Data Communications

Introduction
Data Communications process of transferring

digital information between two points

Data Forms

Alphabetical Numeric Symbolic

Binary coded alphanumeric symbols Microprocessor op-codes Control codes User address Program data Data base information

History of Data Communications

During ancient time, the means of communication between people are smoke signal and tom-tom drums.

Timeline of Data Communications

Year
1820s

Innovations
Invention of the first telegraph by Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Cooke Invention of telegraph and development of Morse Code by Samuel F.B. Morse Morse patented the telegraph First telegraph was established between Baltimore and Washington DC Invention of first slow-speed telegraph printer

1837
1840 1844 1849

Year
1850

Innovations
Western Union Telegraph Company was formed in Rochester, New York Invention of high-speed telegraph printer (15bps) Emile Baudot invented a telegraph multiplexer Invention of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell Marconi succeeded in sending radio telegraph messages Invention of first special-purpose computer

1860
1874 1876 1899 1940 1951 1968

Invention of UNIVAC by Remington Rand Corporation (Sperry Rand)

Carter-fone decision was released

Standard Organizations for Data Coms.

International Standard Organization (ISO) Creates sets of rules and standards for graphics, document exchange and related technologies. Consultative Committee for International

Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT)

Developed three sets of specifications for telephone and telegraphy

V series modem interfacing X series data communications I and Q series Integrated Services Digital Network

Standard Organizations for Data Coms.

American National Standards Institute

(ANSI)

Official standards agency for the United States and is the U.S. voting representative for ISO

Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers (IEEE)

Professional organization for electronics, computer and electrical engineers

Standard Organizations for Data Coms.

Electronics Industries Association (EIA) Establishes and recommends standards Responsible for RS series Standard Council of Canada (SCC) Official agency in Canada similar to ANSI

Data Communications Circuit

Data Communication

System

Serial & Parallel Data

Transmission

Configurations
Topologies

Data Communications System

Data terminal

equipment (DTE)

Interface equipment used to adapt signal to a form more suitable for transmission

Data

communications terminal equipment (DCTE)

Modem

Serial and Parallel Data Transmission

Serial Data

Transmission

Slower Used for long distance communications

Parallel Data

Transmission

Faster Used for short distance communications

Configurations
Two-point Multipoint

configuration

configuration

Involves two locations or stations

Involves three or more stations

Involve s the transfer of information between mainframe computer (host) and a remote terminal computer

Used to interconnect host computer to many remote computer terminals

Topologies
Identifies how various location within the network

are interconnected
Common Topologies: Point to point Star network Bus network Multi loop network Ring (loop) network Mesh network

Transmission Modes
Simplex Receive only, transmit only or one way line Example: radio and television systems Half Duplex (HDX) Data transmission is possible at both direction but not at the same time Example: Citizen band (CB) radio

Transmission Modes
Full Duplex (FDX) Transmission in both directions simultaneously but between the same two stations Example: standard telephone system

Full/full duplex (F/FDX) Transmission in both directions simultaneously but not between the same two stations Example: international telephone system

Data Communications Codes

Baudot code ASCII Code EBCDIC Code

Introduction
Data Communications Codes Prescribed bit sequences used for encoding characters and symbols Morse Code First data communications code that uses dot, dash and space to encode messages

Baudot Code
Also called Telex code First fixed-length character code

Developed by French postal engineer Thomas

Murray in 1875
Named after Emile Baudot

Baudot Code
5-bit character code Used for low-speed teletype equipment

32 combinations (25)
Uses figure and letter shifts character to expand to

58 characters

Baudot Code
Recommended by CCITT as International Alphabet

No. 2
Used for TWX and Telex teletype system

ASCII Code
American Standard Code for Information Interchange Recommended by CCITT as International Alphabet No. 5 7-bit character set 128 combinations (27) Does not represent a weighted binary number

EBCDIC Code
8-bit character code Developed by IBM

256 combinations (28)

Does not facilitate the use of parity bit

Error Control & Detection

Error Control Error Detection

Error Detection
Process of monitoring the received data and

determining when a transmission error has occurred

Purpose: To prevent undetected errors from

occurring.

Techniques: Error Detection

Redundancy Transmitting each character twice Exact-count encoding Number of 1s in each character is the same Parity Simplest error detection A parity bit is added to be either odd or even parity

Techniques: Error Detection

Vertical and horizontal redundancy

checking

Vertical Redundancy Checking (VRC)

Uses parity to determine if a transmission error has occurred within a character Also known as character parity

Horizontal or Longitudinal Redundancy Checking (HRC or LRC)

Uses parity to determine if a transmission error has occurred within a message Also known as message parity

Techniques: Error Detection

Cyclic redundancy checking Reliable scheme for error detection 99.95% accurate Uses 8 bit codes

Error Correction
Uses 3 methods Symbol substitution Retransmission Forward error correction

Techniques: Error Correction

Symbol substitution Designed for human environment A reverse question mark is placed for bad transmitted character

Retransmission Called ARQ (automatic request for retransmission) Retransmitting of the message again

Techniques: Error Correction

Forward error correction Detects and corrects transmission errors without retransmission Uses Hamming code (R.W. Hamming) 2n > m+n+1