End-semester Examination PES-203: Unit Processes and Operations -2 (Biological) M.Tech. Environmental Science and Technology Instructor: Dr.

Akepati S. Reddy
Date: 20-05-2011 Time: 3 hours (09-00 - 12-00 hours) Max. Marks: 100

Note:1. Please assume if any of the requisite data/information is not given 2. Please attempt all the subparts of a question at one place
Q.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Answer any eight (8) of the following? Differentiate the Primary Facultative Pond from the Secondary Facultative Pond, and indicate the basis for the design of a Secondary Facultative Pond? Write note on Autothermal Thermophillic Aerobic Digestion? List the Biological Sludge Stabilization techniques? Write note on hydraulic conductivity? Differentiate the Anaerobic Migration Blanket Reactor from the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor? Write note on Step Aeration? Write note on Dispersion Factor? Theoretically how much should be the TKN of a water sample with 100 mg/L algal biomass? Assume empirical formula of the algal biomass as C106H180O45N16P. Assume that only the algal biomass contributes TKN to the water sample. List any five salient features of a BOD bottle? Marks: 8x2.5=20 Q.2 2.1 Answer any four (4) of the following? The following results have been obtained from a BOD test on a sample DO (initial) in mg/L Sample diluted by 40 times Blank with seed 5 times to that of sample 8.2 8.3 DO (final) in mg/L 3.7 4.7

1.9

Find BOD of the sample? If the BOD kinetic parameter K for the sample is 0.17/day find the BOD3 at 27C for the sample? 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Q.3 3.1 Indicate the WHOs (World Health Organizations) guidelines/criteria for irrigational use of treated effluent? Discuss the mechanism of biological phosphorus removal? Discuss what can happen to the organic matter and the TKN of wastewater in a biological treatment unit? Write note on mixing in the Anaerobic Sludge Digesters? Marks: 4x5=20 Answer any two (2) of the following? List and differentiate different types of Aerobic Attached Growth Bioreactors and discuss when and under what conditions each of these bioreactors are preferred?

3.2

Wastewater with 300 mg/L of BODu and 210 mg/L of TSS is treated in a vegetated pond. Surface 2 loading rate of the organic matter to the pond is 500 g/m .day. Find depth to which the suspended solids will be accumulating in the pond if cleaning is done once in 10 years? Assume that 65% of the TSS is biodegradable, the pond is removing BOD with 90% efficiency and the treated effluent from the pond has 30 mg/L of TSS. What happens if a primary clarifier is provided before the vegetated pond and it is removing BOD and TSS by 30 and 60% efficiency respectively? An activated sludge treatment plant is treating 120 m3/hour of wastewater with 800 mg/L of bCOD, 10 mg/L of TKN and 1.5 mg/L of total-P. The treated effluent is found have 0.7 mg/L of TKN and 0.4 mg/L of total-P. Net biomass yield for the ASP in question is 0.35 and empirical formula for the biomass is C60H87O23N12P. If the ASP is removing bCOD with 90% efficiency, find out the daily dosing of nitrogen and phosphorus required (in the form of DAP and Urea) for the ASP? Assume purity of DAP and Urea as 78% and 98% respectively. Marks: 2x8=16 Answer any two (2) of the following? Write note on the design guidelines for the UASB reactor to be used for the treatment of municipal sewage? Find air requirements (Nm /hour) of an ASP, which is treating 200 m /hour of sewage with 440 mg/L of BOD5 at 20C. Take the treatment efficiency as 98% when the ASP is operated at 10 day SRT. Take kd and Y values as 0.1/day and 0.4 respectively. Assume the Actual Oxygen Transfer Efficiency as 14%. Assume if any additional data is required. 250 m3/day of clarified municipal sewage with 150 mg/L BOD and 20 mg/L TKN has to be treated to achieve complete nitrification in a RBC units system. Find the number of stages required, the number of RBC units required in each of the stages and BOD of the treated effluent finally coming out from the RBC system? HRT in any of the RBC units should not be lesser than 75 minutes. Marks: 2x10=20 Answer any two (2) of the following? Write note on ventilation and air flow through a trickling filter, and discuss how the ventilation rate can be calculated? Further, state how the ventilation rate is related to the BOD loading rate in trickling filters? A conventional municipal sewage treatment plant, comprising of a primary clarifier and an activated sludge treatment plant, is treating sewage with 210 mg/L BOD5 at 20C and 275 mg/L TSS. Only 45% of the BOD of the sewage is soluble and the rest is suspended BOD. The primary clarifier is working with 60% efficiency. The ASP is operated at 5 day SRT. TSS of the clarified secondary effluent is 40 mg/L. Kinetic parameters of the ASP are kd=0.1/day, Y=0.4, max=6/day and Ks=20 mg/L. Estimate the quantity of the secondary sludge wasted from the ASP and its biodegradable fraction? A waste stabilization pond system has been planned for treating sewage from a municipal town. Sewage generation rate and composition are as given below: Parameter Value 3 Flow rate of wastewater (m /day) 1400 BOD (mg/L) 250 TSS concentration (mg/L) 210 VSS concentration (mg/L) 160 Fecal coliform count (/100 mL) 1.0x108 Design a waste stabilization pond system comprising of anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds to ensure compliance of the treated effluent to 30 mg/L of BOD and 1000/100 mL MPN? Marks: 2x12=24
3 3

