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Chapter 2 Biochemistry
This chapter is a review of basic chemistry.
2. Label the diagram below and define the terms that you label.
4. What is the difference between the terms atomic mass and atomic weight?
7. Explain how the movement of electrons relates to the concept of potential energy use the diagram below to help answer the question.
8. What determines interactions between atoms? Why are valence electrons important?
9. Define the following terms: a. Chemical bond b. Covalent bond c. Single bond d. Double bond e. Valence f. Electronegativity g. Nonpolar covalent bond h. Polar covalent bond 10. How do ionic bonds compare with covalent bonds?
11. Compare and contrast hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions.
12. Based on the reading, what is an example, in a living system, of how molecular shape is critical?
2. For each of the below listed properties of water briefly define the property and then explain how waters polar nature and polar covalent bonds contribute to the water special property. Include an example in nature of each property also. a. Cohesion
b. Adhesion
c. Surface tension
e. Heat of vaporization
f. Evaporative cooling
4. Define the following terms: a. Solute b. Solvent c. Aqueous solution d. Hydrophilic e. Hydrophobic f. Colloid g. Hydration shell h. Molarity
5. Label the diagram below to demonstrate the dissociation of the water molecule and then relate this diagram to pH.
8. What is a buffer? Explain why the carbonic acid buffer is important in human blood.
2. What is special about carbon that makes it the central atom in the chemistry of life?
3.
Use the diagram below to label and contrast the three types of isomers.
4. After each functional group draw the structure, name the compound, write and example and note the functional properties. a. Hydroxyl
b. Carbonyl
c. Carboxyl
d. Amino
e. Sulfhydryl
f. Phosphate
Chapter 5 Organic Molecules 1. Label the diagram below identify: monomer, polymer, condensation reaction, and hydrolysis.
8. Contrast saturated and unsaturated fats how does this relate to the concept that structure and function are linked?
9.
11. List the eight types of proteins and their basic function.
12. What are the names for the monomers and polymers of proteins?
13. Label the diagram below concerning the catalytic cycle of an enzyme:
14. Draw two amino acids label the amino group, the carboxyl group and the alpha carbon, circle the water molecule to be removed and then note the peptide bond formed when the two are joined.
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary
15. How does the characteristics of an amino acid nonpolar, polar, acidic or basic relate to the issue of tertiary and quaternary structure?
17. What are chaperonins and what is their role in protein structure?
Chapter 6 The Cell 1. What is resolving power (in terms of a microscope) and why is it important in biology?
5. Label the prokaryotic cell below with the structure and function.
6. Why is surface area to volume such an important concept as it applies to the size of a cell?
7. For each of the structures below describe the specific structure and the function of the organelle or part of the organelle. Note how the specific structure allows for the specific function. a. Nucleus i. Nuclear envelope ii. Nuclear lamina iii. Chromosomes iv. Chromatin v. Nucleolus b. Ribosomes
c. Endoplasmic reticulum
i. Smooth ER
ii. Rough ER
d. Golgi Apparatus
e. Lysosomes
iii. Central
ii. Cristae
i.
j.
peroxisomes
k. cytoskeleton
3. dynein walking
ii. microfilaments
1. actin
2. myosin
3. pseudopodia
4. cytoplasmic streaming
l.
Cell walls
m. Extracellular matrix
Chapter 7 Membranes 1. What does selective permeability mean and why is that important to cells?
4. Label the diagram below for each structure briefly list its function:
8. How has our understanding of membrane permeability changed since the discovery of aquaporins?
9. What is diffusion?
12. Why is water balance different for cells that have walls as compared to cells without walls?
14. What is the relationship between ion channels, gated channels and facilitated diffusion.
b. electrochemical gradient
c. proton pump
2. Define the following terms: a. Energy b. Kinetic energy c. Heat/thermal energy d. Chemical energy e. Thermodynamics f. First Law of Thermodynamics
h. Free Energy
3. Contrast exergonic and endergonic reactions in terms of: free energy, stability, capacity to do work.
5. List and give an example of the three main kinds of cellular work done by ATP.
6.
Label the diagram below and indicate how cellular work is done by ATP.
