PROJECT ON

STOCK EXCHANGE SCAM IN INDIA WITH REFERENCE TO HARSHAD MEHTA

BACHELOR OF COMMERCE FINANCIAL MARKETS SEMISTER V 2010 2011

PROJECT GUIDE AND COURSE CO-ORDINATOR:

Prof. Mahek. Mansuri Prof. Shruti. Chavarkar

SUBMITTED BY ASHISH. MANSUKHBHAI. THAKKAR ROLL NO. 51

S.K.SOMAIYA COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE & COMMERCE MUMBAI UNIVERSITY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of any project is never limited to individual undertaking project; it is a collective effort at people around, that spell success. This acknowledgement is humble attempt of earnestly thanking all those who were directly or indirectly involved in this project.

We would like to extend our sincere, heartfelt gratitude to our head of department, Prof. Shruti Charvarkar and our internal guide Prof. Mahek. Mansuri under whose guidance we had the privilege of working and learning and whose constant inspiration at all faces of the project lead to the successful completion of our work.

Last but not the last we express our deepest regards to our principal Dr. Sangitha Kohli . I also want to thank to all the staff members who had helped me to make this project worthfull.

INDEX

SR. TOPIC No 1 2 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PURPOSE, SCOPE & OBJECTIVE INTRODUCTION TO BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE

PAGE

4 5 6 7

INTORDUCTION TO NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE ORIGIN OF INDIAN STOCK MARKET Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) THE 1992 SECURITIES SCAM

Conclusion

Executive Summary:The project deals with the biggest scam in the history of Indian Securities Market. HARSHAD MEHTA SCAM.

The first chapter deals with the introduction to the STOCK EXCHANGE, in which shows the exact meaning of stock. It also deals in the working of the stock market and how the stock are traded in the stock exchanges.

The second chapter deals with the National Stock Exchange and its existience , how it functions and what types of regulations are imposed on companies inorder to trade in the stock exchange is concerned.

The third chapter deals with the Origin Of Indian Stock Exchange, as and when our stock market started and history of the stock exchange.

The fourth chapter deals with the regulations of the securities market , deals with SEBI functions & powers .

Last but not the least , the fifth chapter confronts the actual scam of HARSHAD MEHTA , the making , the exposure , the history of the concerned person and the end of the culprit .

This project throws the light on the scam of Mr. HARSHAD MEHTA, what exactly was he trying to do and at what point he ended .

Purpose and Scope of study:To analyze the way that how did the scam came into existience and what things have instigate this man to end up with a huge scam in the history of Indian Stock Market.

Objective :To throw a light on the scam . To know how the legal procedures goes on . To know about the ultimate outcome of the scam.

STOCK EXCHANGE SCAM IN INDIA WITH REFERENCE TO HARSHAD MEHTA

1. INTRODUCTION TO BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE:-

1.1 BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE:-

The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) (Marathi Bombay hare Bzar) (formerly, The Stock Exchange, Bombay) is a stock exchange located on Dalal Street,Mumbai and is the oldest stock exchange in Asia. The

equity market capitalization of the companies listed on the BSE was US$1.63 trillion as of December 2010, making it the 4th largest stock exchange in Asia and the 8th largest in the world The BSE has the largest number of listed companies in the world. As of June 2011, there are over 5,085 listed Indian companies and over 8,196 scrips on the stock exchange, the Bombay Stock Exchange has a significant trading volume. The BSE SENSEX, also called "BSE 30", is a widely used market index in India and Asia. Though many other exchanges exist, BSE and the National Stock Exchange of India account for the majority of the equity trading in India. While both have similar total market capitalization (about USD 1.6 trillion), share volume in NSE is typically two times that of BSE.

1.2 Share Market:A Share market or Stock market, is a private or public market for the trading of company stock and derivatives of company stock at an agreed price; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately.The stocks are listed and traded on stock exchanges which are entities a corporation or mutual organization specialized in the business of bringing buyers and sellers of the organizations to a listing of stocks and securities together. Stock market is known as the cradle of capitalism. It is a place where companies come to raise their share capital and investors go to invest their surplus funds. Stock market essentially discharges the functions of "the invisible hand" that channels investment into the most productive ventures so as to optimize the overall productivity of the economy.

Stock Market is a place where financial instruments like shares, debentures, commercial papers, bonds etc are bought and sold. Stock markets are popularly known as stock exchanges. There are many popular stock markets in the world. NASDQ, Tokyo Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange are the most popular of the lot. There are many participants in a stock market. Investors, Speculators, Arbitrators, Traders are different type of participants of a Stock

Market. Brokers are intermediaries who bring together various participants in a Stock Market.

Most important function of the stock market is to facilitate trading of financial instruments. Brokers submit a quote at the stock market on behalf of their clients. Quotes are specific to the scrip. The quote of the buyer is matched to the quote of the seller and the transaction takes place. All transactions entered in a stock market are guaranteed by the Stock Exchange. That means if the buyer or seller fails to meet his obligation, the stock exchange steps in and meets the commitment of the participant. This instills a lot of confidence and credibility about the sanctity of the transaction amongst the investing public. That is the reason why a stock exchange is preferred by investing public to a gray market in shares even though the latter has much lower transaction cost.

All the participants in the stock market have the same objective i.e. to make a profit. Investors invest in the stock market with the hope that market value of

their investment will go up and they will be able to make higher returns than in bank deposits. Arbitrages buy in one market and sell in another market with an objective of making a profit. For example if the shares of Caltex are quoting at a lesser price at Amsterdam Stock Exchange in comparison to London Stock Exchange, arbitrages will buy at Amsterdam and sell at London. This will result in a rise in share price at Amsterdam and fall in share price at London, thus bringing in price equilibrium among various stock markets in the world. Speculators operate in the stock market with an objective to make quick money by guessing the direction of the stock market. If they expect the market to rise, they buy shares with a very small investment horizon. Similarly if they expect a correction in stock market, they sell shares, thus imparting an essential element of liquidity in the market. Those who expect a rise in the stock market and buy relentlessly are known as bulls. Bulls keep the buying pressure and attempt to take the stock market to dizzy heights. Bull market is a market scenario where bulls have complete control over the stock markets. When bull market reaches its peak, investors will make huge profit. Many investors start booking their profit by selling the investments. Slowly the bulls find that there are more shares than they could perhaps buy in the stock market. When supply of shares exceeds the demand in the stock market prices start coming down. This is called correction. Correction is a normal phenomenon in any bull market. Some times if the sellers are huge in numbers, a negative sentiment takes over the stock market. Every one attempts to sell their investments with an objective to salvage profit or reduce losses. When this phase set in, bulls loose control. Sellers will control stock market. This phase is popularly known are bear run. Bull and Bear runs follow a cyclical pattern in a stock market.

