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What you know or guess Genuine questions 1. Canada used to be a British colony. 2. 1. Did we have to fight Britain for independence? 2. 1. 2.
Canada contributed to the Allied 1. victories in WW I and WW II 2. with efforts at home and abroad.
Through its participation in the Cold War and the United Nations Canada has become a major player on the world stage in modern conflicts
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BIG QUESTIONS
Why did this war start? What was it like to fight in this war? How significant was Canadas contribution? How did the war affect Canada at home?
World War I
1914-1918
formerly: The Great War or The War to End All Wars
Militarism - the competition to build bigger/more weapons Alliance System the two sides form competing gangs Imperialism the competition over colonies and business Nationalism the fierce pride in ones country History there is a long history between the European countries Spark the event that causes the long-term problems to blow
Extending the rule of authority of one country over other countries. In the early 1900s the major European powers (Germany, France, Great Britain (GB), Austria-Hungary (AH) and Russia) all had various desires to control different parts of Europe and the Globe Russia on collision course with AH in the Balkans Germany on collision course with GB and France in Africa
GB had largest navy Germany started to build its navy to compete which irritated GB creating an arms race Germany was competing with France and Russia to build largest army
HMS Dreadnought
Strong feeling of pride for ones country or the desire to form a country as an ethnic group
In the Balkans, a number of ethnic groups wanted independence Russian, AH and Serbia also wanted to control the Balkans This was called the powder keg of Europe
A group of countries united for the purpose of military protection By the early 1900s there were two alliances established: Triple Alliance (Central Powers): Germany, Austria Hungary and Italy/ Ottoman Empire Triple Entente (Allied Powers): Great Britain, Russia and France
History
George, Wilhelm, and Nicholas were cousins Wilhelm and Nick were autocrats All had military training Monarchy had traditions of war Each jealous of the other
King George V
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Tsar Nicholas II
France had had many battles with the Germanic people, esp. Prussia Germany took Alsace and Lorraine French wanted revenge Germany prepared for war
Not if war but when
The Spark
Serbian nationalists want to start a revolution of the Slavic people against the A-H Serbs form a terrorist group The Black Hand Decide to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sofie trying to spark the revolution Assassinate FF in Sarajevo after several failed attempts A-H demands Serbia turn over terrorists and allow A-H troops into Serbia to search, ultimatum Serbia refuses latter
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Assassination On June 28th 1914, Archduke Ferdinand, the heir to the Austiran throne, was killed by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist. Blank Cheque Germany guarantees its support to AH no matter what War Begins - AH issues ultimatum to Serbia which agrees to most terms but AH declares war on Serbia anyways on July 28, 1914 Russia Mobilizes - Russia starts mobilizing its forces against AH because it wants the Balkans Germany Declares War on Russia Germany demands that Russia demobilize. They dont so Germany declares war.
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Learning Log #
As soon as Britain declared war on Germany, Canada was automatically at war because we were part of the British Empire.
Patriotism Feelings of excitement and adventure people thought it would be a short war home by Christmas
Sam Hughes (Minister of Militia and Defense) set up training camp at Valcartier Quebec which got soldiers to Europe in a hurry
WAR IN EUROPE
Stalemate and Trench Warfare Germans attacked through Belgium and into France but were stopped by French and British (including Canadians). Neither side could advance = stalemate Both sides dug into trenches and attacked periodically by going over the top into no mans land toward the other opposing trenches Particularly because of the machine gun this tactic did not work well and very little progress was made by either side for the next three years = stalemate Conditions in the trenches were awful wet, cold, rats, lice, dangerous
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_ani_weste rn_front.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/ww one/launch_vt_frontline.shtml
Learning Log #
WAR IN EUROPE
The Changing Face of War New Types of Fighting
Battles of Attrition (grinding down) rather than trying to win a decisive victory the two sides are trying to grind each other down (bleed the enemy white). You could also think of the whole war as one of attrition Total War when all resources of a country are organized to win the war A new concept in the 20th century -massive materials needed, money through victory bonds and income tax, women in factories,
WAR IN EUROPE
New Technology Tanks Not used until 1916 (Somme) but became increasingly effective and ultimately proved to be one of the reasons for allied victory Poison Gas First used by Germans at Ypres nasty but not a major factor in the war Machine Guns Hugely important responsible for most deaths during the war Submarines Germans used these very effectively until 1917 to destroy GB merchant ships trying to starve GB into submission Airplanes not a big impact used for scouting and dogfights
Land Battles
Ypres, April 1915