7. Define phosphorylated.
8. In your own works, explained the concept of coupled reactions and ATP doing work.
9. What is the relationship between exergonic reactions, endergonic reactions and the use and regeneration of ATP?
11.
12. Define the following terms: a. Substrate b. Enzyme substrate complex c. Active site d. Induced fit
16. What is allosteric regulation and how does assist in the regulation of metabolism?
b. Cellular respiration
2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction.
5. Label the diagram below of the electron movement with regard to the coenzyme NAD+.
10. Label the transition reaction converting pyruvate to acetyl coA below:
14. Label the diagram below of the activities occurring on the ECT.
16. Complete the summary diagram of cellular respiration. You are responsible for these #s and locations!
17. Describe the overall process of lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation. Explain in which organisms each occurs.
18. Does aerobic cellular respiration happen in prokaryotic organisms if yes where?
19. What is the overall purpose of fermentation? Why does it have to occur?
22. Why do fats provide a little more than twice as many calories per gram as compared to carbohydrates or proteins? Hint: Think of the output of the Citric Acid Cycle.
23. Why would AMP stimulate cellular respiration and ATP inhibit it?
24. Why would the allosteric regulations of phosphofructokinase be an advantage to the control of cellular respiration?
Chapter 10 Photosynthesis 1. Use the diagram to label and identify the two broad stages of photosynthesis.
3. What is a photon?
5. What happens to chlorophyll when it is hit by light? How does this relate to potential energy?
6. Identify the following parts of a photosystem: a. Photosystem b. Light harvesting complex c. Reaction center d. Primary electron acceptor
9. Label the diagram below and summarize the activities in the light reactions of photosynthesis below the diagram.
10. Use the diagram below to write a compare and contrast of chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
11. Describe and explain the overall purpose of the Calvin cycle and each phase listed below: a. Calvin cycle
13. What is a plants most valuable resource and why did plants need to evolve adaptations for hot, arid climates?
17. Label the diagram below and summarize photosynthesis beneath the diagram.
Chapter 12 Mitosis 1. Compare and contrast the role of cell division in unicellular and multicellular organisms.
2. Define the following terms: a. Genome b. Chromosomes c. Somatic cells d. Gametes e. Chromatin f. Sister chromatids g. Centromere h. Mitosis i. j. Cytokinesis Meiosis
b. Interphase
c. G1 phase
d. G2 phase
e. S phase
4. Define the following terms: a. Mitotic spindle b. Centrosome c. Microtubule organizing center d. Aster e. Kinetochore f. Label below:
How do they work together to keep the chromosomes at the metaphase plate?
5. Label the diagram below and briefly explain each stage of mitosis:
9. What is the cell cycle control system and how do checkpoints play into this?
12. What does MPF stand for and what does it promote?
13. Label the diagram below illustrating the molecular control of the cell cycle. Describe the process of cell cycle control to the side of the diagrams.
b. Benign tumor
c. Malignant tumor
d. Metastasis
2. Define the following terms: a. Life cycle b. Somatic cell c. Karyotype d. Homologous chromosomes e. Sex chromosomes f. Autosomes g. Diploid cell h. Haploid cell i. j. Fertilization Zygote
k. meiosis
5. Label the following diagrams of meiosis, noting the key events below each picture.
b.
c.
b. Synaptic signaling
b. Transduction
c. Response
7. What is a ligand?
8. What is special about intracellular receptors (think of the structure of the cell membrane and how this relates)?
9.
10. Where would you expect most water soluble messengers to bind and why?
12. Explain (in your own words) the G protein signal transduction.
14. Explain (in your own words) the tyrosine signal transduction.
15. Explain (in your own words) the ligand (ion) gated signal transduction.
17. What is a conformational change and which molecule typically causes the change in STPs?
20. What are protein phosphatases and why are they so important?
21. What are second messengers and what are two characteristics of a second messenger?
22.
23. How and why are the calcium concentrations kept different and separate comparing the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and cytoplasm?
24.
28. How is the termination of a signal accomplished and why is it so important that termination be accomplished?
b. Morphogenesis
c. Apical meristems
3.