3.3

Q.4 4.1 4.2

4.3

Q.5 5.1

5.2

5.3

Mid-semester Examination Unit Processes and Operations II (Biological) M.Tech. Environmental Science and Technology Instructor: Dr. Akepati S. Reddy Date: 07-03-2011 Time: 2 hours (13-00 - 15-00 Hrs.) Max. Marks: 50 Note:- Please assume if any requisite data is not given Q.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Answer any 6 of the following: Differentiate fermentation from aerobic respiration and from anaerobic respiration and identify the electron acceptors in these processes? Differentiate a plug flow reactor from a completely mixed reactor and state the reason why a plug flow reactor is more efficient than a completely mixed reactor? Differentiate aerated lagoons from oxidation ponds and from activated sludge process? Indicate the role played by the autotrophic bacteria in the aerobic biological wastewater treatment? Write note on contact stabilization process? Write note on Michelis-Menten equation and state how it is different from the Monad s equation? List the role played by the emergent aquatic macrophytes in the wastewater treatment in the constructed wetland systems? Marks: 2 x 6 = 12 Answer any 4 of the following: Differentiate the sludge bulking problem from the raising sludge problem? State the measures that can be taken to avoid the raising sludge problem? List the sources of oxygenation for a facultative pond and identify the strategies for enhancing oxygenation in the facultative ponds? Treated effluent from an activated sludge treatment plant is having 3 mg/L of soluble ultimate BOD and 50 mg/L of TSS. If the active biomass to MLSS ratio is 0.6 and if the BOD kinetic parameter K value is 0.15/day, find total BOD5 of the treated effluent? Using the following serial BOD test results find out the BOD kinetics parameters? Time in days BOD value in mg/L 1 100 2 160 3 200 4 225 5 240 Moores diagram is given at the end of the question paper. A wastewater stream of 400 m3/hour flow with 300 mg/L of BODu is treated in an ASP. Assuming SRT, Y and kd as 7 days, 0.42 and 0.09/day respectively, and assuming the treated effluent BODu as 4 mg/L, find out the cell debris generation rate? Marks: 4 x 4 = 16 Answer any 2 of the following: State the reasons why the treated effluent is recycled in trickling filters? When there is no recycling of the treated effluent, a trickling filter is reducing BOD of wastewater from 120 mg/L to 50 mg/L. For achieving the treated effluent BOD of 30 mg/L what should be the recycle ratio of the treated effluent?

Q.2 2.1 2.2 2.3

2.4

2.5

Q.3 3.1

3.2

3.3

Q.4 4.1

4.2

List the characteristics of the wastewater that may be needed in the design, operation and control of a biological treatment unit used for the removal of biodegradable organic matter? Also state why and for what purposes information on each of the above characteristics is needed? Schematically show the fate of both organic matter and TKN in an ASP, while highlighting the fate of organic matter in the light of the ASP kinetic parameters? Marks: 2 x 6 = 12 Answer any one of the following Write note on RBC unit? For a high density RBC unit operated at 1.75 hour HRT and treating a wastewater with 15 mg/L of BOD and 12 mg/L of ammonical nitrogen, find out ammonical nitrogen level in the treated effluent? Wastewater with 400 mg/L of BODu, 120 mg/L of TSS, 80 mg/L of VSS and 15 mg/L of nonbiodegradable VSS is treated in an ASP. Find active biomass, MLVSS and MLSS concentrations in the ASP, when it is operated at 7 hour HRT and 7 days SRT? Take qmax, Y, Ks and kd parameters as 6/day, 0.42, 50 mg/L and 0.09/day respectively. Marks: 10 x 1 = 10
Moore's Diagram for n = 5 days
4.5 4 3.5 Cumulative BOD 3 2.779476 0.315 0.31 0.305 0.3 0.295758 0.295 0.29 Cumulative BOD.t

i !1

BODi 2.5 Lo 2
1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.2 0.4

BOD BOD t
i i

0.285 0.28 0.275 0.27 0.6 0.8 1 'k' value

End-semester Examination PES-203: Unit Processes and OperationsII (Biological) M.Tech. Environmental Science and Technology Instructor: Dr. Akepati S. Reddy Date: 21-05-2010 Time: 3 hours (2-00 - 5-00 Hrs.) Max. Marks: 100 Note:Please assume if any requisite data is not given Please attempt all parts of a question together 20

Q.1 Answer any four (4) of the following 1.1 BOD5 at 20C of a wastewater sample is 210 mg/L. If value of the BOD kinetic parameter K for the wastewater is 0.23/day at 20C, find BOD3 at 27C for the wastewater sample? 1.2 Find theoretical oxygen demand of a wastewater containing 0.04% residual acetic acid? Discuss why COD and BODu are always lesser than ThOD, and why BODu is usually lesser than COD for wastewater samples? 1.3 Define the following terms: 1) Bioflocculation; 2) Biosorption; 3) Aerobic biooxidation; 4) Anaerobic biooxidation; 5) Fermentation; 6) Nitrification and 7) Bioaccumulation. 1.4 List the limitations and disadvantages of waste stabilization pond systems and discuss the modifications that can be made to the waste stabilization pond systems for taking care of these limitations and disadvantages? 1.5 100 mL of a wastewater sample is filtered through ash free filter paper and dried to constant weight in a hot air oven. Then it is ashed in a muffle furnace. The same wastewater sample is aerobically treated over 25 days and then 100 mL of the sample is filtered and the filter paper is dried to constant weight in a hot air oven. The results obtained are given below: For the wastewater sample without aerobic treatment Initial weight of the ash free filter paper used 0.1020 grams Weight of the filter paper after drying to constant weight in 0.1310 grams the hot air oven Initial weight of empty crucible 10.2150 grams Final weight of the crucible after ashing the filter with 10.2210 grams sample For the wastewater sample after aerobic treatment for over 25 days Initial weight of the ash free filter paper used 0.1045 grams Weight of the filter paper after drying to constant weight in 0.1154 grams the hot air oven Using these results find TSS, VSS and biodegradable VSS for the wastewater sample? Q.2 Answer any two (2) of the following? 2.1 2000 m3/day of clarified municipal sewage with BOD 200 mg/L and TKN 25 mg/L has to be treated to achieve complete nitrification in a RBC units system. Find the number of stages required, the number of RBC units in each of the stage and BOD of the treated effluent finally coming out from the RBC system? Number of RBC units in any of the stages should not be greater than their number