Germans attacked allies with poison gas First taste of trench warfare for Canadian troops 6000 Canadians killed
Huge Allied attack which failed 20000 + Canadians killed 90% casualty rate in Newfoundland regiment 1.25 million casualties in total das Blutbad 23 Canadians shot at dawn
Captured successfully by Canadians alone even though French and British had failed Extremely well planned and executed Turning point in the war first decisive victory Became a symbol for Canadian independence and nationhood Canadian troops recognized as some of the best on the western front Resulted in the Canadian corps being led by a Canadian, General Arthur Currie, rather than a British general we ran our own show after that
A muddy nightmare Canadians ordered to attack despite protests from General Currie They attacked and took Passchendale but 16000 died (4 out of 5) for only 7 km of mud that the Germans soon won back
By early 1918 Russia had made peace leaving Germany with just the Western front to worry about The US had entered the war in 1917 but still needed time to train Germans tried one last massive offensive and by summer of 1918 made it within 75 km of Paris However, they had overextended themselves. In the next 100 days, with Canadians playing a huge part, the allies drove them back until they surrendered
a number of Canadians flew planes for the British Air Force Germans had the upper hand in the air because they had more planes Duals between pilots in the air were called dogfights Billy Bishop was a famous Canadian pilot who shot down 72 planes and was awarded the Victoria cross
Govt could control the economy and censor the mail Could arrest people without laying charges Recent immigrants from Germany and AH (enemy aliens) were treated harshly had to carry special ID cards and report to registration officers. 8579 were held in isolation in internment camps
Victory bonds bought by Canadians to be repaid after war with interest Taxes- introduced income tax as a temporary measure on the wealthy (3%) and a profit tax (4%)on businesses Late in the war borrowing money from the US
A French munitions ship collided with another ship and blew up in Halifax harbor Over 2000 people were killed and many left homeless US donated generously to help rebuild Halifax
E. Rationing
During the war food and fuel became scarce and prices soared because so much was being exported to Europe Honour rationing was introduced people limited themselves to 1.5 lbs of butter and 2 lbs of sugar/ month Mandatory waste reduction was introduced
F. Propaganda
Propaganda is any strategy to persuade people to believe something or act a certain way it often distorts the truth or is very one sided Used to get people to join the war and to keep people patriotic about the war
Propaganda
Propaganda is communication that uses a one-sided, sometimes untrue message to try to influence the attitudes and actions of a community. Propaganda usually takes the form of posters, commercials, songs, poems, or other mass media. What attitudes and actions is this propaganda trying to inspire? Describe at least five techniques used in the propaganda. Consider use of images, colours, facial expressions, symbols and text. Define propaganda in your own words. Provide one modern day example of propaganda and explain why it fits your definition.
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Conscription Crisis
By 1917 voluntary enlistments were not keeping up with casualties (see graph on page 40 in counterpoints) PM Robert Borden called for conscription mandatory military service for men aged 20 35 Most of English Canada supported him while most of Quebec was against him Many Quebeckers were not feeling patriotic since they felt little connection to either France or Britain and they felt that they were not being treated equally within Canada There was also the feeling that Canada had done enough, that we needed our men at home to produce for the war Borden called an election on the conscription issue but first he passed two laws War Time Elections Act. - one giving all men and women overseas the vote, the other giving the vote to all women directly related to servicemen He won the election (with only 3 of 65 seats in Quebec) and conscription was introduced There were major protests in Quebec and Canada was divided Over 90% of all conscripts applied for exemptions for medical and other reasons and only 25000 conscripted soldiers actually reached France before the war ended
Hundreds of women volunteered in the war as nurses and ambulance drivers At home many women worked in war production industries and other jobs vacated by men off at war this was a huge change because before 1914 it would have been unheard of to have women in these kinds of mens jobs The contribution women were making led them to organize as suffragettes (women trying to the right to vote) and by the end of the war most women over 21 had earned the right to vote in federal elections
V. LEGACY OF WAR
The Paris Peace Conferences
After Germany surrendered a peace was dictated to them by the victories countries. Canada got its own seat at the peace conference (a big deal for a country many still saw as a British tag-along before the war The Treaty of Versailles which came out of the conference really stuck it to Germany and many argue it sowed the seeds for the rise of Hitler and WW II
Our great contributions to the war showed that we were an independent (autonomous) country. Some changes as a result of the war: Women got the vote and their roles changed Troops gained respect Economy grew Debt grew so we introduced income tax which we still have 60000 Canadians killed/ 178,000 wounded Conscription deepened the differences between French and English