6.
Label the steps in the diagram below that accomplished reproductive cloning of a mammal by nuclear transplantation.
k. Heterozygous l. Phenotype
3. What is the Law of Independent Assortment and how does this law relate to meiosis?
5.
Does having a dominant allele mean that it will be found in greater frequency in the population? Why or why not?
8.
9. Describe and discuss the genetics of the following inherited disorders: a. Cystic Fibrosis
c. Achondroplasia
d. Huntingtons disease
4. Why was Morgans choice of fruit fly such a good one for genetic experiments?
5. How did Morgan associate traits with the sex of the fruit fly?
9. What is the difference between a genetic map, a linkage map and a cytogenetic map?
10. Explain the chromosomal basis of sex determination in the following organism: a. Mammals
b. Grasshoppers
16. What is nondisjunction and when in meiosis can it occur? Explain its results in the final gametes
b. Monosomic
c. Polyploidy
18. Label the following alterations in chromosomal structure. Define the term alongside the diagram. These terms will be used in the coming chapters.
19. Explain the following human disorders that result from chromosomal alterations. a. Down Syndrome
b. Klinefelter Syndrome
c. Turner Syndrome
d. CML
Chapter 16 DNA
1. Explain Griffiths experiment and the concept of transformation.
2. What did Avery, MacLeod and McCarty contribute to Griffiths line of investigation?
3. What is a bacteriophage?
4.
Label the diagram below and explain the Hershey Chase experiment below.
6. Why was Rosalinds Franklins work essential to the understanding of the structure of DNA?
8. Why does adenine always pair with thymine and guanine with cytosine in DNA?
10. Explain the Meselson and Stahl experiment concerning DNA replication and their results.
13. In your own words, what is meant by the term DNA is antiparallel in arrangement?
b. Lagging strand
c. Okazaki fragments
d. DNA ligase
e. Primer 15. In your own words, how is eukaryotic DNA replication accomplished?
17. List the functions of the following enzymes: a. Helicase b. Single stranded binding protein c. Topoisomerase d. Primase e. DNA Polymerase III f. DNA Polymerase I
g. DNA Ligase
18.
Identify and label the diagram below. Describe the process to the side of the diagram
19.
21.
22. Why is there a short section of a cells DNA that cannot be replicated, repaired or replaced at the ends of linear chromosomes? Draw your own diagram explaining the problem. It is very important that you understand this conceptually.
23. What are telomeres and why are they important? How does telomerase play a role in gamete formation?
Chapter 17 Protein Synthesis 1. What was Beadle and Tatums final hypothesis? 2. Label the diagram below. To the side of the diagram write the definition of the term.
3. Why does the DNA code have to be in triplets and not singles or doubles?
5. Compare and contrast the codon and anticodon? 6. What is the reading frame?
7. What conclusions can be drawn from the similarities of the genetic code among living
organisms?
11. Use the diagram below to demonstrate initiation of transcription at a eukaryotic promoter.
Write definition of all terms in diagram.
13. Why is important that the promoter be upstream of the transcription unit?
14. Why is RNA processing necessary? 15. What does adding a 5 cap and poly A tail mean and why is it important?
b. Introns
c. Exons
d. Spliceosome
e. snRNPs
f.
ribozymes
h. domains
18. Why is the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase important to translation and protein synthesis?
19. Describe the structure and function on ribosomal RNA use the diagram below.
21. In your own words, explain the elongation cycle of translation. Define terms.
22. Use the diagram below to detail the termination of translation define all terms.
27. Use the diagram below to highlight the signal mechanism for targeting proteins to the ER.
28. You are responsible for the content in Table 17.1 on page 327. 29. Define the following terms:
a. Mutations b. Point mutations c. Base pair substitution d. Missense e. Nonsense f. Insertions
31. Use the diagram below to help you study the whole picture.
2. In the diagram below highlight all of the potential locations for gene expression regulation in eukaryotic cells. How does this compare with prokaryotic cells?
b. Histone deacteylation
c. DNA methylation
6.
b. Enhancers
c. Activators
d. Repressors
7.
Use the diagram below to explain the interactions of enhancers and transcription activators.