Normally in a booming economy, companies make huge profits, so markets tend to be bullish. When the trend of the economy reverses Stock Market experience a bear hug. Thus the Stock markets reflect the health if the economy and are often called as "barometers" of the economy.

1.3 Stock
Plain and simple, a stock is a share in the ownership of a company. A stock represents a claim on the company's assets and earnings. As you acquire more stocks, your ownership stake in the company becomes greater. (Note: Some times different words like shares, equity, stocks etc. are used. All these words mean the same thing.)

1.4 Shares in the Share Market are either traded through

(a) Stock Exchange (b) Over-the -Counter (OTC)

(a) Stock Exchange

These are organized market places where stocks, bonds are other equivalents are traded between the buyers and sellers where exchange acts as a counter-party to both the participants in case of any default. The contracts are standardized and not customized ones. For example, NYSE, NASDAQ, NSE, NIKKEI, etc.

(b) Over-the -Counter (OTC) These are not centralized exchanges. Here, the trade takes place through a network of dealers. Generally, the OTC contracts are bilateral customized contracts and not standardized ones. Important Participants of Share Market Trading are :Buyer An investor who buys a script in the belief that the market will rise. If his hinge becomes right then he makes profit otherwise he suffers loss. Seller Seller of a stock sells in the hope that the stock price will go down. Stock Broker Brokers are persons or firms who execute buy/sell order on behalf of the investors and charge a commission for rendering the service.

1.5 Share Trading are done in three ways

(a) Offline Share Trading (b) Online Share Trading (c) Open Outcry Trading

(a) Offline Share Trading

In this form of trading the customer either goes to the share broker's place and sits before the share trading terminal and asks the dealer to place orders in his account. or rings the share broker, asks the share quotes and other relevant informations, and accordingly places orders over the phone.

(b) Online Share Trading

The client could avail the share market and could place his order on his own from any place he wants, provided he has a computer with an Internet connection.

(c) Open Outcry Trading

Here, the investors put their orders through the brokers and these share brokers in turn place and execute orders on behalf of them on the floor of the

exchange. These brokers gather in a particular place on the trading floor known as Trading Post. There is a person called as the Specialist present in the trading post who does the matching of the buy and sell orders. This type of auction method is called Open Outcry Method.

1.6 Online Share Trading

Online Share Trading is becoming the order of the day in share trading. Now-a-days one could hardly see a person going to the stock exchange floor and placing his order. Electronic media has played an important role in flourishing the share market. In case of online share trading an investor could place his order from his own house if he has internet connection.

There are two types of trading that can be done through online share trading
1. Intra-day Trading 2. Delivery Trading

(1)

Intra-day Trading

They enter and exit out of the market like the thief in the night. Traders continuously have a watch on the market during the trading hours and the moment they see any opportunity arising they pounce on it for scalping the profit out. These type of trading generally are risky in nature. They buy and sell stocks during the same day.

 Intra day Traders are of two types :a. Scalp Traders b. Momentum Traders

a. Scalp Traders Investors who perform many trades per day for scalping out small profits out of the bid-ask spread from each trade are known as scalp traders.

b. Momentum Traders Investors who pounce on those stocks which move significantly in one direction and book desired profit are called momentum traders. They do this within a day.

1.7 Delivery trading

The investor buys the share for holding purposes. The brokerage charges are a bit more than the intraday ones. Delivery Traders are : a. Technical Traders b. Fundamental Traders c. Swing Traders

a. Technical Traders
They believe that buying/selling signals are present within the graphs and charts of the stock.

b. Fundamental Traders
They perform trade on the basis of study of fact-sheets of the company like historical profit graph, balance sheet, anticipated earning reports, stock splits, mergers and acquisitions, etc.

c. Swing Traders They are basically fundamental traders who take delivery of trades for a span of short period generally more than one day. In this electronic form of trading, the shares are not in the physical form for their inconvenience to handle. So, they are now converted to dematerialized form . So, one investor does not have to worry about the safety of the physical shares because the bought shares get transferred to the respective D-mat account . Thus, online share trading has helped the investors a lot as it is hassle-free and time efficient. For the intraday traders the brokerage costing is minuscule in comparison to the delivery trades.

1.8 Number of companies traded in Stock Market:The equity market capitalization of the companies listed on the BSE was US$1.63 trillion as of December 2010, making it the 4th largest stock exchange in Asia and the 8th largest in the world The BSE has the largest number of listed companies in the world. As of June 2011, there are over 5,085 listed Indian companies and over 8,196 scrips on the stock exchange, the Bombay Stock Exchange has a significant trading volume.

1.9 Hours of operation:Session Timing

Beginning of the Day Session 8:00 - 9:00

pre-open trading session

9:00 - 9:15

Trading Session

9:15 - 15:30

Position Transfer Session

15:30 - 15:50

Closing Session

15:50 - 16:05

Option Exercise Session

16:05 - 16:35

Margin Session

16:35 - 16:50

Query Session

16:50 - 17:35

End of Day Session

17:30

The hours of operation for the BSE quoted above are stated in terms the local time (i.e. GMT +5:30) in Mumbai , India. BSE's normal trading sessions are on all days of the week except Saturday, Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance.

2. INTORDUCTION TO NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE:NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE:-

The National Stock Exchange (NSE) (Hindi Rashtriya hare Bzar) is astock exchange located at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is the 9th largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization and largest in India by

daily turnover and number of trades, for both equities and derivative trading. NSE has a market capitalization of aroundUS$1.59 trillion and over 1,552 listings as of December 2010. Though a number of other exchanges exist, NSE and the Bombay Stock Exchange are the two most significant stock exchanges in India, and between them are responsible for the vast majority of share transactions. The NSE's key index is the S&P CNX Nifty, known as the NSE NIFTY (National Stock Exchange Fifty), an index of fifty major stocks weighted by market capitalisation. NSE is mutually-owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India but its ownership and management operate as separate entities. There are at least 2 foreign investors NYSE Euronext and Goldman Sachs who have taken a stake in the NSE. As of 2006, the NSE VSAT terminals, 2799 in total, cover more than 1500 cities across India. NSE is the third largest Stock Exchange in the world in terms of the number of trades in equities. It is the second fastest growing stock exchange in the world with a recorded growth of 16.6%.

2.1 ORIGINS:The National Stock Exchange of India was promoted by leading Financial institutions at the behest of the Government of India, and was incorporated in November 1992 as a tax-paying company. In April 1993, it was recognized as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market(WDM) segment in June 1994. The Capital market (Equities) segment of the NSE commenced operations in

November 1994, while operations in the Derivatives segment commenced in June 2000.

