SUPER GRAMMAR

-/, -, -/ Adnominal Suffixes : Korean Grammar Korean Grammar : -/, -, -/ Adnominal Suffixes -/(eun), -(neun), -/(eul) are adnominal suffixes that make a verb

into an adjective. Depending on which of these suffixes is attached to the of the past, the present or the future. 1. Formation The Past Tense : -/ Verb stems ending in a vowel +

verb stem, the verb can work as an adjective expressing a state or an action

- (gada to go) () + =

- = the place (I/we/you/he/they/) went to yesterday Verb stems ending in a consonant +

- (simda to plant) () + = - = the tree that I planted The Present Tense : - Verb stem +

- (boda to see) () + =

- = the book (I am/You are/) reading now Verb stems ending with : drops + - - = the child who is crying

- (ulda to cry) () + =

 The Future Tense : -/ Verb stems ending in a vowel +

- (hada to do) () + =

- = words (I/you/) will say = things to say Verb stems ending in a consonant +

- (ilgda to read) () + =

- = the book (I/you/) will read tomorrow Example Sentences

The Past Tense

1. . [] (achim-e nyuseu-eseo bon geo-yeyo) - Its something I saw in the news this morning.

2. . [] (eoje meogeun pija neomu masisseosseoyo) - The pizza we ate yesterday was really delicious. The Present Tense

1. . [] (yeojeum-e boneun chaek-ieyo) - Its a book Im reading these days.

2. . [] (nalmada meokneun eumsik-i jigyeowoyo) - Im tired of the food I eat everyday. The Future Tense

1. . [] (naeil bol siheom-i geokjeongdwaeyo) - Im worried about the exam Ill be taking.

2. . [] (igeon naeil achim-e meogeul

ppang-ieyo)

- This is the bread that Ill eat tomorrow morning.

to be : Korean Grammar is the Korean affirmative copula. This is roughly equivalent to the

English verb to be. Using is the most useful and basic way to identify people and objects. An example of a sentence is (Subject and particle) + [Noun]+. This expresses (Subject) is [noun]. If the subject is not included in the sentence, the subject must be inferred. 1.Formation

(ida) can be conjugated just like any other verb. (imnida) is the formal simple present conjugation of (ida). (iya) is the casual simple present conjugation of (ida).

(ieyo) is the standard simple present conjugation of (ida). (imnikka) is the formal interrogative conjugation of (ida). 2.Example Sentences Peter. I am Peter. (jeo-neun Peter-imnida)

. I am a student. .

(jeo-neun hakseng-imnida)

(uija-imnida)

(This) is a chair.

(oeguk saram-imnida)

(Subject) is a foreigner.

(yeogi-ga seoul-imnida) This (here) is Seoul. 3.Notes

(ida) only expresses equation, definition, identification, or description. But it is not existential. Essentially, (ida) is used much like the English word that expresses existence. verb to be in all ways except to express existence. Korean has a separate When conjugated into the formal simple present becomes (imnida). The pronunciation of this is (imnida).

-() for (someone) to (do something), so that (someone) can (do something)

We can translate the English expression for, in order for, or for the sake

of, to Korean in many different ways, but what you can find most commonly translation of these expressions and we don't really use it in conversational when you do something because you want someone to do something, the () (-(eu)rago). -()

in the dictionary is the word (wihaeseo). However, this is only a direct Korean. When you do something so that someone can do something else, or expression that you can use to describe this is not (wihaeseo) but -

We use -() (-(eu)rago) to describe the cause or the intention behind an

action, so we commonly use it when we want to explain why we did something. Formation Add -() after the verb stem. (boda) - + = (borago)

(japda) + = (jabeurago) Example Sentences 1 ?

na deureorago han mal-iya?

2 . I'm doing this for you.

Did you say that because you wanted me to hear it? neo joeurago haneun geo-ya. 3 ?

na jam kkaerago chan mul bueon geo nugu-ya?

Who poured cold water on me so I could wake up? -() It is out of my knowledge whether it will happen or not. When you are talking about something that you might do in the future, you

can use the structure -() (-(eu)ljido moreuda). This structure literally means It will happen, also, I don't know or I don't know whether it will also happen that. Although the literal translation has the word

(moreuda) in it, which means to not know, what the sentence really means a sentence, it means it could happen or there is a possibility that it might happen.

is it is out of my knowledge whether it will happen or not. When we use it in

Formation Verb stem + ()

1. (mannada) to meet

(mannaljido molla) I might meet him/her. 2. (gada) to go

+ = (mannaljido moreuda)

(an gada) to not go

+ = (an galjido moreuda) (an galjido molla) I might not go there. Example Sentences 1. . na naeil mot oljido molla. I might not be able to come tomorrow. 2. . My friends might come.

chingudeul-i oljido mollayo.

3. .

nae iyagi deureumyeon useuljido molla. You might laugh if you hear my story. 4. . Your computer might break.

keompyuteo-ga gojangnaljido molla.

-() / To have + p.p. before () / (-(eu)n jeok-i itda/eopda) is a way to express a past

experience or the fact that you have or have not done something before. Here, (jeok) has the meaning of time or experience. We express whether you have that past experience or not through (itda) and marking particle - (i) in colloquial situations. Formation

(eopda), which mean to have and to not have. We often drop the subject

Verb Stem + -() / (boda) to see (bo) verb stem + -() = (bon jeok-i itda)

+ -() = (bon jeok-i eopda) (bon jeok-i isseoyo) I've seen it before. (bon jeok-i eopseoyo) I've never seen it before. Example Sentences

i yeonghwa-reul bon jeok-i eopseoyo. I've never watched this film before. .

sueop-e neujeun jeok-i eopseoyo. I've never been late for a class. .

eomma-reul dowajun jeok-i eopseoyo. I've never helped my mother. .

geojitmal han jeok eopseoyo. I've never told a lie.

 . I've been here last year. .

jeo-neun jaknyeon-e yeogi on jeok-i isseoyo.

i chaek ilgeun jeok isseoyo. I've read this book before.

-() ()? I wonder This sentence ending for questions, -()()? (-(eu)nga(yo)?) has the

same purpose as the ending -()? (-na(yo)?), but we use this one with the verb (ida - to be), and descriptive verbs, which are like adjectives but used like verbs in the Korean language.

Like -(), the ending -()() is also a sentence ending that Korean people use to avoid asking a question too directly. This ending also has the nuance of asking oneself at the same time as asking the other person, and it is similar to saying I wonder in English. By using -() or -()(), people hope to be less direct and accusing when asking a question, because two directions half toward the other person and half toward oneself.

one gets the feeling that the asking nuance is weakened by being divided into

We use -()()? with the verb and descriptive verbs, whereas we use -()? with action verbs. But in many cases, Korean people often mix up and use -()? for descriptive verbs as well.

Formation = + = ? (ingayo?) Is it?/Are you?

= + = ? (yeppeundagyo?) Is she/it pretty?

Since we express the future tense in Korean through () , and there is (to be) in this structure, we can express a future tense question through this manner as well.

= ? > ? or (shortened) ? Example Sentences 1. ? yeogi-ga eodi-ingayo? Where is this place? 2. ? How much is this?

igeon eolma-ingayo?

3. ? ?

haksaeng-i myeot myeong-ingayo?

4. ? What is the best?

mwo-ga je-il joeungayo?

-(//) Obligatary Ending This grammatical construction expresses obligation in Korean. It is used with all verbs (both action and descriptive) to express what one must do or must be. This grammatical structure is often translated as have to (verb), must (verb).

The final verb (doeda) usually means become but it can also mean: work out smoothly, go without problem, be able to achieve. as the final verb and still hold the same exact meaning. The final verb (doeda) can often be replaced with the verb (hada)

The tense and politeness level is regularly expressed in the verb verb.

(doeda)/ (hada). Negation, however, is regularly expressed in the first

Formation

Verb stem + (//) Verb stem + (//) (a) is used with verbs stems with the final vowels (a) or (o) (eo) is used with verb stems with any other final vowels (yeo0 is used with (hada) verbs Example:

(junbihada) to prepare (junbiha) verb stem + () (yeo) conjugation is used with (hada) verbs (junbi haeya doeda) to have to prepare

. (jeo-neun junbi haeya doegesseoyo.) I'll have to (doeda)]

prepare. [Verb tense and politeness level was expressed in the final verb, . (jeo-neun junbi an haeya doegesseoyo.) I won't have to prepare. [Negation was expressed in the first verb, (junbihada)]

Example Sentences

1. . .

(junhwahaji ma. na il haeya dwae.)

Don't talk on the phone. I have to work. 2. . . Don't be loud. I have to study.

(sikkeureopge hajima. na gongbuhaeya dwae.)

3. , !

(museun il saenggyeo-do, i jeonhwa-reul badaya haeyo!) Whatever happens, you must answer this phone! Notes

The final verb - (-doeda) cannot inflect the past tense. Instead the past

tense must be inflected using the verb (hada) in place of (doeda). Related Expressions

- (obligation)

- (negative obligation) -(//) . Asking Permission with When you want to ask for permission from another person or want to know if it is alright/okay to do or not to do something, you use this expression. Formation - (-(a/eo/yeo)do doeda) is a grammatical structure that means it is

okay to. The main verb of this structure, (doeda) originally means to The verb ending, -(//) (-(a/eo/yeo)do) expresses the meaning of even if. So the entire structure literally means it is okay even if. Example Sentences

become, but it also means for things to work out smoothly or to be alright.

1. ? Can I have a look at this?

2. ? Can I come tomorrow, too?

() / ending for intention, purpose () is a non-final ending for action verbs. It is used to convey the purpose of an action. It is used in conjunction with movement verbs and shows the of either (oda) to come, or (gada) to go, and their variations. This structure can be translated as 'in order to.' Formation [Verb1] verb stem + () + [Verb2] movement verb - is used for verb stems ending in vowels. end with the consonant) Example: - is used for verb stems ending in consonants (except verb stems which purpose of that 'movement.' These movement verbs are typically in the form

1. (sada) to buy the verb of purpose [Verb1] (gada) to go movement verb [Verb2] Verb1 stem + + Verb 2 + +

2. (meokda) to eat the verb of purpose [Verb1] (oda) to come movement verb [Verb2] Verb1 stem + + Verb 2 + +

Tense, and/or negation are inflected in Verb2, the movement verb. Example Sentences 1. . (mannareo gayo.)

(I)'ll go (in order) to meet (him.) 2. .

(gongbu hareo wasseoyo.)

(I) came (in order) to study. 3. .

(jeomsim meokeureo wasseoyo.) We came (in order) to eat.

4. .

(chaek sareo hakgyo gandago haesseo.)

He said he was going to school (in order) to buy a book. () Conjunction -() (nikka) is a conjunction that we use to combine two clauses clause happened or occurred.

together. This cause indicates that the first clause is the reason the second We can translate -() (nikka) as because, since, or so. We use -() when expressing a reason, along with - (gi

ttaemune) and - (seo). While we usually use the other two to express

reasons related to the past tense, we usually use -() to express a expresses something that was rightfully supposed to be that way. Formation

future decision or a command, or when we use it to discuss a past action, it

 is attached to the end of clauses that end in consonants. (Clause 1) (Clause 2) For example: , .

is attached to the end of clauses that end in vowels. (Clause 1) (Clause 2). For example: .

They cant eat spicy food, so lets make gimbap.

Your grandmothers leaving, so say bye.

Example Sentences .

oneul-eun deounikka eeokeon teuseyo.

Today is hot, please turn on the air conditioner. . bi onikka gaji malja. Its raining, so lets not go. .

i yeongwha jaemi eopseunikka dareun yeonghwa boja. Lets watch a different movie, this movie is boring. . meogeo.

haembeogeo-neun eoje meogeosseunikka, oneul-eun dareun geo

You ate hamburger yesterday, so eat something different today. Notes

Sometimes, we can leave out the second clause and simply infer it from the context.

() / ending for intention, purpose () is a non-final ending for action verbs. It is used to convey the purpose of an action. It is used in conjunction with movement verbs and shows the of either (oda) to come, or (gada) to go, and their variations. This structure can be translated as in order to. Formation [Verb1] verb stem + () + [Verb2] movement verb - is used for verb stems ending in vowels. end with the consonant) Example: - is used for verb stems ending in consonants (except verb stems which purpose of that movement. These movement verbs are typically in the form

1. (sada) to buy the verb of purpose [Verb1] (gada) to go movement verb [Verb2] Verb1 stem + + Verb 2 + +

2. (meokda) to eat the verb of purpose [Verb1] (oda) to come movement verb [Verb2] Verb1 stem + + Verb 2

 + +

Tense, and/or negation are inflected in Verb2, the movement verb. Example Sentences 1. . (mannareo gayo.)

(I)ll go (in order) to meet (him.) 2. .

(gongbu hareo wasseoyo.)

(I) came (in order) to study. 3. .

(jeomsim meokeureo wasseoyo.) We came (in order) to eat.

4. .

(chaek sareo hakgyo gandago haesseo.)

He said he was going to school (in order) to buy a book.

-() Simultaneous Actions We use -() [-(eu)myeonseo] to express two simultaneous actions which are taking action at the same time.

taking place. We can translate this as while. It can also link two clauses,

We only use this construction with actions verbs. We express tense,

negation, and politeness level in the final verb or clause. We can only use this construction with two simultaneous actions, not consecutive or subsequent actions.

Formation

Action 1 (verb stem) + -() Action 2 (meokda) to eat (meok) verb stem + -

I. Verb stems ending in consonants use -

meogeumyeonseo yeonghwa-reul bwayo. While eating, I watch a movie.

II. Verb stems ending on vowels use - (jada) to sleep (ja) verb stem + -

jamyeonseo malhaeyo. While I sleep, I talk. Example Sentences .

norae deuleumyeonseo geurim geuryeyo.

I am drawing a picture while I am listening to the music. .

bap meokeu myeonseo tibi bwayo.

I am watching TV while I am eating. .

gidarimyeonseo aiseukeurim meokeoyo.

I am eating ice cream while waiting.

-() should not/must not -() (-(eu)myeon an doeda) is a verb ending that means should

not or must not. Here, (doeda) literally means to become and has the meaning of things work out well and things go smoothly. So -() literally means if you do it, it's a problem. When it's used in a question, this structure can also ask for permission, translated to Can't I ? or Can I ? Formation

Verb Stem + -() (ttwida) to run (ttwi) verb stem + = (ttwimyeon an doeda)

. (ttwimyeon an dwaeyo) You shouldn't run. (jada) to sleep (ja) verb stem + = (jamyeon an doeda)

? (jamyeon an dwaeyo?) Can't I sleep? Example Sentences

1. . (neujeumyeon an dwaeyo) You shouldn't be late. alcohol. diary.

2. . (sul masimyeon an dwaeyo) You must not drink

3. . (nae ilgi bomyeon an dwae) You shouldn't read my 4. . (yeogi deureogamyeon an dwaeyo) You shouldn't go in here.

5. ? (na dowajumyeon an dwae?) Can't you help me?

-() Negative Obligation This grammatical construction expresses negative obligation in Korean. It is do or must not be. It is a combination of the conditional (), the negative

used with all verbs (both action and descriptive) to express what one must not adverb (), and the verb to become (). This grammatical structure can be translated as if (someone) doesn't (verb), it can't be or more simply: must not (verb).

The final verb (doeda) can often be replaced with the verb (hada) as the final verb and still hold the same exact meaning.

The tense and politeness level is regularly expressed in the verb verb.

(doeda)/ (hada). Negation, however, is regularly expressed in the first

Formation

Verb Stem + ()

() is used with verb stems that end in consonants. Example: (to read) (ilk) verb stem + it can't be.)

(ilgeumyeon an doeda) You must not read it. (If you read it,

Example Sentences

1. ! (dangsin-i tteonamyeon an dwaeyo!) You must not leave! (If you leave, it can't be!)

2. . (geu saram-eul mannamyeon an dwaeyo.) You must not meet that person. (If you meet that person, it can't be.) 3. . (geu hwajangsil sseumyeon an dwae.)

You must not use that bathroom. (If you use that bathroom, it can't be.)

Notes

The final verb - (-doeda) cannot inflect the past tense. Instead the past

tense must be inflected using the verb (hada) in place of (doeda). -() -() the More A, the More B When you want to say the more A, the more B in Korean, you can use the

structure -() -() (-(eu)myeon -(eu)lsurok). For the part the more A, in Korean, you repeat the same verb in the structure -() -(), as in the example below.

Formation

(gada) to go

+ + + = (gamyeon galsurok) the more I go, (boda) to see, to look at, to watch

+ + + = (bomyeon bolsurok) the more I see it, Example Sentences 1. , .

The more I think about it, the more jealous I feel. 2. .

saenggakhamyeon saenggakhalsurok jeongmal bureowoyo.

jaju bomyeon bolsurok chinhaejil geo-yeyo.

The more you see each other, the closer you will get. 3. .

deureumyeon deureulsurok i norae-ga joajil geo-yeyo.

The more you listen to it, the more you will like this song. 4. .

sseumyeon sseulsurok pyeonhaeyo.

The more you use it, the more convenient it is. 5. . jaju omyeon olsurok joayo. The more often you come, the better. -() Selection Particle -() (-(eu)ro) is a particle that indicates selection. It serves the same

purpose as the object marker in many cases, but since this particle has the

original meaning toward or to, which represent directions, even when it is used as the selection particle, it has a nuance of leaning toward a choice. Therefore, -() has a narrower meaning than -/ and cannot always

replace -/. -() is used and translated like the object markers - and , but it specifies the characteristics of the aforementioned topic and shows selection.

Formation

Nouns ending in a vowel + - Ex) + - =

Nouns ending in a consonant + - Ex) + - = Example Sentences

1. . [] (oneul jeonyeok-eun pija-ro meokja)

- Let's have pizza for dinner tonight. 2. . [] (yeogi-eseo jeil masitneun geos-euro juseyo) - Please give me the most delicious one here. 3. . [] (ppalgan saek-euro boyeo juseyo)

- Please show me a red one.

4. . [ ] (deo keun geos-euro gajigo oseyo) - Please bring something bigger. 5. . [] (sae chaek-euro saseyo) Please buy a new book.

Notes

-() has several usages, like many other particles in Korean. The following lists the main usages of the particle -(): 1. (direction)

- ex) (sea) + = (to the sea)

ex) (house) + = (to the house) 2. (material)

- ex) (wood) + = (out of wood) - ex) (gold) + = (in gold)

- ex) (car) + = (by car)

3. (means)

- ex) (window) + = (through the window)

-() Intentional (-ryeogo hada) is an intentional sentence ending we use with action verbs and the verb of existence, (itda). This expresses the subject's intention or determines the subject's actions. We can use it with all persons (first person, second persons, and third persons), whereas other intentional sentence endings are limited.

We can translate this grammatical structure as intend to (verb), going to (verb), and plan to (verb). We express mood, tense, negation, and politeness levels in the latter part of Formation the grammatical structure, (hada).

Verb Stem + -()

Conjugation differs slightly (according to the verb stem). I. Verb Stem that ends in a vowel + (swida) to rest (swi) verb stem +

to intend to rest . I intend to rest. / I'm going to rest. / I plan to rest. II. Verb Stem that ends in a consonant + (batda) to receive (bat) verb stem +

to intend to receive . I intend to receive it.