8.
Chapter 18 Viral and Bacterial Genomes 1. How was the existence of a virus finally confirmed?
2. What kinds of nucleic acids are the viral genomes made of?
3. What is the name for a protein shell enclosing the viral genome?
12. What are phages called that care capable of using both modes of reproduction?
16. Does this reproductive cycle kill the host cell? Why or why not?
17. What are retroviruses and how do they use reverse transcriptase?
20. Is it believed that viruses evolved before or after the first cells appeared and what evidence is used to support the idea?
22. What are the three processes that contribute to the emergence of viral diseases?
26. How is the DNA arranged in the nucleoid region of the bacterial genome?
29. Why do mutations make such a large contribution to bacterial genetic variation as compared to humans?
30. Explain the experiment and the results that demonstrated evidence of genetic recombination in bacteria.
32. What famous experiment in the previous unit described this process?
36. What are R plasmids and why are these a problem to humans?
38. Define transposable elements. What is a common name for transposable elements?
40. What are the two ways that metabolic control can occur within bacteria?
41. What is the key advantage of grouping genes of related function in to one transcription unit?
42. What is this switch called? 43. Where is an operator positioned and what does it control?
44. What is the name for the operator, promoter, and the genes they control?
48. What are the two states that the operator vacillates (switches between)?
50. Define corepressor. 51. What are the two methods of negative gene regulation?
53. What is the definition of an inducible operan? What does the inducer do?
54. Why are repressible enzymes generally associated with anabolic pathways and how is this an advantage to the organism?
b. Evolutionary adaptation
c. Evolution
d. Taxonomy
4. What did Mayr take from Darwins work summarize the observations and inferences.
b. Vestigial structures
c. Analogous structures
10. How do the fossil record and sedimentary rock provide evidence to evolution?
Chapter 23 Evolution of Species 1. What is the smallest unit of evolution and why is this important to understand?
2. Define the following terms: a. Microevolution b. Population c. Population genetics d. Gene pool 3. What is the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem and why does it appear to be an apparent contradiction to evolution?
5. Use the blank diagram below to relate the H-W equation to a Punnett square.
7. What are the two broad processes that make evolution possible?
8. What is the impact of the following: a. Point mutation b. Gene duplication c. Sexual recombination 9. What is the relationship between mutation rates and generation span?
b. Bottleneck effect
c. Founder effect
d. Gene flow
11. Why would we discuss adaptive evolution and what role does natural selection play?
13. Explain the terms phenotypic polymorphism and genetic polymorphism in common terms giving an example from your own experience.
15. How can very small differences in nucleotide sequences lead to such diversity in the human population?
16. What is geographic variation and how does the term cline relate?
17. What is different about the terms fitness and relative fitness?
18. Why is it said that evolution acts on phenotypes and not genotypes?
19. Differentiate between the three modes of selection discussing both genotype and phenotype changes.
21. How does balancing natural selection relate to the term balanced polymorphism?
22. Define and give an example of the following: a. Heterozygote advantage b. Frequency dependent selection c. Neutral variation d. Sexual dimorphism e. Intrasexual selection f. Intersexual selection 24. What are the limitations of Natural Selection.
3. What are the differences between prezygotic and postzygotic barriers to reproduction?
4. Identify each of the following as prezygotic or postzygotic barriers and write a brief definition of each: a. Habitat isolation b. Temporal isolation c. Behavioral isolation d. Mechanical isolation
5. What is the basis for allopatric speciation? 6. What does sympatric speciation mean?
7. In what types of organisms are polyploidy speciation more common and why do you think this occurs?
8.
What is adaptive radiation and why do island chains tend to be studied in this topic?
9.
Compare and contrast the models of punctuated equilibrium to gradualism as models for the rate of evolution. Does one have to exclude the other?
10. Define the following terms: a. Heterochrony b. Allometric growth c. Paedomorphosis d. Homeotic genes 11. What impact have the Hox genes had on vertebrates?
14. How does the evolution of the horse exemplify the concept that evolution is driven by the interactions of the organism and its environment?
b. Systematics
c. Molecular systematics
d. Taxonomy
e. Phylogenetic trees
f. Cladogram
g. Clade
h. Cladistics
i.
j.