20

in the previous stage. Further, HRT in any of the RBC units should not be lesser than 80 minutes. 2.2 Find air requirements (in Nm3/hour) of an ASP, which is treating 400 m3/hour of sewage with 200 mg/L of BOD5 at 20C. Take the treatment efficiency as 98% when the ASP is operated at 10 day SRT. Take kd and Y values as 0.1/day and 0.4 respectively. Assume the actual oxygen transfer efficiency as 12%. Assume if any additional data is required. 2.3 Write down the three ASP kinetics equations, identify the ASP kinetics parameters and indicate their units? Discuss how the ASP kinetics parameters values can be obtained from the laboratory experimental results? Further, briefly describe the experimental setup and the experiments needed for obtaining the data needed for finding the ASP kinetics parameters values? Q.3 Write note on any eight (8) of the following? 20 3.1 Write note on heat transfer coefficient applicable to anaerobic sludge digesters? 3.2 Write note on the three layered membrane cover used on anaerobic ponds and discuss the purposes served by each of the layers? 3.3 Write note on temperature phased anaerobic digesters? 3.4 Write note on post anoxic denitrification? 3.5 Write note on poly-hydroxy-butyrate and its role in the biological phosphorus removal? 3.6 Write note on the WHO standards for restricted and unrestricted irrigational use and for pisciculture? 3.7 List the mechanisms of pathogen kills in a facultative pond? 3.8 Write note on the design approaches for UASB reactors? 3.9 Define F/M ratio and SVI and discuss how the two are related? 3.10 Write note on contact stabilization process? Q.4 Answer any four (4) of the following? 20 4.1 Municipal sewage containing 300 mg/L of TSS, 210 mg/L of VSS and 230 mg/L of BOD5 at 20Cis clarified in a primary clarifier. If the clarifier is removing TSS with 70% efficiency find BOD removal efficiency of the primary clarifier and also BOD5 at 20C of the clarified effluent? Assume 80% of the VSS of the sewage is biodegradable. 4.2 Write note on oxygen balance for a facultative pond? 4.3 Write note on the influent distribution system of UASB reactor for sewage treatment? 4.4 For the treatment in a UASB reactor, the wastewater should have COD:N:P ratio of 350:5:1. Justify this ratio? 4.5 For a trickling filter system, which is treating clarified municipal sewage with 230 mg/L to the treated effluent BOD level of 30 mg/L, using Velz equation, find the treated effluent recycling ratio? Take depth of the trickling filter as 7.0 m, specific surface area of the packing as 150 m2/m3, temperature of treatment as 27C, and hydraulic loading rate as 5 L/sec. Assume 0.21/day as the rate constant K value. Q.5 Answer any two (2) of the following? 20 5.1 An anaerobic sludge digester is used to stabilize both primary sludge and secondary sludge generated by a sewage treatment plant. Volume and consistency of the primary sludge and of the secondary sludges are 30 m3/day and 20 m3/day,

and 4% and 1% respectively. 65% of the primary sludge and 54% of the secondary sludge is organic and stabilizable. If the digester is operated at 20 day HRT or SRT, and if kd and Y values for the anaerobic digestion are 0.06/day and 0.12, estimate the daily biogas generation rate and the volatile solids destruction efficiency for the anaerobic sludge digester? 5.2 An ASP is treating 225 m3/hour of wastewater with 200 mg/L BODu, 100 mg/L TSS, 70 mg/L of VSS and 56 mg/L of biodegradable VSS. Values of ASP kinetic parameters Y and kd are 0.42 and 0.12/day respectively. The clarified secondary effluent has 5 mg/L of BODu and 40 mg/L of TSS. If the ASP is operated at 7 days SRT, find the daily secondary sludge generation rate and also find the stabilizable fraction of the secondary sludge generated? 5.3 Sewage with 1x108 coliform count, 300 mg/L BOD, 25 mg/L TKN and 7 mg/L of total phosphorus is treated in a waste stabilization pond system. HRT and depth of the anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds are 1 day and 3 m; 4 days and 1.5 m; and 12 days and 1.1 m respectively. The maturation pond is represented by 3 ponds of equal size connected in series. If average temperature of the ambient air during the coolest winter month is 19C, find the treated effluent quality?

Mid-semester Examination Unit Processes and Operations II (Biological) M.Tech. Environmental Science and Technology Instructor: Dr. Akepati S. Reddy Date: 10-03-2010 Time: 2 hours (10-30 - 12-30 Hrs.) Max. Marks: 48 Note:- Please assume if any requisite data is not given Q.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Q.2 2.1 2.2 Answer any 6 of the following: Indicate the electron acceptors for aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation? State why a plug flow reactor is more efficient than a completely mixed reactor? Differentiate oxidation pond from aerated lagoon? Indicate the reasons why flood and drain mode of operation of constructed wetland systems is favoured? In which modification of ASP, auto-oxidation is equated with biosynthesis and why it is being done so? In the anaerobic treatment process indicate the immediate sources of methane? List the disadvantages and drawbacks associated with stabilization pond systems? Marks: 1.5 x 6 = 9 Answer any 4 of the following: Define SRT? State why it is made independent of HRT? And, indicate the techniques that can be used to make the SRT independent of HRT? A trickling filter is used for treating a wastewater stream with 120 mg/L of BOD5? If the trickling filter is capable of removing BOD5 with 65% efficiency, estimate the treated effluent recycling ratio required for achieving the treated effluent BOD5 of 30 mg/L? Write note on Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)? Write note on gas-solid-liquid separation unit of UASB? Write note on hydraulic conductivity and discuss how it can be enhanced in a sub-surface flow constructed wetland system? Marks: 3 x 4 = 12 Answer any 3 of the following: Write note on the role played by algae in the biological treatment of water and wastewater? Discuss how their role differs from that of the macrophytes? A wastewater stream with 300 mg/L of BODu and 5 mg/L of TKN is treated in an ASP with 98% BOD removal efficiency. The treated effluent is tested to have 0.7 mg/L of TKN. Assuming SRT, Y and kd as 7 days, 0.42 and 0.09/day respectively, find out the nitrogen dosing required (in mg/L) in the wastewater for the treatment in the ASP? Write note on natural air draft through a trickling filter and discuss how air flow velocity through the trickling filter can be calculated? Oxygen demand of an aeration tank of 800 m3 capacity has been found to be 1.0 kg/m3.day. The diffused aeration system used has been reported to have 14% actual oxygen transfer efficiency. Find the capacity and discharge head required by the blower used for supplying the oxygen? Take the aeration tank depth as 4.5 meters and head losses in the diffused aeration system as 0.15 atmospheres. Marks: 3 x 5 = 15 Answer any 2 of the following