Example Sentences

chinju jib-eseo yeonghwa boryeogo hae.

I'm going to watch a movie at a friend's house. .

naeil gyosunim-eul mannaryeogo hamnida.

Tomorrow, I'm going to meet my professor. .

hangukeo-reul gongbu haryeogo hae. I plan on studying Korean. Notes

Many times, we shorten this grammatical structure. The following are a few different colloquial variations of this grammatical structure: Original Construction: -() For example:

(jada) to sleep (verb stem) +

. to intend to sleep . to intend

Abbreviated/Shortened Variations: I. -() We remove from the construction. As we remove from this construction, there is no way to inflect politeness level. Generally speaking, to end a sentence in this manner makes it is closer to the

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-(

h c e e p S d et r o p e R/ n oit a cifit n e dI )

Intentional (-/) For example: II. -/ For example: + (verb stem) + (verb stem)

Intentional (-/)

Related Expressions closest to the intimate politeness level. In addition to removing , we have changed the construction itself. This is intimate politeness level. (jada) to sleep . I intend to sleep. (jada) to sleep . I intend to sleep.

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words too and also.

attached directly to the noun it is modifying. This correlates to the English - the augmentive particle

true for another person or thing, the particle - (-do) is used. This particle is The particle - (-do) is used to express that a statement already expressed

holds true for another noun. If a statement is issued, and that statement holds

Formation

This is a very simple particle to use. It is simply suffixed at the end of the noun it is modifying. For example: teacher.

Sentence1: . (jeo-neun seonsaengnim-imnida) I am a Sentence2: . (jeo-do seonsaengnim-imnida) I am also a teacher.

Here the topic marking particle -/ (-eun/-neun) is replaced by the augmentative particle - (-do).

Example Sentences teacher.

Sentence1: . (jeo-neun seonsaengnim-imnida) I am a Sentence2: . (uri nuna-do seonsaengnim-imnida)

My sister is also a teacher.

Sentence1: . (jeo-neun chuwoyo) I'm cold.

Sentence2: . (minji-ssi-do chuwoyo) Minji is also cold.

- Reported Speech This reported speech is used when the outcome of something is contrary, or is something unexpected to what the listener had thought or believed. as Didn't you say (reported speech). Because it is contrary to the speaker's thoughts or beliefs, it can be translated This reported speech is used with people on casual speaking terms. Formation

The speech that is being reported, must be changed to the plain declarative

(if the reported speech ends in a verb).

(Plain Declarative version of the reported speech) + . (I don't want to go to Australia.) (plain declarative) + (present tense, intimate politeness level)

. (hoju gagi silta-deoni).

Didn't you say you didn't want to go to Australia? When reporting nouns that end in consonants, the construction is as follows: Noun (ending in consonant) + (cheoeum) first time + (cheoeumiradeoni)

Didn't you say it was your first time? When reporting nouns that end in vowels, the construction is as follows: Noun (ending in consonant) + (chingu) friend + (chinguradeoni)

Did't you say she's a friend? Example Sentences

1., ? (gongbuhandadeoni, yeogi wae isseo?) You said you were studying, what are you doing here?

You said you didn't know, how are you doing it?

2., ? (moreudadeoni, eotteoke ha-neungeoya?)

3.. (cheoeumiradeoni.) Didn't you say it was your first time?

-/- I said/I told you -/- (-danikka / ranikka) is a structure that emphasizes a fact or a make sure is understood and accepted. We can translate to English as I

statement by being added to the end of a sentence that the speaker wants to said, I told you, or even I asked you. When meaning, I asked you, the

ending changes slightly to (nyanikka). This is different from the ending end to sound a little more polite, but this is not a very polite expression even in polite language because it has the nuance of talking back and criticizing the other person's thought, statement, or judgment. - (nikka), which means because, owing to. You can add (yo) at the

- (danikka) originally comes from the expression - () (-

dago hanikka), which is closer to the English translation I said or I told you. We dropped the letter (go), and (malhanikka) or (hanikka) became shorter, so the whole expression became (danikka).

(nyanikka) comes from - () (-nyago hanikka). Formation

- (ranikka) comes from - () (-rago hanikka), and -

Plain sentences using verbs other than (ida) and (anida) + - (danikka) (gada) to go

(ganda) I go. (plain narrative sentence) (gandanikkayo)

(ga) / (gayo) / (gamnida) + = I said I'm going (alda) to know

 (anda) I know. (plain narrative sentence) (andanikkayo)

(ara) / (arayo) / (amnida) + =

I told you I know Plain sentences using verbs (ida) and (anida) + (ranikka) (anida) to be not (ani) verb stem !

+ = (aniranikka) (jeo aniranikkayo!)

I told you it's not me! (jinjja) real, truth

(jinjja-ranikkayo)

+ + = (jinjjaranikka)

+ = (jinjjaida) to be real

I told you it's real! Imperatives + -() (ranikka) (oda) to come . (ending in a vowel) + = (oranikka) (ppalli oranikka)

I told you to come early. (meokda) to eat .

(ending in a consonant) + = (meogeuranikka) (cheoncheonhi meogeuranikka) I said, eat slowly.

Interrogative sentences + - (nyanikka) (oda) to come (watda) came, to have come ?

+ = (watnyanikka) (wae watnyanikka?)

I asked you why you came. Example Sentences . jeo aniranikkayo.

I told you it's not me. .

nae-ga meogeotdanikka. I told you I ate it. .

I told you I didn't do it. ?

nae-ga an haedanikka.

wae geureonyanikka.

I asked you, what's wrong with you? ?

nugu-nyanikka?

I asked you, who is it? !

jigeum nagaranikka!

I told you to get out of here!

geureotanikkayo.

I told you so already. Notes

nyanikka) most of the time, but it does not sound as strong and accusing as // (danikka/ ranikka / nyanikka).

This can replace the structure -// (danikka / ranikka /

A similar structure is -// (dago / rago / nyago).

How is it different from -/?

-(), -()?, -() So, what you said is, So you mean, Ive heard that Is that right?

When someone tells you something and you want to show a reaction of

disbelief or surprise, for the present tense and the past tense, you can use the ending -()? (-dago(yo)?). But for the future tense, you use the ends in -/ (-l/eul geos-ida). ending -()? (-rago(yo)?) This is because the future tense in Korean

-/ + () becomes -()? (-geos-irago(yo)?), but we shorten it to -()? (-geo-rago(yo)?) to make it easier and simpler to leave it out in intimate language. pronounce. You can add (yo) at the end to make it sound more polite and

So the entire phrase is translated as So, what you said is, So you mean, or I've heard that Is that right? Formation

(oda) to come

+ - + () = ()? or ()? You're going to come?

 (hada) to do

+ - + () = ()? or ()? You're going to do it? Example Sentences

1. ?

daeum dal-e isahal geo-ragoyo?

You're going to move next month? 2. ?

naenyeon-kkaji miguk-e isseul geo-ragoyo?

You're going to stay in America until next month? 3. ?

eonje ol geo-ragoyo?

When did you say you were going to come? 4. eodi-ragoyo?? Where did you say it was? 5. ? nugu-ragoyo? You arewho? Notes

We can use -()()? (-(i)rago(yo)?) with nouns too.

After all, the future tense in Korean is basically composed of a noun phrase [verb stem + -() ] and the verb , meaning to be. For Example:

(haksaeng), meaning student ?

You are a student? ?

(igeo), meaning this one You mean it's this one?

- while -ing, I was -ing when

- (daga) is the grammatical structure that expresses while -ing or I was -ing when. This structure shows what kind of action was previously taking place when the next one happened, and it often has the nuance of the previous action not being completely over yet. Formation

Verb stem + -

Ex) (to walk) = + = (while walking)

Ex) (to sleep) = + = (while sleeping)

Example Sentences

1. . [, ] (jadaga ireonasseoyo) - I was asleep and I got up.

2. . [, ] (bap meokdaga jeonhwa-reul badasseoyo) - I got a phone call while I was eating. 3. . [, ] (gongbuhadaga jamdeureosseoyo) I was studying and I felt asleep. 4. . [, ] (uldaga utdaga haesseoyo) - They kept crying and laughing repeatedly.

5. ? [, ] (mwo hadaga ireobeoryeosseo?) - What were you doing when you lost it? Related Expressions

- is often just used as -

-/ Theres no way, Cant be -/ (-eul li-ga eopda) expresses a doubt in the possibility or the

likeliness of an action or a state. (li) means a reason, a possibility, or a past tense, and even when it's refering to a future action, the sentence remains in the present tense. Ex) (o)

cause. This grammar structure is usually used in the present tense and the

- (x) This structure can be translated into English as 'can't + verb', 'there is no way

that + sentence', or 'it's impossible that + sentence'. Formation

Verb stem + / + + - / (to exist, to have) [present tense]

+ = = can't be (there), can't have (to exist, to have) [past tense] have had

+ + = = can't have been (there), can't

 (to know) [present tense]

+ () + = = can't know (to do) [past tense]

+ + + = = can't have done Example Sentences

He can't have had dinner. 2. . That cant be money.

1. .

He cant be here that early.

3. .

My girlfriend cant be dump me.

4. .

5. . The company cant be success a deal. Notes

has the same meaning since the question serves as a confirming statement. . (x) ? (o) -/ I suppose -/ (eul geoya) is the intimate politeness level of the structure -/

-/ is also possible but it can only be used in a question, and still

. This is the same form as the intentional, but is not of the same

meaning. While the intentional expresses an intention or a plan to do

something in the future, here, when this grammatical structure can express a suppositive or assumptive statement about all tenses. Formation

Future / Present Tense

- Verb stem ending in a vowel + -

Verb stem ending in a consonant + - Past Tense

- Verb stem + -//- + - becomes: - (intimate) - or (standard) - or (formal) Example Sentences - I guess so.

1. . (ama geureol geo-ya.)

2. . (neo-neun moreul geo-ya.) I don't think you know.

3. . (eomma-neun nollasseul geo-ya.) - I think my mom was surprised.

4. . (naeil-do ol su isseul geo-ya.) - I think I'll be able to come again tomorrow.

5. . (han sigan jeong-do geollil geo-ya.) I guess it'll take about an hour.

-() Noun Modifier Descriptive verbs can be made in noun modifiers and describe the nouns directly. The verb acts as an adjective to modify a noun that must follow immediately. The translation for descriptive verbs typically start with to be This construction would remove that from the literal translation. Example: (jakda) to be small

(jakeun) [a] small [noun] Formation

Descriptive Verb Stem + -() [noun] (Example)

- (-eun) is attached to descriptive verb stems that end in consonants. (johta) to be good (joh) verb stem + = (joheun)

[] (a) good [noun]

(joheun saram) a good person - (-n) is attached to descriptive verb stems that end in vowels. (nappeuda) to be bad (nappeu) verb stem + = (nappeun)

[] (a) bad [noun]

(nappeun saram) a bad person Example Sentences

1. . (keun sahwa juseyo) Please give me a big apple.

2. . (i saram-i bappeun saram-ieyo.)

This person is a busy person. 3. . (isanghan jilmun-i itneundeyo.)

I have a strange question. Notes

This noun modifier can be used with all politeness levels because another verb must follow, and that verb indicates the politeness level. -// to death, very much -//() (a/eo/yeo(seo) jukgetda) is the grammatical structure that is used to emphasize or sometimes to exaggerate the emotion that you have or the state you're in, and it literally means I will die from + descriptive verb. can be said or omitted. Formation

Verb stem + //() (apeuda to be painful) - + -

. = It hurts so much that I might die. (hada to do)

(hago sipda = to want to do) - + - - studying.

. = I want to study so badly that I can't stand not

Example Sentences

1. . [] (neo ttaemune jjajeungnaseo

jukgesseo)

= You are annoying me to death. 2. . [] (yeopjip ttaemune sikkeureowoseo jukgetda) = The people nextdoor is so noisy that I can't stand them. 3. . [ ] (bae gopaseo jukgesseoyo)

= I'm starving to death.

4. . [] (yojeum joeun ildeul-i manaseo haengbokhaeseo jukgesseo) happy. = There's so many good things happening these days that I'm extremely

jukgesseoyo)

5. . [] (jam-eul mot jaseo jollyeo

= I couldn't sleep so I'm sleepy to death. Notes

(jugeul jigyeong-ieyo) too, although is most commonly used.

can be changed to (jugeul geot gatayo) or

-// to do something by accident, to end up doing -// (-a/eo/yeo beorida) is a sentence ending that expresses the boldly do something that takes some courage to do so. (beorida)

meaning of to do something by accident to end up doing or sometimes to alone literally means to throw away, but here, it has the nuance of to do

something once and get done with it for good, therefore it is used to describe situations where you have done something that you didn't mean to do, or to describe quickly going ahead and getting done with an action. So you must

look at the context to see which meaning the sentence takes.

Formation

Verb Stem + -// (jiuda) to erase (jiu) verb stem + = (jiwo beorida)

number by mistake or I went ahead and erased the number. Now it's gone. Example Sentences , . (bimil-inde, malhae beoryeosseoyo) It's a secret,

. (beonho-reul jiwo beoryeosseoyo) I've erased the

but I ended up telling it by mistake.

and ordered it. It's done!

. (oneul jumun-hae beoryeosseoyo) I went ahead . (mihyeon-i-ga ara beoryeosseoyo) Mihyeon

ID . (aidi-reul ijeobeoryeosseoyo) I've forgotten my ID.

found out! She's not supposed to.

. (ga beoryeo) Get lost.

-// To Ask Someone To Do Something -// (a/eo/yeo dallago hada) is a grammatical structure that

expresses to ask someone to do something. can be changed to (jurago) using the verb (juda to give), but is more common.

cannot be used in its dictionary form on its own and must be used with -, the particle that expresses a reported speech, to form a sentence. The mood, tense and voice are expressed in the last verb, (hada). Here,

means to say, so it can be replaced with (malhada to say),

 (yaegihada to talk), (yocheonghada to request) or (yoguhada to demand).

Formation

Verb Stem + -// * If you want to go back and study more about the -// conjugation,

Bank in the Learning Center. Example Sentences dallago haeyo)

please check out Beginner Season 1 Lesson 25, or check out the Grammar

1. . [] (namdongsaeng-i jakku nora - My younger brother keeps asking me to play with him. 2. . [] (eomma appa-ga seongjeokpyo boyeo dallago hasyeosseoyo) My parents asked me to show them my report card. 3. . [] (mingyeong ssi-ga jeonhwahae

dallago haesseoyo)

- Mingyeong wants you to call her back. 4. . [] (bi-hante ana dallago hal geo-yeyo)

I will ask Rain to hug me.

5. . [] (chingu-hante sukje dowa dallago haesseo) - I asked my friend to help me with my homework.

- than

 (boda) works like the English word than and we use it in comparison

sentences. But whereas the English word than comes before the word that word without any spacing. When you want to compare verbs, you need to make the verb into its noun form before combining it with . Formation

is being the target of comparison, the Korean word comes right after the

[Noun] + (na) I than I / than me

[Noun Form of The Verb] + (saenggakhada) to think than I thought than thinking Example Sentences . []

neo-boda nae-ga ttokttokhae. I'm smarter than you.

igeot-boda ssan geo isseoyo?

? [] []

Do you have anything cheaper than this? . []

ramyeon-boda bab-i masisseoyo.

Rice is more delicious than noodles. . []

beoseu-boda taeksi-ga pyeonhaeyo.

Taxis are more convenient than buses.

 . [] oneul-boda naeil-i joayo. Tomorrow is better than today. Notes

We often add (deo) before the descriptive verb or adverb to emphasize the meaning.

- to do completely, or unintentionally

in conjunction with another verb, it can add two different nuances to the main verb.

The verb - (-beorida) means to throw away. However, when it is used

1. To do something completely.

2. To do something unintentionally. Formation

// conjugation + . 1. -> + -> + =

2. -> + -> + = 3. -> + -> + = Example Sentences 1. . (malhae beorida) completely.

To say something that should not have been said. Or to tell someone

2. (sa beorida) To buy the book, when there was no intention of buying that book. 3. . (ga beorida) To go away completely (to be out of sight).

- As if Thats Not Enough / To Not Be Satisfied With and

- (-do mojaraseo) is a conjunctive verb ending that takes the

originally comes from the verb (mojarada), which means to lack or to not be enough. Here, - (-do) means even when you have it or even

meaning of as if X wasn't enough or to not be satisfied with Y. This pattern

with that and (mojaraseo) means because it's not enough. So the entire pattern literally means, because it's not enough even when you have X. Since (mojarada) has the same meaning as the verb

(bujokhada), we can use - (-do bujokhaeseo) to replace - (-do mojaraseo), depending on the certain speaker's preference.

Since only a noun or a noun group can come before the particle - (-do), we change verbs to nominal forms by adding -// (n/eun/neun geot). Formation

Verb Stem + // (nominalization) + (oda) to come (o) verb stem + = (on geot) having come (past tense) (neutge on geot) having come late (neutge on geot-do mojaraseo) as if coming late

wasn't enough

, ? (neutge on geot-do mojaraseo, jeil meonjeo jib-e gasseo?) As if coming late wasn't enough, you went home the earliest? Noun + (goyangi) cat cat wasn't enough sasseo?)

+ = (goyangi-do mojaraseo) as if a ? (goyangi-do mojaraseo gae-reul tto As if a cat wasn't enough, you bought a dog again? Example Sentences

igeot-do mojaraseo jeogeot-kkaji sal geo-ya?

You're going to buy that one as well, as if this one isn't enough? , ?

ni hyeong-do mojaraseo, neo-kkaji ireol geo-ya? enough?

Are you going to act like this, as if your brother doing the same wasn't

, ?

areubaiteu du gae-do mojaraseo, hana deo guhae?

As if having two part-time jobs wasn't enough, you're looking for one more? , ?

maeil suyeong haneun geot-do mojaraseo, teniseu-reul baeugo sipeo? As if swimming everyday wasn't enough, you want to learn tennis? ?

dijiteol kamera-do mojaraseo pilleum kamera-do sasseo?

You also bought a film camera as if a digital camera wasn't enough? Notes

Since - (-do mojaraseo) has the nuance of you even do X or

you do as much as Y, note that this structure is often followed by particles the phrase that follows.

(kkaji), meaning as much as, until or (do), meaning also, even, in

- In spite of, despite

When you want to describe a situation where something happens despite something, or when you do something in spite of something, you can use the expression, - (-edo bulgohago). means not and

means restraining or captured, so literally means without being of a noun, so if you want to use a verb with this expression, you need to change the verb into a noun form. Formation

captured or without being restrained. We attach this expression to the end

Noun + - (-edo bulguhago) With verbs, first you need to change them into noun forms, but most

commonly, you can add -/ (-n/neun de) for the present tense, and -/ (-edo bulguhago) at the end. Example Sentences

/ (-as/eos/yeosseum) for the past tense to the verb stem and add -

bappeun iljeong-edo bulguhago wa jusyeoseo gamsahamnida. Thank you for coming despite your busy schedule.