2. What is the relationship between the ingroup and the outgroup in classification?
3. Describe all types of leaves and conclude as to why there are different shapes.
4. Define the following terms: a. Stem b. Nodes c. Internodes d. Axillary bud e. Terminal bud f. Apical dominance
6. What is the purpose of the Xylem and Pholem and how do they work together to form a system?
9. Define the following terms: a. Primary plant body b. Root cap c. Zone of cell division d. Zone of elongation e. Zone of maturation f. Endodermis g. Pericycle
b. triple response
c. apoptosis
7.
8.
What is the action spectrum and how do photoreceptors determine it? a. blue-light photoreceptors
b. phytochromes
9.
Explain what circadian rhythms are and how each plant determines them:
10. Define the following terms in a way that makes sense to you. a. statoliths b. thigmomorphogenesis c. thigmotropism d. gravitotropism e. f. action potentials
11. Other than light what types of stimulus do plants respond to?
13. Compare and contrast how plants defend themselves from herbivores and how they defend themselves from pathogens.
2. These terms are a review, but also very critical to know to understand the transportation of nutrients in vascular plants. Define these terms in your own words. a. Passive Transport b. Active Transport c. Transport Proteins d. Proton Pump e. Membrane Potential f. Cotransport
g. Chemiosmosis
h. Water Potential i. Megapascals ii. Solute Potential iii. Osmotic Potential iv. Pressure Potential
3. Explain the overall transport of water, nutrients, photosynthetic products and gases in a vascular plant.
4.
Define the following terms: a. Flaccid b. Turgid c. Plasmolyze d. Aquaporins e. Vacuolar membrane (Tonoplast) f. Symplast
g. Apoplast
5. Compare and contrast the bulk flow of nutrients in the xylem and phloem.
6. How do root hairs, mycorrhizae, and cortical cells assist vascular plants?
7. What are the roles of the apoplast and the symplast, and how does the Casparian regulate flow of materials in these structures?
8. Label the following diagram to explain lateral transport of minerals and water in roots.
9. Describe the process of transpiration in your own words and how it affects the transportation of minerals and water.
10. Explain how water potential affects transport of nutrients and minerals through vascular plants.
11. Explain how cohesion and adhesion affects transport of water through vascular plants
12. What are stomata and how do they help regulate the rate of transpiration?
13. What are some factors that could possible stimulate the opening and closing of stomata?
14. What are some evolutionary adaptations that allow xerophytes to survive in arid climates?
16. Define these terms and give an example a. Sugar source b. Sugar sink c. Transfer cells
17. Describe pressure flow in a sieve tube. Use your own words.
2. What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients? What are the macronutrients and what are their functions in the plant?
6. Describe the path of nitrogen from the atmosphere to plant protein. Include the role of each of the following. a. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
b. Ammonifying bacteria
c. Nitrifying bacteria
d. Denitrifying bacteria
7. Describe the following unique nutritional relationships. a. Rhizobium bacteria & legumes
b. Mycorrhizae
c. Parasitic plants
d. Carnivorous plants
b. Carpellate
4. Label the following diagram of the development of angiosperm gametophytes. Underneath the diagram contrast angiosperm gametophytes.
6. Use the following diagram to explain growth of the pollen tube and double fertilization.
9.
10. How are the various methods for asexual propagation used for improving crops and ornamental plants?
11. How are genetically modified plants used to reduce world hunger and malnutrition?
3. Compare and contrast diffusion in a single-celled protist to an animal with two cell layers.
5. Define the following: a. Tissuesb. Epithelial Tissuesc. Mucus membranesd. Cuboidal cellse. Columnar cellsf. Connective Tissues-
k. Nervous Tissue-
6. How are the tissues arranged into organs and then into organ systems? Explain this using the digestive system as an example.
8.
11. Define and explain the following: RegulatorsConformersNegative feedbackPositive feedbackThermoregulation12. Compare and contrast ectotherms and endotherms.