2.2 INNOVATIONS:-

NSE pioneering efforts include:

Being the first national, anonymous, electronic limit order book (LOB) exchange to trade securities in India. Since the success of the NSE, existent market and new market structures have followed the "NSE" model.

Setting up the first clearing corporation "National Securities Clearing Corporation Ltd." in India. NSCCL was a landmark in providing innovation on all spot equity market (and later,derivatives markets) trades in India.

Co-promoting and setting up of National Securities Depository Limited, first depository in India

Setting up of S&P CNX NIFTY. NSE pioneered commencement of Internet Trading in February 2000, which led to the wide popularization of the NSE in the broker community.

Being the first exchange that, in 1996, proposed exchange traded derivatives, particularly on an equity index, in India. After four years of policy and regulatory debate and formulation, the NSE was permitted to start trading equity derivatives

Being the first and the only exchange to trade GOLD ETFs (exchange traded funds) in India.

NSE has also launched the NSE-CNBC-TV18 media centre in association with CNBC-TV 18

NSE.IT Limited, setup in 1999 , is a 100% subsidiary of the National Stock Exchange of India. A Vertical Specialist Enterprise, NSE.IT offers end-to-end Information Technology (IT) products, solutions and services.

NSE (National Stock Exchange) was the first exchange in the world to use satellite communication technology for trading, using a client server based system called National Exchange for Automated Trading (NEAT). For all trades entered into NEAT system, there is uniform response time of less than one second.

2.3MARKETS:-

Currently, NSE has the following major segments of the capital market:

EQUITY Futures & Options Retail Debt Market Who;esale Debt Market Currency Futures Mutual Funds Stock lending &borrowings

August 2008 Currency derivatives were introduced in India with the launch of Currency Futures in USD INR by NSE. Currently it has also launched currency futures in EURO, POUND & YEN. Interest Rate Futures was introduced for the first time in India by NSE on 31 August 2009, exactly after one year of the launch of Currency Futures. NSE became the first stock exchange to get approval for Interest rate futures as recommended by SEBI-RBI committee, on 31 August 2009, a futures contract based on 7% 10 Year GOI bond (NOTIONAL) was launched with quarterly maturities.

2.4 HOURS:-

NSE's normal trading sessions are conducted from 9:15 am India Time to 3:30 pm India Time on all days of the week except Saturdays, Sundays and Official Holidays declared by the Exchange (or by the Government of India) in advance. The exchange, in association with BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange Ltd.), is thinking of revising its timings from 9.00 am India Time to 5.00 pm India Time. There were System Testing going on and opinions, suggestions or feedback on the New Proposed Timings are being invited from the brokers across India. And finally on 18 November 2009 regulator decided to drop their ambitious goal of longest Asia Trading Hours due to strong opposition from its members. On 16 December 2009, NSE announced that it would advance the market opening to 9:00 am from 18 December 2009. So NSE trading hours will be from 9.00 am till 3:30 pm India Time.

However, on 17 December 2009, after strong protests from brokers, the Exchange decided to postpone the change in trading hours till 4 Jan 2010. NSE new market timing from 4 Jan 2010 is 9:00 am till 3:30 pm India Time.

3.

ORIGIN OF INDIAN STOCK MARKET:-

3.1 HISTORY:The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest exchange in Asia. It traces its history to the 1850s, when four Gujarati and one Parsi stockbroker would gather under banyan trees in front of Mumbai's Town Hall. The location of these meetings changed many times, as the number of brokers constantly increased. The group eventually moved to Dalal Street in 1874 and in 1875 became an official organization known as 'The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association'. In 1956, the BSE became the first stock exchange to be recognized by theIndian Government under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act. The Bombay Stock Exchange developed the BSE SENSEX in 1986, giving the BSE a means to measure overall performance of the exchange. In 2000 the BSE used this index to open its derivatives market, trading SENSEX futures contracts. The development of SENSEX options along with equity derivatives followed in 2001 and 2002,

expanding the BSE's trading platform. Historically an open outcry floor trading exchange, the Bombay Stock Exchange switched to an electronic trading system in 1995. It took the exchange only fifty days to make this transition. This automated, screen-based trading platform called BSE On-line trading (BOLT) currently has a capacity of 8 million orders per day. The BSE has also introduced the world's first centralized exchange-based internet trading system, BSEWEBx.co.in to enable investors anywhere in the world to trade on the BSE platform. The BSE is currently housed in Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers at Dalal Street, Fort area.

3.2 INDICES:-

The launch of SENSEX in 1986 was later followed up in January 1989 by introduction of BSE National Index (Base: 1983-84 = 100). It comprised 100 stocks listed at five major stock exchanges in India Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, Ahmedabad and Madras. The BSE National Index was renamed BSE-100 Index from October 14, 1996 and since then, it is being calculated taking into consideration only the prices of stocks listed at BSE. BSE launched the dollar-linked version of BSE-100 index on May 22, 2006. BSE launched two new index series on 27 May 1994: The 'BSE-200' and the 'DOLLEX200'. BSE-500 Index and 5 sectoral indices were launched in 1999. In 2001, BSE launched BSE-PSU Index, DOLLEX-30 and the country's first free-float based index - the BSE TECk Index. Over the years, BSE shifted all its indices to the freefloat methodology (except BSE-PSU index). BSE disseminates information on the Price-Earnings Ratio, the Price to Book Value Ratio and the Dividend Yield Percentage on day-to-day basis of all its major indices. The values of all BSE

indices are updated on real time basis during market hours and displayed through the BOLT system, BSE website and news wire agencies. All BSE Indices are reviewed periodically by the BSE Index Committee. This Committee which comprises eminent independent finance professionals frames the broad policy guidelines for the development and maintenance of all BSE indices. The BSE Index Cell carries out the day-to-day maintenance of all indices and conducts research on development of new indices. SENSEX is significantly correlated with the stock indices of other emerging markets

The graph of SENSEX from July 1997 to March 2011

3.3 AWARDS:-

The World Council of Corporate Governance has awarded the Golden Peacock Global CSR Award for BSE's initiatives in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

The Annual Reports and Accounts of BSE for the year ended March 31, 2006 and March 31, 2007 have been awarded the ICAI awards for excellence in financial reporting.

The Human Resource Management at BSE has won the Asia - Pacific HRM awards for its efforts in employer branding through talent management at work, health management at work and excellence in HR through technology.

3.4 Rise & Rise of Indian Stock Market

Following is the timeline on the rise and rise of the Sensex through Indian stock market history.

1978-79
Base year of Sensex, defined to be 100.

1986

Sensex first compiled using a market Capitalization-Weighted methodology for 30 component stocks representing well-established companies across key sectors. Since 1990

1900s July 25, 1990.