Despite the hot weather, there were so many people. .

deoun nalssi-edo bulguhago saram-i jeongmal manasseoyo.

sigan-i jjalbasseum-edo bulguhago jeongmal jal hasyeosseoyo.

Despite the short period of time that was given, you did a very good job. , .

In spite of many problems, we had some good results.

yeoreogaji munjejeom-edo bulguhago, joeun gyeolgwa-ga nawasseoyo.

- () Depending on - () (-e ttara(seo)) is a structure that expresses the meaning of

depending on. This structure comes from the verb (ttareuda), which literally means to follow. So we can literally translate - () (-e ttara drop the last letter, (seo). Formation (seo)) as by following, and it takes the meaning of depending on. We can

Noun + - () (gagyeok) price

+ - = (gagyeok-e ttaraseo) gagyeok-e ttaraseo keugi-ga dallayo. .

The sizes vary depending on the price.

Example Sentences

sanghwhang-e ttaraseo dallayo. It depends on the situation.

rebel-e ttaraseo munje-ga bakkwieoyo.

Depending on the level, the questions change. .

ttae-e ttaraseo dallayo.

It depends on the certain time. .

nalssi-e ttara os-eul dareuge ibeoyo.

I dress differently depending on the weather. . yoil-e ttara dallayo. It depends on the day of the week.

-// It would have been nice if / I should have When you have regrets, and wish that you or someone had or had not done

something in the past, you can use this grammatical structure, -// (joasseul tende) comes from (joasseul teo-inde). (teo) refers to a situation or a state, but we also use it to express assumption or the condition of if it had been in a certain way or if someone had done

(-as/eos/yeosseumyeon joasseul tende). The last part,

intention. In this structure, -// (as/eo/yeosseumyeon) expresses something, and (joasseul tende) means, it would have been nice. So all together, -// (-as/eos/yeosseumyeon joasseul tende) takes the meaning of it would have been nice if or should

have. Formation

Verb stem + -// () (gada) to go

+ -// () = () Example Sentences

jom deo iljjik mannasseumyeon joasseul tende. a little earlier.

If only we had met a little earlier./ It would have been nice if we had met

neo-do wasseumyeon joasseul tende. there too.

It would have been nice if you had been there too. / If only you had been

an geuraesseumyeon joasseul tende.

If only you hadn't done that. / I wish you hadn't done that. Notes

The nuance of this structure however, is not as strong and imposing as that of that it would have been nice. -// or - since you are just making an assumption

You can't form a formal sentence ending in - using this structure. In that case, people usually add (mar-imnida) at the end.

-// I Wish

-// (ass/eoss/yeoss/eumyeon joketda) is the grammatical

structure that expresses a wish or a hope, and just like when the English verb in the past tense. The form in the present tense, -() ((eu)myeon joketda) can also be used, but the past tense is more commonly used, especially with the ending part .

'to wish' is used, the conjugated structure of the verb in Korean is also usually

Formation

Verb stem + -// (the past suffix) + - Ex)

- (oda to come) + -// +=

+ =

= I wish I/you/he/she/we/they would come. Ex)

- (hada to do) + -// +=

+ =

= I wish I/you/he/she/we/they would do it. Example Sentences jokesseoyo)

1. . [] (naeil bi-ga an wasseumyeon - I wish it wouldn't rain tomorrow. dorawasseumyeon jokesseoyo)

2. . [] (ppalli nae saengil-i - I wish my birthday came around soon. jokesseo)

3. . [] (ni-ga dambae kkeuneosseumyeon

- I wish you would quit smoking. joketda)

4. . [] (nae saenggak-i teullyeosseumyeon - I wish I was wrong.

5. . [] (kkum-ieosseumyeon joketda) I wish I was dreaming.

Notes

When the first part of the sentence is expressed in the present tense () can go along with it most naturally.

instead of the past tense, the ending part, (joeul geot gatayo)

-// Someone/something which + past tense

In Korean, -// (at/eot/yeot) is the basic suffix for verb conjugation for the past tense. Followed by - (deon), -// (at/eot/yeotdeon) becomes a verb ending that makes the verb an adjective that can modify the past tense. The noun that comes after this verb ending can be either the

noun that follows. This form takes the meaning of something/someone that + subject of the verb or the object of the verb, but it's often very clear from the difference is that -// (at/eot/yeotdeon) expresses a clear

context. Another verb ending that has a similar meaning is -/ (n/eun). The discontinuation between the present and the past. Formation

Construction

Verb Stem + // + + Noun For example:

1. (itda) to see, to watch (bo) verb stem

 + = (boatdeon)

(eoje boatdeon yeonghwa) the movie that I saw yesterday saw yesterday

(eoje uri-ga boatdeon yeonghwa) the movie that we (eoje gachi boatdeon yeonghwa) the movie that we

saw together yesterday

2. (malhada) to talk, to say (malha) verb stem + = = (malhaetdeon)

(nae-ga malhaetdeon chaek) the book I was talking about the person I talked about earlier

(akka malhaetdeon saram) the person who spoke earlier/

Example Sentences eoryeosseul ttae saratdeon jip

the house that we lived in when I was little

jeon-eneun mollatdeon gippeum a joy that I didn't know before

jaknyeon-e ipdeon ot

the clothes that I used to wear last year

achim-e meogeotdeon eumsik

the food that I ate this morning

bam-e naeryeotdeon bi

the rain that fell overnight Notes

How is -// different from -/?

-/ (n/eun) is also a past adnominal suffix, which works as a modifier in the past tense. The difference is that while -/ (n/eun) only represents a plain and the present actions/states. fact, -// (at/eot/yeotdeon) shows a clear distinction between the past

Example: fact)

1. (eoje ilgeun chaek) the book that I read yesterday (plain (eoje ilgeotdeon chaek) the book that I read yesterday (but

not anymore) (discontinuation)

2. (jaju gan sikdang) the restaurant that I often went to (plain fact) (jaju gatdeon sikdang) the restaurant that I used to go to

often (discontinuation)

How is -// different from -?

because both // and express the past. But without the // part, between the past and the present, but it expresses more continuation of a past state or an action. Example:

You can also express almost the same thing without the -// part

the sentence changes its meaning a little bit. It still expresses discontinuation

1. (bi-ga on nal) the day when it rained (plain fact) that day, but not anymore.) when X happened.)

(bi-ga watdeon nal) the day when it rained (It was raining on

(bi-ga odeon nal) the day when it was raining (It was raining

2. (chingu-rang masin keopi) the coffee that I drank with my friend (plain fact) (chingu-rang masyeotdeon keopi) the coffee that I drank

with my friend

(chingu-rang masideon keopi) the coffee that I would sometimes drink with my friend (a repeated action in the past)

-// and as a result, and then

logical order. And the relationship between the two actions or states

-// (at/eot/yeotdeoni) is used to show two actions or states in a

expressed through this grammatical structure can be 1) one being the reason or cause of the other, or 2) one happening after the other and the speaker is realizing it now. This grammatical structure is different from or -// as and then (affected by the previous action or state, the second one happened) or and then (what I saw happening was). Formation

and not usually translated as 'because' or 'since'. This is best translated

Verb stem + -// (past infix) + (retrospective infix) +

Example Sentences

1. . [] [] [] [] - I told my mom, and she told me not to go. - (eommahante malhaetdeoni, gaji mallago hasyeosseo.)

 (wolyoil-e gatdeoni saram-i byeollo eopseosseo.)

2. , . [] []

- I went on a Monday, and there weren't many people.) 3. , TV . [] []

(keompyuteo-reul satdeoni, tibi-reul jwosseo.) - I bought a computer, and they gave me a TV.

(aiseukeurim-eul neomu mani meogeotdeoni, bae-ga apayo.) - I ate too much ice cream and my stomach is hurting.

4. , . [] []

5. , . [] [ ]

(naengjanggo mun-eul yeoreotdeoni, penggwin-i deureo isseosseo.) - I opened the refrigerator door, and there was a penguin inside.

Notes

-// is often interchangeable with - or -, depending on the context. = [ + ] = [] = []

Instead Of, In Return For (daesin-e) is the grammatical structure that expresses instead of or in return for in Korean. Like in English, instead of can be used with both nouns and verbs, and when a verb comes before , the verb is conjugated into the adjective form to modify .

's Chinese characters, , mean replace + body(person). Therefore, it's a noun that means a replacement or a substitute.

Formation

Nouns +

- Verbs + // Nouns +

Ex) + = (instead of me)

Ex) + = (instead of this) Verbs + -//

Ex) + school)

= (instead of going to school / in return for going to

Example Sentences

1. . [] - I ate ramyeon instead of rice. 2. ? [] (na daesin ni-ga gallae?)

(bap daesin ramyeon meogeosseoyo)

Do you want to go in my place? 3. , . [, ]

(ni sukje dowajuneun daesin, neo-neun nae bang cheonsohae) - I'll help with your homework so, in return, you clean my room. 4. . []

(gamja daesin-e goguma-reul sasseoyo)

- I bought sweet potatoes instead of potatoes. 5. . [, ]

(yag-eu meogneun daesin-e jam-eul jasseoyo)

- I slept instead of taking medicine. Notes

You can drop and just say , too.

counter for Cars, planes, bicycles, machines, and punches (dae) is a word used to count cars, planes, bicycles, machines, punches

and some other nouns. A noun comes before the number to specify what is

being talked about, but it can be omitted when you're answering a question. Formation Ex)

(Noun) + Number + a car = (jadongcha han dae)

a plane = (bihaenggi han dae)

Example Sentences

- My family has three cars.

1. . (uri jib-eun cha-ga se dae isseo)

2. . (keompyuteo yeol dae jumunhasseoyo) - I ordered ten computers.

The loser will get hit ten times.

3. . (jineun saram-eun yeol dae majeul geo-ya)

- Like (cheoreom) means like and it's attached to after, the noun that it

modifies, unlike in English. Sometimes we can replace (cheoreom) with

 (gachi) or - (wa gachi) but (cheoreom) is the most neutral word.

Formation

Noun + 1. (eoje) yesterday (eojecheoreom) like yesterday 2. (gangaji) puppy + = + =

(gangaji-cheoreom) like a puppy + = 3. (beongae) lightning

(beongae-cheoreom) like lightning

(beongae-cheoreom ppareuda) to be as fast as lightning Example Sentences

jeo-cheoreom hal su isseoyo? Can you do like I do?

eoje-cheoreom bappeuji anasseoyo I wasn't as busy as yesterday. .

igeot-cheoreom mandeureo juseyo Please make it like this. .

gyeoul-cheoreom chuwoyo It's cold like winter.

appa-cheoreom malhaji ma Don't talk like my father.

-/ with / using We use -/ (-eul/leul gajigo) to mean with/from or using as in using a tool or material. We can use many other expressions to mean the same thing in Korean, but this is the most commonly used expression in of the structure, (gajigo) comes from the verb (gatda) which

colloquial situations. We can drop the object marker, /. The second part means to have. This structure literally means, while having something or (gajigo) to (gatgo). Formation

with something in possession. In colloquial situations, we can also shorten

Noun + (-/) Examples:

1. + - = , or 3. + - = , or Example Sentences 2. + - = , or

i don gatgo mwol sal su itneunde?

1. ?

What can you buy with this amount of money? 2. ? Can I watch a movie with this?

igeo gajigo yeong-hwa bol su isseoyo?

3. . i sugeon gajigo dakka. Wipe it with this towel.

- It would be a different story if / It would be no problem if When you are making an assumption that you would or would not do

something if the circumstances were different, you can use this grammatical

structure. -() (-(eu)myeon mollado) literally means you don't know if and it implies that you don't know what would happen or what it would be like if things were different. So we often use - (-eumyeon mollado) when we are refusing something or making negative statements, although we use it for other types of statements as well. If you translate it more naturally it means, It wouldn't be a problem if or It would be different if. Formation

You add -() (-(eu)myeon mollado) at the end of a verb stem. (gada) to go (ga) verb stem + = (gamyeon mollado) , . oneul gamyeon mollado, naeil-eun mot ga.

I would be able to go if we were to go today, but I can't go tomorrow. Example Sentences

nuga dowajumyeon mollado, honjaseo-neun mot haeyo. 20 , .

, .

I would be able to do it if someone helps me, but I can't do it alone. nae-ga jigeum sumusal-imyeon mollado, ije-neun an dwae.

it.

It wouldn't be a problem if I was twenty years old now, but now I can't do , ?

neo honja gamyeon mollado, gajok-irang ganeunde nae-ga wae ttaraga? I wouldn't mind if you were to go alone, but why would I go with you if

you're going with your family? Notes

We change the copula - to -() or -() and it is followed by .

, , , , Indefinite Pronouns These words are used to describe an indefinite

place/thing/person/time/reason. It is used when the speaker is not sure of

details, or when the speaker does not wish to be so specific. These words some reason. Formation

can be translated as somewhere, someone, something, sometime, and

These are the interrogative words with - or - suffixed to the end. conjugations. The conjugations are provided below as a reference. Interrogative + -/- 1. + - = eodi + -nga = eodinga where -> somewhere

However, it is recommended that these be learned as set phrases, not as

2. + - =

nugu + (-nga) = nugunga

who -> someone 3. + - = what -> something

mwo + (-nga) = mwonga

eonje + (-nga) = eonjenga when -> sometime

4. + - =

5. + - =

wae + (-nji) = waenji

why -> some reason Example Sentences

I want to travel somewhere.

1. . (na eodinga yeohaeng hago sipda.)

Tell someone to do it!

2. ! (nugunga-hante sikyeo!)

mudeosseoyo.)

3. . (yuseok ssi-ui eolgul-e mwonga

Yuseok, you have something on your face. 4. , . (munje isseusimyeon, eonjenga

yeollak hae-do dwae yo.)

If you ever have any problems, you can contact me anytime. 5. . (yojeum waenji pigonhaeyo.) These days, I'm tired for some reason. Notes

These words are often contracted to simply their interrogative forms in

speech. In the context of a sentence, they are nearly indecipherable from

their interrogative counterparts because they have the same pronunciations.

However, they can be differentiated from the different stresses in a sentence. > (somewhere > where) > (someone > who) > (something > what) Examples:

1. ? (with stress on ) What do you want to drink? [ ?]

2. ? (with stress on ) Do you want to drink something?

1. ? (with stress on ) Who came? ?]

2. ? (with stress on ) Did somebody come? [

1. ? (with stress on ) Where are you going? ?]

2. ? (with stress on ) Are you going somewhere? [

-// Dont Have to, Dont Need to -// (an -a/eo/yeodo doeda) is a structure that means don't

have to or don't need to. The first word (an), which means not, comes before the verb and you attach -// (-a/eo/yeodo doeda) at the (an) + -// (-a/eo/yeodo) means even if + not. Therefore, all end of the verb stem. Here, (doeda) means it is okay or it is fine, and together this structure literally means even if you don't do X, it is okay. We okay.

can replace (doeda) with (gwaenchanta), which means it's

Example:

? (an gado dwaeyo?) Formation

= ? (an gado gwaenchanayo?) + Verb Stem + -// (hada) to do

(ha) verb stem

(an) + (haedo) + (doeda)

. (an haedo doeda) don't have to do it . (oneul an haedo dwaeyo) You don't have to do it today. Example Sentences

. []

jigeum an haedo dwae

I don't have to do it now. ? [] You don't have to ask your teacher? ? []

seonsaengnim-hante an mureobwado dwae?

je-ga an dowajeodo dwaeyo? I don't need to help you? ?

jeonyeok an meogeodo gwaenchanayo? You don't have to eat dinner? .

i chaek-eun an ilgeodo gwaenchanayo

I don't have to read this book. Notes

literally means there isn't/don't have the necessity to. However, it is still more common to say + verb stem + -// . Example:

(l/eul piryo-ga eopda). (piryo) means necessity so this

To say don't have to more literally, you can also use the structure -/

(cheongsohada) = to clean

. (cheongso an haedo dwaeyo) = I don't have to clean. = . (cheongso hal piryo-ga eopseoyo) = It's not necessary to clean.

-/ I am sure / must be -/ (bunmyeonghi -l/eul goes-ida) is a structure that means that means clearly or certainly. -/ (-l/eul goes-ida) is a way to I am sure or must be. The first part, (bunmyeonghi), is an adverb

express one's assumption or guess. So together, it means I'm sure or must be, and we use these two parts like a pair quite often.

nuance of the statement. For example, if you say (ama - maybe) it must be.

You change the word (bunmyeonghi) to other words to alter the

instead of (bunmyeonghi), the phrase means, it could be instead of

The last part, (geos-ida), changes depending on the politeness level. For example:

Intimate: (geo-ya)

Standard: (geo-yeyo)

Formal: (geos-imnida)

Formation

Construction + Verb Stem + -/ (oneul) today (oneul-ida) to be today geosida)

+ + = (bunmyeonghi oneul-il .

bunmyeonghi oneul-il geo-yeyo.

I'm sure it's today. / It must be today. Example Sentences

More Examples .

igeon bunmyeonghi silsu-il geo-yeyo. I'm sure this must be a mistake. .

naeil-eun bunmyeonghi chuul geo-yeyo. I'm sure it's going to be cold tomorrow. .

bunmyeonghi got jeonhwa-ga ol geo-yeyo. I'm sure you'll get a phone call soon. . I must be okay.

bunmyeonghi gwaenchaneul geo-yeyo.

 . It must be Hyunwoo.

bunmyeonghi hyeonu-il geo-yeyo

only/nothing but (bakke) is a word that literally means outside, and it can mean

besides, or other than. Most of the time, when it's not used to literally

indicate outside as in outside the house, we combine (bakke) with

negative statements and it means only or nothing but. So it means only meaning of only.

in conclusion, but it's unnatural to use it in a positive statement to express the

When we change the negative part of the sentence to positive, the particle - (man) can replace (bakke), but not always. When implying that the number or the amount being mentioned is small or below expectations, (man) is closer to the literal translation of the English word only.

Korean people tend to use (bakke) rather than - (man), although

Formation

Noun +

(igeot) this .

+ = (igeot bakke) only this

igeot bakke eopseoyo.

I only have this one. / This is all we have. Example Sentences

1000 . I only have 1,000 won now.

jeo-neun jigeum cheon-won bakke eopseoyo.

oneul-eun jeo bakke an wasseoyo.

Today, I'm the only one who came. ?

igeot bakke eopseoyo? Is this all there is?

? Is this your best?

ireotke bakke mot haeyo?

je nun-eneun mingyeong ssi bakke an boyeoyo. My eyes can only see you, Mingyeong.

-/ Presumptive Future

seems like it will be like. This grammatical structure essentially takes the two grammatical structures together.

The presumptive future takes a guess as to what the future will be, or what it

intentional (/ ), and presumptive ( ), and combines these

As '' literally means 'to be like' or 'to be similar to,' this entire grammatical structure can be translated as (I) think (I) will (I) think (I)'m going to (It) seems like (it) will be Formation

- Verb Stem (ending in a vowel) + -

ex) (oda to come)

(formal politeness level)

(standard politeness level)

(intimate politeness level)

() + = = I think I/he/she/you/they/it/we will come

- Verb Stem (ending in a consonant) + - ex) (batda to receive) receive

() + = = I think I/he/she/you/they/it/we will

(intimate politeness level)

(standard politeness level) (formal politeness level)

Words that have verb stems ending with are followed directly by ex) (mandeulda to make)

() + = ex) (deulda to live)

() + = ex) (alda to know)

() + = The verbs (to walk), (to listen), (to ask), (to load) are

changed to /// + . Example Sentences

- . (I think I'm going to come tomorrow as

well.)