13. Describe each of the thermoregulation adaptations and how they work in your own words. a. Insulationb. Circulatory Adaptationsc. Cooling by Evaporative Heat Lossd. Behavioral responsese. Adjusting Metabolic Heat Production14. Describe how three of the organ systems help with thermoregulation by complex negative feedback mechanisms.
15. Define the following: a. Acclimatizationb. Stress-induced proteinsc. Heat-shock proteinsd. Torpore. Hibernationf. Estivation-
g. Daily torpor-
16. First, explain how a thermostat regulates temperature in your house. Then, explain how temperature is regulated in the human body.
2. Complete the diagram below concerning animal homeostasis and blood sugar regulation. Describe
the process in your own words next to the diagram
7. Contrast intracellular and extracellular digestion. 8. Label the diagram below of the human digestive system.
9. What are the accessory glands of the digestive system and why are they call accessory are they
part of the digestive tract?
10. What is peristalsis? Using the process of swallowing, explain the process of peristalsis.
11. What are the three cell types of the gastric glands and what does each of them secrete?
13. Describe the first part of the small intestine what activity is occurring here?
15. Complete the chart below use it as a study guide for the process of enzymatic digestion and the
respective enzymes.
16. Explain the roles of the hormones listed below on digestive activity note whether each stimulates
or inhibits. Why is this level of control an advantage to the organism? a. Enterogastrone
b. Gastrin
c. Secretin
d. Cholecystokinin
17. How does the body control the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine?
18. What is the route for fat absorption? Include the term chylomicrons and the role of bile.
19. What role does the liver play in homeostasis with regard to digestion?
20. What is the major role of the large intestine in the digestive process?
21. Does the appendix have a role in the human body? What is it evolutionary significance?
22. How can you infer an organisms diet based on its teeth?
23. What general trends are noted in the digestive tracts of herbivores and carnivores?
24. What is different about the ruminants digestive system that adapts it to eating a diet of
cellulose?
Chapter 42 Circulatory System and Gas Exchange 1. What are the limits to diffusion as a means of transport for living organisms?
2. Compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems. Be certain focus on advantages of each.
4. Contrast the vertebrate circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, non-avian reptiles and mammals/birds.
6. Write the path of blood through the heart. Include the levels of CO2 and O2 (high/low).
7. Define the following terms: a. Cardiac cycle (describe in terms of valves opening and closing)
10. What is the lymphatic system and why is it important to the circulatory system with regard to blood volume?
11. What are the major components of plasma and what are their functions?
12. What are the three cell types in blood and what are their relative amounts and functions?
13. What are pluripotent stem cells and where do they come from? What role does erythropoietin play?
14. Label the diagram below concerning blood clotting and explain the process in your own words below the diagram. Include the type of feedback system.
18. Considering the rate of diffusion, why is it essential for respiratory surfaces to maximize surface area?
19. What is meant by the term countercurrent exchange and why is it an advantage to animals?
20. How does the tracheal system work in insects and how is this an advantage to gas exchange?
22. Label the respective structures and then briefly list the function of each below the label.
24. Describe the process of inhalation and exhalation with regard to the contraction of the diaphragm which is an active process and which is passive?
25. Explain how a bird breathes. Why is this an advantage to organism that require energy to fly?
26. Label the diagram below and explain the control of breathing in humans.
27. What is the relationship between oxygen releasing from hemoglobin and the pH of the blood why does this make it critical that humans maintain pH within a very strict range?
29. What is the adaptation of diving mammals that allow them to swim to great depths for very long periods of time?
Chapter 44 Osmoregulation and Excretion 1. Define the following terms: a. Osmoregulation b. Excretion c. Osmolarity d. Osmoconformer e. Osmoregulator
6. What are the three forms that animals use to dispose of nitrogenous waste?
7. Use the diagram below to label and define filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion be very clear on their meanings.
8. Label the kidney and a single nephron. Explain the use of peritubular capillaries to the side.
9. Describe the blood that is flowing in the following vessels in terms of where it came from, where it is going or what it is surrounding? a. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
10. Label the diagram (note by different colors active and passive transport) and explain the activities in the below locations:
a. Proximal tubule
d. Collecting duct
11. Summarize figure 44.15 in text. How do the changing concentrations in osmolarity reflect the ability of the human kidney to concentrate urine. Why is this system called a countercurrent multiplier system?