The Sensex touched the magical four-digit figure for the first time and closed at 1,001 in the wake of a good monsoon season and excellent corporate results. July 1991 Rupee devalued by 18-19 %

January 15, 1992

The Sensex crossed the 2,000-mark and closed at 2,020 followed by the liberal economic policy initiatives undertaken by the then finance minister and current Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh.

February 29, 1992

The Sensex surged past the 3000 mark in the wake of the market-friendly Budget announced by the then Finance Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh.

March 30, 1992

The Sensex crossed the 4,000-mark and closed at 4,091 on the expectations of a liberal export-import policy. It was then that the Harshad Mehta scam hit the markets and Sensex witnessed unabated selling.

October 8, 1999
The Sensex crossed the 5,000-mark as the BJP-led coalition won the majority in the 13th Lok Sabha election.

2000s February 11, 2000

The infotech boom helped the Sensex to cross the 6,000-mark and hit and all time high of 6,006.

June 20, 2005

The news of the settlement between the Ambani brothers boosted investor sentiments and the scrips of RIL, Reliance Energy, Reliance Capital, and IPCL made huge gains. This helped the Sensex crossed 7,000 points for the first time.

September 8, 2005
The Bombay Stock Exchange's benchmark 30-share index -- the Sensex -crossed the 8000 level following brisk buying by foreign and domestic funds in early trading.

November 28, 2005

The Sensex on November 28, 2005 crossed the magical figure of 9000 to touch 9000.32 points during mid-session at the Bombay Stock Exchange on the back of frantic buying spree by foreign institutional investors and well supported by local operators as well as retail investors.

February 6, 2006
The Sensex on February 6, 2006 touched 10,003 points during mid-session. The Sensex finally closed above the 10K-mark on February 7, 2006.

March 21, 2006

The Sensex on March 21, 2006 crossed the magical figure of 11,000 and touched a life-time peak of 11,001 points during mid-session at the Bombay Stock Exchange for the first time. However, it was on March 27, 2006 that the Sensex first closed at over 11,000 points.

April 20, 2006

The Sensex on April 20, 2006 crossed the 12,000-mark and closed at a peak of 12,040 points for the first time.

October 30, 2006

The Sensex on October 30, 2006 crossed the magical figure of 13,000 and closed at 13,024.26 points, up 117.45 points or 0.9%. It took 135 days for the Sensex to move from 12,000 to 13,000 and 123 days to move from 12,500 to 13,000.

December 5, 2006
The Sensex on December 5, 2006 crossed the 14,000-mark to touch 14,028 points. It took 36 days for the Sensex to move from 13,000 to the 14,000 mark.

July 6, 2007
The Sensex on July 6, 2007 crossed the magical figure of 15,000 to touch 15,005 points in afternoon trade. It took seven months for the Sensex to move from 14,000 to 15,000 points.

September 19, 2007

The Sensex scaled yet another milestone during early morning trade on September 19, 2007. Within minutes after trading began, the Sensex crossed 16,000, rising by 450 points from the previous close. The 30-share Bombay Stock Exchange's sensitive index took 53 days to reach 16,000 from 15,000. Nifty also touched a new high at 4659, up 113 points. The Sensex finally ended with a gain of 654 points at 16,323. The NSE Nifty gained 186 points to close at 4,732.

September 26, 2007

The Sensex scaled yet another height during early morning trade on September 26, 2007. Within minutes after trading began, the Sensex crossed the 17,000-mark . Some profit taking towards the end, saw the index slip into red to 16,887 - down 187 points from the day's high. The Sensex ended with a gain of 22 points at 16,921.

October 09, 2007

The BSE Sensex crossed the 18,000-mark on October 09, 2007. It took just 8 days to cross 18,000 points from the 17,000 mark. The index zoomed to a new all-time intra-day high of 18,327. It finally gained 789 points to close at an all-time high of 18,280. The market set several new records including the biggest single day gain of 789 points at close, as well as the largest intra-day gains of 993 points in absolute term backed by frenzied buying after the news of the UPA and Left meeting on October 22 put an end to the worries of an impending election.

October 15, 2007

The Sensex crossed the 19,000-mark backed by revival of funds-based buying in blue chip stocks in metal, capital goods and refinery sectors. The index gained the last 1,000 points in just four trading days. The index touched a fresh alltime intra-day high of 19,096, and finally ended with a smart gain of 640 points at 19,059.The Nifty gained 242 points to close at 5,670.

October 29, 2007

The Sensex crossed the 20,000 mark on the back of aggressive buying by funds ahead of the US Federal Reserve meeting. The index took only 10 trading days to gain 1,000 points after the index crossed the 19,000-mark on October 15. The major drivers of today's rally were index heavyweights Larsen and Toubro, Reliance Industries, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank and SBI among others. The 30-share index spurted in the last five minutes of trade to fly-past the crucial level and scaled a new intra-day peak at 20,024.87 points before ending at its fresh closing high of 19,977.67, a gain of 734.50 points. The NSE Nifty rose to a record high 5,922.50 points before ending at 5,905.90, showing a hefty gain of 203.60 points.

January 8, 2008
The sensex peaks. It crossed the 21,000 mark in intra-day trading after 49 trading sessions. This was backed by high market confidence of increased FII investment and strong corporate results for the third quarter. However, it later fell back due to profit booking.

3.5 SENSEX Archives

For the period From Year 1991 to Year 2006

Year 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001 2002 2003

Open 1,027.38 1,957.33 2,617.78 3,436.87 3,910.16 3,114.08 3,096.65 3,658.34 3,064.95 5,209.54 3,990.65 3,990.65 3,262.01 3,383.85

High 1,955.29 4,546.58 3,459.07 4,643.31 3,943.66 4,131.22 4,605.41 4,322.00 5,150.99 6,150.69 4,462.11 4,462.11 3,758.27 5,920.76

Low 947.14 1,945.48 1,980.06 3,405.88 2,891.45 2,713.12 3,096.65 2,741.22 3,042.25 3,491.55 2,594.87 2,594.87 2,828.48 2,904.44

2004 2005 2006

5,872.48 6,626.49 9,422.49

6,617.15 9,442.98 14,035.30

4,227.50 6,069.33 8,799.01

4. Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI):-

4.1 Introduction
SEBI is the Regulator for the Securities Market in India. Originally set up by the Government of India in 1988, it acquired statutory form in 1992 with SEBI Act 1992 being passed by the Indian Parliament.Chaired by C B Bhave, SEBI is headquartered in the popular business district of Bandra-Kurla complex in Mumbai, and has Northern, Eastern and Southern regional offices in New Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. It is in the news that a new Western Regional Office has been proposed at Ahmedabad.