2.3 2.4 2.5

Q.3 3.1 3.2

3.3 3.4

Q.4

4.1

4.2

4.3

A serial BOD test carried out at 20rC for 5-days gave the following results: Time DO final of the sample DO final of the blank (days) (mg/L) (mg/L) 1. 6.0 6.2 2. 4.7 5.0 3. 4.0 4.2 4. 3.4 3.8 5. 3.0 3.5 Initial DO of the sample with 1 mL/L seed and of the blank with 6 mL/L seed are 8.3 mg/L and 8.0 mg/L respectively. Dilution factor employed for the sample is 45. Using these results find out the BOD kinetic parameters and estimate the 3-day BOD at 27rC? Please find the Moore s diagram at the end of the question paper. Wastewater with 400 mg/L of BODu, 120 mg/L of TSS, 80 mg/L of VSS and 15 mg/L of nonbiodegradable VSS is treated in an ASP. Find MLSS to MLVSS ratio for the ASP, when it is operated at 7 hour HRT and 7 days SRT? Take qmax, Y, Ks and kd parameters as 6/day, 0.42, 50 mg/L and 0.09/day respectively. Schematically show the fate of both organic matter and TKN in an ASP, while highlighting the fate of organic matter in the light of the ASP kinetic parameters? Marks: 2 x 6 = 12
Moore's Diagram for n = 5 days
4.5 4 3.5 Cumulative BOD 3 2.779476 0.315 0.31 0.305 0.3
0.295758

i !1

BODi 2.5 Lo 2
1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.2 0.4

BOD 0.29 BOD t

0.295
i i

0.285 0.28 0.275 0.27 0.6 0.8 1 'k' value

Cumulative BOD.t

Mid-Semester Test EN-106: Unit Processes and Operations (Biological) M.Tech. (Environ. Sci. & Technology) Instructor: Dr Akepati S. Reddy Date: 12-03-09 Time: 8-00 to 10-00 AM Max. Marks: 60

Note:- If any requisite data is missing appropriately assume the same

Q.1 1.1 1.2 Answer any three of the following? Schematically show the fate of the organic matter present in a sample during the BOD test? On the basis of this, define carbonaceous BOD and nitrogenous BOD? Find active biomass concentration in the aeration tank of an ASP, which is operated at 5 days SRT and 5 hours HRT for treating wastewater with 200 mg/L of BOD5 at 20rC. Take the ASP kinetic parameters qmax., Ks, Y and kd at 20rC as 5/day, 40 mg/L, 0.42 and 0.12/day respectively. Clarified secondary effluent from an ASP is found to have 60 mg/L of TSS and 5 mg/L of ultimate soluble BOD. If activated biomass concentration, MLVSS and MLSS concentrations in the aeration tank are 1700, 2400 and 3000 mg/L respectively, find total BOD5 of the clarified secondary effluent? A two stage trickling filter system is used to treat sewage having 150 mg/L of BOD. The trickling filters are of same size and their packing depth is 6 m. If BOD loading of the first trickling filter is 2 kg/m3.day and if recycling ratio (for both the trickling filters) is 0.8, find out BOD of the treated effluent coming out from the second trickling filter? Answer any four of the following? For a sample, ultimate BOD and BOD reaction rate constant at 20rC are 150 mg/L and 0.2/day. Find the sample s BOD5 at 20rC and BOD3 at 27rC? Write note on UASB reactor? Write note on the advantages and disadvantages of stabilization pond systems? Oxygen requirement of an ASP is estimated as 75 kg/hr. If diffused aeration system with actual oxygen transfer efficiency of 14% is used, find capacity (in Nm3/hour of air) of the blower to be used in the system for supplying the oxygen? An anaerobic sludge digester is stabilizing 200 kg/day of primary sludge. If biodegradable fraction of the sludge is 65%, estimate the methane generation rate by the digester? Assume SRT of the digester as 20 days and all the biodegradable matter is utilized during the digestion. Assume appropriately the kinetic parameters for anaerobic digestion. Answer any five of the following? Why BOD is usually lower than COD? Discuss the factors that can lead to a situation where BOD is greater than COD? Write note on RBC unit? Discuss how nitrogen is removed from the wastewater in activated sludge process? Write note on bulking sludge? A trickling filter is found to remove BOD with 65% efficiency. If the wastewater to be treated is having 150 mg/L of BOD, find the effluent recycling ratio needed to achieve 30 mg/L of BOD in the treated effluent? Write note on alkalinity requirement for aerobic sludge digestion? 15 5 5

1.3

1.4

Q.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

16 4 4 4 4

2.5

Q.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

15 3 3 3 3 3

3.6

Q.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8

Answer any seven of the following? Write note on the Moore s diagram? Define HRT and SRT and differentiate aerated lagoon from activated sludge process in terms of HRT and SRT? List the constituents of secondary sludge being wasted from ASP? Discuss why plug flow bioreactors are more efficient than complete mix bioreactors? Discuss how summer critical temperature and winter critical temperature affect treatment in activated sludge process? Indicate under what conditions a contact stabilization process is favoured for the wastewater treatment and why? Define specific surface area and indicate the units for volumetric loading rate of organic matter? If 30 m3/day of primary sludge with 4% consistency is mixed with 25 m3/day of secondary sludge with 0.9% consistency, find consistency of the mixed sludge?