- . (I think this cafe is going to close soon.) - 6 . (I think I won't be here at 6.) Notes 5 . (I think I'll still be here at 5.)

is often replaced with . It is a pronunciation change that occurs in natural conversation.

-/ . I should have + p.p. / I regret that I didnt

should have done or I regret that I didn't do. The last part, while I could have done B. Here, (geol) is short for (geos-eul). Formation

-/ (l/eul geol geuraetda) is a way to express regret by saying I (geuraetda) means it was so or I did it. So literally, you're saying, I did A

Verb Stem + -/ (malhada) to say, to tell (malha) verb stem = (malhal geol geuraetda)

. (malhal geol geuraesseoyo) I should have told him. Example Sentences

jom deo iljjik ol geol geuraesseo. Too bad I didn't come earlier. .

gongbu-reul deo yeolsimhi hal geol geuraesseo.

I should have studied harder. josimhal geol geuraesseo. . .

I regret not having been careful. deo joeun geol sal geol geuraesseo. I should have bought a nicer one. .

geureon mal-eun haji mal geol geuraesseo. I regret having said such a thing.

-() Volitional

We use the volitional form to express intention on the part of the speaker or to invite someone to do something in informal situations. Specifically, we use when asking someone if one would like to do something with the speaker, or with a group that includes the speaker. In English, we can translate this as, shall we? In addition to inviting someone to do something, we also use it

to ask for one's opinion, view, or appraisal about a certain fact. In this specific

usage, we can translate it as will it be (verb)? This form is a sentence ender. Formation

-/? (-l / eulkkayo) Standard Politeness Level -/? (-l / eulkkayo) Intimate Politeness Level I. We use -? (-lkkayo?) with verbs that end in vowels. For example:

(boda) to see, to watch verb stem + ? (bo + lkkayo)

? (bolkkayo?) Shall we watch? (Standard Politeness Level) ? (bolkka?) Shall we watch? (Intimate Politeness Level) II. We use -? (-eulkkayo?) with verbs that end in consonants. For example:

(jaemiitda) to be fun, to be interesting (jaemiit) verb stem + - (jaemiit) + (-eulkkayo?) (Standard Politeness Level) (Intimate Politeness Level) Example Sentences

? (jaemiisseulkkayo?) Will it be fun? / What do you think? ? (jaemiisseulkka?) Will it be fun? / What do you think?

uri oneul yeonghwa bolkkayo? (Standard Politeness Level) Shall we see a movie today? ?

sukje-reul haesseulkkayo? (Standard Politeness Level)

Will (he) have done the homework? (What do you think?) ?

i chaek-i jaemiisseulkka? (Intimate Politeness Level)

Will this book be interesting? (What do you think?) ?

gwangju-ro galkka? (Intimate Politeness Level) Shall we go to Gwangju?

-() at least

-() (-irado) is a particle which can be translated as at least, or even if (-rado) is attached to is what is at least. A verb is not necessary, but a (noun) would require some inference from the listener.

it's just. It is attached to the end of nouns. The noun that this particle - complete sentence usually conveys a full complete idea, whereas having

The words (jeogeodo) and (choesohan) also mean at least as well, but they are used as noun modifiers. () is used as a particle.

Formation

() + () (Noun) + (i)rado

- (-rado) is used with nouns that end in vowels. (juseu) Juice +

(juseu-rado) At least juice - (-irado) is used with nouns that end in consonants. (mul) water +

at least water Example Sentences

Please give me at least your phone number. 2. .

1. .

Please give me at least your business card.

-() called

-() (iraneun) came from () which is equivalent to called

as in English. It is used to indicate or refer to something or someone by the noun that ends with a consonant. Formation

name. - is used for a noun that ends in a vowel, and - is used for a

Noun ending in a vowel + - (jejudo) Jeju Island + (jejudo-raneun) = (a place) called Jeju Island = Do you know an island called Jejudo?

? (jejudo-raneun seom-eul arayo?)

Noun ending in a consonant + - (ttokguk) rice cake soup + (tteokguk-iraneun) (something) called Tteokguk

meogeosseoyo)

. (tteokguk-iraneun hanguk eumsik-eul

= I ate a Korean dish called Tteokguk. Example Sentences

1. ? [] (daegu-raneun dosi-reul aseyo?) = Do you know a city called Daegu?

Koreanclass101-iraneun daehakgyo-e danyeoyo) = I go to a university called Koreanclass101.

2. Koreanclass101 . [] (jeo-neun

3. . [] (eoje japchae-raneun hanguk

eumsik-eul meogeosseoyo)

= I ate a Korea dish called Japchae yesterday. 4. . [] (minsu-raneun saram-i jeonhwahaesseo) = Someone called Minsu called. 5. ' ' ? [] (hangugeo baeugi-raneun chaek

isseoyo?)

= Do you have the book called Learning Korean?

-() or

-() [-(i)na] is a particle, which attaches to nouns. It has a number of usages that can change the translation. Usages:

1. It is a particle which separates two nouns to express different options. It is used as or. (e.x. Sunday, or Monday) 2. When it is used with only one noun, the latter half is assumed and is

usually translated as or something.

(e.x. ! Do your homework, or something) 3. When used in conjunction with time phrases, the time given is an approximately.

approximation. (), in this situation, is often translated as about or (e.x. ? About how many hours did it take?) 4. It can be used to express one's missed expectations. In this situation it is

used when it is much more than one expects. When used in this manner it gives off the nuance much more than I expected. I expected.) ( 3 . That movie lasted 3 hours, much more than

Formation

-() [-(i)na] is a particle and is attached to the end of nouns. For all the and - (-na) is used with words ending in vowels. Usage 1

following constructions, - (-ina) is used with nouns ending in consonants,

+ -() + noun + or + noun

myeongsa + -(i)na + myeongsa

. (maeil hangukeo-ina yeongeo-reul gongbuhaeyo.) I study Korean or English everyday. Usage 2

myeongsa + -(i)na + myeongnyeonghyeon dongsa noun + or + imperative verb ! (sukjena hae!)

+ -() +

Do your homework, or something! Usage 3

+ -()

sigan pyohyeon+ -(i)na time phrase + about

? (myeot sigan-ina geollyeosseoyo?)

About how many hours did it take? Usage 4

+ -()

pyohyeon + -(i)na

phrase + (more than I expected) 3 . (geu yeonghwa-neun se sigan-ina geollyeosseoyo.) That movie lasted 3 hours (much more than I expected). Example Sentences

1. ?

(keopi-na masireo galraeyo?)

Do you want to go drink some coffee or something? 2. .

(chaek-ina japji-reul manni ilgeoyo.) I read books or magazines a lot.

3. . (yurob-ina apeurika-e gago ipeoyo.) I want to go to Europe or Africa.

counter for houses (chae) is a word used to count houses. A noun comes before the number to specify what kind of house it is, but it can be omitted when you're answering a question. Formation

(House) + Number +

Ex)

an apartment = (apateu han chae) Example Sentences

- I've prepared an apartment.

1. . [] (apateu han chae junbihaesseoyo)

isseoyo)

2. . [] (geu saram-eun jib-i du chae-na

- He has as many as two houses. 3. . [] (i maeul-eneun jib-i yeol chae

isseoyo)

There are ten houses in this town.

/ Might/Maybe -/ (-l/euljido moreuda) is the grammatical structure used to structure literally means I don't know either whether or not, and it is most meaning to -/ (-l/eul su-do itda). Formation

express probability or possibility about a present state or future action. This commonly translated as Subject + might + verb. This structure is similar in

Verb stem ending in a vowel + - - (gada to go) - + = (). (I might go.)

Verb stem ending in a consonant + -

 (eopda to not have, to not be there) - + = (). (It might not be there.) Verb stem ending in the consonant + - - (ulda to cry) - + =

(). (He might cry.) Example Sentences

(ijjok-i ppareuljido mollayo) - This way might be faster.

1. . []

2. . [] (naeil mingyeong-i mannaljido molla) I might meet Mingyeong tomorrow. 3. . []

(na hoesa geumanduljido molla) - I might quit my job.

4. . [] (oneul neujeuljido mollayo) - I might be late today.

5. . [] - He might come to my wedding. Notes

(geu saram-i nae gyeolhonsik-e oljido molla)

In colloquial situations and most commonly when the speakers are talking in casual language, , the latter part, is often dropped when what the

speaker is saying is very obvious and expected. Ex)

. .

. .

-/ Intentional

We use this grammatical structure (/) to convey one's desired intention for the future. It does not express one's actual intention, but one's desired with action verbs. intention. We often translate it as want to (verb). We use this construction

This grammatical construction is in the intimate politeness level. The standard politeness level adds the politeness particle - (/). We use this structure in colloquial situations. There is no formal politeness conjugation. Formation

Verb Stem +/ We use for verb stems ending in vowels. For example: +

(juda) to give () I want to give (something).

We use for verb stems ending in consonants. For example:

(japda) to grab

 verb stem + () I want to grab. Example Sentences . hanguk-euro gallaeyo.

I want to go to Korea. .

na-neun oneul gyeolhon hallae. I want to get married today. .

saranghaebollaeyo.

I want to give love a try.

-/ Intentional

-/ (eulge) is the grammar structure that shows intentions. We use it to

indicate a person's intention or plan, but usually as a response to someone's remarks or as a reaction to something that happened. We use this sentence final-ending construction with action verbs and the verb of existence (itda).

Formation

Standard Politeness Level: -/ (-l / eulge) -/ (-l / eulge) Intimate Politeness Level:

I. We use - (-lgeyo) with verbs that end in vowels. (sada) to buy (sa) verb stem

+ - (sa + lgeyo)

(salgeyo) (I) will buy (it). Standard Politeness Level (salge) (I) will buy (it). Intimate Politeness Level

II. We use -? (-eulgeyo) with verbs that end in consonants. (itda) to be (it) verb stem

+ (iss + eulgeyo)

(isseulgeyo) (I) will be (here). Standard Politeness Level (isseulge) (I) will be (here). Intimate Politeness Level Example Sentences

. ! [] I'm leaving first. Bye!

na meonjeo galge. annyeong!

meonjeo ga. najung-e galge.

. . []

You go first. I'll be there later. . [/]

naeil malhae julge.

I will tell you tomorrow. . []

jeo yureop-e danyeoolgeyo. I'm going to go to Europe.

. []

je-ga dowadeurilgeyo. Let me help you. Notes

pronunciations are acceptable; however, we use (ge) quite often.

We often pronounce the (ge) in -/ (-l / eulgeyo) as (kke). Both

-// so much in a certain state that, to the extent where -// (l/eul/leul jeongdo-ro) is a grammatical structure that

describes an action or a state by expressing the extent or degree of the

action or state. (jeongdo) literally means degree or extent. Therefore, particle that means, in or to. So all together, it means, so much in a certain state that __, or to the extent where __. the first part -// (l/eul/leul) modifies (jeongdo), and - (ro) is a

A similar expression is -// (l/eul/leul mankeum), and these two expressions are interchangeable almost in all contexts. Formation

Verb Stem + -// (nollada) to be surprised (nolla) verb stem . + = (nollal jeongdo-ro) nollal jeongdo-ro bissayo.

It's so expensive that you'll be surprised. (silta) - to not want, to hate (sil) - verb stem

(mani meogeosseoyo) I ate a lot.

+ = (sileul jeongdo-ro)

 . (haembeogeo-ga sireoyo) I hate hamburgers. haembeogeo-ga sileul jeongdo-ro mani meogeosseoyo. .

I ate so many hamburgers that now I hate them. Example Sentences .

isanghal jeongdo-ro ssayo.

It's so cheap that it's strange. .

geu saram-eun museoul jeongdo-ro yeolsimhi gongbuhaeyo. He studies really hard, to an extent that it's even scary. .

dul-i meokdaga hana-ga jugeodo moreul jeongdo-ro masisseoyo. together and one died. [Korean proverb] .

It's so delicious that you wouldn't know even if two people were eating

geu saram-eun nollal jeongdo-ro ki-ga keoyo. He's so tall that you will be surprised. .

hwa-ga nal jeongdo-ro huhoe-ga dwaeyo. I regret it so much that I'm upset.

-/ Potential -/ (-l/eul su itda) is a grammatical structure used to express ability, capability or possibility (i.e. whether you can or can't speak English, or you

can or can't use a computer). This structure adds onto the end of both verb. This can be translated as can, or able to.

descriptive and action verbs to express the possibility, or capability of that

The last verb (itda) can be conjugated to express politeness level, tense, mood. Traditionally, the verb can inflect negation as well, but in this grammatical structure, the negated form would come from the verb opposite to the verb (itda) (eopta). The construction -/ (-l/eul su eoptda) can be translated as cannot or not able to.

However, when using the the construction / (l/eul su eoptda), this carries the notion that the speaker (or subject of the sentence) was unable to do something because they did not have the capacity to perform that activity. Using this structure implies that the subject does not posses the ability to eat)]. When expressing the can't because of other factors other than inability, the impossibility adverb (mot) is used. Formation perform that action [i.e. - I can't eat (I don't have the ability to

Verb Stem + -/ /. (hada) to do verb stem

- / attaches to verbs stems that end in a vowel.

+ verb stem + to be able to do

to not be able to do . (jeo-neun hangukeo hal su eopseoyo.) I can speak Korean. (Standard Politeness Level)

. (jeo-neun hangukeo hal su eopseoyo.) I can't speak Korean. (Standard Politeness Level)

- / is used with verb stems ending in consonants. (meokda) to eat verb stem + = verb stem + to not be able to eat to be able to eat

I can't eat Kimchi. (Formal Politeness Level)

. (gimchi-reul meogeul su eopseumnida.)

I can eat Kimchi. (Formal Politeness Level) Example Sentences

. (gimchi-reul meogeul su isseumnida.)

1. . (hakgyo gal su eopseoyo.)

I wasn't able to go to school. (I didn't have the ability to.) 2. , . (son-i apaseo, sseul su eopseoyo.) I can't write because my hand hurts.

3. . (yeongguk-e sal su isseumnida.) I can live in England.

4. . (malhal su eopseoyo.) I can't tell you.

5. ? (naeil-do ol su isseoyo?) Can you come again tomorrow?

6. ? (jeonyeok-e yeonghwa boreo gal su isseoyo?)

Can you go see a movie (with me) tonight? 7. ? (jadongcha jom billil su isseoyo?) Can I borrow (your) car for a while?

Can you help me?

8. ? (jeo dowajul su isseoyo?)

-/ Might + Verb

-/ (l/eul su-do itda) is a grammatical structure used to express possibility. A similar structure, -/ (l/eul su itda) withtout the particle , means

to be able to. Therefore -/ literally means there is also a possibility that + Verb and it is translated in English as might + verb. Formation

Verb stem ending in a vowel + - . - (gada) to go

+ = (gal su-do itda) = might go

= I might go to the hospital tomorrow. - (meokda) to eat + = = might eat

. (naeil byeongwon-e gal su-do isseoyo)

isseo)

. (oneul-eun bakk-eseo bap meogeul su-do

= I might eat outside today. Example Sentences

1. . [] (naeil siheom bol su-do isseoyo) = We might take an exam tomorrow.

2. . [] (seonsaengnim oneul an osil su-do isseo) = The teacher might not come in today. 3. . [] (jeo naeil sigan-i eopseul su-do isseoyo) = I might not have time tomorrow. 4. . [ ] (oneul bi ol su-do isseoyo) = It might rain today.

= That might be the case. Notes

5. . [] (geureol su-do isseoyo)

A similar grammatical structure to this one is -/ , which literally means to not know if will happen or not. Ex) . = .

- . = . / When + Subject + Verb -/ (l/eul ttae) is the grammatical structure that expresses when +

subject + verb in Korean. This grammatical structure is used to express the

time of the verb, or the time of occurrence of the verb. This form is used in the present and the future tenses. When you want to express the past, // is added between the verb stem and this grammatical structure.

This construction can be translated as when (subject) (verb) as in When I eat This clause is a non-final clause, so it must have another clause to form a complete sentence. Formation Ex)

Verb stems ending in a vowel + - - (gada) = to go

- () + = = when (you) go Verb stems ending in a consonant + - Ex) - (igda) = to read

- () + = = when (you) read Example Sentences

1. . [] [] (jib-e gal ttae-neun jajeongeo-reul tayo) - I ride a bicycle when I go home. 2. . [] (hakgyo gal ttae gachi gaja) - When you go to school, let's go together. 3. . [] [] (ilhal ttae jeonhwahaji ma) - Don't call me when I'm working. 4. . []

(gongbuhal ttae eumak-eul deureoyo) - I listen to music when I study.

(apeul ttae-neun mani jayadwaeyo)

5. . [] []

- When you're sick you have to sleep a lot.

-/ Intentional (Future)

We use this grammar point to express a future action or an intention. This is stronger than the other intentionals, -()() and - , since - ()() has the partial nuance of asking for permission or agreement, and is an expression of a plan or an intention without being absolutely question, we can use this grammar pattern to make a question. resolute about it. And different from -()(), which can't be made into a

We can change the latter part, , to , , and in the present tense, depending on the politeness levels. Formation

Verb stems ending in a vowel + - [] (gada) to go (intimate)

() + = (will go) (standard)

or (formal) [] (boda) to see (intimate)

() + = (will see)

 (standard)

or (formal) Verb stems ending in a consonant + - [] (japda) to catch (intimate) () + = (will catch) (standard)

or (formal) Verb stems ending with - + [] (salda) to live (intimate) () + = (will live) (standard)

or (formal) Example Sentences jib-e gal geoya!

! []

I'm going to go home! ? []

mwo meogeul geoyo?

What are you going to eat? ! []

neo-rang an nol geoya!

I'm not going to play with you! . []

nado naeil yeonghwa bol geoya.

I'm going to watch a movie tomorrow, too.

 ? ! []

neo-man gyeolhonhae? nado gyeolhonhal geoya!

You think only you can get married? I'm going to get married too! Notes

We often replace with . It is a pronunciation change that occurs in natural conversation.

- I heard that / they said that

- (-go haeseo) is a grammatical structure that means I heard that

or they said that, and it comes from - (-go malhaetda), and (-dago malhada) meaning, to say that. The subject for this verb is

(geuraeseo). - (-dago malhaetda) is the past tense for - understood and generally refers to other people. We can translate it as they said or I heard in English. The last part, - (seo), comes from (geuraeseo), which means therefore or so. Therefore, the entire structure this.

takes the meaning of (they/someone/people) said this, so I'm doing this/I did

Formation

Plain Narrative + - 1. (gada) to go action verb (ga) verb stem + = (ganda) plain narrative

+ = (gandago haeseo) he said he was going, so 2. (jota) to be good descriptive verb plain narrative

+ = (jotago haeseo) I heard it's good, so

Example Sentences

, .

oneul bi-ga ondago haeseo, usan-eul gajyeowasseoyo.