4.2 Function of SEBI

SEBI has to be responsive to the needs of three groups, which constitute the market: The issuers of securities The investors The market intermediaries.

SEBI has three functions rolled into one body quasi-legislative, quasijudicial and quasi-executive. It drafts regulations in its legislative capacity, it conducts investigation and enforcement action in its executive function and it passes rulings and orders in its judicial capacity. Though this makes it very powerful, there is an appeals process to create accountability. There is a Securities

Appellate Tribunal which is a three member tribunal and is presently headed by a former Chief Justice of a High court - Mr. Justice NK Sodhi. A second appeal lies directly to the Supreme Court.

SEBI has enjoyed success as a regulator by pushing systemic reforms aggressively and successively (e.g. the quick movement towards making the markets electronic and paperless rolling settlement on T+2 basis). SEBI has been active in seting up the regulations as required under law.

4.3 Objectives of SEBI:Primary objectives : to promote healthy & orderly growth of securities market & protect investors. To maintain steady flow of savings into capital markets. To regulate securities market & ensure fair practice by issuers to help them raise resources at minimum cost. To promote efficient services by brokers, merchant bankers and other intermediaries to make them professional and competitive.

4.4 Powers of SEBI:To call periodical returns from recognised stock exchanges To ask explanation from recognised stock exchanges / their members To direct enquiries on any stock exchange To make / amend by laws of recognised stock exchanges

To compel listing of securities by public companies To control * regulate stock exchanges To levy fees or charges for carrying out the purpose of regulations To declare applicability of Sec 17 of Securities contract (Regulation) Act to grant licenses to dealers of securities.

THE 1992 SECURITIES SCAM:(a.k.a)Harshad Mehta Scandal:

5.1 HISTORY:-

Harshad Mehta was an Indian stockbroker caught in a scandal beginning in 1992. He died of a massive heart attack in 2001, while the legal issues were still being litigated. Early life Harshad Shantilal Mehta was born in a Gujarati jain family of modest means. His father was a small businessman. His mother's name was Rasilaben Mehta. His early childhood was spent in the industrial city of Bombay. Due to indifferent health of Harshads father in the humid environs of Bombay, the family shifted their residence in the mid-1960s to Raipur, then in Madhya Pradesh and currently the capital of Chattisgarh state. An Amul advertisement of 1999 during the conterversy over MUL saying it as "The Big Bhool" (Bhool in Hindi means Blunder) He studied at the Holy Cross High School, located at Byron Bazaar. After completing his secondary education Harshad left for Bombay. While doing odd jobs he joined Lala Lajpat Rai College for a Bachelors degree in Commerce.

After completing his graduation, Harshad Mehta started his working life as an employee of the New India Assurance Company. During this period his family relocated to Bombay and his brother Ashwin Mehta started to pursue graduation course in law at Lala Lajpat Rai College. His youngest brother Hitesh is a practising surgeon at the B.Y.L.Nair Hospital in Bombay. After his graduation Ashwin joined (ICICI) Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India. They had rented a small flat in Ghatkopar for living. In the late seventies every evening Harshad and Ashwin started to analyze tips generated from respective offices and from cyclostyled investment letters, which

had made their appearance during that time. In the early eighties he quit his job and sought a job with stock broker P. Ambalal affiliated to Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) before becoming a jobber on BSE for stock broker P.D. Shukla. In 1981 he became a sub-broker for stock brokers J.L. Shah and Nandalal Sheth. After a while he was unable to sustain his overbought positions and decided to pay his dues by selling his house with consent of his mother Rasilaben and brother Ashwin. The next day Harshad went to his brokers and offered the papers of the house as guarantee. The brokers Shah and Sheth were moved by his gesture and gave him sufficient time to overcome his position. After he came out of this big struggle for survival he became stronger and his brother quit his job to team with Harshad to start their venture GrowMore Research and Asset Management Company Limited. While a brokers card at BSE was being auctioned, the company made a bid for the same with financial assistance from Shah and Sheth, who were Harshad's previous broker mentors. He rose and survived the bear runs, this earned him the nickname of the Big Bull of the trading floor, and his actions, actual or perceived, decided the course of the movement of the Sensex as well as scripspecific activities. By the end of eighties the media started projecting him as "Stock Market Success", "Story of Rags to Riches" and he too started to fuel his own publicity. He felt proud of this accomplishments and showed off his success to journalists through his mansion "Madhuli", which included a billiards room, mini theatre and nine hole golf course. His brand new Toyota Lexus and a fleet of cars gave credibility to his show off. This in no time made him the nondescript broker to super star of financial world. During his heyday, in the early 1990s, Harshad Mehta commanded a large resource of funds and finances as well as personal wealth. The fall In April 1992, the Indian stock market crashed, and Harshad Mehta, the person who was all along considered as the architect of the bull run was blamed for the crash. It transpired that he had manipulated

the Indian banking systems to siphon off the funds from the banking system, and used the liquidity to build large positions in a select group of stocks. When the scam broke out, he was called upon by the banks and the financial institutions to return the funds, which in turn set into motion a chain reaction, necessitating liquidating and exiting from the positions which he had built in various stocks. The panic reaction ensued, and the stock market reacted and crashed within days.He was arrested on June 5, 1992 for his role in the scam. His favorite stocks included ACC Apollo Tyres Reliance Tata Iron and Steel Co. (TISCO) BPL Sterlite Videocon. The extent The Harshad Mehta induced security scam, as the media sometimes termed it, adversely affected at least 10 major commercial banks of India, a number of foreign banks operating in India, and the National Housing Bank, a subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India, which is the central bank of India. As an aftermath of the shockwaves which engulfed the Indian financial sector, a number of people holding key positions in the India's financial sector were adversely affected, which included arrest and sacking of K.M. Margabandhu, then CMD of the UCO Bank; removal from office of V. Mahadevan, one of the Managing Directors of Indias largest bank, the State Bank of India. The end The Central Bureau of Investigation which is Indias premier investigative agency, was

entrusted with the task of deciphering the modus operandi and the ramifications of the scam. Harshad Mehta was arrested and investigations continued for a decade. During his judicial custody, while he was in Thane Prison, Mumbai, he complained of chest pain, and was moved to a hospital, where he died on 31st December 2001. His death remains a mystery. Some believe that he was murdered ruthlessly by an underworld nexus (spanning several South Asian countries including Pakistan). Rumour has it that they suspected that part of the huge wealth that Harshad Mehta commanded at the height of the 1992 scam was still in safe hiding and thought that the only way to extract their share of the 'loot' was to pressurise Harshad's family by threatening his very existence. In this context, it might be noteworthy that a certain criminal allegedly connected with this nexus had inexplicably surrendered just days after Harshad was moved to Thane Jail and landed up in imprisonment in the same jail, in the cell next to Harshad Mehta's.