12. Describe the hormonal control of the kidney by the below negative feedback mechanisms. a. ADH
b. Juxtaglomerular appartatus
c. Angiotensin II
d. Aldosterone
e. RAAS
f.
b. Antigen
c. Epitope
d. B lymphocyte
e. T lymphocyte
7.
Contrast the way T cell receptors recognize and bind with antigens with the way that B cell receptors do?
8. Label the diagram below concerning clonal selection of B cells and explain the process to the side.
9. Contrast the primary immune response with the secondary immune response.
c. Helper T cell
12. Label the following diagram concerning the role of helper T cells
14. Describe the various compatibilities and incompatibilities of the ABO blood group and Rh factors.
15. Describe how MHC molecules are responsible for rejection of tissue or organ transplants.
3. Using the below organisms: How does the organization of the nervous system of a _____ compare with the organization of the nervous system of a ____? a. Hydra and insect
c. Leech and salamander 4. What are the functions of the following: a. Sensory neurons b. Interneurons c. Motor neurons d. Effector cells
10. What is myelin sheath and explain why it is important in nerve conduction?
b. Resting potential
12. Discuss the three types of gated ion channels below: a. Stretch
b. Ligand
c. Voltage
13. Define the following terms: a. Hyperpolarization b. Depolarization c. Graded potentials d. Threshold e. Action potential 14. In your own words, explain the generation of an action potential. How does it continue down an axon?
15. How do the various factors affect the speed of an action potential? a. Larger axon
b. Myelination and salutatory conduction 16. What happens at the synaptic cleft?
19. Discuss the neurotransmitters listed below: a. Acetylcholine b. Epinephrine and norepinephrine c. Dopamine d. Serotonin e. GABA f. Endorphins g. Nitrous oxide
20. Contrast the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
21. Contrast the core functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.
22. What are the three brain regions during embryonic development? What do they become in the adult brain? What processes allows for these changes?
23. What are the parts of the brainstem and what are its functions?
26. What are the parts of the diencephalons and what are its functions?
2. Discuss how sound is interpreted in the human ear. Make sure to describe how the movement
of fluids helps organisms to hear.
8. How does the muscular system interact with the skeletal system to create movement?
9. Use the following diagram to explain muscle contraction from the nerve all the way to the roles
of actin and myosin.
2. What constitutes the endocrine system and what are its functions?
4. How do neurosecretory cells demonstrate the overlap between the endocrine and nervous system?
5. Review the basics of negative feedback explain negative feedback using the following terms: receptor, control center, effector, and efferent signal.
8. What are the three major classes of molecules that function as hormones in vertebrates?
9.
10. What type of molecules are intracellular receptors? Include the why and give an example in your answer.
a) cytokines
b) growth factors
c) nitric oxide
d) prostaglandins
Study the table on page 949 it is overwhelming when presented with a long list of information the easier way to approach it by first looking through the list for what you already know and would associate together for example pancreas and insulin/glucagon. Then attack the glands with the least amount of information. You do not need to know every single hormone/control system. Find one that you like best and then know that one the BEST. 12. How does the hypothalamus integrate information?
13. What two hormones are released by the posterior pituitary and what are their actions?
16. What is the general function on the anterior pituitary nontropic hormones?
21. Complete the diagram below of the feedback loops concerning calcium regulation.
24. Complete the diagram below (you have seen this before) concerning glucose homeostasis.
25. How does the body respond differently to long term and short term stress and why is this an advantage to the organism?
26. How could chronic short term stress responses be a disadvantage to the organism?
b. Regeneration
c. Parthenogenesis
d. Hermaphroditism
4. Compare and contrast the embryos of eutherian mammals and marsupial mammals.
10. Describe two characteristics of semen that helps sperm survive the hostile environment of the vagina and travel through the female tract.
11. Compare and contrast the two types of mammalian gametogenesis (oogenesis and spermatogenesis).
15. Explain the hormonal control of the reproductive cycle of human females.