14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

End semester examination EN 106: Unit Processes and Operations-2 (Biological) Instructor: Dr. Akepati S. Reddy
Date: 22-05-2009; Time: 9-00 to 12-00 Noon; Max. marks: 90. Note:y If any requisite data is not given please assume? y Nomograph needed for solving Q.1.1. is given at the end of the question paper y Attempt all parts of a question together Q.1. 1.1 Answer any two of the following? A serial BOD test was conducted at 20rC over 6 days on a wastewater sample after 75 times dilution. The dilution water used was added with 1 mL/L of seed. Serial BOD test was also conducted on dilution water after adding seed at 10 mL/L rate. Results obtained in both the serial BOD tests are given below: Day DO (in mg/L) of the sample DO (in mg/L) of the dilution water with 75 as dilution factor with 10 mL/L seed 0 8.2 8.3 1 6.2 7.0 2 4.6 6.0 3 3.5 5.1 4 2.6 4.3 5 1.9 3.7 6 1.5 3.1 Using these results find out the BOD kinetic parameters for the sample and also estimate BOD3 at 27rC of the sample? A stabilization pond system, comprising of an anaerobic pond and a facultative pond, is used for treating 1250 m3/day of sewage. The sewage is having 240 mg/L of BOD5 at 20rC and 107 MPN. If average temperature of the coldest month is 23rC, find dimensions of the anaerobic and facultative ponds and the treated effluent s soluble BOD and MPN? Estimate the secondary sludge wastage rate for an activated sludge treatment plant which is operated at 11 days SRT and receiving 150 m3/hr. of clarified wastewater with BODu of 310 mg/L and TSS of 110 mg/L. Assume soluble BODu and TSS in the clarified secondary effluent as 3 mg/L and 40 mg/L respectively. Assume that 65% of the influent TSS is organic and 25% of the organic matter is nonbiodegradable. Appropriately assume values for the ASP kinetic parameters. Marks: 2x7=14 Answer any three of the following? Using the following formula find daily stoichiometric volume of biogas generated from the anaerobic stabilization of 200 kg/day of secondary sludge: a b 3d n a b 3d n a b 3d C n H a Ob N d  n    H 2 O p    CH 4     CO2  dNH 3 4 2 4 2 8 4 8 2 8 4 8 Assume empirical formula of the secondary sludge as C60H87O23N12P, and assume 14% of the sludge is transformed into active anaerobic biomass and not converted into biogas. Draw a properly labeled schematic process flow diagram of a sewage treatment plant incorporating activated sludge process and aerobic sludge stabilization? Classify the biological treatment units, and give examples and at least one positive and one negative feature for each of the categories of the treatment units?

1.2

1.3

Q.2 2.1

2.2 2.3

2.4 Q.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Write note on mixing systems used in the anaerobic sludge digesters? Marks: 3x6=18 Answer any four of the following? Empirical formula of algal biomass is C106H180O45N16P. Find ThOD: N:P ratio for the algal biomass? Indicate the pollutants for the removal of which stabilization ponds are designed? Further, state the limits prescribed for these pollution parameters by WHO guidelines? Write note on the influent distribution system of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) used for the treatment of municipal sewage? For a trickling filter, treating 100 m3/hr of wastewater with BOD of 240 mg/L and temperature of 24rC, using modified Velz equation, find BOD of the treated effluent? Take filter depth and filter medium specific surface area as 6.1 m and 100 m2/m3 respectively. Take wastewater application rate of the filter as 0.6 L/m2.sec. and recycle ratio as 0.75. Assume K value as 0.21 at 20rC for 6.1 m filter depth and 150 mg/L of influent BOD. Write note on denitrification and on the pre-anoxic and post-anoxic systems for denitrification? Marks: 4x5=20 Answer any five of the following? Define Sludge Volume Index (SVI) and Zone Settling Velocity (ZSV)? State how these two are used in the design of a secondary clarifier? List ASP kinetic parameters and indicate their units? Further, state the two kinetics equations that are used in the laboratory evaluation of the ASP kinetic parameters? For 3 maturation ponds in series, find the treated effluent s MPN if the influent s MPN is 1.3x105? Assume coldest winter month s average temperature as 27rC and HRT of each of the maturation ponds as 2.5 days. Write note on the role played by the macrophytes in the wastewater treatment in constructed wetland systems? State the principle involved in the biological phosphorus removal from wastewater? Design two stage RBC system for treating 1000 m3/day of wastewater with 210 mg/L sBOD? Treated effluent must have <10 mg/L of sBOD, and area of the RBC units used should be 9300 m2/unit in the first stage and 11000 m2/unit in the second stage. Marks: 5x4=20 Answer any six of the following? Write note on hydraulic conductivity in the context of subsurface flow constructed wetland systems? State how aerobic respiration, denitrification, anaerobic respiration and fermentation are related? Schematically show what happens to the organic matter of the wastewater in the activated sludge process? What is aspirator bottle? Where all and for what purposes it is used? Find food to microorganisms ratio (F/M), when MLSS is 3000 mg/L, active biomass to MLSS ratio is 0.65, HRT is 6 hours and BOD5 at 20rC of the influent is 245 mg/L? Stoichiometrically speaking consumption of one mole of dichromate is equal to 1.5 moles COD. In a COD test if the dichromate consumed is 0.25 moles find COD of the sample? Differentiate raising sludge from bulking sludge, and indicate the conditions that can lead to raising sludge problem? Marks: 6x3=18