Harshad Shantilal Mehta was born in a Gujarati Jain family of modest means. His early childhood was spent in Mumbai where his father was a small-time businessman. Later, the family moved to Raipur in Madhya Pradesh after doctors advised his father to move to a drier place on account of his indifferent health. But Raipur could not hold back Mehta for long and he was back in the city after completing his schooling, much against his fathers wishes. Mehta first started working as a dispatch clerk in the New India Assurance Company. Over the years, he got interested in the stock markets and along with brother Ashwin, who by then had left his job with the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, started investing heavily in the stock market. As they learnt the ropes of the trade,

they went from boom to bust a couple of times and survived. Mehta gradually rose to become a stock broker on the Bombay Stock Exchange, who did very well for himself. At his peak, he lived almost like a movie star in a 15,000 square feet house, which had a swimming pool as well as a golf patch. He also had a taste for flashy cars, which ultimately led to his downfall. Newsmakers of the week: View Slideshow The year was 1990. Years had gone by and the driving ambitions of a young man in the faceless crowd had been realised. Harshad Mehta was making waves in the stock market. He had been buying shares heavily since the beginning of 1990. The shares which attracted attention were those of Associated Cement Company (ACC), write the authors. The price of ACC was bid up to Rs 10,000. For those who asked, Mehta had the replacement cost theory as an explanation. The theory basically argues that old companies should be valued on the basis of the amount of money which would be required to create another such company. Through the second half of 1991, Mehta was the darling of the business media and earned the sobriquet of the Big Bull, who was said to have started the bull run. But, where was Mehta getting his endless supply of money from? Nobody had a clue.

On April 23, 1992, journalist Sucheta Dalal in a column in The Times of India, exposed the dubious ways of Harshad Metha. The broker was dipping illegally into the banking system to finance his buying.In 1992, when I broke the story about the Rs 600 crore that he had swiped from the State Bank of India, it was his visits to the banks headquarters in a flashy Toyota Lexus that was the tip-off. Those days, the Lexus had just been launched in the international market and importing it cost a neat package, Dalal wrote

in one of her columns later. The authors explain: The crucial mechanism through which the scam was effected was the ready forward (RF) deal. The RF is in essence a secured short-term (typically 15-day) loan from one bank to another. Crudely put, the bank lends against government securities just as a pawnbroker lends against jewellery.The borrowing bank actually sells the securities to the lending bank and buys them back at the end of the period of the loan, typically at a slightly higher price. It was this ready forward deal that Harshad Mehta and his cronies used with great success to channel money from the banking system. A typical ready forward deal involved two banks brought together by a broker in lieu of a commission. The broker handles neither the cash nor the securities, though that wasnt the case in the lead-up to the scam. In this settlement process, deliveries of securities and payments were made through the broker. That is, the seller handed over the securities to the broker, who passed them to the buyer, while the buyer gave the cheque to the broker, who then made the payment to the seller. In this settlement process, the buyer and the seller might not even know whom they had traded with, either being know only to the broker. This the brokers could manage primarily because by now they had become market makers and had started trading on their account. To keep up a semblance of legality, they pretended to be undertaking the transactions on behalf of a bank. Another instrument used in a big way was the bank receipt (BR). In a ready forward deal, securities were not moved back and forth in actuality. Instead, the borrower, i.e. the seller of securities, gave the buyer of the securities a BR. As the authors write, a BR confirms the sale of securities. It acts as a receipt for the money received by the selling bank. Hence the name - bank receipt. It promises to deliver the securities to the buyer. It also states that in the mean time, the seller holds the securities in trust of the buyer. Having figured this out, Metha needed banks, which

could issue fake BRs, or BRs not backed by any government securities. Two small and little known banks - the Bank of Karad (BOK) and the Metorpolitan Cooperative Bank (MCB) - came in handy for this purpose. These banks were willing to issue BRs as and when required, for a fee, the authors point out. Once these fake BRs were issued, they were passed on to other banks and the banks in turn gave money to Mehta, obviously assuming that they were lending against government securities when this was not really the case. This money was used to drive up the prices of stocks in the stock market. When time came to return the money, the shares were sold for a profit and the BR was retired. The money due to the bank was returned. The game went on as long as the stock prices kept going up, and no one had a clue about Mehtas modus operandi. Once the scam was exposed, though, a lot of banks were left holding BRs which did not have any value - the banking system had been swindled of a whopping Rs 4,000 crore. Mehta made a brief comeback as a stock market guru, giving tips on his own website as well as a weekly newspaper column. This time around, he was in cahoots with owners of a few companies and recommended only those shares. This game, too, did not last long. Interestingly, however, by the time he died, Mehta had been convicted in only one of the many cases filed against him.

5.2 The making of the 1992 security scam:Mehta, along with his associates, was accused of manipulating the rise in the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) in 1992. They took advantage of the many loopholes in the banking system and drained off funds from inter-bank transactions. Subsequently, they bought huge amounts of shares at a premium

across many industry verticals causing the Sensex to rise dramatically. However, this was not to continue. The exposure of Mehta's modus operandi led banks to start demanding their money back, causing the Sensex to plunge almost dramatically as it had risen. Mehta was later charged with 72 criminal offences while over 600 civil action suits were filed against him. Significantly, the Harshad Mehta security scandal also became the flavor of Bollywood with Sameer Hanchate's film Gafla.

5.3 Huge Financial Scandal Shakes Indian Politics:By EDWARD A. GARGAN Published: June 09, 1992

A $1 billion banking and securities scandal, the largest in India's history, has rapidly spread through the stock markets and banking system and is now creeping onto the political landscape. Several major banks, including the State Bank of India, the country's largest, have found themselves short by hundreds of millions of dollars after making dubious loans to stock speculators. In addition, one of the country's biggest securities brokers is behind bars, the chairmen of several banks have been forced to resign and one committed suicide. Opposition political leaders, saying that the Government is covering up the scandal or at least allowed it to occur through negligence, are demanding the resignation of the Finance Minister and the head of the central bank. The Prime Minister, P. V. Narasimha Rao, is fending off his opponents and has ordered a special court created to try those associated with the scandal. Trying to Unravel the Fraud For two months, investigators have been going through rooms-full of documents, decoding computer disks and raiding homes and offices, all to try to unravel the extent of the financial fraud. While they do so, the implications of it all are still uncertain. The investigations led to the filing of charges last week against 10 brokers and bankers, including Harshad Mehta, Bombay's most flamboyant securities dealer.

