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As a major element of the Financial Sector Reforms in India, RBI introduced prudential norms for banking regulation.

Capital adequacy, exposure ceilings for lending to individual and group ofborrowers, marking to market of the investment portfolio and, income recognition, asset classification and provisioning norms for the loan portfolio (IRAC in short) formed the core of prudential regulation. The IRAC norms serve two primary purposes - (i) to depict the true position of a bank's loan portfolio and (ii) to help arrest its deterioration. The Committee on Financial System (CFS), under the Chairmanship of Shri M. Narasimham, recommended a policy of income recognition and asset classification based on record of recovery and other objective criteria as also provisioning based on the classification of assets into different categories. RBI largely accepted the recommendations of the CFS and introduced the IRAC norms for the Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) in a phased manner over a three-year period from the year 1992-93

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