AP WORLD STUDY GUIDE:

Chapter 9- Christian Societies Emerge in Europe, 600-1200

Identifications: Define each term and explain why it is significant, including any important dates. Charlemagne (Charles the Great) - He was the king of the franks, people who lived in modern day France. He was of German decent. He was the patriarch of the Carolingian Empire. Investiture Controversy- A major dispute between the papacy and ruling political leaders, who had more power and control over the bishops. Medieval- term used to describe the period of 500 until 1500 C.E. Monasticism- To live in a monastery or religious community and accepting the way of life in a religious aspect. Byzantine Empire the Empire created by Constantine, Eastern half of the Roman Empire, which eventually after the fall of the western half, became all of Byzantium. Kievan Russia- A state north of the Byzantine Empire established by a group of Scandinavians, gaining population and becoming a location of agriculture. Schism- a split between a religious community, the most relevant being the formal schism between the Latin and Orthodox churches in 1054. Manor/manorialism- An area of land with serfs bound to it, run by a noble who would grow crops and produce goods and money in exchange for help from the King in the feudal system. Horse collar- a system designed to help navigate a horse in an easier fashion. Serfs- slaves bound to the land, had to work on the land, and could not become a noble or anything higher. Since serfs were bound to the land, the more there were, the higher value the price of the land and everything was. Crusades- a series of massive attacks on the holy land by groups of Christian pilgrims seeking to visit and conquer Jerusalem. Nobles- The people who would rule over the manors, benefited from the feudal system. Feudalism- due to social and political instability, kings needed assistance from nobles on nearby manors, which in turn benefited the king as well as the noble. Fief- land accumulated in return for a grant or oath of military service.

Pilgrimage- A journey to a shrine by Christians in order to show their piety and absolve their sins. Vassal- Someone who is sworn in support of a noble or king in military service. Papacy- the Vatican, the ruler of the Roman Catholic Church. Holy Roman Empire- the federation of German states and principalities has NOTHING to do with the Roman Empire. Rule of Benedict- A book written by St. Benedict that preaches about monasticism and speaks about way of life in a monastery. Hagia Sophia- The greatest architectural and cultural achievement of the Byzantine Empire. Cyrillic- An alphabet created in order to separate language from the Latin Church, created by two monks called Cyril and Methodius. Multiple Choice Questions Read the entire question, including all the possible answers. Then choose the one answer that best fits the question. 1) The crowning of Charlemagne as emperor of the Romans by the pope symbolized? B- A shift in focus away from the Mediterranean and toward northern Germanic Europe. 2) Why is the period in Europe between 400 C.E. and 1200 C.E. called the middle Ages? A- IT came between the Greco-Roman civilization and the Renaissance. 3) Which of the following was NOT a unifying force in the chaotic remains of the Western Roman Empire? E- Slavic Religious Tradition 4) Which of the following statements best characterizes the influence of Roman traditions in Byzantium? A- Byzantium carried on the traditions of Rome, including Christianity, almost without interruption. 5) Why is it paradoxical that women ruled the Byzantine Empire together with their husbands from 1028 to 1056? B- Byzantine women increasingly found themselves confined to their homes and required to veil them in public. 6) The growth of the great fortified manors was prompted by all of the following factors except? A- Religious Wars 7) How did improvements in amour dictate changes as to who could become a mounted knight? B- As amour became on of the items imported from China, only those in trading cities or sons of merchants could obtain it. 8) Which of the following statements about noble women in medieval Europe is not true? E- Noble women could own property. 9) What was the investiture controversy? B- A conflict between popes and kings regarding control of ecclesiastical offices 10) Most ancient works in Latin would have disappeared if? B- Ninth century monks had not copied them 11) Why did Kievan Russians decide to adopt Orthodox Christianity? A- They were impressed by the magnificence of Constantinople.