He is charged with fraud in buying and selling securities, bribery, using forged documents and conspiracy. Still, the exact nature and extent of the financial misdeeds and bank losses have not been detailed. But what is clear is that a half-dozen big banks lent hundreds of millions of dollars to brokers in unsecured loans to finance speculation in the stock and bond markets. By last week, more than $1 billion was missing from the ledgers, leaving some of the banks technically insolvent. While he has not granted interviews about the charges against him, Mr. Mehta sent a letter to the Central Bureau of Investigation, India's equivalent of the F.B.I., vigorously defending himself. "Neither I nor any of my companies have done anything in violation of any law," he said in the letter. "All our transactions have been in accordance with prevailing practice -- a practice which is by no means secret or clandestine." Fueled by a buying frenzy, the Bombay Stock Exchange index more than doubled in the last year. But in late April, news began to spread that Mr. Mehta might have skated beyond even the fuzzy edges of Indian securities laws to gain control of more than one-third of the State Bank of India's business in Government securities. That is also when it and other banks were found to be holding worthless promissory notes for hundreds of millions of dollars. The stock market began a plunge that has not stopped. The very size of the scandal, trumpeted daily across the front pages of the country's newspapers, has created a climate of fear among political leaders and a spirit of vengeance among the Government's left-wing opposition, which feels betrayed by the yearlong march toward a free-market economy.

As a result, Mr. Mehta and the others arrested so far have been denied bail and are being forced to sleep on the cement floor of holding cells in a Bombay police station. A Government directive has ordered that his assets be confiscated. When Prime Minister Rao announced the abandonment of the country's long romance with socialism last year, no one was more delighted than the brokers and traders of the Bombay Stock Exchange, people who believed that it was finally permissible to make money in India. For months, the customary bedlam of Dalal, or "Trader," Street, site of the stock exchange, has approached a frenzy resembling a well-shaken beehive. On the exchange floor, the normally unrestrained blue-jacketed traders have hustled with a new-found ferocity that drove the exchange index up more than 60 percent in just three months before the decline began. Stuffed along the exchange's gloomy hallways are touts, tipsters and the tantalized, sweating and pushing and waving fistfuls of money. "The problem is not Mehta," said Debashis Basu, a financial writer for Business Today. "This is a unique time in the economic history of India, when the old control structures are being torn down. It is always at these moments that scamsters creep out of the woodwork." The chairman of the Securities and Exchange Board, G. V. Ramakrishna, said: "Most players in the capital markets felt they were beyond regulation. We are now trying to bring about some sensible regulations of the market in line with other developing countries' capital markets."

5.4 The 1992 security scam and its exposure:Mehta's illicit methods of manipulating the stock market were exposed on April 23, 1992, when veteran columnist Sucheta Dalal wrote an article in India's national daily The Times of India. Dalals column read: The crucial mechanism through which the scam was effected was the ready forward (RF) deal. The RF is in essence a secured short-term (typically 15-day) loan from one bank to another. Crudely put, the bank lends against government securities just as a pawnbroker lends against jewelers. The borrowing bank actually sells the securities to the lending bank and buys them back at the end of the period of the loan, typically at a slightly higher price. In a ready-forward deal, a broker usually brings together two banks for which he is paid a commission. Although the broker does not handle the cash or the securities, this was not the case in the prelude to the Mehta scam. Mehta and his associates used this RF deal with great success to channel money through banks. The securities and payments were delivered through the broker in the settlement process. The broker functioned as an intermediary who received the securities from the seller and handed them over to the buyer; and he received the check from the buyer and subsequently made the payment to the seller. Such a settlement process meant that both the buyer and the seller may not even know the identity of the other as only the broker knew both of them. The brokers could manage this method expertly as they had already become market makers by then and had started trading on their account. They pretended to be undertaking the transactions on behalf of a bank to maintain a faade of legality. Mehta and his associates used another instrument called the bank receipt (BR). Securities were not traded in reality in a ready forward deal but the seller gave the

buyer a BR which is a confirmation of the sale of securities. A BR is a receipt for the money received by the selling bank and pledges to deliver the securities to the buyer. In the meantime, the securities are held in the sellers trust by the buyer.

5.5 Where has all the money gone?

It is well known that while Harshad Mehta was the big bull in the stock market, there was an equally powerful bear cartel, represented by Hiten Dalal, A.D. Narottam and others, operating in the market with money cheated out of the banks. Since the stock prices rose steeply during the period of the scam, it is likely that a considerable part of the money swindled by this group would have been spent on financing the losses in the stock markets. It is rumored that a part of the money was sent out of India through the Havala racket, converted into dollars/pounds, and brought back as India Development Bonds. These bonds are redeemable in dollars/pounds and the holders cannot be asked to disclose the source of their holdings. Thus, this money is beyond the reach of any of the investigating agencies. A part of the money must have been spent as bribes and kickbacks to the various accomplices in the banks and possibly in the bureaucracy and in the political system. As stated earlier, a part of the money might have been used to finance the losses taken by the brokers to window-dress various banks' balance sheets. In other words, part of the money that went out of the banking system came back to it. In sum, it appears that only a small fraction of the funds swindled is recoverable.

5.6 Impact of scam:Impact of the Scam The immediate impact of the scam was a sharp fall in the share prices. The index fell from 4500 to 2500 representing a loss of Rs. 100,000 crores in market capitalization. Since the accused were active brokers in the stock markets, the number of shares which had passed through their hands in the last one year was colossal. All these shares became "tainted" shares, and overnight they became worthless pieces of paper as they could not be delivered in the market. Genuine investors who had bought these shares well before the scam came to light and even got them registered in their names found themselves being robbed by the government. This resulted in a chaotic situation in the market since no one was certain as to which shares were tainted and which were not. The government's liberalization policies came under severe criticism after the scam, with Harshad Mehta and others being described as the products of these policies. Bowing to the political pressures and the bad press it received during the scam, the liberalization policies were put on hold for a while by the government. The Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) postponed sanctioning of private sector mutual funds. The much talked about entry of foreign pension funds and mutual funds became more remote than ever. The Euro-issues planned by several Indian companies were delayed since the ability of Indian companies to raise equity capital in world markets was severely compromised.

5.7 I-T, PSBs recover dues nine years after Mehta's death:Nine years after Harsad Mehta died, the I-T department and public sector banks (PSBs) have successfully recovered a significant portion of their claims emerging out of the securities scam from his liquidated assets. The Supreme Court directed the Custodian of the attached properties and assets of the Harshad Mehta Group (HMG) in March 2011 to make payments of Rs1,995.66-crore to the I-T department and Rs 199.25-crore to the State Bank of India (SBI), making the two institutions two of the earliest claimants to recover their dues. While the SBIs total principal amount claim of Rs 1,000-crore have been largely settled, financial institutions have also received some money. However, Standard Chartered Bank, which had claimed Rs 500-crore, has yet to recover its dues it was one of the late claimants. Although the total claim over the HMG is of more than Rs 20,000-crore, the apex court has said that for the present, it would only consider claims towards the principal amount.