I heard that it's going to rain today, so I brought my umbrella. .

i yeonghwa jaemieopdago haeseo an bwasseoyo.

I heard that this movie isn't good so I didn't watch it. .

yeogi-ga ssadago haeseo. wasseoyo

They told me that it's cheap here, so I came. .

jipgaps-i oreundago haeseo jib-eul sasseoyo.

I heard that the house prices are going to go up, so I bought a house. , .

sogaeting sikyeojundago haeseo, yeppeuge ipgo wasseoyo. I was told I could go on a blind date, so I dressed up.

- / Sequence of Actions This grammatical structure expresses a sequence of actions that a subject performs, one after another. It provides information on the sequence of events that the speaker has gone through. It is used to convey the a convey a sequence of actions, it is only used with action verbs.

sequence of actions before one comes or goes. As this structure is used to

The choice between (gada to go) and (oda to go) depends on

the physical location of the speaker. The final verbs / (gada/oda to

go/to come) expresses the politeness level, tense and mood. This construction can be translated as (verb) and go/come. Formation

This construction is used with action verbs. he/she goes or went.

(gada) to go, is used when the speaker is describing an action before (oda) to come, is used when the speaker is describing an action before he/she comes or came.

Verb Stem + / (manna) verb stem

(mannada) to meet + - / = / (meet a friend and go/come) .

Meet my friend and go. .

I met my friend and came. .

I met my friend and left. Verb Stem + / (hada) to do (ha) verb stem

+ - / = / (do and go/come) .

Do your homework and go. . I did my homework and came.

Example Sentences

(1) .

- +

(I met a friend and came. = I met a friend before I came here.)

(2) .

- + you go.)

(Please have lunch at our house and go. = Please have lunch here before

- +

(3) .

(Let's have coffee and go. = Let's have some coffee before we go.)

(4) .

- +

(Please give me a call and come. = Please give me a call before you come.) Notes

This grammatical structure uses the particle - (-go) which can link several actions in sequence with the verbs / (to go/to come).

- Supposition or Conjecture

- (-gaetda) is used to express probability as a conjecture or supposition. When the speaker takes some information from his or her surroundings and wishes to make a supposition, this suffix is used. It must be used in the regarded as in the intimate politeness level. declarative, and solely with descriptive verbs. This grammatical structure is

As this structure indicates the speakers supposition, it is never used to make a supposition of oneself. This structure can be translated as must be, is probably, I guess. Formation

Verb Stem + Example:

(deopta) to be hot (verb stem) + (deop + getda)

(deopgetda) (You) must be hot. Example Sentences

2. . (geubun-i himdeulgetda). That person must be tired. must be delicious! (I bet that cake is delicious!) 3.! ! (wa! geu keikeu masitgetda!) Wow, that cake

1. . (oneul pigonhagetda.) (You) must be tired today.

- it happens that ~ / the circumstances are that ~

- (-ge doeda) is a way to express the meaning of it happens that or the circumstances are that. We can translate this structure into English in many ways, but the focus is that the cause of the action or the state doesn't come from the person but from the circumstances or other people.

This structure literally means, to become a certain state, so it implies many possibilities as to how that happened. Formation

Verb Stem + -

 (hada) to do

(ha) verb stem

+ = (hage doeda) Example Sentences alge doel geo-yeyo. . .

You'll know (I'll let you know. / You'll naturally get to know.) mannage doel geo-ya. .

We'll meet each other. (The circumstances where we'll meet will come.) je-ga hage dwaesseoyo. .

I've been assigned to do it. (They made me do it.) geureoke dwaesseoyo. .

It just happened. (Don't ask me why.) tto boge doegetjyo.

I'm sure we'll meet again.

- because, you see, actually, in fact

for something under discussion. Sentence 1.

- (-geodeunyo) is a sentence final-ending used to give an explanation

Sentence 2 -. Sentence 2 is providing an explanation for whatever was discussed in

Sentence 1. Using this grammatical structure also implies that the listener is expected the understand the correlation between sentence 1 and sentence 2. Formation

Verb Stem + . Tense and/or intentional inflection is inflected in the root verb. (meokda) to eat (meok) verb stem +

(meokgeodeunyo) you see, because (he) eats (bwatda) to have seen (bwat) verb stem +

(bwatgeodeunyo) you see, because (I) saw

Example Sentences

B: . (geu yeonghwa-reul bwatgeodeunyo) You see, because I saw that movie.

1. A: ? (wae gati an gayo?) Why aren't you coming?

because I have an allergy. Notes

B: . (ani allereugi-ga itgeodeun.) No You see,

2. A: ? (gwail-eun an meogeo?) You don't eat fruit?

Intonation is important when using this grammatical structure. Recently, it has become a way to show disinterest in someone's question.

- Expression Of Hesitation

-/ (eulkka malkka) is the grammatical structure that expresses hesitation. The former part, is the self-interrogative form and can be to not do) in the same form. Therefore and together form an thought, discussion, worry, decision, or consideration. translated as should I or will it, and the latter part, is the verb (= expression of hesitation, and it's usually followed by verbs that express

The verbs that are often used along with this grammatical structure are (gyeoljeonghada to decide), and (hada to do, to think).

(saenggakhada to think), (gominhada to worry, to think),

Formation

Verb steb + -/ + () (gada to go) + - = (jeokda to write down)

+ - = Example Sentences

1. . [] [] (seonsaengnim-hante mureobolkka malkka saenggakhago isseo) - I'm debating whether to ask my teacher or not.

2. ? [] (dijeoteu meogeulkka malkka?) - Shall we eat the dessert or not?

reul saero salkka malkka gyesok saenggakhaesseoyo)

3. . [] [] (keompyuteo-

 I kept thinking whether I should buy a new computer or not. 4. . [] [] (galkka malkka uinon-hago isseoyo) - We're discussing whether to go or not. 5. . [] [] (gyeolhon-eul halkka malkka gominhago isseoyo) - I'm debating whether I should get married or not.

- - Sometimes Verb A, Sometimes Verb B

This grammatical structure expresses multiple actions or states happening at the same time, giving each of the actions/states an equal probability/frequency.This structure can be used to show contrast between an action/states taking place and not taking place, or contrast between two sometimes verb B or verb A + B at the same time. Formation different actions/states. It is traslated into English as sometimes + verb A,

Verb stem + - + verb stem + - Ex) +

, .

(= It's sometimes good, sometimes bad.) (= It's good and bad at the same time.) Ex) x 2

, .

(= Sometimes I do it, sometimes I don't.)

Example Sentences

1. , . [, ] (soju-reul joahagido hago, sireohagido haeyo.) - I sometimes like soju, and sometimes I hate it. 2. . [, ] (jokido hago, nappeugido haeyo.) - It's good and bad at the same time. 3. , . [, ] (maepgido hago, dalgido haeyo.) - It's spicy and sweet at the same time.

4. , . [, ] (eoryeopgido hago, jaemiitgido haeyo) - It's difficult and interesting at the same time. 5. , . [] (geureokido hago, geureochi ankido haeyo) - It is so, but it is not so at the same time. Notes

- is basically the nominalized form of a verb, so - , - comes from the concept of do this verb and also do this verb.

- - contrast

This grammatical structure is generally used to show contrast between two actions or states, or two contrary characteristics of a single action or state. The basic form of this grammtical structure is:

- + -/ (present tense) But the later part can be changed according to the tense. - + // = (past tense) - + -/ (future tense)

English as 'I Do + Verb + (but/although )' (present tense), 'I Did + Verb + (but/although )' (past tense), or 'I Will + Verb + (but/although )'. Example Sentences

Since this grammar pattern is used to show contrast, it is often translated into

1. . (gagineun gatneunde jaemieopseosseo.) - I did go there, but it wasn't interesting.

2. . (bogineun bwatneunde ihae-reul mot haesseo.) - I did see it, but I couldn't understand it. 3. . (ilkkineun ilgeun geot gateunde gieok-i

an na.)

I think I did read it, but I don't remember. 4. , . (ogineun ol geonde, geumbang gayadwae.) - I will come here, but I have to go soon.

- I do know, but I don't want to do it. Notes

5. , . (algineun aneunde, hagiga sireo.)

- is often shortened to - in colloquial situations.

-/ + Its expected that / Thats the way it is / Its always like that

way, or that something is most natural to be a certain way, you can use this expression. Among many expressions that mean the same thing, this commonly use this when talking about general rules in life. Formation expression is more commonly used in proverbs or sayings. We also more

When you want to say that something is expected or bound to be a certain

Verb stem + -/ +

(Both - and - are accepted.)

For Example:

don-i isseumyeon sseuge maryeonida. .

If you have money, it's predictable that you will spend it. jaju mannamyeon chinhaejige maryeonieyo.

If you meet often, you naturally will get closer to each other. Example Sentences

oeguk-e nagamyeon gajok saenggak-i nage maryeoniya. .

When you go abroad, it's most natural that you start missing your family. sigan-eun eotteokedeun heureugi maryeonieyo. Time is bound to pass anyway. .

seonggong-i isseumyeon, silpae-do itgi maryeonieyo.

When there is success, there is bound to be failures, too.

-() I Hope/I Wish

-() is the grammatical structure that means I hope/I wish and in of verbs) whereas in English one wishes 'for' or hopes 'for' something.

Korean, the verb takes an object (a noun or -, the nominalized form

Formation Ex)

Verb stem + -() (oda to come)

() + = . = I hope you'll come. Ex)

(natda to get better (from an illness)) () + = . = I hope you'll get better soon.

Example Sentences - I hope so, too.

1. . [] (jeo-do geureogil baraeyo)

- I hope something like that wouldn't happen.

2. . [] (geureon il-i eopgi-reul baraeyo)

- I wish you happiness.

3. . [] (haengbokhagil barae)

- I hope you won't forget it.

4. . [] (itji ankil baralge)

 What do you wish for me to do? Notes

5. ? [] (nae-ga eotteotke hae jugil barae?)

1. - is often contracted to -. Ex) -

2. - is often combined with the structure -().

- before

We use this grammatical pattern to set a timeline and express an action that occurs before another action. This pattern emphasizes the last action in the construction. We use the first action to give a time reference. We can translate this construction as before (verb1), (verb2).

We use this pattern to connect two verbs. We express politeness level, tense, negation, and mood through the second verb. Formation

This construction uses two verbs. The second verb expresses the politeness level, tense, negation, and mood. For Example:

[Verb 1 - verb stem] + + [Verb 2] Before [Verb 1], [Verb 2] (ja) verb stem Verb 1 - (jada) to sleep Verb 2 - (meokda) to eat + +

 . (jagi jeon-e meokda) Before sleeping, eat. . I ate before sleeping. . I couldn't eat before sleeping. Example Sentences

hanguk gagi jeon-e reosia gasseumnida.

Before going to Korea, he went to Russia. .

jagi jeon-e chaek-eul ilgeo.

Read a book before sleeping. .

jeo-neun nongguhagi jeon-e syawohaesseoyo. Before playing basketball, I took a shower. Notes

This grammatical construction is actually the nominalization of Verb 1 marking particle.

followed by the (jeone). (jeon) means before and (e) is the time

- To Start + -ing

- (-gi sijakhada) is the grammatical structure that means to start doing something. It is often used along with the pattern -(//) (. jida), which means to become + adjective and forms -(//)

Formation

 Action verbs

- Verb stem + - Ex) (dallida to run)

+ - =

. = I started running.

Descriptive verbs

- Verb stem + -// + - Ex) (joyonghada to be quiet)

. = It started getting quiet. Example Sentences

+ - + =

1. . [] - I started going to school from yesterday.

(eojeo buteo hakgyo-e gagi sijakhaesseoyo)

(ibeyon dalbuteo siheom-eul junbihagi sijakhaesseo) - I started to prepare for the exam from this month.

2. . []

3. Koreanclass101 . [] - I started to study Korean with Koreanclass101. 4. . [] (je dongsaeng-i yeppeojigi sijakhaesseoyo) My younger sister has started to become pretty. 5. . [] (naeil-buteo bappajigi sijakhalgeo-yeyo)

(koreanclass101-euro hangukeo-reul gongbuhagi sijakhaesseoyo)

- I'll start to get busy from tomorrow.

- because

- (-gi ttaemune) means because, and we use it to show the reason for an action or a state. Originally, in Korean means because of, so literally nominalize the verb and say because of verb(-ing). There are several ways to express reasons in Korean. Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + -() by adding - at the end of the [verb stem] or the [verb stem + past infix], you

Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + -// + Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + -()

Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + -

generally expresses a stronger justification of the consequence than //, and is equally as strong as -(). So if you say - or , you are (in most cases) indicating that what has happened, is happen. happening, or will happen as a consequence, has all the right reasons to

Formation

Verb stem + (past infix if necessary) + - Noun +

Example Sentences

bissagi ttaemune sal su opseoyo.

Because it is expensive, I can't buy it.

Because it is too far, I don't want to go. .

neomu meolgi ttaemune gagi silheoyo.

oneul-eun bi-ga ogi ttaemune usan-i jal pallyeoyo.

It's raining today so the umbrellas are selling well. !

yageun ttaemune neomu pigonhae!

I'm so tired because of working extra hours! !

neo ttaemuniya.

It's all because of you! ?

mueot ttaemune geureoseyo?

Why are you doing that? (You are doing it because of what?) .

geureoki ttaemune geumandueosseoyo. That's why I quit. Notes

The syntax order in Korean is often different from that in English, so we can also translate - as therefore or so, depending on which part of the entire sentence you translate first.

- it all depends on how,the most important thing is how

This is a common way to express the meaning of it all depends on or the most important thing is. When you want to emphasize the deciding factors or the most important factor in a matter, you can use the structure - (hada).

(-gi nareum-ida) and this structure is often used together with the verb

Formation

Verb stem + For Example:

(saenggakhada) to think

to depend on the way one thinks Noun + For Example:

+ = (saenggakhagi nareum-ida) . It depends on the way you think about it.

(saram) person

person

+ = (saram nareum-ida) to depend on the . That depends on the person.

Example Sentences 1. .

modeun geos-eun badadeul-igi nareum-ieyo. Everything depends on how you take it. 2. .

geugeon saenggakhagi nareum-ieyo.

It all depends on the way you think about it.

3. .

daedaphagi nareumieyo.

It depends on how you answer it. 4. .

munje-do munje nareum-ijyo.

It depends on what kind of problem it is.

- Verb Nominalization

Most Korean action verbs can be nominalized by taking the verb stem and attaching - (gi) at the end. This nominalization is very important to new construction, the verb can be used as a noun. remember since it is used with many other grammatical structures. With the

These verbal nouns indicate activity, quality, quantity, extent, or state of (verb)ing, to (verb), (adjective)ness.

being. When nominalized, these nominalized verbs can be translated as

This verb nominalization refers to the actual act of (verb)ing. Formation

(action) verb stem + Example:

(meokda) to eat (infinitive) (meok) verb stem + = (meokgi) to eat, eating (as a noun) .

Eating is my hobby. . I don't like working.

. Example Sentences

. (geotgi-ga himdeureo.) To walk is tiring.

1. (to walk the infinitive) (to walk when used as a noun)

2. (to write the infinitive) (to write when used as a noun) . (hanja sseugi-ga eoryeowo.) To write Hanja is difficult.

3. (to listen the infinitive) (to listen when used as a noun) (deutgi silheo.) I don't want to listen.

4. . (syopinghag-i himdeuleoyo.) It's tiring to shop.

5. . (geotgi-neun mom-e johayo.) Walking is good for your body.

6. . (je chwimi-neun eumak deutgi-yeyo.) My hobby is listening to the music.

Notes

In Korean, the infinitive form of verbs cannot be used as nouns. These verbs must be nominalized with a verb nominalizer (such as -).

When these nominalized verbs are used as subjects, they take the subject marking particle - (-reul).

marking particle - (-ga). When they are used as objects, they use the object

- as soon as (1) - (-jamaja) is a verb ending that takes the meaning of as soon as or right after. This structure is often used with the word (baro) which means right after or directly. It is often interchangeable with - (-go baro) or - (-seo baro), but - (-jamaja) has a nuance of being a little more urgent and pressing.

Example:

(meokda) to eat

(meokjamaja) as soon as I ate = (meokgo baro) (jib-e gada) to go home (jib-e gaseo baro) Formation

(jib-e gajamaja) as soon as I went home =

Verb Stem + (boda) to see (bo) verb stem + = (bojamaja) as soon as I saw I called you as soon as I saw the email. (deureooda) to come in

. (imeil-eul bojamaja jeonhwahaesseoyo)

 (deureoo) verb stem

+ = (deureoojamaja) as soon as I came in . (je-ga deureoojamaja bi-ga naeryeosseoyo) As soon as I came in, it rained. Example Sentences

1. . (meokjamaja jamyeon sohwa-ga an 2. . (sosik-eul deutjamaja wasseoyo) I came here as soon as I heard the news. 3. . (sumusal-i doejamaja cha-reul sal geodwaeyo) If you sleep as soon as you eat, you can't digest well.

yeyo) I'll buy a car as soon as I become twenty years old. Please contact me as soon as you hear this message.

4. . (i mesiji deutjamaja yeollak juseyo)

da sseobeoryeoyo) My friend spend all his money as soon as he makes money.

5. . (je chingu-neun don-eul beoljamaja

- as soon as (2) - (jamaja) is the grammatical pattern we use to mean as soon as in verb or clause to complete the sentence. We express the tense through the other part of the sentence, and always attach to the verb stem. Formation Korean. Just as in English, we usually use this structure along with another

Verb stem + -

(to do) () + - (as soon as + do)

 (to eat) () + - (as soon as + eat)

Example Sentences

(oneul-eun jib-e gajamaja yeonghwa boreo gal geoya.) Today, as soon as I get home, I'll go watch a movie. .

(naeil il kkeutnajamaja na-hante yeonlakhae.)

Give me a call as soon as you finish work tomorrow. .

(neo gajamaja minsu-ga wasseosseo.) As soon as you left, Minsu came. .

(meokjamaja nuumyeon sohwa-ga an dwaeyo.)

If you lie down as soon as you eat, you can't digest. ?

(bojamaja gapjagi wae geureoke hwa-reul nae?)

Why are you getting mad at me so suddenly as soon as you saw me? Notes

We often use with words such as (baro, meaning, right away), (ppalli, meaning, quickly), and (got, meaning, soon).

Propositive

We use this sentence ending to express invitation, persuasion, or solicitation it only with people with whom you are on intimate terms. Formation

for an action, and - is in the intimate politeness form. So make sure you use

Whenever we conjugate a verb or a sentence ending to -, it shows this grammatical structure. Example Sentences .

bob meokja. Let's eat.

yeonghwa boreo gaja.

Let's go watch a movie. !

nolja!

Let's hang out! ! jaja! Let's sleep! !

mannaja!

Let's meet! !

domanggaja!

Let's run away!

gongbuhaja!

Let's study! .

geureotke haja. Let's do so. .

gaja.

Let's go home. .

geuman duja.