3.5 Q.4 4.1 4.2 4.3

4.4 4.5 4.6

Q.5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

Nomograph

Moore's Diagram (for n = 6 days)

6 5 Cum (BOD)/Lo 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.5 'k ' value 1 1.5 3.264788 0.251606 0.275 0.27 0.265 Cum (BOD)/ Cum (BOD.t) 0.26 0.255 0.25 0.245 0.24 0.235 0.23 0.225

First House Test

EN-106: Unit Processes and Operations (Biological) M.Tech. (Environ. Sci. & Technology) Instructor: Dr Akepati S. Reddy Date: 20-2-08 Time: 8-30 to 9-30 AM Max. Marks: 24 Answer any three (3) of the following Indicate how the ASP Kinetics parameters Y and a , and kd and b are related? Write note on a Standard RBC Unit ? State why treated effluent is recycled in trickling filters, and why settled sludge is recycled in ASP? Differentiate fermentation, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration? Marks: 3x2=6 Answer any two (2) of the following Schematically show the fate of the organic matter present in the wastewater in an aerobic biological treatment unit like ASP? Write note on the provisions made for enhancing SRT in a UASB reactor and in an Anaerobic Contact Process? Indicate the purposes served by macrophytes in the vegetated ponds? Marks: 2x3=6 Answer any two (2) of the following A wastewater sample is found to have 300 mg/l of BOD3 at 27rC and 430 mg/l of bCOD. Find what BOD5 at 20rC can be expected for the sample? Identify the additional information/data needed for solving the problem and appropriately assume the data for the solving? Municipal sewage with 300 mg/l of TSS and 200 mg/l of BOD5 at 20rC is clarified in a primary clarifier. If the clarifier is 70% and 40% efficient in removing TSS and BOD5 at 20rC, find out suspended BOD of the clarified sewage coming out from the primary clarifier? Clearly state the assumptions made in solving this problem? Microbial biomass synthesized in an ASP is found to have C60H87O23N12P empirical formula. If the wastewater being treated in the ASP has 800 mg/l of bCOD, in order to avoid nutrient addition to the ASP, what minimum concentration of TKN and total-Phosphorus should be there in the wastewater? Identify the additional information/data needed for solving the problem and appropriately assume the data for the solving? Marks: 2x6=12

1. 1.a. 1.b. 1.c. 1.d. 2. 2.a. 2.b. 2.c. 3. 3.a.

3.b.

3.c.

Second House Test

EN-106: Unit Processes and Operations (Biological) M.Tech. (Environ. Sci. & Technology) Instructor: Dr Akepati S. Reddy Date: 07-4-08 Time: 8-30 to 9-30 AM Max. Marks: 24 Answer any three (3) of the following Write note on mixing in anaerobic digesters? Write note on Monad s equation? Differentiate nitrification from denitrification and indicate the factors that favour these processes? Discuss how the NOX (NH4-N) available in the ASP for nitrification is estimated? Marks: 3x2=6 Answer any two (2) of the following Write note on the ETP/STP sludge stabilization techniques? For an ASP, treating wastewater with bCOD 400 mg/L with 98% efficiency, HRT and SRT are 6 hours and 5 days respectively. Find the active microbial biomass concentration in the aeration tank of the ASP? Assume Y and kd values as 0.4 and 0.12 /day. Write the three ASP kinetics equations, identify in them the BOD Kinetics parameters, and indicate the interrelationships among them, if any? Marks: 2x3=6 Answer any two (2) of the following An anaerobic digester is stabilizing 30 m3/day of 1% consistency secondary sludge. Biodegradable fraction of the secondary sludge is 54%. Estimate the methane production rate of the anaerobic digester? Assume the ASP kinetics parameters needed. Further, assume SRT as 20 days and that all the biodegradable fraction is removed during the anaerobic digestion process. ASP designed for 10 day SRT and 8 hour HRT has 3000 mg/L of MLSS. If TSS in the clarified secondary effluent is 50 mg/L and if the underflow sludge concentration is 9000 mg/L, find out the underflow sludge wastage rate? If the sludge is to be wasted from the aeration tank in the form of mixed liquor, find the wastage rate of the mixed liquor? For 50 mg/l of TSS in the clarified secondary effluent find out observed SRT for the ASP? Assume aeration tank volume as 1000 m3. Indicate what includes secondary sludge and discuss the procedure for estimating the secondary sludge generation rate? Marks: 2x6=12

1. 1.a. 1.b. 1.c. 1.d. 2. 2.a. 2.b.

2.c.

3. 3.a.

3.b.

3.c.

End-semester Examination
2nd Semester, 2007-08 EN-106: Unit Processes and Operations (Biological) Instructor: Dr. Akepati S. Reddy Time: 9-00 AM to 12-00 Noon Date: 23-05-2008 Max. Marks: 60 Note:1. Answer all the questions If any data required is not given appropriately assume the same

2. Q.1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 Q.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Q.3 3.1 3.2 3.3