5.8 IT Recovery
The special court hearing the cases related to the securities scam 1992 involving Harshad Mehta and others on Friday released Rs 400 crore from the custodian's funds as pending arrears to the Income-Tax (I-T) department. This puts an end to the 10-year-old legal battle of the I-T department for the Big Bull's arrears. Confirming the development, senior IT officials said: "The State Bank of India [SBI] vehemently opposed the special court's move to release Rs 400 crore to the IT department in the court." SBI had reportedly raised a claim of Rs 3,000 crore from the custodian.

Sources in the custodian's office said as per the laid-down rules, the first priority for availing of the share in the attached property of the notified parties goes to the I-T department under the act of various government departments. The second priority is given to banks and financial institutions (FIs). Both the I-T department and SBI is now making all-out efforts to recover its funds from the custodian, who looks after the attached properties of the notified parties and is even ready to strike a compromise on the total interest valuation, which is over Rs 1,500 crore. SBI has already made provisions for Rs 700 crore in its books. The bank is also looking for the share of the late Big Bull's real estate, which can be attached by the custodian to settle the dues of the bank. The I-T department had filed a suit way back in 1993 in the special court headed by Justice S N Variava. The custodian has already sold benamishares of Mehta worth Rs 750 crore. The Associated Cement Company shares will the last in the benami lot after which the custodian will target the real estate properties of the tainted broker (See ''). According to custodian sources, the sale of the real estate is expected to fetch around Rs 100 crore. All these transactions are expected to be completed in the next seven to eight months. The majority of the benami shares have been purchased by FIs and banks (like Life Insurance Corporation and State Bank of India). The FIs picked these shares at a discounted price compared to the current market price.

5.9 END OF THE BIG BULL:Mumbai: Just as the year 2001 was coming to an end, Harshad Shantilal
Mehta, boss of Growmore Research and Asset Management, died of a massive heart attack in a jail in Thane. And thus came to an end the life of a man who is probably the most famous character ever to have emerged from the Indian stock market. In the book, The Great Indian Scam: Story of the missing Rs 4,000 crore, Samir K Barua and Jayanth R Varma explain how Harshad Mehta pulled off one of the most audacious scams in the history of the Indian stock market.

5.10 Outcome:Mehta continued with his manipulative tactics, triggering a massive rise in the prices of stock and thereby creating a feel-good market trajectory. However, upon the exposure of the scam, several banks found they were holding BRs of no value at all. Mehta had by then swindled the banks of a staggering Rs 4,000 crore. The scam came under scathing criticism in the Indian Parliament, leading to Mehta's eventual imprisonment. The scams exposure led to the death of the Chairman of the Vijaya Bank who reportedly committed suicide over the exposure. He was guilty of having issued checks to Mehta and knew the backlash of accusations he would have to face from the public. A few years later, Mehta made a brief comeback as a stock market expert and started providing investment tips on his website and in a weekly newspaper

column. He worked with the owners of a few companies and recommended the shares of those companies only. When he died in 2002, Mehta had been convicted in only one of the 27 cases filed against him. What attracted the taxmans attention was Mehta's advance tax payment of Rs 28-crore for the financial year 1991-92. Another eye-catcher was his extravagant lifestyle.

5.11 Journalist who expose the BIGG-BULL:-

Ms Sucheta Dalal is an award-winning business journalist and author and her career is founded on many newsbreaks, insightful analysis and high integrity. She has been a journalist for 25 years and was conferred the prestigious Padma Shri for journalism in 2006. The 'Padma Awards', announced on the eve of India's Republic Day, are among the highest civilian awards in the country and are conferred for distinguished service and excellence in various fields. She was awarded the Chameli Devi Award instituted by the Media Foundation for excellence in journalism, and Feminas Woman of Substance award for her work on the Harshad Mehta scam in 1992 and related writing.

Sucheta is a BSc. in Statistics from Karnatak College, followed up with a graduate and post graduate degree in law (LLB and LLM) from

Bombay University. Her journalistic career began in 1984 with Fortune India, an investment magazine. She has subsequently worked with Business Standard and The Economic Times and then went on to become Financial Editor of The Times of India. She has been a columnist and consulting editor for The Indian Express group until 2008. She is now a Consulting Editor for MoneyLIFE a personal finance fortnightly (www.moneylife.in). Her columns are also published by various publications including the Dainik Hindustan.

Sucheta's areas of interest are the capital market, investor related issues, consumer issues and the infrastructure sector. She is well-known for her numerous investigative pieces in all these areas and most notably for breaking the securities scam in 1992 which was Indias biggest financial scandal until then.

She has co-authored a book on the securities scam with her husband Debashis Basu called The Scam: Who Won, Who lost, Who got away (1993). This book, which was a best seller that year, has been revised, updated and re-released in 2001 and again in 2005 (It is now called The Scam: From Harshad Mehta To Ketan Parekh). In March 2000, she wrote a biography of A.D.Shroff, who was considered a financial genius in the 1950s. (Published by Viking books of Penguin). Pathbreakers -- a

book of 26 inspiring interviews with eminent Indians -- by Sucheta Dalal and Debashis Basu was also released in July 2007.

Ms Dalal takes active interest in consumer and investor related issues. She has been a Member of the Investor Protection and Education Fund set up by the Government of India under the Department of Company Affairs and a member of the Primary Market Advisory Committee of the Securities and Exchange Board of India. She is a Trustee of the Consumer Education and Research Centre of Ahmedabad, which is among the largest consumer and investor advocacy groups in India. She is also a Member of Bank of Barodas Standing Committee on consumer services and on the board of Credibility Alliance, which is a consortium of voluntary organisations committed towards enhancing accountability and transparency in the voluntary sector through good governance.

Conclusion:Corporate Governance is the value framework, ethical framework and moral framework within which businesses make decisions. Business must harness the power of ethics which is assuming a new level of importance and power. When large sums of money are involved, greed causes people to become unethical. People should aleays keep in their mind that anything which have been started with the wrong intention will give us a short term success and p;easure , but ultimately the end woulb be very fatal . As we have seen in the above project that Mr. HARSHAD MEHTA , a well known broker, a multi-millioner has ended up his life in jail or in the judicial custody . Overall to conclude this , ethics should be given more importance than greed . People should understand that their mistake are caused to end numbers of people who r associated with them.

BIBLOGRAPHY:-

www.google.com www.bseindia.com www.nseindia.com www.sebi.com www.wikipedia.com