would be the vertical displacement of the beam at its midpoint C. Take E= 12(10-6)/oC. E = 200 GPa, G = 80 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4 and A = 35(103) mm2. The cross-section area is rectangular.

C A 2m
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B 2m
25

SOLUTION P x C A P/2 V diagram P/2 2m 2m x

Part (a) : x B P/2 v diagram P/2 PL/4 0.5

P x 2

1 kN

x B

A 0.5 kN 0.5

0.5 kN

M diagram
L

P x 2

m diagram
L/ 2 0

( bending

mi M i x Px dx 2 Px 3 dx ! 2 ( )( ) ! ! ( ) EI 2 2 EI EI 4 v 3 0 0 1 P dx Kv V ! i i dx ! 2 K ( )( ) 2 2 GA GA 0 0
L L/ 2

L/2

PL3 60(4) 3 ! ! = 2 mm, 48 EI 48(200)(200) 1.2(60)(4) KPL ! 4GA 4(80)(35000)

( shear

KPx ! 2GA

L/2 0

= 0.026 mm,
26

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

( C ! ( bending  ( shear = 2 + 0.026 = 2.03 mm,

SOLUTION 260 m A 2m x A 0.5 kN m diagram 1 1 kN 30 2m

oC

Part (b) : Vertical displacement at C C 55 oC, B T1=55oC x B 0.5 kN 260 mm

Tm ! 55  30 ! 42.5 2

T2=30oC Temperature profile

Troom = 25 oC ,

- Bending
mE ((T ) dx (1kN )(( Cv ) ! 2c 0
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

E ( (T ) (12 v10 6 )(25) 0.5 x 2 !2 (0.5x)dx ! 2 (260 v103 ) ( 2 ) 2c 0

2 0

(Cv = -2.31 mm ,

27

 Part (b) : Horizontal displacement at B

260 m A 2m x 1 kN A 0 n 1 diagram 1 B 0 1 kN 30 2m
oC

55 oC B T1=55oC 260 mm =30oC

Tm ! 55  30 ! 42.5 2

T2 Temperature profile
L

Troom = 25 oC ,

- Axial
(1kN )(( BH ) ! nE ( (T )dx
0

(Cv = 2.31 mm , C A

(BH = 0.84 mm

! E ((T ) (1)dx
0

! (12 v10 )(42.5  25)( x )

6

4 0

Deflected curve

(BH = 0.84 mm ,
28

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

 Part (c) :
P 260 m A 30
oC

C 55 oC B

(C = -2.03 + 2.31 = 0.28 mm, P C A (C = 2.03 mm B

+
(C = 2.31 mm 55 oC, A 30 oC
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan 29

Example 8-24 Determine the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame.If the temperature at top surface of member BC is 30 oC , the temperature at the bottom surface is 55 oC and the room temperature is 25 oC.Take E= 12(10-6)/oC, E = 200 GPa, G = 80 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4 and A = 35(103) mm2 for both members. The cross-section area is rectangular. Include the internal strain energy due to axial load and shear. 5m B 260 mm 2 kN/m 1.5 EI,1.5AE, 1.5GA A 6m C 4 kN EI,AE,GA

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

30

5m B

x2

Virtual load
C 1 1.2 1.2 kN 6m B 1 1 C

x1 1 kN A 1.2 kN B 1 -1.2 -1.2 Shear, v (kN) 1 A

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Axial, n (kN)

1.2 C

A 6 6 B 1.2x2 C

1x1 Moment, m (kNm)

31

x2 5m B

Real load
C 4 kN 12 B 4 4 C

2 kN/m x1 16 kN A 12 kN 4 16 - 2x1 B -12

12 kN 6m Axial, N (kN)

12 A 60 C 60 -12 Shear, V (kN) 16x1 - x12 Moment, M (kNm) B 12x2 C

16

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32

Due to Axial
1.2 B 1 AE

x2 1 C 12 B 4 4 C

1.5AE Virtual Axial, n (kN) x1 1.2 5m A

(1kN )(( CH ) ! ! ni N i Li Ai Ei

6m

Real Axial, N (kN)

12 A

(1.2)(12)(6) (1)(4)(5)  1.5 AE AE

( CH !
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

77.6kN 2 y m ! AE 77.6kN y m kN ) m2

= 1.109(10-5) m = 0.0111 mm,

33

(35000 v10 6 m 2 )(200 v106 Department of Civil Engineering

Due to Shear
B 1 -1.2 1.5GA x1 1 A GA

x2 C -1.2 6m 16 - 2x1 4 B -12 -12 Real Shear, V (kN) 16

L

Virtual Shear, v (kN) 5m

(1kN )(( CH ) ! K (
0

vV )dx GA
5

(1)(16  2 x1 ) (1.2)(12) ! 1.2 dx1  1.2 dx2 1.5GA GA 0 0

5 1.2 2 x1 6 1.2 134.4kN 2 y m !( )(16 x1  ) ( )(14.4 x2 ) ! 0 1.5GA 2 0 GA GA

134.4kN y m = 4.8(10-5) m = 0.048 mm, kN Department of Civil Engineering (80 v106 2 )(35000 v10 6 m 2 ) University of Engineering and m Technology, Taxila, Pakistan ( CH !

34

Due to Bending
6 6 B 1.2x2

x2 C EI 16x1 - x12 60

60 B

12x2 C

1.5EI 1x1 x1 A
L

Virtual Moment, m (kNm) 6 m 5m A

(1kN )(( CH ) !
0

Real Moment, M (kNm)

mM dx EI
6 5

1 1 2 ! ( x1 )(16 x1  x1 ) dx1  (1.2 x2 )(12 x2 )dx2 1.5 EI 0 EI 0 1 16 x1 x1 6 1 14.4 x2 5 1152kN 2 y m 3 ! (  )  ( ) ! 0 0 1.5 EI 3 4 EI 3 EI 1152kN y m 3 = 0.0288 m = + 28.8 mm , ( CH ! kN Department of Civil Engineering (200 v106 2 )(200 v10 6 m 4 ) University of Engineering and m Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
3 4 3

35

Due to Temperature
B 30oC 55oC 260 mm x2 Troom = x1 A 5m A T1=30oC 260 mm Tm= 42.5oC 1.2
L 5

6 C 6 B

1.2x2 C 1.2 m (kNm) n (kN) B 1 1 C

25oC

1x1

- Bending

mE ((T ) (1.2 x2 )(12 v10 6 )(55  30) 2 dx ! dx (1kN )(( CH ) ! 3 (260 v 10 ) 2c 0 0

(CH = 0.0173 m = 17.3 mm , T2=55oC Temperature profile

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

- Axial
L 5

(1kN )(( CH ) ! nE ((T )dx

0

! (1)(12 v10 6 )(42.5  25)dx2

0
36

(CH = 0.00105 m = 1.05 mm ,

Total Displacement
(( CH )Total ! (( CH ) Axial  (( CH ) Shear  (( CH ) Bending  (( CH )Temp

= 0.01109 + 0.048 + 28.8 + (17.3 + 1.05) = 47.21 mm (CH= 47.21 mm B C 4 kN

2 kN/m

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

37

Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan

38