3.4

Answer all the following State why BOD < COD < ThOD? Differentiate anaerobic respiration from fermentation? Differentiate bio-oxidation from the bio-flocculation and the bio-sorption? What is responsible for the raising sludge problem and why it occurs? In the ASP why the sludge (separated and thickened in the secondary clarifier) is recycled to the aeration tank? List the ASP kinetic parameters and indicate their units? What is surface loading rate and how it is different from volumetric loading rate? What are methanogens and how they are different from methanotrophs? List the biological techniques that can be employed for the stabilization of ETP/STP sludge? Show the relation among the BODu, Lt and BODt? Marks: 1 x 10 = 10 Answer any six (6) of the following Write note on the Moores diagram? Why HRT for a plug flow reactor is lower than that for a completely mixed reactor operating at the same efficiency? Indicate the pollutants that are usually removed by design and that by coincidence in the biological treatment units? What is hydraulic conductivity and indicate the factors that influence it in a subsurface flow constructed wetland system? Write note on Extended Aeration Process? Find SVI for a mixed liquor with 2500 mg/L MLSS, if the sludge present in one liter of it is occupying 0.28 L volume after settling for 30 minutes time? Write note on the standard RBC unit? List the factors that influence the heat transfer coefficient in anaerobic digester? Marks: 2 x 6 = 12 Answer any four (4) of the following List the purposes served by the emergent aquatic macrophytes in the Constructed Wetland Systems? Write note on the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor? An ASP is used to treat wastewater with 400 mg/L of BOD. If the ASP is operated at 8 hours HRT and 2400 mg/L active biomass concentration, find the food to microorganisms ratio for the ASP? A trickling filter is used to treat wastewater for reducing its BOD from 200 mg/L to 30 mg/L. If the trickling filter is treating the effluent with 65% efficiency, find the treated effluent recycle ratio required for achieving 30 mg/L of BOD in the treated effluent?

3.5 Q.4 4.1 4.2

Write note on the biological phosphorus removal process? Marks: 3 x 4 = 12 Answer any four (4) of the following Ultimate BOD and BOD3 at 27rC of a sample are 200 mg/L and 110 mg/L respectively. Find out BOD5 at 20rC for the sample? Write note on Stabilization Pond System. List the disadvantages and limitations associated with the stabilization pond systems and state the improvements that can be made to overcome these limitations and disadvantages? Wastewater with 400 mg/L of BOD5 at 20rC and 600 mg/L of TSS is clarified in a primary clarifier. Clarification in the primary clarifier has reduced the BOD5 at 20C and the TSS by 50% and 80% respectively. Find out non-biodegradable TSS in the clarified primary effluent? If any additional data is needed assume it appropriately. A trickling filter is treating 45 m3/hr of wastewater. If the wastewater is having 150 mg/L of BOD, if the BOD loading rate of the trickling filter is 0.8 kg/m3.day, and if the peaking factor is one, find out air flow rate required by the trickling filter? Assume the oxygen transfer efficiency in the trickling filter as 4.5%. Biological sludge generated by a biological treatment plant is found to have C60H87O23N12P empirical formula. If removal of every kilogram of BOD from the wastewater is generating 0.4 kg of biological sludge and if the BOD in the wastewater is 400 mg/L, find out the minimum concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus required in the wastewater being treated? Marks:4 x 4 =16 Answer any two (2) of the following An ASP is treating 100 m3/hour of wastewater with 300 mg/L of BOD5 at 20rC. If the ASP is operated at 6 hour HRT and 5 day SRT, find out its oxygen demand rate? Assume Y, kd, Ks, qmax. and fd values as 0.4, 0.11/day, 14 mg/L, 15/day and 0.15 respectively. An ASP with 3000 mg/L of MLSS is operated at 7 hours HRT and 7 days SRT. When the ASP is used for treating 700 m3/hour flow of wastewater find out the secondary sludge wastage rate? Assume TSS level in the clarified secondary effluent as 40 mg/L. If active biomass fraction in the secondary sludge is 60%, find out the methane gas generation potential of the wasted secondary sludge when it is stabilized in an anaerobic digester? Assume that the digester is operated at 20 day SRT/HRT, and that the Y and kd values for the anaerobic stabilization process are 0.08 and 0.03/day respectively. Write note on the biological nitrogen removal process? Schematically show the fate of the organic nitrogen present of the wastewater in a biological treatment unit, and discuss the basic schemes of ASP employed in the biological nitrogen removal process? Marks: 5 x 2 = 10

4.3

4.4

4.5

Q.5 5.1

5.2

5.3

First House Test

EN-106: Unit Processes and Operations (Biological) M.Tech. (Environ. Sci. & Technology) Instructor: Dr Akepati S. Reddy Date: 21-2-07 Time: 8-30 to 9-30 AM Max. Marks: 30

Note:y Answer all questions y If any requisite data is missing appropriately assume the same Answer the following BOD, COD and ThOD, which of these has a maximum value and why? Indicate the forms of phosphorus found in water/wastewater samples and indicate which of these forms is considered as available phosphorus? Indicate how the ASP Kinetics parameters Y and a , and Kd and b are related? Differentiate fermentation from anaerobic respiration? Differentiate trickling filter from rapid sand filter? Differentiate oxidation ponds from aerated lagoons? Differentiate rising of sludge from bulking of sludge? Indicate the conditions favouring use of a contact stabilization reactor among different modifications of an ASP? Marks: 8x1.5=12 Answer the following Differentiate a plug flow reactor (PF reactor) from a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CFSTR) and state why a PF reactor is more efficient than a CFSTR? Write note on liquid-solid-gas separation unit of a UASB reactor? Write note on hydraulic conductivity of a constructed wetland bed? What will be the value of BOD reaction rate constant at 27rC, if its value at 20rC is 0.21/day? Marks: 4x2=8 Answer the following 10 m3/hour of wastewater with 275 mg/l of bCOD is treated in an ASP of 75 m3 aeration tank volume. If MLVSS concentration is 2000 mg/l find out bCOD of the treated effluent? Indicate the purposes served by macrophytes in the vegetated ponds? Marks: 2x2.5=5 Estimate the net activated sludge generation rate for an ASP, which is treating wastewater with 120 mg/l TSS and 345 mg/l bCOD? Assume biodegradable fraction of the influent TSS as 55%, SRT of the ASP as 8 days, and yield coefficient as 0.42. Marks: 5

1. 1.a. 1.b. 1.c. 1.d. 1.e. 1.f. 1.g. 1.h.

2. 2.a. 2.b. 2.c. 2.d.

3. 3.a. 3.b. 4.