Let's forget about it. Notes

- is very intimate language. We use it very commonly in everyday

conversation, but you have to be very careful with whom you use this close friends.

grammar point. You can only use this very casual language with family and

- Even, So Far As - (kkaji) is most commonly used to express a range (paired with - (buteo) which means from), and depending on the context, it can mean even or so far as. Formation

Noun +

(bi)- rain

+ (bi-kkaji) plus the rain Ex)

. (nalssi-do chuunde bi-kkaji wa) The weather is cold; moreover, its raining, too.

Example Sentences nochyeosseoyo)

1. . [] (neujeotneunde beoseu-kkaji - Im late, and to make matters worse, I missed my bus, too. 2. . [, ] (haendeupon-do eopseojeotneunede jigap-kkaji ireobeoryeosseo) My cell phone is gone, and what's even worse, I lost my wallet, too 3. , , ? [] (uri eomma appa geurigo oppa-hante-kkaji jeonhwahaesseo?) - You called my mom, dad and my brother, too?

4. ? [] (na-kkaji igeol haeya dwae?) - I have to do this, too?

5. ? [] (seoul-kkaji kkok gal geo-ya?) - Are you really going as far as up to Seoul?

Notes

- (majeo) is often used in the same context as -, but - is more commonly used in writing than -.

- among, between, with

can also mean only between, only with, or among depending on context. In certain situations, it can carry a nuance of exclusion (not with other people). This particle attaches to group nouns. Formation

is a particle and means between as it came out in today's dialog, but it

among friends, between friends

Group Noun +

among teachers, between teachers

Example Sentences

1. .

(We hung out only amongst ourselves.) 2. ?

(Are there secrets between friends?) 3. .

(I'm going to go on a trip with my family members only.)

- () Too A to Do B/for Doing B

When you want to say something is too much or excessive, you can use you can use the structure - (-gi-eneun).

the word (neomu). But when you want to specify for what it is too much,

- () - (-gi-eneun) is a combination of - (-gi), which is a verb ending for

nominalization, and - (eneun), which means to or for. So this structure, with the word (neomu), which means too much or excessively. Formation

- (-gi-eneun), basically means for doing A or to do A. We often use it

Verb Stem + - + - (gada) to go + + = (gagi-eneun) (deulda) to lift

(gagi-eneun neomu meolda) to be too far away to go

+ + = (deulgi-eneun) lift

(deulgi-eneun neomu mugeopda) to be too heavy to

Example Sentences

hyeongeum-euro sagi-eneun neomu bissayo It's too expensive to buy in cash.

1. .

2. . He's too old to be called a student.

geu saram-eun haksaeng-irago hagi-eneun neomu nai-ga manayo.

3. ? Isn't it too late (at night) to call now?

jigeum jeonghwahagi-eneun neomu neutji anasseoyo?

- Just Have To / All You Have To Do Is

- (-giman hada) is a verb ending that means just have to or only need to. - (-gi) is a nominalization suffix for verbs, (man) is a particle together, it means, all you have to do is. Formation that means only, and literally means if you do, it works. So all

(oda) come (o) verb stem + = (ogi-man hamyeon doeda)

. (ogi-man hamyeon dwae) All you have to do is just come. Example Sentences

chaek-eul han beon ilkgi-man hamyeon dwae. .

All you have to do is just read the book once. igeol bonaegi-man hamyeon dwae. You just have to send this. .

na-hante malhagi-man hamyeon dwae. All you have to do is just tell me. . nagagi-man hamyeon dwae. I just have to go outside. .

mureobogi-man hamyeong dwae. You just have to ask.

- Agreement

used in situations to make plans with someone, agreeing on a way or method of doing something, and, or making a resolution to oneself. This can be translated as agreed to (verb) or made plans to (verb).

- (-giro hada) is a sentence ending, used for agreements. It is often

This construction is used with action verbs. The final verb (hada) is

where the verb is conjugated according tense, negation, or politeness level. Formation

Verb Stem + (hada) to do

(ha) verb stem

(hagiro hada) Agreed to do/Made plans to do . naeil chukguhagiro haesseo We agreed to make play soccer. Example Sentences

+ =

(achim-e jeonhwahagiro haesseo.)

1. .

We agreed to talk on the phone in the morning. 2. .

(jeo-neun dambae-reul kkeunkiro haesseoyo.)

I agreed to quit smoking. (to a friend, to myself this is unclear) 3.6 .

(yuwol-e chingu-rang hanguk-e mannagiro haesseo.) I agreed with a friend to meet in Korea in June. Notes

Often, this construction ends in the past tense, (haetda).

/ to almost do somethiing, to closely escape doing something

-/ (l/eul ppeon hada) is a grammatical structure that means to

almost do something or to closely escape doing something. This structure is often used with the word (geoui almost) to give it more emphasis.

Formation

Verb stem ending in a vowel + Ex) (tteoreojida) to fall

+ . = I almost fell.

= to almost fall, to closely escape falling

Verb stem ending in a consonant + Ex) (itda) to forget = to almost forget

+ . = I almost forgot. Example Sentences

- I was almost late this morning.

1. . [] (oneul achim-e neujeul ppeon haesseo)

2. . [, ] (jeo himdeureoseo sseureojil ppeon haesseoyo) - I was so tired that I almost collapsed.

haesseoyo)

3. . [, ] (neomu seulpeoseo ul ppeon

- I was so sad that I almost cried. 4. . [, ] (neomu mani meogeoseo tohal ppeon haesseo) - I ate too much so I almost threw up. 5. . [, ] (nollaseo sorijireul ppeon haesseoyo) - I was surprised and I almost screamed.

- / Can Neither A Nor B

hada) express negation or impossibility to choose either one of the two

- - (-jido -jido anta) and - - (-jido -jido mot

actions. - (-ji anta) means do not + action and - (-ji mot

hada) means cannot + action. Combined with - (do), which means also,

too, this structure means that neither of the two actions will or can be done. Formation

Verb Stem + + Verb Stem + + / / (joahada) to like (joaha) verb stem (sireohada) to hate (sireoha) verb stem

(joahajido sireohajido anta)

+ + + = .

sul masineun geos-eul joahajido sireohajido anayo. I neither like nor hate drinking alcohol.

(jeonhwa-reul batda) to receive a phone call (jeonhwa-reul hada) to make a phone call (bat) verb stem (ha) verb stem

(jeonhwa-reul batjido hajido mot hada)

+ + + = .

jigeum-eun jeonhwa-reul batjido hajido mot haeyo. I can neither take nor make phone calls. Example Sentences

jochido nappeujido anayo.

It's neither good nor bad. .

swipjido eoryeopjido anayo.

It's neither easy nor difficult. .

domanggajido sumjido mot haeyo. You can neither run nor hide.

. You can neither buy nor sell things. .

yeogiseo-neun mulgeon-eul sajido paljido mot haeyo.

deopjido chupjido aneun nalssi-yeyo. The weather is neither hot nor cold.

- negative sentence ending

- (-ji anta) is a the negative sentence ending, used for negating a

sentence. It is considered the standard in which to negate a sentence. It is often used in written Korean (i.e. books, novels, manuals, newspapers) as no or not. well as it is used in spoken Korean. This construction can be translated as

This structure is attached to the end of verbs (both descriptive and action) to tense, mood, etc. Formation

negate these verbs. (anta) can be conjugated to reflect politeness level,

Verb Stem + (masida) to drink + - (masiji anta) not drink I don't drink alcohol.

. (jeo-neun sul-eul masiji anhseumnida)

Example Sentences I am not lonely!

(1) ! (na-neun oeropji anha!)

(2) ? (oneul jinjja dupji anha?) Isn't it really hot today?

(3) . (jeo-neun hakgyo-reul daniji anhseumnida.) I don't go to school.

Notes

Another way a sentence can be negated is by using the negative adverb (an). The difference between the two is that (an) is considered more colloquial, and (ji anta) is considered the standard way to negate a

sentence. (ji anta) would be the negation most likely found in novels, textbooks, and newspapers, however, it is still used commonly in colloquial situations. (an) would most likely be heard during a conversation and would typically not be found in written Korean.

- Negative Imperative

- (-ji malda) is the negative imperative sentence ending and can be as an independent verb means to stop, to discontinue, to cease. This someone from taking an action.

translated as don't The verb in this construction, (malda), when used construction is preceded by an action verb and is used to prohibit or dissuade

This construction can also be used as a negative proposition. Proposition, in addition to tense, mood and politeness level, is indicated in the verb (malda).

Formation

Verb Stem + Example Sentences verb stem + .

1. (hada) to do

 . don't do (negative imperative) intimate politeness level standard politeness level

standard politeness level (honorific) formal politeness level 2. (ulda) to cry verb stem + .

don't cry (negative imperative) intimate politeness level standard politeness level

standard politeness level (honorific) formal politeness level 3. (utda) to laugh verb stem .

don't laugh (negative imperative) intimate politeness level standard politeness level

standard politeness level (honorific) formal politeness level 4. (palda) to sell verb stem + .

let's not sell (it) (negative propositive) intimate politeness level standard politeness level

Notes

(malda) has an irregular conjugation (refer to '' verbs in the grammar bank for an in depth explanation). Colloquially, however, the irregular (intimate/standard present tense conjugation). Traditional Conjugation: + () + () Verb stem + () (mala) intimate politeness conjugation also applies to (malda) where it traditionally shouldn't

(malayo) standard politeness Colloquial Conjugation: + () Verb stem + ()

+ () [ + = ]

(maa) > (ma) intimate politeness

(maayo) > (mayo) standard politeness Both the irregular conjugation and colloquial conjugation are acceptable in speech.

-() Dont Do A but Do B

- -() (-ji malgo -(eu)seyo) means, don't do A but do B and it's a combined structure of - (-ji malda), which means don't do it, and -/ / (-a/eo/yeoseyo), which means please do it. You can use this

expression when telling someone not to do something and to do something. You can sometimes change (malgo) to (masigo) to make the sentence more polite, but it isn't always necessary because you can express the politeness level through the ending of the sentence. You can change the last -() (-(eu)seyo) to -// (-a/eo/yeo) to make the sentence intimate.

Formation

Verb Stem + - + Verb Stem -() (nolda) to play

(gongbuhada) to study + + + = . OR nolji malgo gongbuhaseyo. (intimate language) . nolji malgo gongbuhae. Don't play, but study. Example Sentences

(nol), (gongbuha) verb stems

yeogi itji malgo, ppalli gaseyo. .

, .

Don't stay here, and please go quickly. gongbuhaji malgo yeonghwa boja. .

Let's not study, but watch a movie instead. jeonhwahaji malgo jikjeob oseyo. , .

Don't call me, but please come here yourself.

igeo saji malgo jeogeo saseyo. , .

Don't buy this one. Buy that one. nongdamhaji malgo, jasehi malhae jwo.

Don't make any jokes, please tell me in detail.

- why didnt you/you should have

you / it would have been better if you had or you should have .

- (-ji geuraesseo) is a grammatical structure that means why didn't

Originally, this structure comes from - (-ji geureoke haesseo) structure, we translate it into English as why didn't you, or you should the verb honorific by saying (geureosyeosseoyo), too. Formation

which literally means Why did you do that instead of doing this? So as a set have . You can add - at the end to make it sound more polite, or make

Verb Stem + () (hada) to do

(ha) verb stem

(chingu-rang gachi haji geuraesseo)

+ () = ()

You should have done it with your friend. Example Sentences

chingu-do deryeooji geuraesseo.

1. .

Why didn't you bring your friend as well?

eoje oji geuraesseo.

2. .

Why didn't you come yesterday? 3. .

byeongwon-e gaji geurasseoyo.

You should have gone to see a doctor.

- Assumption of Agreement

The final-sentence ending (janha) is used when the speaker is under the assumption or supposition that the listener knows and agrees with what was just said by the speaker.

This construction comes from the negative sentence ending - (ji anha). Because of this, this grammatical construction - can often translated as isn't it? don't you? (if these questions were rhetorical). It can also be translated as as you know

In this form it is in the intimate politeness level. The standard politeness level construction.

can be achieved by suffixing the politeness particle - (-yo) at the end of the Tense can be expressed by placing the past tense infix (//) before the

verb stem and this construction. Negation can only be expressed by the this construction is a derivation of that grammatical construction. Formation

adverb , and not by the negative grammatical construction because

Conjugation of verbs are the same for both descriptive and action verbs. Verb Stem + - (chagapda) to be cold (chagap) verb stem

 + = (chagapjanha) You know it's cold. Example Sentences

1. .(sori-ga keujanha.) You know the sound is loud.

You know, that t-shirt is small.

2. . (geu tisyeocheu-neun jakjanha.)

3. . (na-neun don-i manchanha.) You know I have a lot of money.

You know, you don't have younger siblings. 5. .(na-neun ippeujanha.)

4. .(neo-neun dongsaeng-i eopjanha.)

You know I am pretty.

6. .(gimchijjigae-neun mapjanha.) You know Kimchi jjigae is spicy.

// This/that/so + adverb/adjective

this/like that/like it. However, when we use it before other adverbs or

// (ireoke/jeoreoke/geureoke) originally means like

adjectives, it emphasizes the words. Instead of like this/like that/like it, it's mani) which means this many or this much. Formation

translated as this + adverb/adjective, as in the example (ireoke

/ / + Adjective/Adverb

1. (mani) a lot, many, much [adverb]

C. + = (geureoke mani) that/so much/many Example Sentences

B. + = (jeoreoke mani) that much/many

A. + = (ireoke mani) this much/many

ireoke bissan os-eun sireoyo

I don't want clothes that are this expensive. ?

wae ireoke neujeosseoyo? Why are you so late? ?

geureoke jaemisseoyo? Is it that much fun? ?

mwo-ga geureoke utgyeoyo? What's so funny?

jeoreoke keun gongryong-eun cheoeum bwasseoyo It's my first time to see a dinosaur that's that big.

Honorific Subject Marker

You can usually make your language polite by adding - (yo) at the end of

your sentences. However, sometimes when you want to be respectful of the person that you are talking to, or even someone that you are talking about, you can use the honorific speech. People often expect you to use the

honorific speech when you are talking about someone that is older or higher usual.

in social status than you. In this case, you use a different subject marker than

When you are using the honorific speech, the usual subject marker, - (-i) or honorific subject marker, you also have to use the honorific suffix in the verb for the sentence. Examples: - (-ga) becomes - (-kkeseo). When you start a sentence with the

1. . The teacher said so.

seonsaengnim-kkeseo geureoke malsseumhasyeosseoyo.

harabeoji-kkeseo gidarisyeoyo. My grandfather is waiting. Example Sentences

2. .

gogaeknim-kkeseo munuihasin naeyong-imnida. (To a customer) This is what you asked about. 2. ? Aren't your parents worried?

1. .

bumonim-kkeseo geokjeong an haseyo?

Note: It is correct to use the honorific speech and the honorific subject marker when you're talking to or about someone that you have to be very respectful to. However, if you're talking about someone who is older than you are, but

still younger or lower than the person that you're talking to, you should not use the honorific speech or the honorific subject marker.

For example, let's consider you are talking to the president of your company about your section chief. Even if your section chief is someone you have to use polite language to, since you're talking about him or her in front of the president, you can't use the honorific speech about your section chief. Incorrect example:

1. (To the president)

. The section chief said so. Correct example:

gwajangnim-kkeoseo geureoke malhasyeosseumnida.

1. (To the president)

gwajang-i geureoke malhaesseumnida. The section chief said so.

counter for trees

(geuru) is a word used to count trees. A noun comes before the number to specify what kind of tree it is, but it can be omitted when you're answering a question. Formation Ex)

(Tree) + Number + a tree = (namu han geuru)

a pine tree = (sonamu han geuru)

Notes

Pine tree=

More Tree Names

Apple tree = Plum tree = Palm tree =

Bamboo tree =

Maple tree = Willow tree =

Chestnut tree =

, The Most + Adjective/Adverb

words can always be used interchangably. or comes before

(gajang) and (jeil) both have the meaning of most. These two

descriptive verbs in their adjective/adverb/verb form and also before some in colloquial situations. Formation

action verbs that work like descriptive verbs. is sometimes changed to

- Action verbs cannot be used alone right after or . Ex)

/ + Descriptive Verb (in the adjective/adverb/verb form)

(yeppeuda to be pretty) [verb] (yeppeun pretty) [adjective] (yeppeuge beautifully) [adverb]

 / / / + Action verbs that work like descriptive verbs or alone.

- Verbs related to emotions, and verbs in the passive form can be used with

Ex) (to be known), (to like), (to hate), and etc. Example Sentences

1. . [] (jeo-neun uri hakgyo-eseo gajang gongbu-reul jal haeyo) - I am the best student in my school. 2. . [] (i hosu-neun segye-eseo jeil keoyo)

- This lake is the biggest lake in the world.

3. . [] (jungguk-eun segyeeseo ingu-ga jeil maneun nara-yeyo) - China is the country with the biggest population in the world. 4. . [] (jeo-neun suhak-i jeil sireoyo)

- I hate Mathematics the most.

- Show me the most expensive one.

5. . [] (jeil bissan geo boyeojuseyo)

(geureochi anado) literally means even if it's not like that or even if you don't do it like that, and it is a shortened version of the longer phrase, or . Literally,

means to do like that and means to be that way or to be like previously. Koreans use this phrase often when they were going to do expected of them to do it. Formation

that. Therefore, this refers to whatever has happened or has been mentioned something and someone mentions it or something happens so that now it's

is almost always used as a set phrase, and often used along with the grammatical structure -() , which was means to plan to do or to be about to do something. But when or needs to be replaced with a different verb to express a more specific situation, you can take the verb and add - . Ex) . = . Example Sentences

= I was going to help you even if you didn't ask me to.

More Examples

1. ! (an geuraedo oneul jeonhwaharyeogo haesseo!) I was going to call you anyway. 2. . (geureochi anado nae-ga mureoboryeogo hasseo.) - Even before you mentioned it, I was going to ask you. 3. . (geureochi anado na-neun sigan-i eopseo.) - Even before that happened, I didn't have time to go anyway.

saenggakhaesseo.)

4. . (an geuraedo na-neun isanghadago

- Even before you mentioned that, I thought it was strange. Notes

As there are usually two ways to negate a verb in Korean, is also , but is slightly more casual while can be used in all kind of polite situations. interchangeable with . So you can say instead of

, the word is also more casual than , so it's advsiable to say ' ' in polite situations.

sentence, and the Korean word has the same meaning is , but just like

is often translated in English as 'anyway' at the end of a

counter for sides and pages

(jjok) is a word used to count sides and pages. A noun comes before the number to specify what is being talked about, but it can be omitted when you're answering a question. Formation (Noun) + Number + Ex)

a wall = (byeok han jjok) Example Sentences

a page of a book = (chaek han jjok)

1. ? [] (myeot jjok ilgeosseoyo) - How many pages did you read?

juseyo)

2. . [] (jongi han jjok-eman peurinteu hae

- Please print on one side of the paper only.

worth of

(jjari) is a noun that comes after nouns that indicate amount, size, or

price and modifies the noun that follows it. The noun that comes before (jjari) expresses how much, how long, how big, how expensive, or even how old the following noun is.