12) Which of the following technological innovation probably did not play a significant role in the launching of the economy of Western Europe after the year 1000? B- The importation of a superior plow from the Mediterranean. 13) Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons usually offered by historians for the Crusades? D- The pope wanted to recapture the Holy Land 14) HOW DID THE Culture of the Western Europe differ from Eastern Europe in the centuries after Romes fall? E- Religious practices of Western and Eastern Europe slowly diverged as the tensions between the pope and the patriarch grew. 15) How did Western and Eastern Europe compare politically from 600 to 1200 C.E? B- Western Europe fragmented into dozens of provincial states, while Eastern Europe remained unified under Byzantiums leadership.
Chart 9.1: From Roman Empire to Germanic Kingdoms
Regional Focus Rome The Mediterranean sea and Roman Empire. Law Roman Senate, Emperor, Religion Political Structure Emperor, Roman Senate, Wealthy, Poor, Slaves Church After Constantine it was the Roman Catholic Church Christianity was the major religion of the Visigoths. Economy Decline of the Economy lead to poverty and fall. Bartering as an economy there was no use in coinage. Status and Role of Women Women in Rome had more power than Greece, power declined up until the 7th century. Women were secondary in society and served as pawns. Decline Bad economy and attacks from the Visigoths created instability. Social and political instability and ongoing attacks lead to collapse.

Germanic Kingdoms

Small, agricultural based towns and society.

Divided provinces and kingdoms, scattered across the empire.

Very little structure, it all collapsed and disappeared.

Chart 9.2: Latin West and Byzantine Empire

Unity Latin West Unity based on Religious practice, Catholicism. Unity of the Byzantine Empire through Religion and Politics Political Structure Small Germanic kingdoms. Religious Structure Papacy ruled as the religious key figure of the Latin West. Orthodox Church, due to Schism of 1054 Social Structure Based on religious and moral teachings. Saw the rise of a powerful wealthy military merchant class Trade and Economics Trade throughout the Mediterranean, poor economy despite. Trade and economy boosted, although suffered from the 5th to 7th century. Statues of Women Not as severe as the Byzantine Empire, held some authority. Women had to wear veils, not allowed outside of home. Decline Visigoth invasions, Schism, and economical circumstances. Loss of power through military force and instability of political power.

Byzantine Empire

Empire ruled by the Emperor

Diversity and Dominance: 1) Why does Adam of Bremen focus on the careers of Archbishop Adalbert, and then the Caesars and popes connected with Emperor Henry and Pope Benedict? The reason that Adam of Bremen focuses on the careers of Archbishop Adalbert is because of his well being, him being wise, but behind it all, it was also because maybe of his wealth and power.

2) How was Adalberts arrogance viewed by the church? How do you think Adam of Bremen viewed it? His arrogance was viewed by the church to be extremely vigorous. He would not stop at anything; he would make sure that what he had to do would be done. Adam of Bremen viewed it not as something negative, but as something positive, giving Adalbert a strong sense of being powerful and firm. Focus Questions: 1) What new political systems emerged in Europe after the fall of Rome? How consistent were these systems, and what major variations were there? The new political systems that emerged in Europe after the fall of Rome included the divided Visigoth Kingdoms shortly after the Roman Empire, followed by the Feudal System in the middle ages, the constant cycle of benefiting Towns, Kings, and Nobles. Lastly, the Byzantine Empire emerged another strong empire to the east in Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. 2) How and why did Christianity spread throughout Europe up to 1200 C.E.? Christianity spread throughout Europe because of vast missionary efforts, conquests, and trade. 3) How does the economic, social, and political structure of Europe compare to the previous era under the Roman Empire? Compared to the previous era under the Roman Empire, the economic, social, and political structure of Europe afterwards is in no way shape or form comparable. The instability caused by the fall of Rome would remain for centuries to come. 4) Describe the process by which Christianity diverged into two branches: Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism. Christianity diverged into two branches because of the power struggle between the political rulers and the papacy. From this formed the great schism of the east and west in the year 1054, creating the Eastern Orthodox Church and sending a chain reaction throughout Eastern Europe. DESCRIPTION OF MAP EXERCISE: The Vikings were able to spread through the northern half of Western and Eastern Europe, ultimately into Germany, Poland, and Russia. Muslims were able to spread across Northern Africa, Sicily, and Spain. Ostrogoths were able to spread into Italy. The First, Second, Third, and Fourth Crusade all went towards Jerusalem, although each from France, England, and Italy.