Second House Test EN-106: Unit Processes and Operations (Biological) M.Tech. (Environ. Sci. & Technology) Instructor: Dr Akepati S. Reddy Date: 09-4-07 Time: 8-30 to 9-30 AM Max. Marks: 20

Note:y Answer all questions y If any requisite data is missing appropriately assume the same Answer the following Define solubility index and indicate its importance? Define sludge volume index and indicate the units for sludge volume index? Indicate the purposes to be served by the biological sludge stabilization? What is duel digestion? Differentiate step aeration process from tapered aeration process? Indicate how microbial biomass growth rate is related to substrate utilization rate? Marks: 6x1=6 Answer the following Write note on the reduction column and its use in the analysis of wastewater samples for nitrogen? Schematically show the fate of nitrogen present in the wastewater in a biological treatment process employed for the removal of nitrogen? Write note on the role of Polyhydroxybutyrate in biological phosphorus removal? Write note on how biogas generation rate can be estimated for an anaerobic sludge digester which is stabilizing secondary sludge? Marks: 4x2=8 Answer the following An ASP is treating 100 m3/hour of wastewater with 90% efficiency. If the wastewater s BOD and total phosphorus concentrations are 500 mg/l and 1.5 mg/l respectively find out phosphorus addition required for the treatment of wastewater in the ASP. Assume total phosphorus of treated effluent as 0.5 mg/l and phosphorus content of the bacterial biomass generated as 2.3%. A wastewater sample is having 600 mg/l of TSS and 350 mg/l of BOD5 at 20rC. In the primary clarifier, the BOD and TSS are removed from the wastewater with 35% and 80% efficiencies respectively. Estimate biodegradable solids fraction in the primary sludge generated? Assume 1.5 kg BOD5 at 20rC is equal to 1 kg bCOD. Marks: 2x3=6

1. 1.a. 1.b. 1.c. 1.d. 1.e. 1.f. 2. 2.a. 2.b. 2.c. 2.d.

3. 3.a.

3.b.

End Semester Examination EN-106: Unit Processes and Operations (Biological) M.Tech. (Environ. Sci. & Technology) Instructor: Dr Akepati S. Reddy Date: 20-5-07 Time: 9-00 AM to 12-00 Noon Max. Marks: 70

Note:y y Answer all questions If any requisite data is missing appropriately assume the same
10 Differentiate raising sludge from bulking sludge? Indicate the factors influencing hydraulic conductivity of a constructed wetland bed? Estimate the amount of alkalinity consumed in the nitrification of 15 mg/l of ammonical nitrogen from a wastewater? List the processes that should be considered in estimating oxygen requirements of an aerobic sludge digester? Write note on Zone Settling Velocity? Indicate how F/M ratio is related to SRT? Define E (oxygen transfer correction factor)? List BOD kinetic parameters and indicate their units? What is tapered aeration and indicate in what modification of the ASP it can be used? State why concentrated sulfuric acid is added at the top in the BOD bottle while estimating DO of a sample? Write note on Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor? Write note on a contact stabilization process and state how a step aeration unit can be operated as a contact stabilization process? Write note on polyhydroxybutyrate? Estimate methane gas generation rate for an anaerobic digester oxidizing 20 kg/day of bCOD? List ASP kinetics parameters, indicate units for them and state which of the kinetic parameters is least sensitive to temperature? Write note on Moores diagram? Write note on MPN test? List the limitations or disadvantages associated with stabilization ponds and discuss the strategies or modifications that can be employed to take care of these limitations? Discuss the role of biodegradable organic substrate in the denitrification process and discuss how the substrate requirements are met in the pre and the post anoxic denitrification processes? Write note on Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic digesters and discuss the limitations and advantages of this type of digesters? Find sludge recycle ratio and sludge wastage rate for an ASP operated at 5 day SRT and 8 hours HRT, if its MLSS, effluent TSS and underflow sludge concentrations are 2000 mg/l, 30 mg/l and 9,000 mg/l respectively? Take wastewater flow rate as 100 3 m /hour. Describe how from a settling test, conducted on mixed liquor, area required for sludge thickening is calculated? Write note on the limitations and advantages of a plug flow reactor? State how these limitations are taken care off in different modifications to the conventional ASP? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 15 3 3

Q.1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 Q.2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Q.3. 3.1 3.2

3.3 3.4

3 3

3.5 Q.4. 4.1

3 16 4

4.2

4.3

4.4 Q.5. 5.1 5.2

In an aeration tank of 500 m3 volume, active sludge is maintained at 1800 mg/l concentration at 30rC. If the value of kd (decay coefficient) is 0.08/day at 20rC, estimate oxygen requirement for the maintenance of the active biomass in the aeration tank? Comment on how SRT influences the oxygen requirement for the maintenance of active biomass in the aeration tank? Find soluble substrate concentration in the treated effluent of an ASP when SRT is 7 days. If the influent bCOD is 320 mg/l and if the hydraulic retention time is 8 hours, find out biomass concentration in the aeration tank? Assume values for the kinetic parameters required. Write note on the mixing of the contents of an anaerobic sludge digester and on the mixing systems commonly used? Give comprehensive classification of the biological treatment technologies used in the treatment of wastewater for BOD removal? 3 A sewage treatment plant (STP) is treating 150 m /hour of sewage with 200 mg/l of BOD and 300 mg/l of suspended solids. Primary clarifier of this STP is removing suspended solids and BOD with 70% and 40% efficiencies respectively. The primary sludge generated is separately digested in an anaerobic digester. Estimate a) the primary sludge generation rate, b) the biodegradable fraction of the generated primary sludge and c) the biogas generation rate by the anaerobic digester? Assume complete utilization of biodegradable fraction of the sludge in the digestion process. 3 For an ASP treating 130 m /hour of wastewater with bCOD of 520 mg/l and operated at 7 day SRT and 30rC, find out air requirement? Assume actual oxygen transfer efficiency of the aeration system as 12%.

4 15 5 5

5.3