Formation

Nouns indicating amount, size, or price + (man-won) a hundred thousand won 5 (o-miteo) five meters + 1 (han-sigan) one hour

= , 5 , 1 , and etc Examples

1. (manwon/10,000 won) + (jjari) + (sigye)watch

a ten-thousand-won watch 2. (han sigan/1 hour) + (jjari) + (sueop) class a one-hour class

a 30-centimeter ruler Example Sentences 500 obaek-won jjari eumryosu

30

3. 30 (samsip-senchi/30 cm) + (jjari) + (ja) ruler

a beverage that costs 500 won

man-won jjari tisyeocheu

a t-shirt that costs 10,000 won 10

sip-il jjari tueo koseu

a ten-day tour course

yeol sal jjari kkoma a ten-year-old kid 10

sip-miteo jjari gimbap

a ten-meter long kimbap

() Among/Between

(jung-eseo) means among, between, or out of, and it is often used together with the word or . The last letter, (seo) is often dropped in colloquial speech, and the word becomes (jung-e). comes from the

Chinese character (), which means center or middle. So together with

the location particle ',' (center + at) has the meaning among/between.

Formation

Noun + Ex) (i haksaengdeul these students)

- + = (among these students) Ex) (dul two)

+ = (between these two) Example Sentences

jung-e mwo-reul gajang mani bwa?)

1. , , ? [] (yeonghwa, chaek, manhwa

- Among, movies, books, and cartoons, what do you watch the most? 2. ? [] (eomma appa jung-e nuga deo joa?) - Who do you like more, mom or dad?

3. , , ? [] (ihyori, gimtaehui, iyeongae jung-e nuga gajang yeppyeoyo?) - Out of Lee Hyori, Kim Taehui, and Lee Yeongae, who is the prettiest? 4. ? [ ] (chingu jung-e

keompyuteo jal haneun saram isseoyo?)

- Among your friends, do you have anyone who's good with computers? 5. ? [] (oneul-hago naeil jung-e eonje-

ga joayo?)

Between today and tomorrow, when is good? Notes

Often the last letter, '' drops in colloquial situations.

() among, out of

noun of the same noun. The larger group should be the same kind of noun as this group noun is the identifying clause (i.e. smartest person, someone who Formation noun) knows about computers, the worst singer, etc.).

This grammatical structure is used to identify a specific noun from a group

the noun that is being specified. It is translated as among. What follows after

(Group Noun) (identifying clause). (identifying clause) among (group (hakgyo) school (group noun)

best fighter (identifying clause) school (among the school students) is Yungil

. The best fighter in the whole

Example Sentences

1. [among the people (you) know] . Hicheol is the kindest out of all the people I know. 2. (among these, among them) . Choose one out of these (among these). 3. (among countries, out of all the countries) . Korea eats the most kimchi among all the countries.

 counter for paintings (jeom) is a word used to count paintings. A noun comes before the number Formation to specify what is being talked about.

(Painting) + Number + Ex)

a painting = (geurim han jeom)

/ whether or not

-/ (-n/neunji) is a grammatical structure which can be translated as or conveying information gathered.

whether or not. This construction is used in contexts of gaining information,

When used in an interrogative context, it is used to discover new information. When used in the imperative context, it is used to discover information. When used in the affirmative context, it is used to convey information gathered.

It attaches to verbs (both descriptive and action) and is typically followed

to check, examine, etc.), or speaking verbs ( to ask, to say).

cognitive verbs ( to know, -to not know), information verbs (

Typically this construction is applied twice to a single verb/noun and another option (which is typically the opposite). However, often, the other option is dropped, and implied. Formation

Verb Stem + -/ + [cognitive/speaking/information verb] [Conjugation differs slightly [according to the verb stem.] 1.Verb Stem that ends in a vowel + (bappeuda) to be busy verb stem

+ + [cognitive/speaking/information verb] + [cognitive/speaking/information verb] Do you know whether (he) is busy or not? ? (bappeunji an bappeunji ara?)

2.Verb Stem that ends in a consonant + (gwenchanta) to be alright verb stem

+ + [cognitive/speaking/information verb] + [cognitive/speaking/information verb] mollayo.) . (gwenchanhneunji an gwenchanhneunji I don't know whether (it) is good or not. 3.Nouns +

(chaek) book

+ + [cognitive/speaking/information verb]

. (igeo chaek-inji japji-inji arabwa.) In this scenario is actually the copula (ida) conjugated by construction #1.

Example Sentences

1. .

I don't know whether that person is good or not. 2. .

I don't know whether that person is good (or not). 3. .

Ask that young woman whether she has some free time (or not).

4. .

I don't know whether there's something to eat (or not).

I don't know whether this is Spanish or French.

5. , .

-/ Even though and but still

When you want to say Even thoughstill or but still in Korean, you

can use the structure -/ (-n/neundedo). You can use simple words

two sentences and show contrast, but using the structure -/ (though.

like (geureonde), (geuraedo) and (hajiman) to connect n/neundedo) shows a stronger contrast and emphasizes the nuance of even

Formation

to be so, to form (geureondedo), which can work like new sentence. And for the past tense, you can use (geuraetneundedo).

We can combine -/ (-n/neundedo) with (geureota), meaning

(geureonde), (geuraedo) and (hajiman) at the beginning of a

To deliver a neutral nuance of contrast, -/ (-n/neunde) without the '' emphasize it more.

(do) part is enough. However, by adding (do) you can make it stronger and

Example Sentences

bab-eul meogeotneundedo bae-ga gopayo. Even though I've eaten, I'm still hungry. 2. .

1. .

seolmyeong-eul deureotneundedo moreugesseoyo.

Even though I've heard the explanation, I still don't understand. 3. .

jam-eul jatneundedo pigonhaeyo. I've slept, but I still feel tired.

4. .

don-i itneundedo sseul su-ga eopseoyo.

Even though I have money, I can't spend it. 5. .

yak-eul meogeotneundedo ajik apayo.

Even though I've taken some medicine, I'm still sick.

-/() Well, [Subject] + [Verb] or [Subject] + [Verb] what do you think?

This is one of the most common sentence endings in spoken Korean. By from the person that you are talking to. This originally comes from the

using this sentence ending, you imply that you are waiting for a response combination of [ VERB + (geureonde) ]. (geureonde) means

but, however, and when combined with the verb of the previous sentence, it becomes the verb ending -/ (-n/neunde) and you can add or not add (yo) depending on the level of politeness of the sentence.

We can literally translate the sentence ending -/() (-n/neunde(yo)) as [Subject] + [Verb], but or [Subject] + [Verb], however, . Although we still use it to express the original meaning, in spoken Korean, people use this

sentence ending more often in order to show that they want some reaction or surprise or to show exclamation.

response from the other person. And we also often use it as a way to express

So in English we can translate it as Well, [Subject] + [Verb] or [Subject] + [Verb] what do you think? Formation

Verb stem + -/() The verb and other descriptive verbs are followed by -(), and other action verbs are followed by -(). = + =

(action verb) = + =

(descriptive verb) = + =

We can use this sentence ending with the past tense, too. Past Tense = = + =

Past Tense = = + = Past Tense = = + = Example Sentences 1. ? ?

jigeum-iyo? jigeum bakk-e bi oneundeyo? Now? Well, it's raining now.

2. . Well, I'm busy now. 3. .

jeo jigeum bappeundeyo.

eoje haetneundeyo.

I did it yesterday. Why? 4.

naeil haryeogo haneundeyo

Well, I'm thinking about doing it tomorrow 5. !!

igeo meotjinde!!

This is cool! (Do you think so too?)

-/()? ,-//()? Did you say?, So, what you said was

When someone tells you something surprising, something that you did not

previously know, or something that you cannot believe, you can show your

reaction by using this sentence ending, -/()? (-n/neundago(yo)?) or -//()? (-at/eot/yeotdago(yo)?). This sentence ending is basically a way to quote the other person, so it has the nuance of saying Did you say? or So, what you said was You can add (yo) at the end if you

want to be polite. And when it is a reaction to something that the other person did not say directly but that you heard from someone else, we can translate /()? or -//()? as I've heard that Is that true? Formation

Present Tense

Verb stem + -/()? (-n/neundago(yo))? (gada - to go) + -() language) = ? (gandago? - intimate language) or ? (gandagoyo? - polite = You're going? Past Tense

Verb stem + -//()? (-at/eot/yeotdago(yo)?) (gada - to go) + -//() = ? (gatdago? - intimate language) or ? (gatdagoyo? - polite

language)

= You went? Example Sentences 1. ? You ate alone?

honjaseo bap meogeotdago?

2. ?

i chaekdeul-eul da satdago?

You bought all of these books? 3. ?

eoje na-reul bwatdago?

You saw me yesterday? 4. ? .

nahante jeonhwahaetdago?

You mean you called me? I didn't know. 5. ?

gabang-eul ireobeoryeotdago?

You've lost your bag?

-(/) Reiterative, Reported Speech

-/() (-n/neundagoyo) is a sentence ending, which reiterates a

person's statement (it is derived from reported speech). It can be used to previous statement.

emphasize, reassert, or when used in the form of a question, to confirm a

When used as a statement, this construction typically reiterates what the speaker has said (first-person perspective). In this instance it can be translated as I said When used as a question, this construction typically reiterates what the listener has said (second-person perspective). In this instance, this can be translated as you said

-/() (-n/neundagoyo) can be made polite by adding the politeness particle -(-yo) at the end. Formation

Verb Stem + -() Action Verbs

Verb Stem + -() Descriptive Verbs -() (ndagoyo) is used for action verb stems ending in vowels. (malhada) to speak + -

() [malhandago(yo)] said telling You are telling mom now (you said)?

? (neo jigeum ummahante malhandago.)

- (neundago) is used for action verb stems ending in consonants. - (ipda) to wear

 (ip) verb stem + (ipneundago) said wearing ! (nae-ga imneundago!) I said I'm wearing it!

- (dago) is used for descriptive verb stems ending in both consonants and vowels. (museopda) to be scary (museop) verb stem +

(museopdago) said scary You said that person's scary? Example Sentences

? (jeo saram-i museopdago?)

1. ? (jigeum ilbonirago?) You are in Japan now (you said)?

2. ? (eoje jeo-reul bowatdagoyo?) You saw me yesterday (you said)? 3. ? (mworago?) What (did you say)? Notes

(1)There is often a pronunciation change with this construction. (dago) is often pronounced as (dagu) is conversational Korean.

(2)This construction is derived from reported speech. The original phrase is (/) . The full reported speech phrase must be used when person). reiterating a statement made by a person outside of the conversation (third

-() I heard that

When you talk to someone about something that you heard from someone were working here. In Korean, we use the suffix - (dago) or - (ndago) instead of the word that. Formation

else, you say, I heard (that) as in I heard that it was nice, or I heard you

-() ((n)dago deureotda) is a grammatical structure that you use for talking about what you heard before. The main verb is (deutda), which means to listen or to hear. -() ((n)dago) is a verb ending that

tense to mean I heard, and together, -() ((n)dago deureotda) means I heard that Example Sentences . isa gandago deureosseo.

works like quotation marks. We usually use the verb (deutda) in the past

I heard that you were moving. .

doum-i piryohadago deureosseoyo. I heard you needed some help. .

i chaek-i jotago deureosseoyo.

I heard that this book is good. Note: When quoting a phrase, we use -() ((n)dago) for almost all verbs,

but the verb (ida), which means to be, takes the form of -() ((i) the sentence ends in -() ((i)rago deureotda). Examples:

rago). Since the future tense -/ (l/eul geos-ida) ends in (ida),

Past tense:

seoul-e-do nun ondago deureosseo. Future tense:

I heard that it was snowing in Seoul, too. .

seoul-e-do nun ol geo-rago deureosseo.

I heard that it would snow in Seoul, too.

-? I wonder

When asking a question in Korean, the most basic way to ask something is

adding -//()? (-a/eo/yeo(yo)?) at the end of the verb stem. While this

is a very commonly used sentence ending, people like to use a more indirect

way to ask question. One of the ways to do this is to use the sentence ending this ending, -? (-nayo?) is similar to saying I wonder in English.

-? (-nayo?), which has the nuance of asking oneself at the same time. So

Although we can almost always use the basic sentence ending for questions where -? (-nayo?) can be used, people still like to use -? (-nayo?) using -? (-nayo?), one gets the feeling that the accusing energy is oneself. because they hope to be less direct and accusing when asking a question. By divided into two directions half toward the other person and half toward

Formation

Verb stem + ?

This structure is basically used with action verbs. = + ? = ? (hanayo?) Do you do?

= + ? = ? (ilknayo?) Do you read? We can use this sentence ending with the past tense and also the honorific suffix -- (si) do? Past Tense = = + ? = ? (haetnayo?) Did you Past Tense = = + ? = ? (ilgeotnayo?) Did you read? do? Honorific = = + ? = ? (hasinayo?) Do you Honorific = = + ? = ? (ilgeusinayo?) Do you read?

Example Sentences ?

nae-il-eun myeot si-e osinayo? ?

What time are you coming tomorrow? da watnayo?

Has everybody come?

i sikdang-eun mwo-ga masitnayo? ?

In this restaurant, what is delicious? sinmun-eul maeil ilgeusinayo? ?

Do you read the newspaper every day? jigeum bakk-e nun onayo?

Is it snowing outside now?

-/ Its Been Since

This grammatical pattern is used to mark the amount of time since one has or has not done a certain activity. It is used in conjunction with action verbs and time words and can be translated as It's been (time) since

Mood, tense, negation, and politeness levels are expressed in the final verb (doeda). Formation

- Action Verb stem + -/ + time word + (jada) to sleep (ja) verb stem

+ + (time word) +

3 . (jan ji 3il doaesseo.) It's been three days since I've slept. Example Sentences here.)

- 3 . (It's been three months since I started working - . (It's been a long time since I came to Korea.)

1 . (It's been three weeks since I quit smoking.)

Notes

1.The time word used in this construction must indicate a length of time either specific (i.e. 3 hours, 2 days, 12 years) or non-specific (i.e. a while, a few days). The time word cannot be a point in time (3 o'clock, April 2nd).

2.Since this construction is used to express an amount of time since one has done something, the final verb () is almost always conjugated into the

past tense.

-/ After + Verb

-/ (-eun daeum-e) is the grammatical structure that expresses after + verb. Similar to the English after + -ing form, the tense of the sentence is not expressed in the structure. Instead, it is expressed through the verb to the adjective form. Formation

the verb that comes after it. (daeum) means next, and -/ changes

Verb stem ending in a vowel + - Ex) (oda to come)

- + = (after coming, after you come) - . (After you came, it rained.) Verb stem ending in a consonant + - Ex) (meokda to eat)

- + = (after eating, after you eat)

- ? (After we finish eating, where are we going?) Example Sentences

(sul masin daeum-e noraebang gaja)

1. . [, ]

- After drinking, let's go to the singing room. 2. . [, ] (ireonan daeum-e jeonhwahae) - Call me after you get up.

(jib-e gan daeum-e baro jamdeureosseo) - I fell asleep right after I went home.

3. . [, ]

4. . [, ] (mokyokhan daeum-e cheongsohal geo-ya) - I will clean the room after taking a bath.

(siheom bon daeum-e sul-eul masyeosseoyo) - I drank alcohol after I took the test.

5. . [, ]

-// Pretend To

-// (n/eun/neun cheok hada) means to pretend in English. works as a noun that means 'the act of pretending' and is combined with the verb to make the meaning of 'to pretend'. can be replaced with to mean the same thing.

Formation

Verb stem + -// Verb stem + -/ [past tense]

Verb stem + - [present tense] (to see)

+ = (to pretend to see) [present tense]

+ = (to pretend to have seen) [past tense]

(to read)

 + = (to pretend to read) [present tense]

+ = (to pretend to have read) [past tense] Verb stems ending in - lose - and are followed by -/ instead of -.

Ex) = (x) (o) -irregular verb stems (to pick up)

- (to pretend to pick up)

- (to pretend to have picked up) Example Sentences

1. , .

- I said hi to Minsu, but he pretended not to see me. 2. , .

My friend always pretends to be pretty, but she's not popular. 3. , , .

- My dog is good at pretending to be hungry, pitiful, and sick. 4. .

- I hate people who boast(pretend to be important) a lot. 5. , .

A bear ran to me, so I pretended to be dead.

-// to seem somewhat

that something is kind of in a certain state or to express what you feel

-/ (n/eun gam-i itda) is the grammar structure used to mean

which means feeling, therefore the phrase is translated like I feel that it is or I think it's kind of . Formation

about a object/state/action. (gam) comes from the Chinese character (),

Verb stem + -// Ex) (bissada to be expensive) - + = (It is somewhat expensive.) Ex) (ireuda to be early) = (I feel that is is a bit early.) Example Sentences +

1. . [] (yeonghwa-ga jom neomu dansunhan gam-i isseo) - This movie is somewhat too simple. 2. . [, ] (jeo

seonsaengnim sueop-eun jigyeoun gam-i isseoseo ireoyo) That teacher's class is kind of boring so I don't like it.

- Although I feel that it's a bit late

3. [] (jom neujeun gam-i itjiman)

4. . [] (i baeu-neun yeongiryeok-i bujokan gam-i isseoyo) I feel that this actor is lacking some acting skills. 5. , . [ , ] (bagaji sseuneun gam-i itjiaman, geunyang sallae)

- I kind of feel that it's a rip-off, but I'll still buy it.

If I Have to, I Would Rather

doing, or something that you would not gladly do because you think it is not

When you are talking about something that you do not particularly feel like

after what you do not want to do, and add the part saying what you would rather do after that. Formation

the best idea to do so, you can use the structure, - (-neuni). You add -

Verb Stem + - (gada) = to go

Rather than going home now, I will just sleep here.

, . (jigeum jib-e ganeuni yeogiseo jalgeyo.)

+ = (ganeuni)

expresses intention, but we can use other types of verb endings with it. Example Sentences

- (neuni) is often used together with the verb ending -, which

1. , .

najung-e huhoe-haneuni, jigeum ga bogo sipeoyo.

Rather than regretting it later, I want to go see it now. 2. , .

igeol saneuni, charari jigeum gatgo itneun geos-eul sseugesseoyo. If I have to buy this one, I would rather just use what I have now. 3. .

honja yeonghwa boreo ganeuni geunyang jib-eseo yeonghwa bol geo-yeyo.

If I have to go to the movies alone, I would rather just watch a movie at home.

- Casual Sentence Ending

not exclusive to men, but it is used most often by men. And more often than not, it is used with friends that have been friends for a long time. When this sentence-ender is used, it often portrays the speaker to be crass than the intimate politeness level.

This speech pattern is often used by men amongst their closest friends. It is

(thus, the reason it is used often by men). This can be considered less polite This sentence ender is only used when asking questions. Formation

verb stem + (juda) to give (ju) verb stem + = ? (junya?) Are you giving it? ? (yeoja chingu-ga bap junya?)

Does you girlfriend give you food? Example Sentences Did you sleep well?

1. ? (jal jatnya?) = ?

2. ? (sigan itnya?) = ? Do you have some free time?

3. ? (igeo mwonya?) = ?

What is this? 4.? (watnya?) = ? You're here?

Did you call just now?

5. ? (neo banggeum jeonhwahaetnya?)

-/ let alone

-/ (-neun/eunkeonyeong) negates the noun or verb that it follows and leads to revealing another fact by comparing the noun or verb with another noun or verb that comes after. It is often used in pair with - or - in

the later part of the sentence. -/ follows a noun, so a verb has to be in its noun form of - and be followed by - . This grammatical phrase is translated as 'let alone' or 'not even that'.

Formation

[ Noun ] + -/ + - =

+ - = [ Verb Stem ] + - + - =

+ - =

Example Sentences

1. . []

- (geu-neun soju-neunkeonyeong maekju-do mot masyeoyo.)

- I can't even drink beer, let alone soju. 2. . [] - We can't even see each other often, let alone dating. 3. . []

- (uri-neun deiteu-neunkeonyeong eolgul bogi-do himdeureoyo.)

(yojeum-eun gongbu-neunkeonyeong sinmun-do mot ilgeoyo.) - I can't even read newspapers, let alone studying.

4. , . [] []

(geul-eul gochigineunkeonyeong, silsu-reul deo mani haesseoyo.) - I made even more mistakes, rather than correcting the writing. 5. . []

- (chingchan-eunkeonyeong yadan-man majasseoyo.) - I only got scolded rather than getting compliments.

Notes

- (neun gosahago) can be used to replace -/, but only when -/ follows a noun.

- As A Result Of

literally translated as 'in the wind of + verb, and it has the nuance of in

result of + verb. (baram) originally means 'wind', so - can be

- (-neun baram-e) is the grammatical structure that expresses as a

conjunction with. This structure is usually used when you want to express a hope.

reason or a cause of something that happened unexpectedly or against your

Formation

Verb stem + - Ex) (neutda) = to be late + (as a result of being late) ** Verb stems ending in - drop the - and are followed by - Ex) (jolda) to doze off +

(as a result of dozing off)

Example Sentences

1. , . [, ]

- As a result of spending all the money, I couldn't eat.

(don-eul da sseuneun baram-e bap-eul mot meogeosseo)

(geuphage oneun baram-e jigap-eul ijeobeoryeosseo)

2. , . [, ]

I was in a hurry on my way here, and as a result, I forgot my wallet. 3. , . [, ] - It rained and as a result, the picnic was messed up.

(bi-ga oneun baram-e, sopung-i eongmang-i dwaesseo)

4. , . [, ] (neomeojineun baram-e mureup-eul dachyeosseo) - I fell and as a result I got my knees hurt.

5. , . [, ] (gae-ga jitneun baram-e jam-eseo kkaesseo) The dog barked, as as a result I was awakened from sleep.)

Notes

There are many other ways of expressing 'reason' in Korean (-(//), (), - and etc) but the one that can be most closely interchangeable with - is -(//). Ex) = Ex) =

- while

- (-neun dongan) is a conjunction that expresses the meaning of

while + action. (dongan) is a rough equivalent to the English word

during or for, as in during a certain period, or for a certain length of

and a verb. Therefore, - (-neun dongan) means, while + action. Formation

time. - (neun dongan) is a way to combine the meaning of during

Verb Stem +

(jada) to sleep (ja) verb stem + = (janeun dongan) Janeun dongan bi-ga wasseoyo.

It rained while I was sleeping. (itda) to be

(it) verb stem

+ = (itneun dongan) .

bakk-e itneun dongan jeonhwa-ga wasseoyo. I got a phone call while I was outside. Example Sentences

je-ga ilhaneun dongan mwo haesseoyo? What did you do while I was working? , ?

yeogi itneun dongan, jaemiisseosseoyo?

While you were staying here, did you have fun? .

bap meokneun dongan chaek boji maseyo. Don't read a book while you're eating. .

Don't make phone calls while you're driving. , TV .

unjeonhaneun dongan jeonhwa tonghwa haji maseyo.

ppallae-ga doeneun dongan, tibi-reul bwasseoyo While laundry was being done, I watched TV.

- while youre at it

The word (gim) can mean a lot of things in Korean. The most popular meaning is of course the name of the seaweed, laver, which is used in making (gimbap). can also mean 'steam' or 'occasion', and the

meaning of 'occasion' is the one that's used in this grammatical structure. -

(-neun gim-e) expresses doing one or more things based on the fact that

the other action is happening. So it can be translated as 'while you're at it', 'while it happens to be in that state', or 'since it is being done already'. Formation

Construction [ Present Tense ]

Verb stem + - () + = = since you are going there

() + = = while I eat Excepion:

Verb stems ending in drops the , and are followed by - () + = = while you are selling it [ Past Tense ]

Verb stem + -/ () + =

= you went there, so while you are there () + =

= since you've already eaten it Example Sentences

- I'm planning to meet Hyunwoo too in Seoul while I'm there. 2. .

1. .

While you're here in my house, please teach me some English.

some clothes while I'm there.

- Since I'm on my way to the departmnt store anyway, I also want to buy

3. .

-While you're here, have a cup of tea at least. 5. ?

4. .

While you are doing your laundry, how about doing mine for me as well?

- to be on ones way to

- (-neun gil-ida) literally means to be the way of or to be the way to. It is a way to express to be on one's way to a place or to be on one's way to go do something. The conjugated part before is always in the plain present tense and the tense of the entire sentence is expressed through the represents going, coming, leaving, and arriving, but in most cases it's used with the verbs and . Formation later part. This grammatical structure can be used with basically any verb that

[To be on one's way to a place] - place name + - Ex) + -

 . (I'm on my way to work.) Ex) + -

. (I'm on my way home.) [To be on one's way to go do something]

Ex) () + - .

1. verb stems ending in consonants other than + -

. (I'm on my way to go eat.)

2. verb stems ending in a vowel + - Ex) () + - . . (I'm on my way to go watch a movie.)

3. verb stems ending in + - . (I'm on my way to go play to the beach.) Example Sentences ieosseoyo.) Ex) () + .

1. . (jeo-neun geuttae jib-e ganeun gil-

- I was on my way home at that time. 2. ? (jigeum eodi ganeun gil-iseyo?) Where are you headed now?

ganeun gil-ieyo.)

3. . (yeodongsaeng-irang pyeonuijeom-e

- I am on my way to go to the convenience store with my younger sister. 4. . (chulgeunhaneun gil-ieyo.) - I'm on my way to go to work.

5. . (ije toegeunhaneun gil-ieyo.) I'm on my way to go back home now.

Notes

Compound verbs with - and - don't follow the rules above and they are just used as is. Ex) , , , etc.

For example, is a compound verb of and but it doesn't become , but it stays the same as .

counter for animals

and also (myeot), the interrogative adjective, to ask 'how many animals'. A noun specifying the kind of animal usually comes before the number, but it animal or fish that is already dead and made into food. Ex) can be omitted when you're answering a question. is also used for an

(myeong) is a word used to count animals. It can come after numbers

A: 2 . (na gae du mari isseo I have two dogs.) B: 3 . (na se mari isseo I have three. ) Formation

(Nouns specifying the kind of animal) + Number + Ex)

5 birds = (sae daseot mari) Example Sentences

3 cats = (goyangi se mari)

1. . (mogi han mari-ga deureowasseoyo) - A mosquito came in.

2. . (gangaji han mari kiugo isseoyo) I'm raising a puppy.

- I ate one whole chicken. Notes

3. . (dak han mari da meogeosseoyo)

1. dog = (gae) 3. cow = (so) 2. puppy = (gangaji) 4. rabbit = (tokki) 6. sheep = (yang) 7. mouse = (jwi) 8. horse = (mal)

Animal Names in Korean

5. goat = (yeomso)

9. deer = (saseum)

11. tiger = (horangi) 13. fox = (yeou) 14. lion = (saja) 12. wolf = (neukdae)

10. monkey = (wonsungi)

16. pig = (dwaeji) 17. bear = (gom)

15. elephant = (kokkiri)

18. whale = (gorae) 19. chicken = (dak) 20. duck = (ori)

21. frog = (gaeguri) 22. fish = (mulgogi)

24. mosquito = (mogi) 25. fly = (pari)

23. bird = (sae)

Sometimes the form [Number + Counter + -(of) + Noun] (ex. ) can be used. However, it is mostly used in writing and uncommon.

- as much as, to the extent of

subject or object to something else. It comes after a noun and it means 'as much as' or 'equal to'. Formation

- (makeum) is used to indicate an extent or a degree, by comparing the

(1) Noun + - (Son Yejin) a Korean actress + - (Son Yejin-mankeum) as much as Son Yejin = I am as pretty as Son Yejin. (geugeot) that (geugeot-mankeum) as much as that = This one is not as good as that one. +

. (na-neun SonYejin-mankeum yeppeoyo)

. (igeos-eun geugeotm-ankeum jochi anayo)

(2) Verb A + -//// + + Verb B Verb A should be in the adnominal form to modify , and this structure

can be translated as Verb A + so much that + Verb B or Verb A + enough to + Verb B.

= to be expensive enough to be surprising

(Verb A to be surprised) + (Verb B to be expensive)

= The wind is so strong that I might fly away. Example Sentences meosisseo)

(Verb A to fly away) + (Verb B to be strong)

1. . [] (na-neun jangdonggeon-mankeum

= I am as cool as Jangdonggeon is. 2. . [] (i keik-eun seuwiseu chokoret-mankeun masisseo) = This cake is as delicious as Swiss chocolate is. 3. . [] (seoul-eun hongkong-mankeum yagyeong-i yeppeoyo) = Seoul has a night view as beautiful as the one that Hongkong has. 4. . [, ] (je-ga don naen mankeum juseyo)

= Please give me as much as I paid mone for.

= It's fast enough to surprise you.

5. . [] (nollal mankeum ppallayo)

- each, every

 (-mada) is a particle which attaches to nouns, and is used to express every (noun) or each (noun). Formation () +

(Noun) + mada = Each (noun), Every (noun) 1. (nal) day + (nal-mada) every day, each day 2. (saram) day + (saram-mada) every person, each person Example Sentences

1. everyday, each day

. (It's different everyday.) 2. every year, each year

. (Each year I go to Haeundae.) 3. Every home, every home.

. (There was a complaint for each home.)

Notes

particle (mada, each/every).. particle (mada, each/every).

(jip, home), is used twice when used in conjunction with the

(got, place), is used twice when used in conjunction with the

- every, each, per, a

- (-ssik) is a particle that expresses frequency, or allocated amounts or numbers. There is no single word with the same function as this one in English. We express it through words such as every, each, or a. For Example:

(haru) a day

(han beon) once haru-e han beon-ssik once a day

Here, we can omit (ssik) for the phrase to mean the same thing, but it each or per. Formation

makes the meaning of the phrases clearer by emphasizing the meaning of

Number + (Counter) + - (han myeong) one person

+ = (han myeong-ssik)

han beon-e han myeong-ssik one person at a time (han beon) one time

+ = (han beon-ssik)

il nyeon-e han beon-ssik once every year

Words Expressing Number or Amount + - (jogeum) a little, a bit

jogeumssik

+ - =

little by little

(i-mankeum) about this much + - = (i-mankeum-ssik)

about this much each time Example Sentences .

iljuil-e han beon-ssik yeonghwa-reul bwayo. I watch a movie once a week. 10km .

nalmada sip-kiromiteo-ssik georeoyo. I walk ten kilometers every day. .

han saram-hante hana-ssik juseyo.

Please give one of each to one person. 2 .

haru-e du sigan-ssik undonghaeyo. I exercise two hours each day. 10 .

ilnyeon-e chaek-eul yeolgwon-ssik ilgeoyo. I read ten books each year.

under, beneath

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(mit-e) means below, under, or beneath. (mit-e) is a combination below, or beneath. (e) means, at, to, or in. So together, (mit-e) means, under (something). The word that (mit-e) modifies comes there. before (mit-e). When we use (mit-e) on its own, it means under of two words, (mit) and (e). (mit) is a noun that means, under,

Formation

For Example:

Noun + = under/below/beneath + Noun (uija) chair + (mit-e) under

Becomes uija mit-e

under the chair Example Sentences .

Uija mi-teo isseo.

It's under the table.chair" ------ .

Uija mi-te eopseo.

It's not under the table. "chair" ------- .

Mi-te eopseoyo.

It isn't down there.

Edited by Foxit Reader Copyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2009 For Evaluation Only.

Mi-teo chajabwa.

Search down there. .

Mit-e dwo.

Please put it under there.

Imperative (Standard/Intimate Politeness Level)

One of the imperative conjugations of Korean verbs has the same set of

conjugations as the simple present tense (in regards to the standard/intimate politeness level). We can conjugate verbs the same as the simple present tense, yet they have different usages, one of which is the imperative. different function. Although we can conjugate these verbs in the same manner, they have a

As stated above, the imperative is the same as the simple present tense in regards to the standard and informal politeness levels. Formation

[Verb Stem] + [//] For example: (hada)

[] + [] =

(ha) + (ya) = hae (gada)

[] + [] =

(ga) + (a) = ga

 (boda)

[] + [] =

(bo) + (a) = bwa (sseuda)

[] + [] =

(sseu) + (eo) = sseo The formal politeness level uses the conjugation: () (sipsio)

Verb Stem + () For example:

(oda) to come + () come (imperative formal politeness level)

Note: We can often find the written form () on signs on the street, giving warning or directions to the public. We can find the spoken version of this in many historical Korean dramas as

well, however, its use is only relegated to written Korean in modern Korean. Example Sentences ppalli bap meogeo. .

Hurry and eat. (intimate) .

jip-e gaseyo.

Please go home. (standard) .

mul masyeoyo.

Drink water. (standard) .

mun-eul dadeusipsio.

Please, close the door. (formal) .

mul-eul dadeusio.

Please, close the door. (written) Notes

This conjugation is the same as the simple present tense, only in regards to imperative often in casual spoken Korean, or even in formal situations. We generally reserve it for people of extreme importance (i.e., kings, queens, royalty, presidents, high-ranking military officials, etc.).

standard and intimate politeness levels. We do not use the formal politeness

First, Before Someone/Something

(meonjeo) means, first or before someone or something. We can use (meonjeo) to indicate the order of certain actions or to start a speech or conversation. When we use it to start a speech, it's understood as before anything or first of all. Formation (meonjeo) + (ga) = first + you go ,

You go first. (I'll go after you.)

meonjeo, wa jusyeoseo gamsahamnida First of all, thank you for coming.

Example Sentences 1., .

Meonjeo, hal mal-i isseoyo.

First, I have something to tell you. 2. .

Meonjeo malhae. You say it first. 3. .

Meonjeo naga.

You go out first. 4. .

Meonjeo hagi sireo.

I don't want to do it first. 5. .

Meonjeo gal-ge.

I'm leaving first (before you).

Im saying, What Im saying is

sentence just by using a different intonation. In that case, a common

There are times when it is difficult to emphasize a certain part of your

sentence ending that Korean people use is (mal-ida). Since ending takes the meaning of I'm saying or What I'm saying is.

literally means (language, word, story) + (to be), this sentence

Formation When you use it with nouns or adverbs alone, [Noun/Adverb + ] emphasizes or introduces which topic you are talking about. For Example:

I'm talking about myself. When you use it with active or descriptive verbs, in the form of [Verb stem + or (-) ], it emphasizes or introduces what you are trying to say to the other person.

For Example:

I went there yesterday too!

that you understood the other person or the situation correctly. Example Sentences

When you use it in the question form, it shows that you want to make sure

oneul-eun swi-neun nal-iran mal-ieyo. Don't you know? It's a holiday today. 2. ?

1. .

igeot-do moreundaneun mal-iya?

You mean you don't even know this? 3. ? jeo mal-ieyo? Are you talking about me?

4. eoje mal-ieyo. Um, about yesterday 5. .

eoje-do mannatdan mal-ieyo.

You know what? I met him yesterday, too.

Passive

sentence is changed to passive, these passive verbs no longer require an

When a subject is acted upon, the sentence must be in the passive. When a

object and become intransitive. Not all verbs have passive forms ( verbs, cognitive verbs , , symmetrical verbs , , , and generally speaking verbs that end with the vowel ).

Formation

Construction:

to be eaten

The four different passive infixes: -, -, -, - to be pushed to be heard to be seen (also to show same as causative) to be cut off -

General Rule

vowel-ending stem (1) , +

(2) ,,, +

(3) ,, + (4) + However, there are many exceptions. Example Sentences hear my voice?) here.)

1. ? ? Hello? Is my voice heard? (= Do you 2. . It is not seen from here. (= I can't see it from 3. expressions that are used often Notes

The conjugation rules are there simply as a reference. But because of the memorize passive tense verbs.

large number of exceptions, KoreanClass101.com recommends the learner to

counter for flowers

(songi) is a word used to count flowers. A noun comes before the answering a question.

number to specify what kind of flower it is, but it can be omitted when you're

Formation

(Flower) + Number + Ex)

a flower = (kkot han songi)

a rose = (jangmi han songi)

Notes

More Flower Names

 Clover = Daisy = Azalea =

Dandelion = Lilac = Lily =

Forget-me-not =

Narcissus = Rose = Tulip =

Lotus flower =

Sunflower =

Are you doing? ~ ? [Polite]

Are you doing? ~ ? [Polite] is commonly used in situations where you want to ask somebody what theyre doing.

can only used when youre actually seeing somebody doing something, and you want to ask them what they are doing. Rule Take off a plain verb and add ? ? = Are you doing? ? = Are you going? ? = Are you reading?

 ? = Are you watching? ? = Are you eating? ? = Are you writing?

? = Are you drinking?

Note: Irregular verbs

? = Are you sending?

? = Are you sleeping?

? NOT ? ? NOT ? Eg. ? = Are you working?

? NOT ?

? = Are you having lunch? ? = Are you going to church? ? = Are you drinking water? ? = Are you watching a movie? ? = Are you going home?

? = Are you writing an essay?

? = Are you sending a txt message? ? = Are you sleeping already?

or why] in front of ~ ? to make these sentences. ? = What are you doing?

You can add , , , , or [when, where, who, what, how

? = What are you reading? ? = What are you watching? ? = What are you writing? ? = What are you eating?

? = What are you drinking?

 ? = What are you sending? ? = Where are you going? ? = Who is sleeping? ? = Who is doing?

? = How are you writing? ? = Why are you doing?

on top of

(wi-e) means on top of, over, or above. This is a combination of two words: (wi), meaning up or above, and (e), which means at, to, or in. Therefore together, + (wi-e) has the meaning of on top of When we use (wi-e) on its own, it means up there. Formation For Example: (something). The word that (wi-e) modifies comes before (wi-e).

Noun + = on top of/over/above + Noun (jadongcha) car + (wi-e) on top of Becomes

jadongcha wi-e

on top of the car / on the car Example Sentences .

Chaeksang wi-e isseo. It's on the table. .

Chaeksang wi-e nwa.

Please put it on the table. .

Chaeksang wi-e eopseo. It's not on the table. .

Wi-e isseoyo.

It's up there. .

Geogi wi-e bwa.

Check up there.